计算机科学与技术英文文献
《专业英语》期末考试课程论文
微软https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html,设计应用
班级：13级信息管理与信息系统1班
学号：
姓名：朱敦达
分数：
2015年12月25日
微软https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html,设计应用
CGI具有扩充性能和克服的问题的能力，是微软公司开发的一种新的方式开发建设规模的应用。这就是所谓的替代high performance互联网服务器应用程式接口(ISAPI)。代替了housing功能编程档案，利用DLLs代替了复杂的编写程序的过程，同其它软件比较DLLs具有很大的优势，在性能上也有所扩充。
Introduction to https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html, Development
To overcome the performance and scalability problems that CGI brings, Microsoft developed a new way for developers to build scalable applications. This high performance alternative is called the Internet Server Application Programming Interface(ISAPI). Instead of housing functionality in executable files, ISAPI uses DLLs. Using DLLs instead of executable programs has some definite performance and scalability advantages
ISAPI在功能上有所扩展，它可以向用户提出要求，使单一ISAPI扩展执行多种任务。就像CGI的例子一样, ISAPI再使用时必须使用目录执行许可认证, 或利用DLL下载客户端，而不是直接在服务器上使用，ISAPI扩展通常用来处理用户的要求做出回应，这和使用CGI的方式非常类似。
The ISAPI extension could also be called with arguments that will allow a single ISAPI extension to perform multiple tasks. Just as in the CGI example, the directory must have execute permissions enabled, or the DLL will be downloaded to the client rather than run on the server. ISAPI extensions are typically used to process client requests and output a response as HTML, which is very similar to the way CGI programs are used.
凡是直接与CGI重复的申请必须经过ISAPI的过滤器。但是，ISAPI过滤器没有明确的要求，相反，它们被称为to certain针对IIS的生活事件要求，发展商在任何一种称为ISAPI过滤器的事件发生后，才能提出要求，具体发生事件如下：
1．当服务器发生客户邀请事件时。
2．当客户使用真实服务器时。
3．当服务器从逻辑URL绘制物理URL图形时。
4．在原始数据由客户发送给服务器时。
5．在原始数据由客户发送到服务器,但在服务器程序运行之前时。
6．当信息服务器原数据时。
7．在协议结束时。
ISAPI filters perform a function that can’t be directly duplicated with CGI applications. ISAPI filters are never explicitly called; instead, they are called by IIS in response to certain events in the life of a request. The developer can request that an ISAPI filter be called whenever any of the following events occur:
1．When the server has preprocessed the client headers
2．When the server authenticates the client
3．When the server is mapping a logical URL to a physical URL
4．Before raw data is sent from the client to the server
5．After raw data is sent from the client to the server but before the server processes it
6．When the server logs information
7．When the session is ending
作为过滤器，ISAPI过滤器只通知要求,然后服务器就会尽快处理要求。其中较常见的是给用户提供认证功能。另一个是使用HTML修改文本,然后服务器会自动将其送交给客户端。举个例子，可以用ISAPI过滤器的背景颜色来改变每一个页面的颜色，这是由于ISAPI过滤器几乎是共同的ISAPI扩展，但是由于本文的篇幅有限，所以，我们不能在这本书中进一步介绍它，如果你想了解更多的关于ISAPI扩展方面的知识，你可以看看我的书的服务器应用这一章节的内容，ISAPI几个具体的起点职务,必须由DLL输出，同时利用这些切入点, IIS可以负荷的DLL，功能要求它执行, 在经过必要的参数，接收数据和写回浏览器。ISAPI只需两起实施这些功能点切入点。
As with any filter, ISAPI filters should request only the notifications it requires and process them as quickly as possible. One of the more common uses of ISAPI filters is to provide custom authentication. Another use is to modify the HTML that will be sent to the client. For example, an ISAPI filter could be used to change the background color of each page. Because ISAPI filters aren’t nearly as common as ISAPI extensions, I won’t cover them any further in this book. If you want to learn more about ISAPI extensions, you can check out my book Inside Server-Based Applications (Microsoft Press, 1999).ISAPI specifies several entry-point functions that must be exported from the DLL. Using these entry points, IIS can load the DLL; call the functions that it implements, passing in parameters as required; and receive the data to write back to the browser. ISAPI requires only two entry-point functions to be implemented these entry points, IIS can load the DLL; call the functions that it implements, passing in parameters as required; and receive the data to write back to the browser. ISAPI requires only two entry-point functions to be implemented
一个更好的方法：动态页面。
如果你想知道我们为什么要编注一本关于https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html,在程序应用的书，那么我们就会告诉你，其实它的答案在于https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html,执行的具体细节及其前身, 动态页面(ASP)。在这之前，我们需要了解ISAP与Iadeeper的联系,只有这样才能了解https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html,。
A Better Solution: Active Server Pages
If you’re wondering why we’ve dwelt on the alternatives to https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html, in a book about programming https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html,, the answer lies in the details of the implementation of https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html, and its predecessor, Active Server Pages (ASP). Understanding ISAPI is required for adept
understanding of ASP and thus https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html,.
