专外翻译大全
第二单元
Over the years, repeated spine fractures can cause chronic lower back pain as well as loss of height or curving of the spine, which gives the individual a hunched-back appearance of the upper back, oft en called “dowager hump.”几年时间，反复的脊椎骨折可引起身高变矮，脊椎弯曲和后背下端长期疼痛。脊椎弯曲使得患者出现驼背现象，通常称为“罗锅”。
If you smoke, drink more than two units of alcohol a day, are underweight, don’t exercise or eat well, you could be setting yourself up for osteoporosis later in life.
如果你吸烟，每天饮酒两杯以上，偏瘦，不锻炼身体或饮食不佳，晚年就会患骨质疏松。
People with a more sedentary lifestyle are more likely to have a hip fracture than those who are more active. Women who sit for more than nine hours are 50% more likely to have a hip fracture than those who sit for less six hours a day. 久坐的人比经常运动的人更容易发生髋关节骨折。例如：每天坐9个小时以上的女性，其髋关节骨折的机率比坐6个小时以下的女性高50%。
Both genders are almost twice (1.86times) as likely to have a second fracture compared to people who are fracture free.
发生过骨折的人与从未骨折过的人相比，他们在任何部位骨折的危险都要高得多。不论男性还是女性，与未骨折的人相比，他们再次骨折的可能性几乎是后者的2倍（1.86倍）。
Ninety percent of hip fractures result from falls. Visual impairments, loss of balance, neuromuscular dysfunction, dementia, immobilization, and use of sleeping pills which are quite common conditions in elderly persons, significantly increase the risk of falling and the risk of fracture.
90%的髋关节骨折都源于跌跤。视力障碍、丧失平衡、肌肉神经紊乱，痴呆、卧床及老年人中常见的服用安眠药等都大大增加了跌跤和骨折的危险。
PBM is the maximum bone mass achieved by midlife. The level of PBM differs from individual to individual. Study shows women who have a high bone mass in early adulthood are less likely to become osteoporotic later in life. Regular exercise, a balanced diet and adequate calcium intake are key ingredients to ensure a high PBM.
峰值骨量（peak bone mass, PBM）是中年时的骨量最高水平。峰值骨量因人而异。研究表明，女性如果年轻时峰值骨量高，晚年时不太可能患骨质疏松。坚持锻炼，合理饮食，摄取足够的钙质是确保达到高峰值骨量的关键途径。
第三单元
Although genes get a lot of attention, it’s the proteins that perform most life functions and even make up the majority of cellular structure.
尽管基因引起人们很大的关注，但真正起生命功能作用的是蛋白质，而且细胞的主要结构也是也是由蛋白质构成的。
Scientists have tried to take advantage of this capability and manipulate the virus genome to remove disease-causing genes and insert therapeutic genes. 科学家一直在尝试利用病毒的这一性能并利用病毒基因组，去除致病基因，置入治疗基因。
It would be a large vector capable of carrying substantial amounts of genetic code, and scientists anticipate that, because of its construction and autonomy, the body’s immune systems would not attack it.
科学家估计，由于其结构和自主性，人体免疫系统不会对它攻击。它有可能是一种能够携带大量遗传密码的大载体。
Both this child and another who had developed a similar condition in August 2002 had been successfully treated by gene therapy for X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency disease (X-SCID), also known as “bubble baby syndrome.”这个孩子与另一个在2002年8月患类似此病的孩子，都曾经在针对由染色体X基因传导的重症联合免疫缺陷(X-SCID)的基因治疗中接受了成功的治疗，该病又叫做“罩中宝宝综合征”。
Before gene therapy can become a permanent cure for any condition, the therapeutic DNA introduced into target cells must remain functional and the cells containing the therapeutic DNA must be long-lived and stable.
在基因疗法成为疾病的根治良方之前，导入靶细胞的治疗用DNA必须保持功能，而含有治疗用DNA的细胞必须是长寿和稳定的。
The US Food and Drug Administration has not yet approved any human gene therapy product for sale. Current gene therapy is experimental and has not proven very successful in clinical trials. Little progress has been made since the first gene therapy clinical trial began in 1990.In 1999, gene therapy suffered a major setback with the death of 18-year-old Jesse Gelsinger. Jesse was participating in a gene therapy trial for ornithine carboxylase deficiency (OTCD). He died from multiple organ failures 4 days after the start of treatment. His death is considered to have been triggered by a severe immune response to adenovirus carrier.
美国食品和药物管理局尚未销售批准任何人类基因治疗产品。目前，基因治疗仍处于试验阶段，尚未在临床试验中取得成功。从1990年首次基因治疗试验以来，几乎未见进展。1999年，基因治疗因18岁的杰西.盖尔辛格死亡而受到重创。当时，杰西正参与一项针对鸟氨酸转羧基酶缺乏（OTCD）的基因治疗试验。治疗开始4天后，他死于多发性器官衰竭。杰西之死被认为是对腺病毒载体的免疫反应过度所致。
第四单元
Parkinson’s results from the degene ration of dopamine-producing nerve cells in the brain, specifically in the substantia nigra and the locus coeruleus. 帕金森病是大脑中多巴胺生成神经细胞退化，尤其是黑质和蓝斑的退化引起的。
Many researchers believe that several factors combined are involved: free radicals, accelerated aging, environmental toxins, and genetic predisposition.
