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自考本科词汇学重点

自考本科词汇学重点
自考本科词汇学重点

adjoining sounds. For example,the allomorphs”-ion/-tion/-sion/-ation”are the positional variants or the same suffix.Derivation or affixation is a process of forming new words by addition of a word element such as a prefix suffix or combining form to an already existing word.for example,the word”unfair”is formed by adding the prefix”un-”to the already existing word fair

第二份Conversion:is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into f another word-class without the addition of an affix. For example, the verb "attack" (as in “The enemy attacked us at night”) corresponds to the noun "attack" (as. in "The enemy launched an attack on us at night”); and the relationship may be seen as parallel to that between the verb “invade”(as in “The enemy invaded us at night”) and the noun “invade”(as in “The enemy launched an invasion on us at night.”).

A bound morpheme is one which cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance; it must appear with at least one other morpheme, free or bound. For example,”in-“in”unkind”

Elevation of meaning refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginning to positions of importance, or a word meaning takes a turn for the better in the course of time. For example, the word “marshal”originally meant “a horse tender”, but it now means “officer of highest rank”.

第三份:polysemy:polysemy is a common feature peculiar to all natural languages.There are words that have two or three senses,and the most commonly used ones can have as many as over a hundred.However,when a word is first coined,it is always monosemic.But in the course of development,the same symbol must be used to express more meanings,the result is polysemy.For example,the word "fair" has various meanings,(of results)average,quite good,(of attitude, behaviour)just and honest,importial,(of the weather)clear and sunny,(of amount)satisfatiry,abundant,etc.

32.Neoclassical formation:denotes the process by which new words are formed from elements derived from Latin and Greek.For example,the word "telephone".

第四份:Synonymy is the semantic relation of similarity. For example, the pair of words “beautiful” and “pretty”.

Prefixation is the addition of a prefix to the base. Prefixes modify the meaning of the base, but they do not generally change its word-class. “re-”in “rewrite” is a typical example.

第五份:Back-formation is a term used to refer to a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is ocined by the deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in the language.for example,the verb”resurrect”was formed from the noun”resurrection”by removing the supposed derivative suffix”-ion”

第六份Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full from or both of which are not in their full form, for example, “new scast”(news+ broadcast) and “brunch”(breakfast+lunch). Homony refers to a linguistic phenomenon in which pair or groups of words,though different in meaning,are three types of homonyms; a perfect homonyms,e.g.”meet” as in “I meet him every day”and “meet”as in “a sports meet”; b homophones,e.g.”dear”and “dear”,”son”and”sun”c homographs,e.g.”lead” (v.guide or take,esp.by going in front) and “lead” (n,easily meltedmetal of a dull bluish-grey colour).

第七份An idiom may be defined as a combination of two of more words which are usually strcturally fixed and semantically opaque,and function as a single unit of meaningl.”a feather in

.Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. For example, the verb "attack" (as in "The enemy attacked us at night.") corresponds to the noun "attack" (as in "The enemy launched an attack on us at night."); and the relationship may be seen as parallel to that between the verb "invade" (as in "The enemy invaded us at night.") and the noun "invade" (as in "The enemy launched an invasion on us at night.").

第八份Clipping:is the deletion of some part of a longer word to give a shorter word with the same meaning .it is sometimes called abbreviation.

inflectional affixes:an inflectional affix serves to express such meaning as plurality,tense,and the comparative or superlative degree. It does not form a new word with new lexical meaning when it is added to another word. Nor does it change the word class of the word to which it is affixed. “-ing (present progressive tense),-er (comparative degree),-s/-es (plural form)”are all good illustrations of what is an inflection morpheme.