IIS2.0是WindowsNT4.0的一部分，微软推出新技术的最初代号为" Denali " 这是在微软的"主动"期间, 现在，这项技术终于正式命名为动态页面技术，或者叫做ASP。它的前几个版本已出版,其中最重要的版本,包括WindowsNT4.0选择包(IIS4.0和2.0协议)、Windows2000(IIS5.0和3.0协议)。对于这次讨论的目的,首先，我们要把ASP作为一个整体来看待,而不要想它的不同版本。
During the beta of IIS 2.0, which became part of Windows NT 4.0, Microsoft introduced a new technology initially codename d “Denali.” This was during Microsoft’s “Active” period and so the technology was eventually named Active Server Pages, or ASP. Several versions of https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html, have been released, most notably the versions included with Windows NT 4.0 Option Pack (ASP 2.0 and IIS 4.0) and Windows 2000 (ASP 3.0 and IIS 5.0). For the purposes of this discussion, I’ll consider ASP as a whole, without referring to version differences ASP在很短的时间内成为了一个协议,这在很大程度上是因为它把一些非常困难的问题(动态网页内容创造)
变得比较容易。创造CGI应用和ISAPI应用是一件非常困难的事情,但是程序员利用ASP进行编程却变得非常容易，ASP利用VB. NET开发. 几百万个程序开发人员多多少少有点熟悉Visual Basic、Visual Basic应用(VBA)或VBScript。正是有了这些发展, ASP成为进入网络时代的一个基本标志。当然程序开发人员本可以学习新的编程语言,他们都没有https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html,出色. 部分原因是它源于VBScript,用ASP去建立网络应用成为可行的方法。
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html, became an instant hit, in large part because it made something that was difficult(create dynamic Web content) relatively easy. Creating CGI applications and ISAPI applications wasn’t terribly difficult, but using ASP was much simpler By default, ASP uses VBScript. Literally millions of developers are at least somewhat familiar with Visual Basic, Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), or VBScript. For these developers, ASP was the way to enter the Internet age. Certainly the developers could have learned a new programming language, but they didn’t have to with ASP. Partly b ecause of its use of VBScript, ASP became a viable way to build Web applications.
同样重要的是通过微软启动Objects(ADO) 可以比较容易获得数据库资料。当程序开发人员需要产生动态内容,动态内容显然是需要来自某处，而使用ADO可以使访问数据库变得容易。
Just as important was the relatively easy access to databases allowed through Microsoft ActiveX Data Objects (ADO). When you need to generate dynamic content, that dynamic content obviously needs to come from somewhere, and ADO made it easy to get at that data.
最后,也许最重要的是, https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html,的发展模式允许程序开发人员只简单的写代码并能运行. 无需进行详细设置步骤，或编译。https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html,的程序开发人员需要认真掌握这一发展模式, 即使情形有点不同。
Finally, and perhaps most important, the https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html, development model allowed developers to essentially write code and run it. There was no need to perform compilation or elaborate installation steps. the https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html, architects were careful to capture this same development model, even though what’s going on under the covers is quite a bit different.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html,的最新使用办法。
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html, 3.0版本和Windows2000几乎是在同一时间发布的,它的发布使人们清楚地看到了与开发未来网站密切相关的软件。微软推出https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html,新版本保留协议和发展模式深受广大用户的喜爱。同时程序开发人员可以
把https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html,创造的用户和密码正确的添加得到许可目录, 而且https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html,还引进创新思想，使程序开发人员更容易分离其内容和应用。
A New Solution: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html,
When version 3.0 of https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html, was released along with Windows 2000, it became clearer that the future of software development was closely tied to the future of the Web. As part of its .NET initiative, Microsoft has introduced https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html,, a new version of ASP that retains the model of development ASP developers have come to know and love: you can create the code and place it in the correct directory with the proper permissions, and it will just work. https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html, also introduces innovations that allow easier separation of the development of the core of an application and its presentation.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html,添加了很多很多的特点，并且提高了很多能力; 它实在是一个全新的产品, 虽然新产品的设计与开发经验,使这一协议得到了发展. https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html,有一些明显的特点：
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html,网架构：网是一个框架结构，便于网络设计和传统应用。
.NET Framework: The .NET Framework is an architecture that makes it easier to design Web and traditional applications.