许多研究者相信，自由基、年龄增加、中毒和遗传倾向相互作用是引起帕金森病的相关因素。
There are three surgical procedures for treating Parkinson’s disease: ablative surgery, stimulation surgery or deep brain stimulation (DBS), and transplantation or restorative surgery.
治疗帕金森病的手术有三种：神经核团细胞毁损手术、电刺激手术或脑深部核团刺激术（DBS）及移植或恢复性手术。
The body’s ability to produce smooth, controlled, muscular activity is a product of many complex, interrelated functions.
人体能进行平稳的、受制约的肌肉活动是很多复杂，相互作用的细胞功能的结果。
Surgery is another method of controlling symptoms and improving quality of life when medication ceases to be effective or when medication side effects, such as jerking and dyskinesia, become intolerable.
当药物治疗无效，或痉挛、运动障碍等药物副作用变得无法忍受时，可以用手术方法控制疾病的症状并改善生活质量。
Parkinson’s dis ease is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder. Parkinson’s disease attacks the part of the brain that controls our movements, it affects daily activities, such as: talking, walking, swallowing, writing. Symptoms include repetitive shaking, slowness of movement and muscle stiffness. Symptoms of Parkinson’s disease may appear at any age, but the average age of onset is 60 years old. There is no cure, but a lot can be done to relieve symptoms.
帕金森病是进行性中枢神经紊乱引起的慢性疾病。帕金森病破坏了控制运动的大脑细胞，影响了我们的日常活动，如：说话、走路、吞咽、写字。症状包括反复颤抖、行动迟缓和肌肉僵直等。任何年龄段都可以出现帕金森病的正装，平均开始年龄为60岁。目前没有有效的治疗方法，只能缓解症状。
第五单元
The lever of HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol in the blood are measured to evaluate the risk of atherosclerosis. That helps determine the risk of heart attack or stroke.
检测血液中高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平旨在评估动脉硬化的程度，因而有助于确定心脏病发作或发生中风的风险。
Because of the damage to the endothelium, fats, cholesterol, platelets, cellular debris, calcium and another substances are deposited in the artery wall.
由于动脉内壁受到损坏，脂肪、胆固醇、血小板、细胞残骸、钙和其他物质沉积在动脉壁上。
Research has shown that when the amount of cholesterol within cells builds up, the number of these receptors on cell surfaces is reduced and blood levers of LDL increase. This can lead to more cholesterol being available for deposit in artery walls.
研究表明，细胞内胆固醇含量增加，细胞表面受体数目就会减少，而血液中低密度脂蛋白含量上升。这可导致更多的胆固醇堆积于动脉壁。
As VLDL and chylomicron particles release their triglycerides into the body’s cells, fragments containing proteins, fats, and cholesterol break away.
超低密度脂蛋白和乳糜微粒把甘油三酸酯释放到体细胞时，含有蛋白质、脂肪和胆固醇的碎片就分离开来。
Research also suggests that inflammation in the circulating blood may play an important role in triggering heart attacks and strokes.
研究还表明，循环血液中炎症，可能会引发心脏病和中风。
Several risk factors for the development of coronary artery disease have been identified by epidemiological studies. The more risk factors present in any individual patient, the greater the likelihood that he will develop coronary artery disease. However, there is no absolute correlation between risk factors and incidence of coronary disease. Mortality from coronary artery disease is much higher than in females, and females lag behind males in coronary heart disease deaths by approximately ten years.
流行病学研究已经确定了一些影响冠心病发生的危险因素。患者具有的危险因素越多，患冠心病的可能性就越大，但危险因素和冠状动脉病的发病率之间并不存在绝对的相关性。男性冠心病死亡率远高于女性，女性冠心病患者的死亡时间比男性推迟大约十年。
第八单元
All but one of the patients died of tuberculosis, with a median survival period of only 16 days from the time the first sputum specimen was collected.
除1人外，所有患者均死于结核。从第一次采集唾液标本起，中位存活时间只有16天。
Early, accurate diagnosis and immediate, proper curative treatment, supported and supervised so that drugs are taken for the appropriate duration, are key to tuberculosis control.
控制结核的关键是：尽早做出准确的诊断，及时正确地治疗，帮助、监督患者确保按时定期用药。
Immediate detection through rapid drug-susceptibility testing is necessary to ensure that patients receive a quick diagnosis and adequate treatment and that transmission of the disease is the thereby interrupted.
为保证迅速诊断，治疗适当，切断传播途径，立即进行药物敏感性试验是必要的。
Ideally, if tuberculosis is suspected, it should be diagnosed at the point of care, and information about drug susceptibility should be obtained rapidly to guide treatment decisions.
