启航考研2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题解析(2012考研英语真题)

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2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

Section ⅠUse of English

Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot 1 its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law 2 justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that 3 the court s reputation for being independent and impartial.

Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court s decisions will be 4 as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not 5 by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself 6 to the code of conduct that 7 to the rest of the federal judiciary. This and other similar cases 8 the question of whether there is still a 9 between the court and politics.

The framers of the Constitution envisioned law 10 having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions 11 they would be free to 12 those in power and have no need to 13 political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely 14.

Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social 15 like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it 16 is inescapably political —which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily 17 as unjust.

The justices must 18 doubts about the court s legitimacy by making themselves 19 to the code of conduct. That would make ruling more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, 20, convincing as law. (275 words)

1. ［A］emphasize ［B］maintain ［C］modify ［D］recognize

2. ［A］when ［B］lest ［C］before ［D］unless

3. ［A］restored ［B］weakened ［C］established ［D］eliminated

4. ［A］challenged ［B］compromised ［C］suspected ［D］accepted

5. ［A］advanced ［B］caught ［C］bound ［D］founded

6. ［A］resistant ［B］subject ［C］immune ［D］prone

7. ［A］resorts ［B］sticks ［C］loads ［D］applies

8. ［A］evade ［B］raise ［C］deny ［D］settle

9. ［A］line ［B］barrier ［C］similarity ［D］

conflict

10. ［A］by ［B］as ［C］though ［D］towards

11. ［A］so ［B］since ［C］provided ［D］though

12. ［A］serve ［B］satisfy ［C］upset ［D］replace

13. ［A］confirm ［B］express ［C］cultivate ［D］offer

14. ［A］guarded ［B］followed ［C］studied ［D］tied

15. ［A］concepts ［B］theories ［C］divisions ［D］conceptions

16. ［A］excludes ［B］questions ［C］shapes ［D］controls

17. ［A］dismissed ［B］released ［C］ranked ［D］distorted

18. ［A］suppress ［B］exploit ［C］address ［D］ignore

19. ［A］accessible ［B］amiable ［C］agreeable ［D］accountable

20. ［A］by all means ［B］at all costs ［C］in a word ［D］as a result

Section ⅡReading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing ［A］, ［B］, ［C］or ［D］. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1．(40 points)

Text 1

①Come on —Everybody s doing it. ②That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. ③It usually leads to no good —drinking, drugs and casual sex. ④But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the world.

①Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of examples of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. ②In South Africa, an HIV prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.

①The idea seems promising, and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. ②Her critique of the lameness of many pubic health campaigns is spot on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology. ③“Dare to be different, please don t smoke!”pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers —teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. ④Rosenberg argues

convincingly that public health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.

①But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. ②Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. ③The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it s presented here is that it doesn t work very well for very long. ④Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. ⑤Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.

①There s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior.

②An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits —as well as negative ones —spread through networks of friends via social communication. ③This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.

①Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. ②It s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better behaved classmates.

③The tactic never really works. ④And that s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.

21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as

［A］a supplement to the social cure ［B］a stimulus to group dynamics

［C］an obstacle to social progress ［D］a cause of undesirable behaviors

22. Rosenberg holds that public health advocates should

［A］recruit professional advertisers ［B］learn from advertisers experience

［C］stay away from commercial advertisers ［D］recognize the limitations of advertisements

23. In the author s view, Rosenberg s book fails to

［A］adequately probe social and biological factors

［B］effectively evade the flaws of the social cure

［C］illustrate the functions of state funding

［D］produce a long lasting social effect

24. Paragraph 5 shows that our imitation of behaviors

［A］is harmful to our networks of friends ［B］will mislead behavioral studies

［C］occurs without our realizing it ［D］can produce negative health habits

25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is

［A］harmful ［B］desirable ［C］profound ［D］questionable

Text 2

①A deal is a deal —except, apparently, when Entergy is involved. ②The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the state s strict nuclear regulations.

①Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not: challenge the constitutionality of Vermont s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. ②lt s a stunning move.

①The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. ②As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. ③In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant s license be subject to Vermont legislature s approval. ④Tkert, too, ttte company weut along.

①Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn

t foresee what would happen next. ②A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 2007 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee s safety and Entergy s management —especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. ③Enraged by Entergy s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.

①Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreelnent is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. ②The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say the Vermont case will offer a precedent setting test of how far those powers extend. ③Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. ④But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.

①The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has nothing left to lose by going to war with the state. ②But there should be consequences. ③Permission to run a nuclear plant is a public trust. ④Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. ⑤Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years.

⑥But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company s application, it should keep in mind what promises from Entergy are worth.［442 words］

26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 2, Paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to

［A］condemning ［B］reaffirming ［C］dishonoring ［D］securing

27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to .

［A］obtain protection from Vermont regulators

［B］seek favor from the federal legislature

［C］acquire an extension of its business license

［D］get permission to purchase a power plant

28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its .

［A］managerial practices ［B］technical innovativeness

［C］financial goals ［D］business vision

29. In the author s view, the Vermont case will test .

［A］Entergy s capacity to fulfill all its promises

［B］the nature of states patchwork regulations

［C］the federal authority over nuclear issues

［D］the limits of states power over nuclear issues

30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that .

［A］Entergy s business elsewhere might be affected

［B］the authority of the NRC will be defied

［C］Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application

［D］Vermont s reputation might be damaged

Text 3

①ln the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. ②But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. ③We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique lifeexperiences. ④Prior knowledge and interests influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. ⑤Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self deception abound.

①Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. ②Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. ③But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. ④This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher s me, here, now becomes the community s anyone, anywhere, anytime. ⑤Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.

①Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit.

②But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. ③Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the newfinding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. ④As a discovery claim works its way through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the scienceand the technology involved transforms an individual s discovery claim into the community s credible discovery.

①Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. ②First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. ③Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed.

④The goal is new search, not re search. ⑤Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. ⑥Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. ⑦Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Szent Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.”

⑧But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. ⑨Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.

①ln the end, credibility “happens”to a discovery claim a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons oF the mind. ②

“We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other s reasoning and each other

s conceptions of reason.”

31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its .

［A］uncertainty and complexity ［B］misconception and deceptiveness

［C］logicality and objectivity ［D］systematicness and regularity

32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that the credibility process requires .

［A］strict inspection ［B］shared efforts

［C］individual wisdom ［D］persistent innovation

33. Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it .

［A］has attracted the attention of the general public

［B］has been examined by the scientific community

［C］has received recognition from editors and reviewers

［D］has been frequently quoted by peer scientists

34. Albert Szent Gyorgyi would most likely agree that .

［A］scientific claims will survive challenges ［B］discoveries today inspire future research

［C］efforts to make discoveries are justified ［D］scientific work calls for a critical mind

35．Which of the following would be the best title of the text?

［A］Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development

［B］Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery

［C］Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science

［D］Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science

Text 4

①If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servants．②When Hoffa s Teamsters were intheirprime in 1960，only olle in ten American government workers belonged to aunion；now 36％do．3ln 2009 the number of unionists in America s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. ④In Britain, more than half of public sector workers but only about 15% of private sector ones are unionized.