第九份Primary meaning:From the diachronic point of view,poly is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one menaing.,this first meaning is the primary meaning.for example,the primary meaning of the word “hand”is”the terminal part of human arm beyond wri

32.The social cause of word meaning change:change in word meaning resulting from a constant verbal traffic between common words and various technical words is referred to as social cause of semantic changes.As a result of the constant verbal traffic between common words and echnical words,some technical words have lost their specialized meanings and have come to be used in more general senses.For example,:feedback:was originally a technical word in electricity,it now means "response" in common use.Caralyst,originally in chemistry,means "sb or sth that helps to bring aboutchange"in common use.

st”

第十章

The historical cause of change of word meaning

By historical cause , we mean that the meaning of a word changes while the object which it denotes has changed ,although the word retains its original form.

The word car ,for example ,originally meant “two-wheeled Celtic war chariot”, but is now used to denote an enti rely different means of transport. The word atom ,originally meant “particle that cannot be further divied ”, but now scientists have found out that atom can be split ,the word remained intact, though.

The central meaning

Synchronically , polysemy is viewed as the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a certain historical period of time . the central meaning of a word can be considered the most frequently occurring meaning.

For example ,the central meaning of the word prevent is “to keep from happening”, that of the word power ,”ability to do or act …, particularly faculty of body or mind”, that of the word haed ,”the uppermost part of the body “,etc.

adjoining sounds. For example,the allomorphs”-ion/-tion/-sion/-ation”are the positional variants or the same suffix.Derivation or affixation is a process of forming new words by addition of a word element such as a prefix suffix or combining form to an already existing word.for example,the word”unfair”is formed by adding the prefix”un-”to the already existing word fair

第二份Conversion:is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into f another word-class without the addition of an affix. For example, the verb "attack" (as in “The enemy attacked us at night”) corresponds to the noun "attack" (as. in "The enemy launched an attack on us at night”); and the relationship may be seen as parallel to that between the verb “invade”(as in “The enemy invaded us at night”) and the noun “invade”(as in “The enemy launched an invasion on us at night.”).

A bound morpheme is one which cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance; it must appear with at least one other morpheme, free or bound. For example,”in-“in”unkind”

Elevation of meaning refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginning to positions of importance, or a word meaning takes a turn for the better in the course of time. For example, the word “marshal”originally meant “a horse tender”, but it now means “officer of highest rank”.

第三份:polysemy:polysemy is a common feature peculiar to all natural languages.There are words that have two or three senses,and the most commonly used ones can have as many as over a hundred.However,when a word is first coined,it is always monosemic.But in the course of development,the same symbol must be used to express more meanings,the result is polysemy.For example,the word "fair" has various meanings,(of results)average,quite good,(of attitude, behaviour)just and honest,importial,(of the weather)clear and sunny,(of amount)satisfatiry,abundant,etc.

32.Neoclassical formation:denotes the process by which new words are formed from elements derived from Latin and Greek.For example,the word "telephone".

第四份:Synonymy is the semantic relation of similarity. For example, the pair of words “beautiful” and “pretty”.

Prefixation is the addition of a prefix to the base. Prefixes modify the meaning of the base, but they do not generally change its word-class. “re-”in “rewrite” is a typical example.

第五份:Back-formation is a term used to refer to a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is ocined by the deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in the language.for example,the verb”resurrect”was formed from the noun”resurrection”by removing the supposed derivative suffix”-ion”

第六份Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full from or both of which are not in their full form, for example, “new scast”(news+ broadcast) and “brunch”(breakfast+lunch). Homony refers to a linguistic phenomenon in which pair or groups of words,though different in meaning,are three types of homonyms; a perfect homonyms,e.g.”meet” as in “I meet him every day”and “meet”as in “a sports meet”; b homophones,e.g.”dear”and “dear”,”son”and”sun”c homographs,e.g.”lead” (v.guide or take,esp.by going in front) and “lead” (n,easily meltedmetal of a dull bluish-grey colour).

第七份An idiom may be defined as a combination of two of more words which are usually strcturally fixed and semantically opaque,and function as a single unit of meaningl.”a feather in

.Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. For example, the verb "attack" (as in "The enemy attacked us at night.") corresponds to the noun "attack" (as in "The enemy launched an attack on us at night."); and the relationship may be seen as parallel to that between the verb "invade" (as in "The enemy invaded us at night.") and the noun "invade" (as in "The enemy launched an invasion on us at night.").

