1-8 美国文学

四川大学文学理论期末考试复习资料

文学是属于社会意识形态的一门特殊的艺术，它运用语言媒介对人类的社会生活进行评价性的审美反映。 理论的任务：①从现象中概况出普遍性问题→解释现象；②实现价值构建。 艾泽拉姆斯的四个视点理论：文学与世界、文学与作家、文学与作品、文学与读者 : 再现论 1、含义：文学本质是人类对于外在自然和社会生活的模仿和再现。 2、发展：①古希腊罗马时期：摹仿说（德谟克利特、亚里士多德、赫拉克利特）；②文艺复兴时期：镜子说（达芬奇）；③19世纪：再现论（别林斯基）；④20世纪：反映论（毛泽东）。 ， 表现论 1、含义：文学本质是主体内在性的一种表现。*主体内在性：包括思想、心灵、情感、想象、灵感、趣味、人格等非常复杂而具有个体性的东西，既具有有条理的理性思想，更具有朦胧的无意识的因素。 2、表现论的优点与缺点：A优点：一是把握到了文艺的主体性、自由性、创造性、虚构性特征。二是把握到了文学的情感性特征。三是能够认识文学的个体性，文学是主观的表现，不同的文学作品是不同人的心灵的外化。B缺陷：它忽视了文学与外在世界的关系，忽视了文学语言的审美特性。而且，它是一种基于主体性哲学视野下的一种文学本质的认识。它容易走向极端，把表现束缚在个人狭隘的主观空间，成为一种狭隘的情感的宣泄，倘若如此，这样的文学就不再是感人的文学，也不是美的文学。 文本性理论 ` 1、文学文本：指语言形态的实体。 2、形式客体论：它是在对抗文学是社会反映观念基础上出现的，主要以俄国形式主义、语义学和新批评、法国结构主义为代表。 3、意向客体论：认为文学的本质是文学在作者创作、读者阅读、欣赏、接受过程中产生的意向性的存在，是一种意向性客体。<意向性客体论避免了形式主义文学本质观的片面性和及极端性，认识到文学的本质是一种互动的意向性过程，而并非静态的纯客体的形式。它强调了读者意识，为接受美学的文学本质观念奠定了基础。> 读者反应说 * 1、读者：文学作品创作的参与者和消费者。 2、特点：①强调读者参与意义生产过程；②极大地抬高了读者主动性和积极性的，关注读者心理个体和社会环境的差异性。 3、评价: 从读者视点来思考文学的本质，强调了文学是读者与文本的一种关系，读者及其阅读是成为文学的一个决定性维度。这种看法改变了以往单纯从作者、世界或作品视点去看文学本质的局限性，打开了文学本质探讨的新维度。但过分强调读者的地位，容易陷入对文学界定的主观主义或相对主义的泥潭中，以至于丧失文学的特殊性。

美国文学选读名词解释

1.Puritanism（清教主义）: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. 1.) simply speaking , American Puritanism just refers to the spirit and ideal of puritans,who settled in the North American continent in the early part of the seventeenth century because of religious persecutions. 2.)In content it means scrupulous ,moral rigor ,eapecially hostility to social pleasure and religion . 3.)with time passing it became a dominant factor in American life , one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and literature .to some extentit is a state of mind , a part of the national cultural atmosphere that the American breathes ,rather than a set of tenets. 4.）Actually it is a code of values , a philosophy of life and a point of view in American minds , also a two-faceted tradition of religious idealism and level -headed in common sense . 5）Major topic:American Puritanism Introduction There were no written literature among the more than 500 different Indian languages and tribal cultures，American writing began with the work of English adventurers and colonists in the New World chiefly for the benefit of readers in the mother country. Therefore the writing in this period was essentially two kinds: （1）practical matter-of-fact accounts of farming, hunting, travel, etc. designed to inform people “at home” what life was like in the new world, and, often, to induce their immigration; (2) highly theoretical, generally polemical(好辩的）, discussions of religious questions. 2.The American Romanticism(浪漫主义) I. What is Romanticism a literary movement flourished as a cultural force the early period and the late period.