①There are three reasons for the public sector unions thriving. ②First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. ③Second, they are mostly bright and well educated. ④A quarter of America s public sector workers have a university degree. ⑤Third, they now dominate left of centre politics. ⑥Some of their ties go back a long way. ⑦Britain s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. ⑧Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public sector unions.

①At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. ②Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state s budget is patrolled by unions. ③The teachers unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.

①ln many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. ②But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. ③Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded”public sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.

①Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most notoriously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn out battles. ②Even though there is

plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.

①As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. ②In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the

hardline Republican governor. ③But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.

①John Donahue at Harvard s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. ②The only American public sector workers who earn well above $ 250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. ③Bankers fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.

36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that .

［A］Teamsters still have a large body of members

［B］Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant

［C］unions have enlarged their public sector membership

［D］the government has improved its relationship with unionists

37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?

［A］Public sector unions are prudent in taking actions.

［B］Education is required for public sector union membership.

［C］Labor Party has long been fighting against public sector unions.

［D］Public sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.

38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is .

［A］illegally secured ［B］indirectly augmented

［C］excessively increased ［D］fairly adjusted

39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions

［A］often run against the current political system

［B］can change people s political attitudes

［C］may be a barrier to public sector reforms

［D］are dominant in the government

40. John Donahue s attitude towards the public sector system is one of

［A］disapproval ［B］appreciation ［C］tolerance ［D］indifference

Part B

Directions:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 4145, choose the most suitable one from the list A G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and

realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.

The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)

The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as

the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21 st century s culture machine.

But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also act with Caution. (42) I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.

All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods paintings, sculpture and architecture —and superfluous experiences music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43)

For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44) Television is a one way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on. (45)

What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of “stickiness”—creations and experiences to which others adhere.

［A］Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately hat it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.

［B］Applications like tumblr, com, which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.

［C］Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.

［D］This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading —between passive consumption and active creation —whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.

［E］The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.

［F］One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half century, much of the world s media culture has been defined by a single medium—television—and television is defined by downloading.

［G］The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.

Part C

Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2．（10 points）

Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws

of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory framework.

(46) In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks

a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see. It is becoming less clear, however,that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail.Nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.

This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too.

(47) Here,Darwinism seems to offer justification, for if all humans share common origins, it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection,perhaps the world s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48) To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.

That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.

The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar.

A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.

(49) The second, by Joshua Greenberg，takes a more empirical approach to universality, identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many languages, which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.

Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages. (50) Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co dependencies between particular types of word order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lineage specific and not governed by universals. (418 words)

Section ⅢWriting

应用文［Part A］

51.Directions:

Some international students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students Union to

1) extend your welcome and

2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.

You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.

Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming”instead.

Do not write the address. (10 points)

议论文［Part B］

52.Directions:

Write an essay of 160200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should

1) describe the drawing briefly,

2) explain its intended meaning, and

3) give your comments.

You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)

2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

答案及解析Section ⅠUse of English

Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

【命题出处】

文章选自2011年6月30日的《纽约时代周刊》（New York Times）中的一篇文章。标题为《伦理、政治和法律》（Ethics, Politics and the Law）。

【命题风格】

2012年的完形填空是整张试卷中较难的一部分，基本上保持了其一贯的偏难风格。

完形填空的出题方式一般是从词汇、句子和逻辑关系三个方面来设置选项。词汇出题一般包括词形辨认、词义辨析、固定短语和表达；句子出题一般句内(句子内部结构，以逗号为标志)和句际(句子之间)；逻辑关系出题一般会涉及常见的转折关系、并列关系、因果关系、例证关系、条件关系等。

这次的20个选项，从词汇角度出题的占绝大部分，侧重点在：①固定表达，比如6、7、10、20等；②熟词生义，比如9、12、14、18等，构成词汇题的最大障碍，因此希望来年的考生多关注单词词义的深度。

【文章导读】

文章主要讲述美国的法庭及司法系统的公正性目前所受到的质疑，并论述了美国法律系统与政治的紧密相关性及两者应当相分离的重要性。

【全文精译】

最高法院法官的道德评价标准在近来已经成为一个重要的问题。（1）当(如果)法官像政客那样办事时，那么作为法律规章捍卫者的法院就不能（2）维护法院的公平性。然而，在几种情况下，法官的处理方式(3)削弱了法院这一独立公平的声誉。

例如，安托尼·司盖琳娜法官出现在政治事件里。她所从事的那类活动使得法院的裁决不太可能被（4）视为公平的判决。问题的部分之一在于法官没有受到伦理规章的（5）制约。至少就这一点来说，法院应该让自己(6)服从行为规则，这条规则(7)适用于其余联邦法官。这个以及其他情况(8)提出了一个问题，即在法院和政治之间是否仍然存在一条(9)墨线。

宪法的筹划者将法律展望(10)为一种拥有政治以外的权威的事物。制定者给法官终身职位(11)以便法官将自由地来(12)阻止那些权力部门，并且没有必要去(13)建立政治上的支持。确切地说是因为法律和政治如此紧密(14)联系，因此我们的法律制度制定的目的就是让二者区分开来。

宪法是政治的，因为宪法起因于根植于那些根本性社会(15)概念的选择，比如自由和财产。当法院做出有关社会政策的裁决时，它所(16)制定的法律将难以避免地具有政治性，这就是为什么那些依据意识形态思想做出的裁决如此轻易地当作是不公正的裁决而受到人们的(17)摈斥。

法官必须通过他们自己(19)对行为规则的解释来(18)解决有关法院公平性的疑问。这样做会使得法院的裁决更可能会被看作是与政治分开的，(20)因此，像法律那样令人信服。

【逻辑结构】

开篇部分：点明要论述的内容，法官们的行事方式损害了法庭的独立的不偏不倚的声誉。

正文部分：举例论证了美国的法庭及司法系统的公正性目前所遭受的质疑。

结论部分：论述了美国法律系统与政治的紧密相关性及两者应当相分离的重要性。

【答案精解】

1．【答案】［B］

【解析】本题考查考生把握上下文语义衔接关系和对动词词义的辨析能力。文章首句指出，最高法院法官的道德判断最近引起了人们的热议，由句②后半句justices behave like politicians（法官们表现得像政客一样）可知，这种情形导致The court cannot 1 its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law（最高法院就无法1其作为法制捍卫者的合法性）。浏览四个选项，［B］maintain“维持”符合上下文的语义衔接关系，为正确选项。

［A］emphasize意为“强调，着重；使突出，使明显”，如：His speech emphasized the importance of attracting the industry to the town．（他的发言强调了吸引工业到城镇的重要性。）［C］modify意为“修改；调整，使更合适；缓和；减轻”，如：Patients are taught how to modify their diet．（病人获得有关如何调节自己饮食的指导。）［D］recognize意为“认识；认出；承认；意识到；公认”，如：They recognized the need to take the problem seriously．（他们意识到需要严肃对待这个问题。）这三个选项代入空格后，原句分别意为“最高法院就无法强调／修改／认出其作为法制捍卫者的合法性”，语义明显不通，故均可排除。