理想的做法是，如果怀疑患肺结核，就应就地诊断并应尽快了解药物过敏史以便治疗。
An effective vaccine would be the most powerful tool for preventing tuberculosis and drug resistance, but a vaccine is not anticipated anytime soon.
有效的疫苗接种可能是预防肺结核和解决耐药性的最好途径，但短期还无法实现。
HIV an d TB from a lethal combination, each speeding other’s progress. HIV weakens immune system. Someone who is HIV-positive and infected with TB is many times more likely to become sick with TB who is HIV-negative. TB is leading cause of death among people who are HIV-positive. It accounts for about 13% of AIDS deaths worldwide.in Africa, HIV is the single most important factor determining the increased incidence of TB in the past 10 years.
同时患HIV和结核病是致命的，因为每种病都会加速另一种病的发展。HIV削弱免疫系统功能。HIV阳性并且感染了结核杆菌的人，患结核病的可能性比感染力结核杆菌但HIV阴性的人大许多倍。结核病是HIV阳性患者的主要死因，约占全世界范围艾滋病患者死亡数的13%。在非洲，HIV是过去十年里结核病发病率增加的唯一最重要因素。
第十单元
New methods to achieve tight glucose control are needed that are practical and can be administered to all persons with type 1 diabetes, including methods of insulin delivery, better forms insulin, and practical, affordable methods of
noninvasive self-monitoring that can be coupled to patient-specific insulin treatment regimens.
现在需要既切实可行又能应用于所有I型糖尿病患者的严格控制血糖的新方法，包括胰岛素的输注方法、更好的胰岛素构型以及实用而又负担得起、无创的自我检测血糖的方法，该检测方法应能与患者特异性的胰岛素治疗方案配套。
Efforts to understand genetic variation, gene expression profiling, and the interaction between genetic factors and environmental triggers must be intensified.
基因变异、基因表达图谱以及遗传与环境诱发因素相互作用的认识必须得到加强。
This research coupled with efforts to identify the diabetes genes, will provide a mechanistic understanding of specific defects in these pathways in type 2 diabetes, which should lead to the development of more specific, and more effective, pharmaceutical agents directed against defined molecular targets. 这一研究加上对糖尿病基因的确认，将为 II型糖尿病胰岛素分泌通路上的特异性缺
陷提供一种机理上的认识，这将导致针对限定的分子目标更明确、更有效的药物的开发。
For patients with type 1 diabetes, the procedures of cadaveric islet cell transplants will be largely perfected so that this can be performed either without the need for immunosuppression or with the use of highly focused immunosuppressive agents that will produce minimal adverse effects.
对I型糖尿病患者来说，胰岛细胞移植手术将在很大程度上得到完善，从而不再需要免疫抑制或使用产生最小副作用的高效特异的免疫抑制剂。
Once the predisposing diabetes genes are identified, it will be a straightforward matter to genotype individuals for diabetes susceptibility. 一旦确定糖尿病易感基因，对易感糖尿病人群的基因分型就是顺理成章的事了。
For people with diabetes, heart disease and stroke pose two serious and very real threats to their long-term health. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death for people with diabetes, who are two to four times more likely to develop it than people who don’t have diabetes. People who have diabetes are also more likely to die from a heart attack or stroke than others. Because of this, health care experts recommend that people with diabetes lower their risk factors for heart disease and stroke as much as possible.
对糖尿病患者来说，心脏病和脑卒中对他们的健康长期构成了两个严重的、非常现实的威胁。心血管病是糖尿病患者的首要死亡原因，糖尿病患者合并出现心血管病的可能性是非糖尿病患者的2到4倍。糖尿病患者较其他人更易因心脏病发作和脑卒中死亡。因此，保健专家建议糖尿病患者要尽可能减少合并出现心脏病和脑卒中的危险因素。
第十一单元
In 1937, 6% of primiparous patients died after cesarean delivery, a risk that has decreased by a factor of nearly 1000thanks to modern antibiotic, anesthetic techniques, blood banks, and critical care units.
1937年，6%的初产妇在剖腹产术后死亡，而由于现代的抗生素、麻醉技术、血库和重症监护的出现，剖腹产死亡率几乎已经降低到了当时的1/1000。
Certainly, in earlier eras, the specter of death during childbirth hovered over each decision to proceed to cesarean delivery, and everyone involved tolerated a greater degree of risk of maternal or neonatal complications from vaginal delivery than we accept today.
当然，在早些年代，人们在决定是否施行剖腹产时总是会笼罩在分娩死亡的恐惧中，对自然分娩时出现母婴并发症的风险，比现在更能接受。
The second half of the 20th century sew many other changes in perinatal care, including the development of technologies for both visualizing the fetus (ultrasonography) and tracing its heart rate before and during labor, as well as the development of neonatal intensive care units and the evolution of technology into a distinct subspecialty.