第八份Clipping:is the deletion of some part of a longer word to give a shorter word with the same meaning .it is sometimes called abbreviation.

inflectional affixes:an inflectional affix serves to express such meaning as plurality,tense,and the comparative or superlative degree. It does not form a new word with new lexical meaning when it is added to another word. Nor does it change the word class of the word to which it is affixed. “-ing (present progressive tense),-er (comparative degree),-s/-es (plural form)”are all good illustrations of what is an inflection morpheme.

第九份Primary meaning:From the diachronic point of view,poly is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one menaing.,this first meaning is the primary meaning.for example,the primary meaning of the word “hand”is”the terminal part of human arm beyond wri

32.The social cause of word meaning change:change in word meaning resulting from a constant verbal traffic between common words and various technical words is referred to as social cause of semantic changes.As a result of the constant verbal traffic between common words and echnical words,some technical words have lost their specialized meanings and have come to be used in more general senses.For example,:feedback:was originally a technical word in electricity,it now means "response" in common use.Caralyst,originally in chemistry,means "sb or sth that helps to bring aboutchange"in common use.

st”

第十章

The historical cause of change of word meaning

By historical cause , we mean that the meaning of a word changes while the object which it denotes has changed ,although the word retains its original form.

The word car ,for example ,originally meant “two-wheeled Celtic war chariot”, but is now used to denote an entirely different means of transport. The word atom ,originally meant “particle that cannot be further divied ”, but now scientists have found out that atom can be split ,the word remained intact, though.

The central meaning

Synchronically , polysemy is viewed as the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a certain historical period of time . the central meaning of a word can be considered the most frequently occurring meaning.

For example ,the central meaning of the word prevent is “to keep from happening”, that of the word power ,”ability to do or act …, particularly faculty of body or mind”, that of the word haed ,”the uppermost part of the body “,etc.

(完整word版)英语词汇学复习大纲整理

1 B a s i c C o n c e p t s 基本概念 1.1 the definition of a word ( alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.) 1.2 sound and meaning :symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional . A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. 1.3 sound and form : 1.4 vocabulary 1.5 classification of words 词汇分类 basic word stock 基本词汇 nonbasic vocabulary 非基本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分: basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇 by notion 按概念分: content words and functional words 实义词和功能词 by origin 按起源分: native words and borrowed words 本地词和外来词 all national character 全民性 stability 稳定性 productivity 多产性 polysemy 一词多义 collocability 搭配性 terminology 术语 jargon 行话 slang 俚语 argon 黑话 dialectal words 方言词 archaism 古语词 neologism 新词 neutral in style 文体上中性 frequent in use 使用频繁 native words 本地词 borrowed words 外来词 denizens 同化词 aliens 异形词 translation-loans 译借词 1. No enough letters: alphabet from Latin 2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly 3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition 4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling obvious characteristics 明显的特点 (Functional words do not have notions of their own and their main function is to express the relation between notions, words, etc.)