2. 【答案】［A］

【解析】本题考查考生根据句意判断句内逻辑关系的能力。由上题的分析可知，空格所在句后半句的内容导致了句②前半句的结果，即“法官表现得像政客”这种情况导致了“最高法院无法维持其作为法制捍卫者的合法性”。浏览四个选项，［A］when“当……的时候”符合上下文的逻辑关系，为正确选项。

［B］lest“以免；唯恐”，引导目的状语从句，其中的谓语须用“should+动词原形”的形式，表虚拟语气，如：He gripped his brother’s arm lest he be trampled by the other people．（他紧抓着他兄弟的胳膊，怕他让其他人踩着。）代入空格后，原句意为“最高法院就无法维持其作为法制捍卫者的合法性，以免法官表现得像政客”，逻辑混乱，可排除。［C］before意为“在……之前”，引导时间状语从句，如：It may be many years before the situation improves．（这种状况或许要过很多年才能得到改善。）代入空格后，句意不通，可排除。［D］unless意为“除非，如果不”，引导条件状语从句，如：You won’t get paid for time off unless you have a doctor’s note．（除非你有医生证明，否则你不上班便拿不到工资。）代入空格后，原句意为“最高法院就无法维持其作为法制捍卫者的合法性，除非法官们表现得像政客”，显然与常识不符，可排除。

3．【答案】［B］

【解析】本题考查考生结合已知宾语和上下文逻辑关系选择恰当动词的能力。句③中acted in ways即是上文中的behave like politicians，而the court s reputation of being independent and impartial“法院独立、公正的声誉”与上文中的maintain its legitimacy“维持其合法性”相呼应，Yet一词表转折。另外，下文中以安托南·斯卡利亚法官参与政治事件举例论述了这一情况，指出法官参与政治性活动使得法院的裁定被认为是不公平的判决。本句意为“然而，在很多情况下，法官们的行事方式3了最高法庭独立、公正的声誉”。由此可知，空格处应填入一个动词，要能与后面的reputation构成动宾搭配。将［B］weakened “削弱，减弱：使虚弱”代入空格后，原句意为“削弱了声誉”，文意顺畅，并且符合上下文的语义逻辑，为正确选项。

［A］restored意为“恢复；使复原，使复职”，如：The measures are intended to restore public confidence in the economy.（这些举措旨在恢复公众对经济的信心。）［C］established 意为“建立，创立；确立，使稳固”，如：By then she was established as a star．（那时候她作为明星的地位已确立。）将［A］、［C］分别代入空格后，原句意为“法官们的行事方式恢复／确立了最高法庭独立、公正的声誉”，不符合上下文的语义衔接关系，可排除。［D］eliminated 意为“清除，消除；淘汰”，如：Creditcards eliminate the need to carry a lot of cash.（有了信用卡就不用携带很多现金。）将此项代入空格后，原句意为“彻底消除最高法庭独立、公正的声誉”，过于绝对，也可排除。

4．【答案】［D］

【解析】本题考查考生把握文中语义衔接关系和对动词词义的辨析能力。第二段开头以安托南·斯卡利亚法官参与政治事件为例，承接上一段内容。句⑤中，让作句中形式宾语，而空格所在的that引导的宾语从句作真正的宾语，其中，That kind of activity指代政治性活动，宾语补足语lesslikely用以说明这种政治性活动使得“法院的裁定4公平的判决可能性极小”。空格处应填入动词的被动语态形式，浏览四个选项，［D］accepted“认可”符合此处的语义衔接关系，为正确选项。

［A］challenged意为“对……怀疑；向(某人)挑战”，如：She does not like anybody challenging her authority（她不喜欢任何人挑战她的权威。）［B］compromised意为“妥协，折中”，如：After lengthy talks the two sides finally reached a compromise．（双方经过长期的商谈终于达成了妥协。）［C］suspected意为“怀疑，猜疑”，如：I began to suspect that they were trying to get rid of me．（我开始觉察出，他们试图摆脱我。）将这三个选项代入空格后，原句分别意为“这种政治性活动使得法院的裁定被挑战/妥协/怀疑是公平的判决的可能性极小”，均不符合文意，故均可排除。

5．【答案】［C］

【解析】本题考查考生对固定搭配的掌握以及对动词词义的辨析能力。句⑥包含一个表语从句，意为“部分问题是法官不5伦理规范”，be bound by为固定搭配，意为“受(法律、义务或情况的)约束”，将其代入空格后，原句符合文意，故［C］为正确选项。

［A］advanced意为“前进；发展，进步；促进”，如：Studying for new qualifications is one way of advancing your career．（为提高学历而进修是促进事业发展的一个方法。）［B］caught意为“接住；抓住；逮住；赶上”，如：She managed to catch the keys as they fell．（她接住了落下的钥匙。）［D］founded意为“创办，创建；建立，兴建”，如：Her family founded the college in l895．（她的家族于1895年创办了这所大学。）这三个选项均为动词的被动语态形式，by后面的an ethics code “伦理规范”则为施动者，将此三项代入空格后，原句分别意为“部分问题是法官不受伦理规范的提高／接住／建立”，文意不通，故均可排除。

6．【答案】［B］

【解析】本题考查考生结合上下文的语义逻辑关系辨析形容词词义的能力。空格处应填入一个形容词，与to形成固定搭配，作主句的宾语补足语。空格所在段主要分析了法官们参与政治事件所造成的后果，分析了其成因，并提出建议。句⑦意为“至少，最高法庭应该6那些行为准则……”，本句承接句⑥的内容而来，显然是指最高法庭应该服从于行为准则，浏览各选项，只有［B］subject(to)有“服从(规范／准则)”的意思，为正确选项。

［A］resistant(to)意为“抵抗的；抵制的，阻止的”，如：Elderly people are not always resistant to changes．（上了年纪的人并不总是抵制变革。）将其代入空格后，原句意为“法庭应该抵制那些行为准则”，与原文的意思恰好相反，可排除；［C］immune(to)意为“有免疫力的；不受影响的”，如：You’ll eventually become immune to criticism．（你终究会不用在乎批评了。）将其代入空格后，原句意为“法庭应该不受行为准则的影响”，与上一句的内

容重复，可排除：［D］prone(to)意为“易于遭受；有做(坏事)的倾向”，如：Working without a break makes you more prone to error．（连续工作不停歇使人更容易出错。）将其代入空格后，原句意为“法庭应该易于遭受那些行为准则”，文意不通，也可排除。

7．【答案】［D］

【解析】本题考查考生对定语从句的掌握以及对动词词义的辨析能力。句⑦中，that 引导定语从句，修饰the code of conduct“行为准则”，空格处应填入一个不及物动词作从句的谓语。结合上一题的分析可知，空格所在句意为“至少，法庭应该遵守那些7其他联邦法官的行为准则”，浏览各选项，只有［D］applies(to)“使用，应用”代入后，既符合句中的语法要求，又使文意顺畅，因此为正确选项。