(完整版)美国文学课后答案

1.Why did Franklin write his Autobiography? Franklin says that because his son may wish to know about his life, he is taking his one week vacation in the English countryside to record his past. He also says that he has enjoyed his life and would like to repeat it 2.What made Franklin decide to leave the brother to whom he had been apprenticed? His brother was passionate, and had often beaten him. The aversion to arbitrary power that has stuck to him through his whole life .After a brush with the law, Franklin left his brother. 3.How did he arrive in Philadephia? First he set out in a boat for Amboy, the boat dropped him off about 50 miles from Burlington, the next day he reached Burlington on foot, in Burlington he found a boat which was going towards Philadelphia, he arrived there about eight or nine o’clock, on the Sunday morning and landed at the Market Street wharf. 4.What features do you find in the style of the above selection? It is the pattern of Puritan simplicity, directness, and concision(言简意赅). The narrative is lucid(易懂的), the structure is simple, the imagery is homely(朴素的). 二、Questions 1.How many characters does Poe include in The Cask of Amontillado? What are these names? Montresor, Fortunato and Luchesi 2. What drink are the French most famous for? Wine 3.Does Montresor have something of great value to him which we might consider to be his treasure? His pride and the pride of his French family heritage. Perhaps his devious plot of revenge. 4.Does Montresor seem to have much respect for Italians? Montresor does not have much respect for Italians. He feels the French are superior, especially with respect to wine. 5.What was Fortunato's insult? Poe does not tell us directly, but only implies it in the third paragraph 6.Which wine does Montresor use to lure Fortunato into the catacombs? "Amontillado" (the Spanish wine; Montresor's ruse to lead Fortunato down into the catacombs. 7.Why does Montresor entertain Fortunato with wines from his collection? Montresor wants to get Fortunato drunk enough to be able to trap him in his plan of vengeance. 8.In what two ways does Montresor imprison Fortunato? He fetters (chains and locks) Fortunato to the wall of the catacombs. He builds a wall to close Fortunato off in a small corner of the catacombs, where Montresor will leave him to die. 9.In what ways is The Cask of Amontillado grotesque? First, which of Montresor's actions are abnormal? The whole obsessive plot of vengeance. The fettering and entombment of Fortunato. Montresor's sick sense of humor. 10.Is there anything grotesque about Fortunato? His obsession with alcohol. His drunkenness. His tendency to berate Luchesi (he may have been drunk and may have insulted Montresor in a similar

美国文学作家以及作品总汇

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《英国囚船》―The British Prison Ship‖ 《纪念美国勇士》同类诗中最佳―To the Memory of the Brave Americans‖ 《野生的金银花》―The Wild Honeysuckle‖ 《印第安人殡葬地》―The Indian Burying Ground‖ 1二．美国浪漫主义文学（American Romanticism） 1．本章考核知识点和考核要求： 1)．美国浪漫主义文学产生的社会历史及文化背景 2)．主要作家的创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画和语言风格 3)．清教主义、超验主义、象征主义、自由诗等名词的解释 2.美国浪漫主义时期的主要作家 华盛顿·欧文Washington Irving华盛顿·欧文，美国著名小说家，被称为―美国文学之父‖.《瑞普·凡·温可尔》Rip Van Winkle 《纽约外史》A History of New York 《见闻札记》The Sketch Book 《睡谷的传说》The Legend of Sleepy Hollow 詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀开创了以《皮裹腿故事集》为代表的边疆传奇小说，其中最为重要的一部是《最后的莫西干人》。 《皮裹腿故事集》Leatherstocking Tales 《间谍》The Spy 《领航者》The Pilot

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(完整word版)美国文学选择题及答案

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美国文学题_答案

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外国文学经典书目推荐

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（英）乔治·爱略特《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》《米德尔马契》（法）小仲马《茶花女》 （法）福楼拜《包法利夫人》 （法）莫泊桑《羊脂球》 （英）哈代《德伯家的苔丝》 （美）马克·吐温《哈克贝利·芬历险记》 （美）欧·亨利《短篇小说集》 （挪威）易卜生《玩偶之家》 （俄）普希金《叶甫盖尼·奥涅金》 （俄）果戈理《死魂灵》 （俄）屠格涅夫《贵族之家》 （俄）托尔斯泰《安娜·卡列尼娜》《战争与和平》 （俄）陀思妥耶夫斯基《罪与罚》《白痴》《卡拉马佐夫兄弟》（俄）契诃夫《短篇小说集》 （英）王尔德《道林·格雷的画像》 三、20世纪现实主义文学推荐阅读书目 （英）D·H·劳伦斯《虹》《查泰莱夫人的情人》 （法）罗曼·罗兰《约翰·克利斯朵夫》 （美）海明威《老人与海》 （美）菲茨杰拉德《了不起的盖茨比》 （法）玛格丽特·杜拉斯《情人》 （捷克）米兰·昆德拉《生命中不能承受之轻》 （美）德莱塞《美国的悲剧》 （美）塞林格《麦田的守望者》

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