词汇学复习重点

Terms: 1. lexicology 2. morpheme 3. root 4. derivational affixes 5. affixes 6. compounding 7. blending 8. conversion 9. back formation 10. synonymy 11. homonymy 12. hyponymy Questions: 1. Explain the relationship between sound and meaning with examples. There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional. E.g. “woman” means “Frau” in German, “Femme” in French and “Funv” in Chinese. On the other hand, the same sound /rait/ can mean right, rite and write, though denoting different things, yet have the same sound. 2. Illustrate four types of antonyms with examples. 3. What are allomorphs? Please list the allomorphes of the morpheme{plural} in English. The different morphological or phonetic forms of a morpheme are allomorphs of the morpheme. The noun plural morpheme {plural} in English has a numer of allomorphs, such as [-s] in cats, [-z] in bags, [-iz] in fishes, [-ai] in mice, [-n] in oxen, [-i:] in geese and so on. 4. As language changes over time, the meaning of a word may deviate from its original denotation. Discuss the major types of semantic changes. Major types of semantic changes are semantic broadening, semantic narrowing and semantic shift. Semantic broadening refers to the process in which the meaning of a word becomes more general or inclusive than its historically earlier denotation. Take the word “holiday”for example, the orlder meaning was a “holy day”. Today everyone enjoys a holiday, regardless of religious background. Semantic narrowing is a process in which the meaning of a word becomes less gneral or inclusive than its historically earlier meaning. For example. “wife”used to mean “any woman”, but now it only means “a married female”. Semantic shift is a process of semantic change in which a word loses its former meaning and acquires a new, sometimes related, meaning. For example, the word silly meant “happy”in Old English, and naive in Middle English, but “foolish”in Modern Engilsh. 5. Illustrate four types of synonyms with examples.

词汇学简论摘要笔记

1。词汇学是以语言中的词和词汇作为研究对象的一门学科。 2。词的意义的体现,则有事物、思维和语言结构三者。因而词的基本分类,则有客体、特征、状态和代替之别。据此研究,一在抓词的理据;二在抓词的变化,考察哪些意义变化引起哪些形式变化和哪些形式变化引起哪些意义变化。即通过词的结构分析,串连语音、形态、语义的内在联系和词义系统相符的名词,确定词与词间的语源关系,从而寻求词根及其衍化轨迹。现代词汇学的研究,不能再墨守传统训访学的方式和方法。既要由上而下地从经籍递推到大众口语,又要根据大众的词汇逆溯到它们最初的来源。这样,对词形结构的分析,词义发展的识别和语音衍化的探讨,才能有所创获。 3。对于某一发展阶段上的语言体系的描写和研究又叫共时的或静态的研究;对于语言体系及其各个组成部分在历史上的发展变化的研究又叫历时的或演化的研究。“共时性”(synchronie)和“历时 性” (diachronie)这两个概念是瑞士语言学家索绪尔(Ferdinand de Saussurel857—1913)在他的《普通语言学教程》里首先提出来的。索绪尔对“共时”和“历时”的解释是,“有关我们这门科学的静态方面的一切都是共时的,涉及演他的一切都是历时的”“共时和历时分别指一种语言状态和一种演化情况。”汉译本《普通语言学教程》,商务印书馆,1980,页119. (P2) 4。个别语言词汇学又可以分为历史词汇学和描写词汇学。前者研究语言的词汇在历史过程中的发展,后者研究在历史发展的某一阶段(一般是指现阶段)语言的词汇系统的状况和特点。自然,二者也是相互为用,不可以截然划分开来的。(P2) 5。若是研究一个民族的古代历久那就更加用得着词汇学(特别是历史词汇学)的知识。正如当代语言学家丰克 (Wilfred Funk)在《词的来源和它们的传奇故事》(Word Origin and Their Romantic Stories,1950)中所说,“词汇也象个小窗户,通过它可以熟悉一个民族的过去。”有时候在缺乏其他史料的情况下,语言材料(主要是词汇材料)就成了研究古代历史上某一个问题的重要依据甚至是唯一依据。(P7) 6。把语言材料应用于古代历史的研,在西方创始于德国语言学家雅各·格林(Jakob Grimml785—1863)。他的著名论点是:“我们的语言也就是我们的历史。”(J。Grimm:《K1einere Schriften》 (小品集)第1册,1864,页290.转引自阿巴耶夫:《语言史和民族史》,《民族问题译丛》1957年第12期,页13。)(P7) 7。分别来说历史词汇学的知识能够帮助解决古代民族史上如下三方面的问题:1)民族起源,即一个民族的起源和形成过程如何,它跟哪些别的民族有亲属关系;2)民族文化历史,即一个民族在各个历史阶段上的文化水平及其主要特点如何;3)民族间互相交往和影响,即一个民族在历史上跟哪些别的民族发生过关系,它受到过它们哪些影响,又对它们有过哪些影响。 解决头一个问题主要依靠基本词汇的材料,而解决后两个问题就还要利用一般词汇的捞料,因为一个民族的物质生活和精神生活的特点及变化都会在语言的词汇中留下它们的痕迹。(P8) 8。总括词的语言外部联系和语言内部联系两个方面,就可以看出一种语言的词汇是在历史上形成并不断发展的社会现象,它本身构成一个完整的体系;词和词之间、词和语言的其他要素之间以及词和客观现实之间都存在着不可分割的多种多样的联系。P14