［A］resorts(to)意为“诉诸；求助于；依靠”，如：They felt obliged to resort to violence．（他们觉得有必要诉诸暴力。）［B］sticks(to)意为“坚持(做某事)”，如：She finds it impossible to stick to adiet．（饮食老受限制，她觉得受不了了。）［C］leads(to)意为“导致，造成”，如：Eating too much sugar can lead to health problems．（食用过多的糖会引起健康问题。）将这三项代入空格后，原句分别意为“法庭应该遵守那些依靠／坚持／导致其他联邦法官的行为准则”，语义混乱，可排除。

8．【答案】［B］

【解析】本题考查考生结合上下文的语义逻辑对动词词义进行辨析的能力。空格所在句⑧独立成段，空格处应填入一个动词，与the question构成动宾搭配，This and other similar cases 8 the question of whether…（上述问题以及其他类似情况8 了一种质疑），由后面的whether可知，the question“问题”尚未解决，浏览各选项，只有［B］raise“增加，提高；提及，提出”符合文意，将其代入空格后，原句意为“引发了质疑”，符合文意，为正确选项。

［A］evade意为“逃脱，躲开；逃避；回避”，如：For two weeks they evaded the press．（他们有两周一直避而不见记者。）［C］deny意为“否认，否定；拒绝接受”，如：The spokesman refused either to confirm or deny the reports．（发言人对那些报道不置可否。）［D］settle 意为“结束，解决；决定；定居”，如：It s time you settled your differences with your father．（现在你该解决同你父亲之间的分歧了。）将这三项代入空格后，原句分别意为“上述问题以及其他类似情况逃避／否认／解决了一种质疑”，均不符合上下文的语义衔接关系，可排除。

9．【答案】［A］

【解析】本题考查考生综合分析上下文以及辨析名词词义的能力。本句中，whether 引导的宾语从句作介词of的宾语，共同修饰主句宾语the question,空格处应填入一个名词，被后面的介词短语between the court and politics“法律和政治之间”所修饰，浏览各选项，［A］line“线；(思想或行为等的)界限，界线”代入空格后，原句意为“法律和政治之间的界限”，符合文意。因此，［A］为正确选项。

［B］barrier“障碍物；障碍，阻力”，如：the removal of trade barriers（贸易壁垒的消除）；［C］similarity意为“类似性；相像处，类似的地方”，如：The report highlights the similarity between the two groups.（这份报告强调两组之间的相似性。）［D］conflict意为“争执，争论；冲突，战斗”，如：a conflict between two cultures（两种文化的冲突。）将这三个选项代入空格后，原句分别意为“法律和政治之间的障碍／相似性／冲突”，文章通篇都在强调法律带有政治性色彩的话题，此三项均不能表达此意义，故均可排除。

10．【答案】［B］

【解析】本题考查考生结合上下文的语义选择恰当介词的能力。上文讲了法律要和道德规范联结在一起，远离政治，句⑨意为“制宪者预想法律有权远离政治”，空格处应填

入一个介词，连同后面的动名词短语作宾语law的补足语，本题可通过排除法解答，［A］by代入后，为介词短语作状语，不符合句中的语法要求；［C］through，［D］towards作介词后面通常接名词，不能接动名词短语，可排除，因此，只有［D］as“像，如同；作为，充当”符合上下文的语义衔接及此处的语法要求，为正确选项。

［A］by意为“靠近；被(常置于表被动的动词后)”，如：a play by lbsen（易卜生写的剧本）。［C］through意为“穿过；直至；凭借，因为”，如：You can only achieve Success through hard work．（你得孜孜不倦方能成功。）［D］towards意为“向，朝：趋向，接近”，如：She had her back towards me．（她背对着我。）将这三项代入空格后可知，此三项均不符合上下文的语义衔接关系，可排除。

11．【答案】［A］

【解析】本题考查考生根据句意判断句内逻辑关系的能力。根据句⑩的语法结构可知，空格处应填入一个连词，根据句⑨的句意“制宪者预想法律有权远离政治”，也就是法律与政治相分离，空格所在句是典型的因果关系，前半句讲了法官们有了永久职位，所以法官们就没有必要去拉拢政界，浏览各选项，只有［A］so“因此，所以；为了，以便”符合上下文前因后果的逻辑关系，为正确选项。

［B］since意为“自从……以来；因为，既然”，可引导时间和原因状语从句，如：We thought that，since we were in the area，we d stop by and see them．（我们想，既然我们到了这个地方，就该顺便去看看他们。）将其代入空格后，恰好因果倒置，与原文的逻辑关系相反，可排除；［C］provided意为“如果，假如”，引导条件状语从句，如：We ll buy everything you produce，provided of course the price is right.（当然，倘若价格合适，我们将采购你们的全部产品。）［D］though意为“虽然，尽管：不过，然而”，引导让步状语从句，如：He ll probably say no，though it s worth asking.（他很可能会拒绝，不过问一下有益无损。）将［C］、［D］两项代入空格后，原句均不符合此处前因后果的逻辑关系，均可排除。

12．【答案】［C］

【解析】本题考查考生根据上下文的语义逻辑关系辨析动词词义的能力。本题可结合上一题作答。句⑩意为法官被赋予永久的职位，所以不必担心12那些政界的人，即正因为有了职位的永久保障，法官们不必拉拢、讨好政界，即使惹恼当权者也无所畏惧，也就是法政分离。浏览各选项，只有［C］upset“使烦恼，使生气；打乱”符合上下文的语义逻辑关系，为正确选项。

［A］serve意为“接待，服务；能满足……的需要”，如：These experiments serve no useful purpose．（这些实验没有任何实际意义。）［B］satisfy意为“使满意，使满足；满足(要求等)”，如：The education system must satisfy the needs of all children．（教育系统必须满足所有儿童的需要。）［D］replace意为“代替，取代；更换，更新”，如：Teachers will never be replaced by computers in the classroom．（课堂上，电脑永远不会取代老师。）将这三项代入空格后，原句分别意为：法官被赋予永久的职位，所以不必担心服务／满足／取代那些政界的人。均不能表达出法官们对政界有权势之人的无所畏惧之心，也不符合上下文的语义逻辑关系，故均可排除。

13．【答案】［C］

【解析】本题考查考生根据上下文的语义逻辑关系辨析动词词义的能力。可结合上两题作答。由以上分析可以看出，法官们有了永久职位的保障，所以不必担心惹恼那些政界有权势的人，也就不必花心思拉拢他们。本题考查了熟词生义的用法，［C］cultivate“耕作；栽培；建立(友谊)”，将其代入空格后，原句意为“无需获得政治上的支持”，暗指拉拢政治关系，符合此处的语境，为正确选项。

［A］confirm意为“证实，确认；使确信”，如：Rumors of job losses were later confirmed．（裁员的传言后来得到了证实。）［B］express意为“表示，表达，表露”，如：Words can not express how pleased I am．（言语无法表达我的愉快心情。）［D］offer意为“主动提出；提供，供应”，如：He offered some useful advice．（他提出了一些有益的建议。）将这三项代入空格后，原句分别意为“没有必要证实／表达／提供政界的支持”，均不符合上下文的语义逻辑关系，故均可排除。