通用语言runtime：Runtime提供一套服务给所有的https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html,。如果你是一个想把ASP scripting和COM objects相结合的程序设计员, 你会体会到穿梭多种编程语言的乐趣。
Common language runtime: The common language runtime provides a set of services for all https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html, languages. If you’re an ASP developer who has had to combine ASP scripting with COM objects, you’ll appreciate the beauty of a common set of types across many languages.
汇编语言: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html,提供了更高性能的汇编语言。汇编语言允许开发者验证至少语法是正确的代码，ASP不提供任何这类帮助, 所以语法错误可能不是那么简单被察觉,直到第一次执行代码。
Compiled languages:https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html, provides enhanced performance through the use of compiled languages. Compiled languages allow the developer to verify that code is at least syntactically correct. A SP doesn’t provide any such facility, so simple syntax errors might not be caught until the first time the code is executed.
最新潮的语言Visual Basic：Visual Basic的最新版提供了一个新的, 简洁语法。C#是仿照C++设计出来的新语言，但一些不安全的特点使c++难以被用来建立可靠应用。这两种语言都能直接使用,但其他语言都要借助第
三方。到写本文为止, Cobol语言和Eiffel?语言应该都能通过Visual?Studio?.NET实现了。
Cool new languages Visual Basic: .NET is a completely new version of Visual Basic that provides a new, cleaner syntax. C# is a new language designed to look and feel a lot like C++, but without some of the unsafe features that make C++ difficult to use to create reliable applications. These two languages are available out of the box, but other languages will be available from third parties as well. As of this writing, COBOL and Eiffel implementations should be available for Visual Studio .NET as well.
Visual?Studio?.NET：Visual?Studio?.NET是一个新的开发环境，带来了快速应用开发(RAD)服务器。
Visual Studio .NET: Visual Studio .NET is a cool new development environment that brings rapid application development (RAD) to the server.
提高部分：网框架使用新型支持组件，可以方便地在运行中的应用中替换。
Improved components: The .NET Framework supports the use of new types of components that can be conveniently replaced in a running application.
网站形式：允许仿照者通过常见HTML部件的事件处理程序一起发展。
Web Forms: Web Forms allow Visual Basic–like development, with event handlers for common HTML widgets.
XML网络服务：XML网络服务同意开发者提供服务，以使他们能够获得行业标准协议。
XML Web services: XML Web services enable developers to create services and then make them available using industry standard protocols.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html,：是一项新技术，它可以使https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html,应用更快捷的获得数据库中的数据和其它形式的数据，如：可扩展标记语言(XML)。
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html,: ADO for the .NET Framework is a new version of the technology that allows https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html, applications to more conveniently get at data residing in relational databases and in other formats, such as Extensible Markup Language (XML.)
结论
这个短暂的web发展历史应该向你提供了学习https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html,的基础。学习一种编程语言与开发环境很像学习一种人类的语言。虽然书上的语法和词汇有一些帮助,但是，它们仅仅只是对人们了解语言的历史有用。
Conclusion
This brief history of Web development should provide you with a foundation as you continue reading about https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html,. Learning a programming language or development environment is much like learning a human language. Although books that cover the syntax and vocabulary are helpful, it’s often just as useful to understand the history of the people who use the language.
如果，你是一个https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html,的程序开发员，关于.NET的很多书籍将会开阔你的视野，但我希望你能从中学到写什么，如果你个是初学者，了解https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html,的历史，也会对你如何使用https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html,技术进行编程有很大帮助。
If you’re an https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html, developer, much of this chapter might be a review for you, but I hope that you’ve added something to your understanding of the history of https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html,. If you’re ne w to ASP and https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html,, understanding the history of ASP and what came before it will be useful as you begin to explore the exciting new technologies that make up https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html,.