20世纪后半叶，在围产期监护方面出现了很多其它变化，包括胎儿显像技术（超声波）的发展，分娩前和分娩过程中胎儿心率的监测，新生儿重症监护科室有了进展，新生儿学也发展成为一门独立的学科。
For example, among women without gestational diabetes whose fetuses have an ultrasound-predicted weight of more than 4,500 g (101b), it has been estimated that 3,695 cesarean deliveries are needed to prevent one permanent brachial plexus injury—a number that reflects both the imprecision of it utero estimation of fetal weight and the reality that most large infants will undergo vaginal delivery without injury.
比如，在未患妊娠糖尿病但其胎儿经超声检查体重超过4500克（10磅）的孕妇中，大概每做3695例剖腹产，才能避免一例永久性臂神经丛拉伤。这一数据既反映出人们对胎儿体重估计不准，也反映出多数较大的胎儿可以经阴道分娩而不受伤害。
In the face of the resulting continued increase in cesarean deliveries, our obligation as providers is to educate patients about the trade-offs entailed in choosing a particular course or intervention and to ensure that their choices are congruent with their own philosophy, plans, and tolerance of risk.
而对剖腹产的不断上升，产科人员有责任引导患者在必须选择某特定的疗程或治疗方法时权衡利弊，并确保选择与他们自身的观点、计划和风险承受力相适应。
A modern woman who gives birth with expert assistance has no reason to fear serious problems. Possible difficulties can now be handled quickly and efficiently.in some cares, a normal delivery maybe impossible for one reason
or another, and a Caesarean section may become necessary. This means that the doctor cuts through the abdomen into the uterus to remove the baby before it passes through the vagina. The term “Caesarean section” refers to the legend Julius ? Caesar wa s born in the fashion.
有专家协助的现代女性在分娩时不必惧怕生产时出现的严重问题，因为可能出现的难题能够快速而有效的得到处理。因各种原因不能顺产大的孕妇可能需要剖腹产。这就意味着，在胎儿娩出到阴道之前，医生要切开腹壁和子宫，取出胎儿。剖腹产这一术语来自关于裘力斯·凯撒（Julius Caesar）的传说，因为他就是这种方式出生的。
第十二单元
When cardiopulmonary resuscitation is started within four minutes after collapse, the likelihood of survival to hospital discharge doubles.
如果心肺复苏术能在患者昏倒的4分钟内实施，那么他生存下来并能出院的几率会加倍。
It is possible that in some cases (such as when the collapse is unwitnessed or there is a long interval before the defibrillator arrives at the scene), cardiopulmonary resuscitation should be briefly administered before defibrillation is attempted.
可能对某些病例（如患者昏倒时没有目击者或需较长时间除颤器才到达现场的病例），在除颤前应暂先实施心肺复苏术。
There have been no placebo-controlled studies demonstrating a survival benefit from the use of lidocaine in the management of ventricular fibrillation. 对于用利多卡因治疗心室纤颤是否可延长存活期，还没有能证实的安慰剂对照研究。
Prolonging resuscitation efforts beyond 30 minutes without a return of spontaneous circulation is usually futile, unless the cardiac arrest is compounded by hypothermia, submersion in cold water, drug overdose, other identified and treatable conditions, or intermittent ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia.
30分钟以上的长时间复苏而未能奏效一般就是抢救无效了，除非患者心跳停止的同时还有以下情况，患者体温降低、浸在冷水中、用药过量、其它可确定也可治疗的疾病或间歇性心室纤颤或室性心动过速。
The power of modern technology and pharmacologic therapy can sometimes bring persons back to life with “heart too bad to live,” leading to continued suffering in the hospital and prolongation of the process of dying.
现代技术和药物疗法的力量有时甚至能使“心脏太坏而不能存活”的人起死回生，使其在医院里继续遭受痛苦，延续死亡过程。
Many sudden cardiac arrest patients can survive if witnesses act immediately while ventricular fibrillation is still present, but successful resuscitation is unlikely once the rhythm deteriorates to asystole. Treatment for ventricular fibrillation is immediate cardiopulmonary resuscitation plus defibrillation. The mechanism of cardiac arrest in patients of trauma, drug overdose, drowning, and in many children is asphyxia. Chest compressions and mouth-to-mouth ventilation are crucial for resuscitation of these patients.
突发心脏骤停的患者心室纤颤时，目击者立即对其进行复苏，他们多能存活；但一旦恶化，导致心脏停博，复苏就不太可能成功。心室纤颤的治疗方法是立即实施心肺复苏术，同时除颤。对于创伤、药物过量、淹溺患者和许多儿童来说，心跳骤停的原因是窒息。对这些患者作胸部按压及口对口呼吸是复苏的关键。
第十三章
AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV),a retroviruses of the lentivirus family that was unknown until the early 1980’s, but since that time has been spread around the world to infect millions of persons.