14．【答案】［D］

【解析】本题考查考生把握文中的语义衔接关系和对动词词义的辨析能力。本句包含一个原因状语从句，句意为：我们的法律系统旨在准确地将法律与政治相分离，因为它们彼此14。

浏览四个选项，只有［D］tied“栓，绑；联合，使紧密结合”代入空格后带有“联系紧密”的意思，符合上文中欲将联系紧密的事物分离开来的逻辑，文意顺畅，为正确选项。

［A］guarded意为“守卫，保卫；看守，监视”，如：The dog is guarding its sowner’s luggage．（狗守护着主人的行李。）［B］followed意为“跟随；在……后发生”，如：A period of unrest followed the president s resignation．（总统辞职之后有一段时间的动荡。）［C］studied意为“学习，攻读；审视，端详”，如：My brother studied at the Royal College of Art．（我哥哥曾就读于皇家美术学院。）将这三个选项代入空格后，均不能体现法政之间联系紧密的意思，均不符合文意，故均可排除。

15．【答案】［A］

【解析】本题考查考生综合分析上下文以及辨析名词词义的能力。本句也包含一个原因状语从句，句意为“宪法之所以带有政治色彩是因为它来自于基本社会15的选择，像自由和财产”。在原因状语从句中，rooted in…是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰choices。like liberty and property修饰该空格，对该空格进行举例说明，根据语法规则可判断空格处应填入一个名词，且根据常识可推知，自由和财产均属于“基本社会概念”，因此，［A］concepts “概念”为正确选项。

［B］theories意为“理论，原理；意见，看法”，如：the theory and practice of language teaching（语言教学的理论与实践）；［C］divisions意为“分开，分隔；分歧，差异”，如：the division of labor between the sexes（男女分工）；［D］conventions意为“习俗，常规；大会，集会”，如：social conventions（社会习俗），而liberty and property“自由和财产”不是“理论／分歧／习俗”，故这三项均可排除。

16．【答案】［C］

【解析】本题考查考生根据上下文的语义逻辑关系对动词词义的辨析能力。本句句式较为复杂，空格所在句包含一个省略了关系代词that或which的定语从句，修饰the law，其中，it指代the court，因此，空格处应填入一个动词，构成the court l6 the law，根据句的句意“当法院处理社会决策时，它所16的法律就不可避免地带有政治色彩”，浏览各选项，只有［C］shapes“塑造；决定的形成，影响……的发展”代入空格后符合原句句意，为正确选项。

［A］excludes意为“不包括，不放在考虑之列”，如：Try excluding fat from your diet．（平时用餐时尽量避免含脂肪的食品。）［B］questions意为“正式提问；怀疑”，如：Over half of those questioned said they rarely took any exercise．（被问到的人有一半以上说他们很少锻炼身体。）［D］controls意为“指挥，控制，掌管”，如：By the age of 21 he controlled the company．（他21岁的时候掌管了公司。）将这三项代入空格可发现，原句句意不通，故均可排除。

17．【答案】［A］

【解析】本题考查考生把握文中的语义衔接关系和辨析动词词义的能力。空格所在句是一个which引导的非限制性定语从句，其中包含了一个why引导的表语从句，该定语从句修饰破折号前面的整个句子。根据语法结构，空格处应填入动词的被动语态形式。我们可以将其转换成主动语态来分析：17 decisions split as unjust即“17不公正的决议分歧”，浏览各选项，不难看出，只有［A］dismissed“不予考虑”符合题意，代入空格后，原句意为“这就解释了为什么不同意识形态导致的决议分歧总是被认为不公正因而不予考虑”，文意顺畅，为正确选项。

［B］released意为“释放，放走；松开；发泄”，如：Firefighters took two hours to release the driver from the wreckage．（消防队员花了两个小时将司机从汽车残骸中救出来。）［C］ranked意为“把……分等级；排列，使排成行”，如：The tasks have been ranked in order of difficulty．（按照困难程度对工作进行了分类。）［D］distorted意为“使变形，扭曲；歪曲，曲解”，如：The loudspeaker seemed to distort his voice．（他的声音从喇叭里传出来好像失真了。）将这三项代入空格后，句意均明显不通，故均可排除。

18．【答案】［C］

【解析】本题考查考生根据上下文的语义逻辑关系辨析动词词义的能力以及对熟词生义的掌握。根据文章行文结构可以看出，最后一段就法政分离提出了建议。根据句The justices must 18 doubts about the court s legitimacy…“法官们必须18人们对于法院合法性的质疑……”，空格处应填入一个动词，与后面的doubts构成动宾搭配，［C］address “设法解决，处理”代入空格后，与后面的doubts搭配意为“处理质疑”，搭配得当，为正确选项。

（起［A］suppress意为“镇压，平定；禁止；抑制”，如：The rebellion was brutally suppressed．

义遭到了残酷的镇压。）［B］exploit意为“利用；剥削，压榨；开采”，如：She realized that her youth and inexoerience were being exploited．（她意识到自己的年轻和缺乏经验正受人利用。）［D］ignore意为“忽视；佯装未见，不予理睬”，如：She ignored him and carried on with her work．（她没理他，继续干她的活。）将这三项代入空格后，均不合文意，故均可排除。

19．【答案】［D］

【解析】本题考查考生把握文中的语义衔接关系和对形容词词义的辨析能力。空格所在的“by+动名词短语”作句中方式状语，空格处应填入一个形容词，作themselves的宾语补足语，themselves指代主语The justices，因此，原句可以转变成The justices are 19 to the code of conduct。［D］accountable“负有责任的，有义务说明的”，将其代入空格后，原句意为“法官必须通过使自身对行为准则负责来处理对法院合法性的质疑”，文意顺畅。而且，句意与第二段末尾句的句意相呼应，提倡法官要遵守行为准则，对自己的所作所为负责，因此，可判断［D］为正确选项。

［A］accessible意为“可到达的，可接近的，可使用的”，如：These documents are not accessible to thepublic．（公众无法看到这些文件。）［B］amiable意为“和蔼可亲的，亲切友好的”，如：anamiable toneofvoice（亲切的声调。）［C］agreeable意为“愉悦的；欣然同意的；适合的”，如：He seemed extremely agreeable．（他似乎特别招人喜欢。）将这三个选项代入空格后，原句均不符合文意，故均可排除。

20．【答案】［D］

【解析】本题考查考生根据上下两句的语义衔接判断句内逻辑关系的能力。根据语法结构及四个选项可知，空格处要填入一个介词短语作句子的状语。句中，空格前面的意思为“这会让裁决更可能被视为是与政治相分离的”，后面的意思为“法律才能让人信服”，显然是前因后果的逻辑关系。因此，［D］asaresult“因此，所以”正确。