关于https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html,。
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html,不仅仅是Active Server Page (ASP)的下一个版本；它还提供了一个统一的Web开发模型，其中包括开发人员生成企业级Web 应用程序所需的各种服务。https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html,的语法在很大程度上与ASP兼容，同时它还提供一种新的编程模型和结构，可生成伸缩性和稳定性更好的应用程序，并提供更好的安全保护。对现有ASP 应用程序，可以通过https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html,添加一些功能，增强应用程序的能力。
About https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html,
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html, Active Server Aside from the burden is not only (ASP) version of the next; It also provides a unified Web development models, including the development of enterprise-class Web applications generated personnel for the various services. https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html, grammar largely compatible with ASP, it also provides a new programming model and structure, flexibility and stability can
produce better applications, and to provide better security protection. Through the existing ASP applications, https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html, gradually add functions to enhance ASP applications functions.
当创建https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html,应用程序时，开发人员可以使用Web窗体或XML Web services，或以他们认为合适的任何方式进行组合。每个功能都能得到同一结构的支持，使您能够使用身份验证方案，缓存经常使用的数据，或者对应用程序的配置进行自定义，这里只是列出几种可能性而已。
When building https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html, applications, developers can use Web or XML Web services, or in any manner they deemed appropriate portfolio. Each functional access to the same support structure, so that you can use as a certification program, buffer frequently used data, or configuration of applications for self definition, only listed a few possibilities here.
使用Web窗体可以生成功能强大的基于窗体的Web页。生成这些页时，可以使用https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html,服务器控件来创建公共UI元素，以及对它们进行编程以用于执行常见的任务。这些控件使您能够用可重复使用的内置或自定义组件生成Web窗体，从而简化页面的代码。有关更多信息，请参见Web窗体页。
You can use Web-based generation of powerful the Web page. These generated pages, can be used to build public complaints https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html, server UI elements, and programming for the implementation of their common task. You can use these complaints to the building or from reusable components generated Web definition, thus simplifying the code page. For more information, please see Web pages.
XML Web services 提供了远程访问服务器功能的途径。使用XML Web services，企业可以公开数据或业务逻辑的编程接口，而客户端和服务器应用程序则可以获取和操作这些编程接口。通过使用诸如HTTP 和XML 消息传递之类的标准跨越防火墙移动数据，XML Web services 可在客户端-服务器或服务器-服务器方案下实现数据的交换。XML Web services 不用依靠特定的组件技术或对象调用约定。因此，用任何语言编写、使用任何组件模型并在任何操作系统上运行的程序，都可以访问XML Web services。
XML Web services provide a means of remote access server functions. Use XML Web services, enterprises can open data or business logic programming interface, and client-server applications and can acquire and operate these programming interfaces. Through the use of information such as web and XML standards such as the transmission of data across mobile firewall, XML Web services to customers - in-server or server-server programmed for data exchange. XML Web services without relying on specific components or technology transfer targets agreed. Therefore, the use of any language, using any component model, operating system and in any operating procedures can visit XML Web services.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html,的安装与运行
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html, 与.NET Framework 1.1 版一起安装，作为每个Windows Server 2003 系列产品的一部分。您只需通过控制面板将它添加为新的程序，或者使用“配置您的服务器向导”启用它。此外，可以按照本主题后面介绍的“在装有Windows XP Professional 或Windows 2000 Server 的计算机上安装https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html,”过程，从网上下载 1.0 版。安装Visual Studio .NET 时会同时安装 1.0 版。
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html, and. Net Framework version 1.1 installed, as each part of the Windows Server 2003 series products. You can add it through the control panels for the new procedures, or use "of your server guide" opening it. In addition, according to this theme later introduced "with Windows XP Professional or Windows 2000 Server computer installed https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html," process downloading 1.0. Installed Visual Studio. Net will also install 1.0.
建筑类外文文献及中文翻译
forced concrete structure reinforced with an overviewRein Since the reform and opening up, with the national economy's rapid and sustained development of a reinforced concrete structure built, reinforced with the development of technology has been great. Therefore, to promote the use of advanced technology reinforced connecting to improve project quality and speed up the pace of construction, improve labor productivity, reduce costs, and is of great significance. Reinforced steel bars connecting technologies can be divided into two broad categories linking welding machinery and steel. There are six types of welding steel welding methods, and some apply to the prefabricated plant, and some apply to the construction site, some of both apply. There are three types of machinery commonly used reinforcement linking method primarily applicable to the construction site. Ways has its own characteristics and different application, and in the continuous development and improvement. In actual production, should be based on specific conditions of work, working environment and technical requirements, the choice of suitable methods to achieve the best overall efficiency. 1、steel mechanical link 1.1 radial squeeze link Will be a steel sleeve in two sets to the highly-reinforced Department with superhigh pressure hydraulic equipment (squeeze tongs) along steel sleeve radial squeeze steel casing, in squeezing out tongs squeeze pressure role of a steel sleeve plasticity deformation closely integrated with reinforced through reinforced steel sleeve and Wang Liang's Position will be two solid steel bars linked Characteristic: Connect intensity to be high, performance reliable, can bear high stress draw and pigeonhole the load and tired load repeatedly.