艾滋病是有人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)引起的。HIV是一种逆转录酶病毒，慢性毒属，20世纪80年代早期才被发现。但此后，该病毒在世界上广为传播，数百万计的人感染了这种病毒。
HIV has the additional ability to mutate easily, in large part due to the error rate of the reverse transcriptase enzyme, which introduces a mutation approximately once per 2,000 incorporated nucleotides.
HIV的另一种能力就是很容易变异，主要是由于逆转录酶的误差率，大约每2000个核苷的组合就会诱发一次突变。
After initial entry of HIV and establishment of infection, replication may at first occur within inflammatory cells at the site of infection or within peripheral blood mononuclear cells, but then the major site of replication quickly shifts to lymphoid tissues the body, including those in lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and bone marrow.
HIV进入人体并导致感染，首先在感染部位的炎症细胞或者外周血单核细胞内进行复制，但很快只要复制部位就转移到人体淋巴组织内，包括淋巴结、脾脏、肝脏和骨髓中的淋巴组织。
HIV is primarily spread as a sexually transmissible disease. The rate of HIV transmission with sexual intercourse is much lower than with other sexually transmitted disease-approximately 0.3% per sexual contact with an HIV-infected person.
HIV主要是性传播疾病，但其通过性接触的传播率要比其他性病传播低很多，约为0.3%。
The average HIV-infected person may have an initial acute self-limited illness, may take up to several weeks to become seropositive, and then may live up to 8 or 10 years, on average, before development of the clinical signs and symptoms of AIDS.
一般HIV 感染者可能最先出现一种急性自限性疾病，数周后，血清反映呈阳性。一般8-10年后，出现艾滋病临床体征和症状。
Despite the fact that most of the world`s 33.5 million HIV/AIDS cases are in sub-Saharan Africa-with an additional 4 million infected each year -the priorities at least week`s Organization of Africa Unity summit were conflict resolution and economic development. Yet the epidemic could have a greater impact on economic development-or, the lack of it-than many politicians suspect.
世界上共有3350万艾滋病患者或HIV 病毒携带者。尽管其中的大多数人都生活在非洲撒哈拉沙漠以南的地区，而且每年还新增400万感染者，但上周召开的非洲统一组织首脑会议的主要议题却依然是解决冲突和发展经济。然而这一流行病对于经济发展产生的影响比许多政治家想象的严重的多。
第十五单元
Cross-sectional imaging of the body has such an important role in the diagnosis of disease and the care of patients today that it is easy to overlook how recently the technology was developed and integrated into practice.
至今，人体断层影像在疾病诊断和治疗中发挥着的作用之大，使人们很容易忽略该技术发展并融入临床实践之快。
Before this invention, the main type of imaging in routine use was the
comparatively primitive radiograph, which have changed little since the first X-ray images were produced in 1896 and which recorded the shadows cast by objects rather than providing crisp, cross-sectional images.
在CT 发明之前，常规影像技术是较原始的放射照片，这种技术自从1896年人类第一次获得X 射线影像以来几乎没有多大进展。这种技术只能记录物体的影子形状而无法获得清晰的断层扫描影像。
The first whole-body scanners used electromagnets operating at fields of 0.04 to 0.1 tesla (T). (A tesla is a unit of magnetic-field strength; the earth ’s magnetic field is approximately 105
5-?T)
最早的人体全身扫描仪用的是0.04到0.1特斯拉磁场的电磁体。（特斯拉是表示磁场强度的单位，地球磁场大约是5x105特斯拉）。
Some early pioneers pessimistic about being able to image with these “high” fields, and theoretical papers predicted that there would be an upper limit to successful imaging because of difficulties with radiofrequency coils and penetration, whereas others argued that the optimal field had already been attained.
一些早期的研究者对于能否在这些“高强”磁场中获得影像持悲观态度。有些理论研究论文预言：由于在射频线圈和穿透性方面的困难，成功的透视显像会有上限，而另一些人认为已经获得了最佳磁场。
The development of MRI involved the brilliant insights of a few scientists and the incremental efforts of many others who helped to solve numerous engineering, scientific, and clinical problems.
核磁共振成像的发展得益于某些科学家敏锐的洞察力，也是许多其他科学家共同努力的结果。他们相互协作，解决了工程技术、科学应用和临床实践中的诸多难题。
The ultrasound system used by bats, dolphins, and whales has developed into a technology that has found numerous applications in diverse fields, including the biomedical domain, where it has been used particularly as an imaging device. Now low-frequency ultrasound of low acoustic intensity could also become a useful tool for the clinical Microbiologist in the diagnosis of prosthetic-hip infections, and others as well.