英语词汇学考试重点整理

Explain the following terms 一1) free morpheme/ A free morpheme is one that can be uttered发出,表达alone with meaning. It can exist on its own without a bound morpheme. In the traditional sense, a free morpheme is a word. 例如hand ,eat, get 2) bound form/never used as sentences. – ess in countess, lioness and duchess –ish in boyish, childish and greenish –s in hats, books and cups 3) function words/ function words are often short words, they do not have much lexical meaning and some of them have no lexical meaning of their own; They are often short words such as determiners限定词, conjunctions连词, prepositions介词, auxiliaries辅助物, and so forth. 如to, the , of , by 4) content words实词/ They are used to name objects, qualities, actions, processes or states, and have independent lexical meaning. They are the nouns, main verbs, adjectives形容词and adverbs副词of a language. 二1) syntheti c综合的language / inflectional grammatical markers, French, German and Russian. 2) analytic language/word order, prepositions or auxiliary verbs , English and Chinese 3) Indo-European family of languages/ Europe and parts of Southern Asia Eight groups 三1) morphemes /The morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible可分的or analyzable into smaller forms. 2) allomorphs/variants变体of the same morphem如im-, ir-, il- : allomorphs of the morpheme in- 3) root / is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word. work able, work er, work ed, and work ing 4) stem /A stem is of concern only when dealing with inflectional morphology. Inflectional (but not derivational) affixes are added to it. It is the part of word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. 如undesirables, undesirable; desired, desire 5) base / A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added. Desirable, desire - base and root, not stem; undesirable, desirable-base, not root and stem 6) inflectional affixes/A inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality复数, tense, and the comparative比较的or superlative 最高的degree. 如-s, -ed, -er, -est 7) derivational affixes / When they are added to another morpheme, they derive a new word. re+write, mini+car, super+market, modern+ize, work+er 8) compounding 复合法/Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of combining two or more bases to form a compound word 9) derivation 派生法/Derivation or affixation is generally defined as a word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix or a suffix or both to the base 10) conversion 转化法/Conversion is a word-formation process in which a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. 11) initialism/It is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase. 12) acronym首字母缩略词/Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc. Acronyms differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters. 13) blending拼缀/Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by

考研英语词汇复习笔记

考研英语词汇复习笔记 翻硕复习的一大重头戏就是词汇,而词汇量是巨大的,必须要有日常的积累和复习,并且掌握科学的记忆方法,才能最有效地积累词予匚量。下面是关于英语词汇的学习笔记,以供大家参考。(1) 1. bereave :使某人丧失(尤指亲属)bereave Sb Of Sb an accident WhiCh bereaved Him Of his Wife 使他丧失妻子的事古攵the bereaved husband 死了妻子的男人 the bereaved丧失亲人的人 bereavement(n):丧亲之痛,丧失亲人 deprive : take Sth away from sb;PreVent Sb from enjoying Or USing Sth剥夺sb/sth的sth;阻止某人 享有或使用Sth deprive sb/sth Of Sth deprive Of OneS CiVil rights剥夺某人的公民权deprivation(n):剥夺;贫困;被剥夺的事物WideSPreaCl deprivation 普遍贫困 MiSSing the HOIiday WaS a great deprivatiOrL错失假日是极大的损失。 deprived(adj):贫困的,穷苦的deprived ChildhOOd 贫苦的童年

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