化工英文文献翻译
Heavy Oil Development Technology of Liaohe Oilfield Han Yun (Scientific Research Information Department Exploration&Development Research Institute，Liaohe Oilfield Company) Liaohe Oilfield，the largest heavy oil production base in China，features in various reservoir types，deep burial，and wide range of crude oil viscosity．For many years，a series of technologies have been developed for different oil products and reservoir types of the oilfield，of which water flooding，foam slug drive，steam stimulation，steam drive,and SAGD are the main technologies. After continuous improvement，they have been further developed and played an important role in the development of heavy oil in the oilfield． Liaohe Oilfield is abundant in heavy oil resources，46％of the total proved reserves of Liaohe Oilfield Company. Horizontally the resources concentrates in the West Depression and the southern plunging belt of the Central Uplift in Liaohe Rift. Vertically,it is mainly distributed in Paleocene Shahejie Formation(ES). The distinctive geological feature of Liaohe 0ilfield is manifested in three aspects：first，the heavy oil reservoirs are deeply buried and 80％of them are buried more than 900m deep；second，the heavy oil viscosity ranges widely．For most of the reservoirs．the dead oil viscosity ranges in 100～100000mPa·s with the maximum 650000mPa·s.Third the reservoir types are various with complicated oil—water relationship，most of the reservoirs are edge water and bosom water reservoirs and there are also edge water reservoirs，top water reservoirs and bosom water reservoirs．For more than 20 years of development，Liaohe Oilfield has developed series of heavy oil development technologies for different oil products and different types of reservoirs，such as water flooding, foam slug drive,steam stimulation steam drive and SAGD．The most difficult issues have been overcome in the development of the super
计算机科学与技术专业学业规划
学业规划 计算机科学与技术专业学生主要学习方面的基本理论和基本知识，接受从事研究与应用计算机的基本训练，具有研究和开发计算机系统的基本能力。主要培养具有良好的科学素养，系统地、较好地掌握计算机科学与技术包括、软件与应用的基本理论、基本知识和基本技能与方法，能在科研部门、教育单位、企业、事业、技术和行政管理部门等单位从事教学、科学研究和应用的计算机科学与技术学科的高级科学技术人才。 就计算机专业近几年的就业数据来看，该专业就业率居高不下，计算机人才市场需求潜力仍然很大。计算机专业人才的市场需求具有很大的潜力，这无疑是在很大程度上为我们将来的就业提供了很大的帮助。热门城市就业比率下降，对计算机人才需求标准逐渐提高。根据网上调查北京、上海等大型城市近几年对计算机人才的招募情况来看，这几所城市对计算机人才的需求相对呈现饱和趋势，对毕业生的需求量也是逐渐减少。同时，其招聘标准也是逐年呈现“水涨船高”的趋势，很多企业只钟情于硕士研究生、博士生等高端人才，因此必然导致毕业生去向不佳。 学业目标： 1.大学四年要求自己的绩点保持在年纪前列，并且能够稳定前进，尽量不要有退步。 2.一定要有一次社会实践，去体验社会。如“三下乡”。
3.在大三前尽量参加一些比赛，将自己的理论知识付之于实践。同时能积累一些经验，克服自己容易紧张的性格。 4.在大二下学期之前通过CET4考试。 5.毕业前考出一部分关于计算机专业的证书。同时也要掌握计算机专业的多方面知识，做全方面的计算机人才。