蝙蝠、海豚和鲸鱼使用的超声系统已经发展成人类的一门技术，该技术广泛地应用于包括生物医学在内的各个领域，特别是应用于影像设备。现在低声强度的低频超声波也成了一种有用工具，被临床微生物学家用来诊断可修复性髋关节及其他炎症。
英语三级翻译题(含答案)
Translation 以下为2010年6月份真题： A California bank has an opening for a government relations officer. As an officer of a new, growing department, you will act as the bank’s liaison(联络人) with government officials. The successful candidate will have up to four yea rs’ experience in government relations or public affairs. Strong writing and verbal(口头) skills are essential. College degree required. Banking experience preferred. 加利福尼亚银行现招聘一政府关系主任。作为一个新的成长中的部门的办公人员，该职位职责是负责联络政府官员。成功的应聘者要有长达四年的在政府关系或公共事务方面的工作经验，应有较强的书面和口头表达能力。要求大学专科学历，有银行工作经验者优先。 The Bodleian（博得雷利）Library is the main research library of the University of Oxford（牛津）. It is one of the six national copyright libraries and, as the founder of the library intended, it is a resource that attracts scholars and visitors to Oxford from around the world. Today the Bodleian Library has 30 reading rooms -- with 2,663 reader places -- in ten buildings in central Oxford. The library is granted the right to receive a copy of every book, magazine and newspaper printed in Britain. 博得雷利图书馆是牛津大学主要的研究型图书馆，是六大获得国家版权的图书馆之一，正如该图书馆的创办者所预期的那样，它是吸引世界各地学者和游客来牛津大学的重要原因。如今，博得雷利图书馆在牛津大学中心的十座大楼里拥有30间阅览室，能容纳2663名读者。该图书馆已被授权收藏英国各地印刷出的所有书籍、杂志和报纸的副本。 In this difficult economy, you may find it harder than ever to cope with challenges on the job. Both the stress we take with us when we go to work and the stress that awaits us on the job are on the rise – and employers, managers, and workers all feel the added pressure. While some stress is a normal part of life, excessive stress interfere s with your productivity and reduces your physical and mental health, so it’s important to find ways to keep it under control. Fortunately, there is a lot that you can do to adjust and reduce stress at work. 在这经济困难时期，你可能会发现，比起以往现在更加难以应付工作中的挑战了。去上班时的压力以及工作中随时会出现的压力正在增加-——上至老板，经理，下至员工都感受到了这种额外的压力。一些压力是我们生活中的正常一部分，然而, 过度的压力会影响你的工作效率，损害你的身心健康。因此，找到控制压力的方法就很重要了。庆幸的是，你还是可以找到很多方法来调节和减轻工作压力。 Dialing Instructions to call from China toll free (免费): 1. Dial 010-5263-2483, then hang up after hearing a ring. 2. Our system will call you back within 5 to 10 seconds. 3. When the phone rings, pick it up; 4. Follow the voice prompt (语音提示) to enter your PIN (个人密码). Then dial your number. To call to USA/Canada: Dial 1 + area code + telephone number International call: Dial 011 + Country Code + City Code + Telephone number Please note: This card will only work from a cell phone. 中国免费国际电话拨打指南： 1.拨010-5263-2483，听到铃音后请挂断电话。 2.我们的系统会在5到10秒内给予答复。 3.当电话铃声响时，请接电话。 4.按照语音提示输入个人密码，接着拨你要打的电话号码。
常用中式菜单英文翻译
常用中式菜单英文翻译
早餐: 烧饼Clay oven rolls 油条Fried bread stick 韭菜盒Fried leek dumplings 水饺Boiled dumplings 蒸饺Steamed dumplings 馒头Steamed buns 割包Steamed sandwich 饭团Rice and vegetable roll 蛋饼Egg cakes 皮蛋100-year egg 咸鸭蛋Salted duck egg 豆浆Soybean milk 米浆Rice & peanut milk 饭类: 稀饭Rice porridge 白饭Plain white rice 油饭Glutinous oil rice 糯米饭Glutinous rice 卤肉饭Braised pork rice 蛋炒饭Fried rice with egg 地瓜粥Sweet potato congee甜点:
爱玉Vegetarian gelatin 糖葫芦Tomatoes on sticks 长寿桃Longevity Peaches 芝麻球Glutinous rice sesameballs 麻花Hemp flowers 双包胎Horse hooves 面类: 馄饨面Wonton & noodles 刀削面Sliced noodles 麻辣面Spicy hot noodles 麻酱面Sesame paste noodles 鸭肉面Duck with noodles 鹅肉面Goose with noodles 鳝鱼面Eel noodles 乌龙面Seafood noodles 榨菜肉丝面Pork , pickled mustard green noodles 蚵仔面线Oyster thin noodles 板条Flat noodles 米粉Rice noodles 炒米粉Fried rice noodles
石油英语翻译 实践内容