［A］by all means意为“无论如何，尽一切办法”，如：By all means，we must find the method of solving the problem．（无论如何，我们必须找到解决问题的方法。）［B］at all costs意为“不惜一切代价”，如：You must stop the press from finding out at all costs．（你必须不惜一切代价阻止媒体查明真相。）［A］、［B］两项用法一致，含义相近，可首先排除。［C］in a word意为“总而言之”，如：“Would you like to help us？”“In a word，no．”（“你愿意帮助我们吗?”“一句话，不愿意。”）［C］经常用于给出结论，且多位于句首，代人空格后可发现其不符合原文逻辑关系，也可排除。

Section ⅡReading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing ［A］, ［B］, ［C］or ［D］. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1．(40 points) Text 1【全文精译】

①得了吧，每个人都这样啊。②这种说法一半是邀请，一半是强制，当我们听到“同辈压力”这个短语的时候我们想到的就是这种说法。③这一信息通常会让人想到一些不好的事情——喝酒、吸毒和一夜情。④但是，在自己的新书《参加这个俱乐部》中，蒂娜·罗森堡认为，同辈压力也可以通过她所称的“社会治疗”成为积极的力量，组织和官方人员可以利用群体的力量来帮助个人提高他们的生活水平，而且还有可能提高整个人类世界的生活水平。

①罗森堡是一位普利策奖得主，她提供了许许多多现实中的社会治疗的例子：在南卡罗来纳州，一个由州赞助、反对吸烟的叫做“对烟雾宣战”的项目就旨在丑化吸烟行为。

②在南非，一个叫做“热爱生活”的防止艾滋病活动招募年轻人，要求他们在同龄人中宣传安全的性生活。

①这一观点似乎很有希望，罗森堡是一位敏锐的观察家。②她对许多公共健康运动的缺陷的批判是准确的：它们没有调动同辈压力来建立健康的习惯，它们展示的是对心理学的严重误解。③一个旨在青少年中禁烟的广告恳求道：“要勇敢地与众不同，请不要抽烟!”——而青少年最渴望的是融入群体。④罗森堡认为，公共健康倡导者应该效仿广告商们，他们深知如何利用同辈压力，这种说法令人信服。

①但是，对于社会治疗的广泛效应，罗森堡就少了一些说服力。②《参加这个俱乐部》中写了太多不相关的细节，并且，没有充分探讨那些使同辈压力具有强大影响力的社会和生物因素。③这里所说的“社会治疗”的明显缺陷在于它有效期不长。④一旦来自州政府的资助取消，“对烟雾宣战”的项目就会失败。⑤“热爱生活”项目能产生持久的影响力的说法证据不足且混杂。

①毫无疑问，我们的同龄人会对我们的行为产生巨大的影响。②越来越多的研究显示，良好的健康习惯——以及不良的习惯——会通过社交在朋友之间传播。③这是同辈压力的一种微妙的表现形式：我们会无意识地模仿我们每天所看到的行为。

①然而，很难确定的是，专家和官员能否成功地选择我们的同辈，指引他们的活动沿着道德高尚的方向发展。②这就像老师，通过让问题学生和好学生坐在一起的方法，让后排学生不要凑在一起胡闹。③这种方法从来就没有什么真正的效果。④这就是由外部世界设计出来的社会治疗会产生的问题：在真实的社会中，正如在学校，我们会坚持选择自己的朋友。

【答案精解】

21．【答案】［D］

【解析】本题考查考生对第一段中有关同辈压力细节的辨识。第一段的第二、三句指出：这种说法一半是邀请，一半是强制，当我们听到“同辈压力”这个短语的时候我们想

到的就是这种说法。这种信息通常会让人想到一些不好的事情——喝酒、吸毒和一夜情。可见，同辈压力是一些不良行为产生的原因，因此，可以推断出［D］正确。

［A］属张冠李戴，由第一段最后一句中的Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure…可知，［A］是蒂娜·罗森堡的观点，因此，排除［A］；［B］属逻辑错误，是利用第一段最后一句.．．organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals…中的group dynamics设置的干扰；［C］属断章取义，是利用第一段第三句It usually leads to no good drinking，drugs and casual sex．设置的干扰，这并不能说明同辈压力是对社会进步的障碍。

22．【答案】［B］

【解析】本题考查考生对第三段中罗森堡观点的辨识和理解。public health advocates出现在第三段的最后一句：Rosenberg argues convincingly that public health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers，so skilled at applying peer pressure．这句话的意思是：罗森堡认为，公共健康倡导者应该效仿广告商们，他们深谙如何利用同辈压力，这种说法令人信服。因此可知，罗森堡认为公共健康倡导者应该从广告商那里学习经验，［B］正确。

［A］属张冠李戴，是利用第二段最后一句…LoveLife recruits young people to promote sale Sex among their peers．中的recruit设置的干扰；［C］、［D］均属正反颠倒，与第三段最后一句表述的内容相反。

23．【答案】［A］

【解析】本题考查考生对第四段中作者对蒂娜·罗森堡《参加这个俱乐部》一书的观点的辨识与理解。作者对罗森堡书的负面评价出现在第四段，该段第二句提到：Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful．这句话的意思是：《参加这个俱乐部》中写了太多不相关的细节，并且，没有充分探讨那些使同辈压力具有强大影响力的社会和生物因素。句中的exploration与［A］中的probe相呼应，因此，可知，在作者看来，罗森堡的书没有充分探究社会和生物因素，［A］正确，［D］属过度推断，第四段的第三句指出：这里所说的“社会治疗”的明显缺陷在于它有效期不长，但由此并不能推断出“作者认为罗森堡的书没有有效地规避社会治疗的缺点”这一结论；［C］属张冠李戴，是利用第四段倒数第二句Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut．中的state funding设置的干扰。［D］也属张冠李戴，是利用第四段最后一句中的produces lasting changes设置的干扰。

24．【答案】［C］

【解析】本题考查考生对第五段有关同辈压力的观点的理解和把握。第五段的最后一句提到：This is a subtle form of peer pressure：we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day．意思是：这是同辈压力的一种微妙的表现形式：我们会无意识地模仿我们每天所看到的行为。因此可知，行为的模仿往往出现在我们没有意识到的时候，［C］正确。

［A］属过于绝对，第五段的第二句指出：越来越多的研究显示，良好的健康习惯——以及不良的习惯——会通过社交在朋友之间传播。因此可知，对行为的模仿既可以对朋友圈子产生有益的影响，也可以产生有害的影响，因此，［A］错误：［D］属张冠李戴，是利用第五段第二句An emerging body of research shows that．..中的An emerging body of research设置的干扰；［D］也属过于绝对，根据第五段第二句可知，对行为的模仿既可以产生好的健康习惯，也可以产生不良的健康习惯，因此，［D］错误。

25．【答案】［D］

【解析】本题考查考生对最后一段作者观点的理解和把握。最后一段的第一句指出：

然而，很难确定的是，专家和官员能否成功地选择我们的同辈，指引他们的活动沿着道德高尚的方向发展。第三句指出：这种方法从来就没有什么真正的效果。可见，作者对同辈压力的效果是持怀疑的观点，因此，［D］正确。