Unit One Oil（油） 1. The existence of oil wells has been known for a long time. Some of the Indians of North America used to collect and sell the oil from the wells of Pennsylvania. No one,however,seems to have realized the importance of this oil until it was found that paraffin-oil could be made from it; this led to the development of the wells and to the making of enormous profits. When the internal combustion engine was invented,oil became of worldwide importance. 1、油井的存在由来已久。北美的一些印第安人过去常常去宾夕法尼亚的油井采集油来出售。一直以来，没有人认识到这种油的重要性，后来人们发现它可提炼出煤油来，情况才为之一变。自此油井遂蓬勃发展，巨额利润也由此产生。当内燃机发明后，石油更具有世界性重要意义。 2. What was the origin of the oil which now drives our motor-cars and aircraft? Scientists are confident about the formation of coal,but they do not seem so sure when asked about oil. They think that the oil under the surface of the earth originated in the distant past,and was formed from living things in the sea. Countless billions of minute sea creatures and plants lived and sank to the sea bed. They were covered with huge deposits of mud; and by processes of chemistry,pressure and temperature were changed through long ages into what we know as oil. For there creatures to become oil,it was necessary that they should be imprisoned between layers of rock for an enormous length of time. The statement that oil originated in the sea is confirmed by a glance at a map showing the chief oilfield of the world; very few of them are far distant from the oceans of today. In some places gas and oil come up to the surface of the sea from its bed. The rocks in which oil is found are of marine origin too. They are sedimentary rocks,rocks which were laid down by the action of water on the bed of the ocean. Almost always the remains of shells,and other proofs of sea life,are found close to the oil. A very common sedimentary rock is called shale,which is a soft rock and was obviously formed by being deposited on the sea bed. And where there is shale there is likely to be oil. 2、现在驱动汽车和飞机的油的起源是什么？科学家对煤的形成一清二楚，然而论及石油时，它们就不那么有把握了。他们认为，处于地表下的油起源于远古，并是由海洋生物形成的。数亿的微小海洋动物和植物繁衍生殖并沉到海底。它们被厚厚的泥沙沉积物所覆盖，并由于化学变化、压力和温度的作用过程，在漫长的时间中变成了我们所知道的石油。这些生物要变成石油，必须被密封在岩石之中很长时间。如果瞧一瞧标明世界主要油田的地图，石油起源于海洋之说便可以得到证实，极少有油田是远离今天的海洋的。在某些地方，天然气和石油从海底冒出海面。含油的岩石与海洋也有渊源关系。它们是水成岩，是由海水作用沉至海底的。在有石油地方的附近几乎总是有贝壳遗骸和其他海洋生物的证据。一种十分常见的水成岩叫油页岩，他是一种很软的岩石，很明显是因为被压积在海底而后形成的。而哪儿有油页岩，哪儿就可能有石油。 3. Geologists,scientists who study rocks,indicate the likely places to the
十个最流行的在线英汉翻译网站准确性评测对比
Facebook、Digg、Twitter、美味书签(https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3115174165.html,)……很多名声大噪且已逐渐步入主流的网络服务都是从国外开始引爆的,而即便是抛却技术上的前瞻性,仅从资源上来看“外域”的也更丰富.当网友们浏览国外网站时,即使有些英文基础,也大都或多或少要使用到翻译工具.在线翻译显然是最便捷的方式,目前提供此类服务的网站有不少,但机器智能翻译尤其考验真功夫,翻译质量的优劣直接影响着用户的阅读效果.在这里我们将全面网罗十个颇有些关注度的在线翻译服务,试炼其翻译质量、速度等各方面的表现. 参评在线翻译 1、Google翻译 网址：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3115174165.html,/language_tools?hl=zh-CN 2、Windows Live在线翻译 网址：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3115174165.html,/Default.aspx 3、雅虎翻译 网址：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3115174165.html,/ 4、爱词霸 网址：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3115174165.html,/trans.php
5、百度词典 网址：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3115174165.html,/ 6、海词在线翻译 网址：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3115174165.html,/ 7、金桥翻译 网址：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3115174165.html,/ 8、谷词在线词典 网址：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3115174165.html,/ 9、木头鱼在线翻译 网址：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3115174165.html,/translation/ 10、nciku在线词典 网址：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3115174165.html,/ 一、翻译质量比拼 单词翻译 测试项1：日常用语 翻译单词：boil 参考释义：煮沸 测试结果： 1、Google翻译：沸腾、煮沸等 2、Windows Live在线翻译：煮沸
中文菜单的英文翻译