［A］、［B］、［C］均是命题人故意设置的干扰选项，用来迷惑考生，均不正确。

Text 2【全文精译】

①定好的就是定好的——很明显，除非是牵扯到安特吉公司。②该公司是新英格兰地区主要的能源供应商，上周它宣布要违背遵守严格的核能规定的长期承诺，这在佛蒙特州引发了人们的义愤。

①相反，该公司一直以来履行了自己的承诺，即它不会为了继续经营位于佛蒙特州的扬基核电站，而在联邦法院挑战该州相关规定的合法性。②它现在的这一做法令人震惊。

①自从2002年以来，这一矛盾开始显现，当时，该公司收购了佛蒙特州唯一的一家核电站，即位于弗农的一个破旧反应堆。②为了获得州政府批准，该公司同意了一个前提条件，即同意2012年以后在获得了州政府管理者的同意后才继续经营该核电站。③2006年，州政府又提出，该核电站能否继续经营要获得佛蒙特州立法机关的批准。④当时，该公司对此也没有异议。

①要么是安特吉公司从来没有真正想遵守那些承诺，要么是它根本没有预见到下一步会发生什么。②包括2007年冷凝塔的部分倒塌以及发现地下管道系统泄漏的一系列事件，使人们严重质疑佛蒙特州扬基核电站的安全问题和安特吉公司的管理水平——特别是在该公司就管道问题发表了误导性的言论之后。③出于对安特吉公司的愤怒，佛蒙特州议会于去年以26∶4的票数反对其延期经营。

①现在，该公司突然宣称，由于2006年的立法，而且只有联邦政府有权决定有关核能的问题，2002年的协议失效。②这一案件涉及的法律问题是模棱两可的：虽然最高法院裁决，各州对核能问题有“一定的”监管权，但是，法学家们称，佛蒙特州案将为这“一定的”监管权开创先例。③当然，如果每个州都设立自己的法规，那么，人们有理由担忧由此所导致的法规混乱。④但是，如果安特吉公司信守承诺，这个讨论就无关紧要了。

①该公司似乎已经断定它在佛蒙特州已经声名狼藉了，剩下的只有跟这个州背水一战了。②但是，肯定要付出代价。③批准经营核电站的问题是一个公共信任问题。④安特吉在美国另有11个反应堆，包括在普利茅斯市的皮尔格林核电站。⑤该公司承诺安全经营皮尔格林核电站，现已向联邦提出申请，要求获得延期20年的经营权。⑥但是，核管制委员会在审查该公司的申请时，应该牢记安特吉作出的承诺哪些是可信的。

【答案精解】

26.【答案】［C］

【解析】本题考查考生对生词意思的理解。renegingon出现在第一段的第二句。该段的第一句指出：定好的就是定好的——很明显，除非牵扯到安特吉公司。可见，安特吉是一家不信守承诺的公司。commitment有“交托；提交；承担义务；许诺；信奉；投入(战斗)”这些意思，在此应作“许诺”解，结合第一段第一句的意思可以推断，was renegmg on a longstanding commitment to…的意思是“违背一个……的长期承诺”。［C］正确。

［A］、［B］、［D］均是命题人故意设置的干扰选项，用来迷惑考生，均不正确。

27.【答案】［D］

【解析】本题考查考生对第三段中有关安特吉公司与佛蒙特州政府2002年签订协议的情况的理解。第三段讲的是2002年安特吉公司与佛蒙特州政府签订收购核电站的协议时的情况，该段第一句指出：2002年，该公司希望收购佛蒙特州唯一的一家核电站。第二句指出：为了获得收购核电站的许可，以2012年以后在获得了州政府管理者的同意后才继续经营该核电站作为条件，安特吉公司与佛蒙特州政府签订了这份协议，因此可知，安特

吉公司签订2002年协议的目的是希望获得收购发电厂的许可，［D)正确。

［A］、［D］属误解原文；［C］是本题的一个强干扰项，安特吉公司要想2012年以后延长经营权必须先经州管理者同意，这是州政府答应该公司收购扬基核电站的条件，而非当时安特吉公司就希望得到的，因此，［C］错误。

28. 【答案】［A］

【解析】本题考查考生对第四段中有关安特吉公司出现的问题的信息的理解与判断。第四段的前两句指出：要么是安特吉公司从来没有真正想遵守那些承诺，要么是它根本没有预见到下一步会发生什么。包括2007年冷凝塔的部分倒塌以及发现地下管道系统泄漏在内的一系列事件，使人们严重质疑佛蒙特州扬基核电站的安全问题和安特吉公司的管理水平——特别是在该公司就管道问题发表了误导性的言论之后。可见，第四段指出的核电站事故表明安特吉公司存在管理不善的问题，［A］正确。

［B］、［C］均属无中生有，文中未出现这两方面的提法；［D］属误解原文，第四段第一句指出：安特吉公司根本没有预见到下一步会发生什么，但这属于管理层面的问题，不属于经营眼光的问题，因此，［D］错误。

29．【答案】［D］

【解析】本题考查考生对第五段中有关佛蒙特州案涉及的法律问题的理解。第五段说明安特吉公司案所涉及的法律问题。该段第三句指出：如果每个州都设立自己的法规，那么，人们有理由担忧由此所导致的法规混乱，因此，可以推断，作者认为，联邦政府赋予各州“一定的”核能监管权，各州在核能问题方面都设立自己的法规，全国上下在这方面没有统一的法规，因此，可以判断，他认为安特吉案将会测试各州对于核能问题权力的局限性，［D］正确。

［A］属偏离主题，文中反复指出安特吉公司违背了自己的承诺，应该受到谴责，但佛蒙特州案测试的不是该公司履行其承诺的能力，而是州法规的局限性问题，因此，［A］错误；［B］、［C］也均偏离主题，这两项均不是作者认为佛蒙特州案的测试内容。

30．【答案】［A］

【解析】本题考查考生对最后一段内容的理解。最后一段的第一句指出：该公司似乎已经断定它在佛蒙特州已经声名狼藉了，剩下的只有跟这个州背水一战了。由其中的“声名狼藉”可以推断，安特吉公司在其他地方的生意可能会受到影响，故［A］正确。

［B］属过度推断，最后一段的最后一句指出：但是，正如核管制委员会在审查该公司的申请时，应该牢记安特吉做出的承诺哪些是可信的，说“核管制委员会的权威将会受到蔑视”言过其词；

［C］也属过度推断，最后一段的第一句指出：尽管安特吉公司已经断定它在佛蒙特州已经声名狼藉了，但由此并不能推导出它会撤回其普利茅斯市核电站的申请；［D］同样属过度推断，由安特吉案并不能推出“佛蒙特州的声誉可能会遭到破坏”。

Text 3【全文精译】

①科学是怎样进行的，最理想化的版本是，有关这个世界的所有事实都在等待那些实事求是的研究人员去观察、收集，他们会用科学的方法去开展工作。②但是，在日常的科学实践中，发现经常来自含糊不清却复杂的过程。③我们的目标是要实事求是，但我们逃脱不了我们每个人独特的生活背景。④原先的知识和兴趣会影响我们的经历，影响到我们对经历的理解，影响到我们之后的行动。⑤误解、犯错和自欺欺人的机会太多了。