菜单翻译 精美凉菜：Delicious cold dishes 酱香凤爪：Spiced chicken feet with soy sauce 脆萝卜皮：Crackled radish 五香牛展：Spiced beef shin 五香牛根：Spiced beef tissue 蒜泥白肉：Sliced pork with garlic sauce 拂手瓜丝：Cold sliced melon 旗花西芹：Qihua Celery 拍黄瓜：Shredded cucumber 醉花生：Drunken peanut 快餐套餐：Fast foods and set meals 烧鹅饭：Roasted goose with rice 白切鸡饭：Plain chicken with rice 叉鹅（叉鸡）饭：Sweet marinate and grill goose (chicken) with rice 咖喱牛腩饭：Curry beef brisket with rice 洋葱茄汁猪扒饭：Pork-chop rice with onion and tomato sauce 香芋排骨饭：Taro Chop with rice 菜远蘑菇肉片饭：Fried sliced pork with mushroom and vegetable heart on rice 鲍汁捞饭：Rice boiled with abalone sauce 粉面美食：Delicious wheaten foods and noodles 鲜虾云吞汤面：Shrimp won-ton noodles 净云吞：Won ton 牛腩汤面：Noodles with beef brisket 金钱肚汤面：Beef stomach noodles 火腿蛋汤面：Noodles with ham and egg 鲍汁捞面：Abalone juice noodles 酸汤面：Vinegar soup noodles 油泼面：Oil-splashing noodles 特色生滚粥：Special congees 补血养颜鳝皇粥：Nourishing eel congee 健脾暖胃田鸡粥：Healthful frog congee 新澳洲鲍鱼粥：Fresh Australian abalone congee 深海星斑粥：Lethrinus nebulosus fish congee 姜丝牛肉粥：Ginger beef congee 水库鱼骨腩粥：Reservoir fish congee 皮蛋瘦肉粥：Pork and preserved egg congee 和味手撕鸡粥：Hand-shredded chicken congee 白粥：Plain congee 银座茶语: Ginza-tea cafe 位置：银座茶语大堂吧位于酒店一层Location: Ground floor of the Hotel 客房送餐电话：（内线）5550 Room service: (Ext.) 5550 营业时间：早7：00至凌晨1：00 Open: 7:00 am---1:00am
中国石油集团公司对外名称系列英文翻译
一、公司领导职务英文翻译 集团公司：China National Petroleum Corporation 总经理： President 副总经理： Vice President 总会计师： Chief Financial Officer 纪检组长： Chief of Discipline & Inspection Group、Vice President 总经理助理：Assistant President 总法律顾问：General Counsel 副总会计师：Deputy Chief Financial Officer 副总经济师：Deputy Chief Economist 副总工程师：Deputy Chief Engineer 股份公司：PetroChina Company Limited 董事长： Chairman, Board of Directors 副董事长： Vice Chairman, Board of Directors 董事： Director, Board of Directors 监事会主席：Chairman, Board of Supervisors 总裁： President 副总裁： Vice President 财务总监： Chief Financial Officer 总工程师： Chief Engineer 总地质师： Chief Geologist 董事会秘书：Secretary, Board of Directors 二、机关部门及处室职务英文翻译 一、机关部门职务： 1、办公厅、直属党委、××办公室、××部、××局：
主任（总经理）： Director-General 副主任（副总经理）：Deputy Director-General 副总工程师：Deputy Chief Engineer 副总经济师：Deputy Chief Economist 副总会计师：Deputy Chief Accountant 副总审计师：Deputy Chief Auditor 2、专业公司：总经理：President 副总经理：Vice President 总工程师：Chief Engineer 总经济师：Chief Economist 总地质师：Chief Geologist 总会计师：Chief Financial Officer 3、董事会助理秘书：Assistant Secretary, Board of Directors 纪委书记? Secretary,?Disciplinary Inspection? 工会主席 Chairman, Worker’s Union???? 4、处室主任、处长：Director 副主任、副处长：Deputy Director 二、下属子公司、分公司职务： 总经理：President 副总经理：Vice President （副）总工程师：(Deputy) Chief Engineer （副）总经济师：(Deputy) Chief Economist （副）总地质师：(Deputy) Chief Geologist （副）总会计师：(Deputy) Chief Accountant 处室、处级办公室：Department 处室主任、处长：Director 副主任、副处长：Deputy Director 科室：Division；
(完整)英语三级翻译大全,推荐文档
1.首先，我们要让他相信这是可能的。 First , we should convince him that it is possible. 2.坏天气仍可能再持续好几天. It remains possible that the bad weather will last for several more days. 3.如果出了问题，谁来负责。 If problems arise , who can be responsible for it . 4.我试图向他解释，但他却生气地转过脸去。 I tried to explain , but he turned away from me in anger. 5.人们通常将阳光视为生命的必要条件之一。 People often view sunshine as one of the necessary conditions for life . 6.我昨天不该喝那么多啤酒的。 I shouldn’t have drunk so much beer yesterday. 7.你本不必过来那么早。会议9点菜开始。 You needn’t have been here so early. The meeting begins at 9 o’clock. 8.过去一遇到问题，她就去找她姐姐帮忙。 She would turn to her sister for help whenever there was a problem. 9.地面时湿的。刚才一定是下过雨了。 The ground is wet .It must have just rained. 10.难道她不该涨工资吗？ Shouldn’t she have a pay-raise? 11.他开会迟到了，大家的目光都集中到他的身上。 He was late for the meeting and all people were focused their eyes on him. 12.他妈妈周末不让他出房门，因为他没做完作业。 His mother confined him to the room for the weekend because he didn’t finish his homework. 13.医生建议我们不要让皮肤过多地暴露在阳光下。 The doctor advice us not to expose our skin to the sunshine too much.
医学专业在线英语词典
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