①因此，发现声明应该被认为是前科学。②类似于最近打过赌的采矿声明，充满着许多可能性，③但需要集体的审查和认可才能使一个发现声明成为真正的发现。④这就是认证的过程，个体研究员中的“我”“这里”“现在”成为业内人士所说的“任何人”“任何地方”“任何时间”。⑤客观知识是目标，不是起点。

2012年考研英语完形填空真题及答案

2012年考研英语完形填空 The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. Thecourt cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians.Yet,inseveralinstances,justicesactedinwaysthat_3_thecourt’sreputationfor beingindependent and impartial. Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activitymakes itless likely that the court’s de cisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part ofthe problem is thatthe justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to thecode of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary. This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court andpolitics. TheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlaw_10_havingauthorityapartfrompoliti cs.Theygavejusticespermanentpositions_11_theywouldbefreeto_12_thoseinpower andhavenoneedto_13_politicalsupport.Ourlegalsystemwasdesignedtosetlawapartfro mpoliticsprecisely because they are so closely _14_. Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_likelibertyandproperty.Whenthecourtdealswithsocialpolicydecisions,thelawit_16 _isinescapablypolitical-whichiswhydecisionssplitalongideologicallinesaresoeasily_17_asunjust. Thejusticesmust_18_doubtsaboutthecourt’slegitimacybymakingthemselves_19_ tothecode of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and,_20_, convincing as law. 1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize 2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless 3. [A]restored [B]weakened[C]established [D] eliminated

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秘密★启用前 20l2年广州市初中毕业生学业考试 英语 本试卷共五大题，12页，满分135分。考试时间120分钟。 注意事项： 1．答卷前，考生务必在答题卡上用黑色字迹的钢笔或签字笔填写自己的考生号、姓名、试室号、座位号，再用2B铅笔把对应这两个号码的标号涂黑。 2．选择题每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需要改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案。不能答在试卷上。 3．非选择题必须用黑色字迹的钢笔或签字笔作答，答案必须写在答题卡各题目指定区域的相应位置上；如需要改动，先划掉原来的答案，然后再写上新的答案，改动的答案也不能超出指定的区域；不准使用铅笔、圆珠笔和涂改液。不按以上要求作答的答案无效。4．考生必须保持答题卡的整洁，考试结束，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。 一、听力(共两节，满分35分) 第一节听力理解(共15小题；每小题2分，．满分30分) 每段播放两遍。各段后有几个小题，各段播放前每小题有5秒钟的阅题时间。请根据各段播放内容及其相关小题，在5秒钟内从题中所给的A、B、C项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。’ 听下面一段对话，回答第l~3三个小题。 1．What does the man give the woman? A．A birthday card．B．A birthday present．C．A birthday invitation． 2．When will the woman go shopping? A．On Friday．B．On Saturday：C．On Sunday． 3．Why does Anne think she is gomg tO the man’s home? A．To discuss his study problems． B．T0heIpbinlwithhis computer． C．TO attendhis binhday party． 听下面一段对话，回答第4～6三个小题。 4Where does the talk take place? A．At the ticket Office．B．In the football stadium．C．In the street． 5．Why does the woman want to buy a ticket? A．Tlo go to see thematch． B．T0 give her son a reward． C．To seiI it and earn money． 6．What does the woman finally decide to do? A．Togototheticketoffice． B．T0buytheticketfromtheman． C．T0 returnhomewithoutaticket． 听下面一段独自，回答第7～9三个小题。 7．How did the speaker feel when she heard the noise? A．Angry．B．Shocked。C．Sick． 8．Why couldn’t the speaker open the driver’s car door?

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Section Ⅰ Use of English 2012年的完型填空是有关美国司法官伦理和政治关系的一篇文章，出自New York Times, June, 30th , 2011的“Ethics, Politics and the Law”一文。选材回归了2000年完型曾出过的法律类文章，而且和当年一样，也是包含几个小段落，不像以往的文章，三段或者四段论，脉络比较清晰，结构容易把握。而且，较去年比较“平易近人”的文章，这篇法律类文章背后有一定的背景知识，比较关注时事或者对这一块儿有所了解的同学，会相应得心应手一些。另外，20道题目中，多达13题都是在考查动词，虽然选项中基本不存在干扰项，除了15题一道考查两词的辨析之外，其他的选项含义都差别甚远，按理说值得高兴。但是这些考查动词的题目中，许多都考查对于熟词僻义的掌握情况，往年就是08年出现了3处，今年也出现3处。仅有2道题考查逻辑词，而且这两道题是送分题，不需要考虑太多。一向是命题人偏爱的以“able”作后缀的形容词依然出现(19题)。下面就真题作一个详细解析。 和以往一样，第一句话不设空，帮助同学们理解全文探讨的话题：美国高等法庭司法官的伦理道德问题。 题1选B。maintain. 此空有赖于对后文的理解。这直接体现了我们作完型的整体思路，也就是首先通读全文。尤其是看到最后一段直接给出提议：希望法官和政治划清界限从而保证自己的权威性，因此全文的导向和逻辑就非常清晰了。同时，题2答案(when)也顺势而出：如果法官们和政治家一样，法庭就不能捍卫自己作为法律卫道士的权威。 题2选A。这里的when其实表示条件关系，即“如果……。” 题3选择 weakened。上下文语义题+词义辨析。选项含义差别较大，要求对上下文逻辑关系掌握清楚。Yet表示一个转折：“即使这样，还是有很多法官这样做，损害了法庭独立和公正的名声。” 本题如果能把导向把握准，即可定位在B和D两项，D项eliminated 过于绝对，排除。 题4 选 D. accepted。上下文语义。依然是通过上下文逻辑关系，按段精度解题。这段用两个法官参与政治事件的例子说明他们的行为使得法院的裁决不偏不倚而被认可变得不太可能。A选项challenged 和C项suspected意义相反，和主旨矛盾，即肯定了法官参与政治行为。B项compromised “调停” 和主题无关。 题5 选C。上下文语义题。本段属于总分形式。首先提出法官参与政治导致的问题，然后分析问题的原因：“这种情况有一部分是由于法官们不受伦理道德准则的约束。” 其他三项不合逻辑，均不具干扰性。 题 6 选B。完型填空在历史上对于subject这个词一向情有独钟。04年，05年，08年以及10年选项中都出现，只有05年落选。而且这3年考查的意思都一致，即“易遭受……”，考查形式有“is subjected to”，“is subject to” 以及“subject sb. to sth。(使得某人容易遭受)”。今年依然是“subject”入选，但是这次取了大家最熟悉的意思，即“使服从，受…管制”，“法院应该依行为准则办事”。至于选项 A resistant 和 C immune 两个选项和subject 这三个词在04年的第8道题也同时出现。“Be immune to”指“对…免疫，不起作用”。可见很多时候命题人不总以内容为基础来设置干扰选项，也提醒大家要重视对于历年真题的复习。

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