自己的计算机基础太差，在上大学前几乎对编程一无所知。需要付出更多的努力去弥补这个漏洞。对于一个程序员而言细心是最重要的，然而自己有时候会粗心，这是必须要克服的。自己的数学英语基础可能并不是很好，要把这两门课当重心学习。 大学并不像高中老师说的那样轻松，大学在某些方面需要付出比高中更多的努力。 听一位学长说过一句话：“大学不是学习不重要，是重要的不仅仅是学习。”所以，在大学我除了要学好专业知识以外，各方面能力的培养也是很重要。最近认识的优秀学长学姐们，他们的优秀不仅仅是学习优秀，各方面都很厉害。所以，我要以他们为榜样，为目标，做一个全面发展的人。 我要用最积极的心态面对自己的大学生活，竭尽全力去实现自己的目标。同时和认识的人好好相处，泰然处事，不要意气用事引起不必要的麻烦。还要扬长避短，尽量发挥自己的长处，克服自己的短处。 努力学习，努力生活。无憾地度过大学，才是圆满。
计算机专业前沿技
《计算机前沿介绍》读书报告 ——人工智能为人类开启无限可能 随着计算机信息技术的迅猛发展，计算机技术的应用迅速渗透到社会生活的各个方面，计算机日益成为人们学习、工作和生活中不可缺少的基本工具之一，而且我也清楚地认识和感受到了随着以计算机为核心的信息技术在各个领域中的广泛应用。通过这次选修《计算机前沿技术》课，经过一学期的学习和实践，我深深体会到：计算机信息技术在高科技飞速发展、市场竞争异常激烈的今天，任何人不能只停在原有传统知识的认识上，只有不断学习计算机信息技术，通过计算机信息技术不断完善自己，通过计算机信息技术不断充实自己，才能在当今社会中立于不败之地。随着信息技术的高速发展，计算机无时无刻在伴随着我们，也给我们在学习和生活中增添了许多乐趣。通过这学期选修的《计算机前沿技术》，我了解到了计算机的发展史和其最基本的相关理论知识和工作原理以及计算机领域最前沿的技术，而我最感兴趣的是人工智能领域。 人们对人工智能的定义是：研究使计算机来模拟人的某些思维过程和智能行为（如学习、推理、思考、规划等）的学科，主要包括计算机实现智能的原理、制造类似于人脑智能的计算机，使计算机能实现更高层次的应用。 人工智能是计算机科学的一个分支，它企图了解智能的实质，并生产出一种新的能以人类智能相似的方式做出反应的智能机器，该领域的研究包括机器人、语言识别、图像识别、自然语言处理和专家系统等。人工智能从诞生以来，理论和技术日益成熟，应用领域也不断扩大，可以设想，未来人工智能带来的科技产品，将会是人类智慧的“容器”。人工智能是对人的意识、思维的信息过程的模拟。人工智能不是人的智能，但能像人那样思考、也可能超过人的智能。 人工智能将涉及到学科有计算机科学、心理学、哲学和语言学等。可以说几乎是自然科学和社会科学的所有学科，其范围已远远超出了计算机科学的范畴，人工智能与思维科学的关系是实践和理论的关系，人工智能是处于思维科学的技术应用层次，是它的一个应用分支。从思维观点看，人工智能不仅限于逻辑思维，要考虑形象思维、灵感思维才能促进人工智能的突破性的发展，数学常被认为是多种学科的基础科学，数学也进入语言、思维领域，人工智能学科也必须借用数学工具，数学不仅在标准逻辑、模糊数学等范围发挥作用，数学进入人工智能学科，它们将互相促进而更快地发展。 人工智能的概念很宽，所以人工智能也分很多种，我们按照人工智能的实力将其分成三大类。弱人工智能(ANI): 弱人工智能是擅长于单个方面的人工智能。比如有能战胜象棋世界冠军的人工智能，但是它只会下象棋，你要问它怎样更好地在硬盘上储存数据，它就不知道怎么回答你了。强人工智能(AGI): 人类级别的人工智能。强人工智能是指在各方面都能和人类比肩的人工智能，人类能干的
英文文献及翻译(计算机专业)
NET-BASED TASK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Hector Garcia-Molina, Jeffrey D. Ullman, Jennifer Wisdom ABSTRACT In net-based collaborative design environment, design resources become more and more varied and complex. Besides com mon in formatio n man ageme nt systems, desig n resources can be orga ni zed in connection with desig n activities. A set of activities and resources linked by logic relations can form a task. A task has at least one objective and can be broken down into smaller ones. So a design project can be separated in to many subtasks formi ng a hierarchical structure. Task Management System (TMS) is designed to break down these tasks and assig n certa in resources to its task no des. As a result of decompositi on. al1 desig n resources and activities could be man aged via this system. KEY WORDS : Collaborative Design, Task Management System (TMS), Task Decompositi on, In formati on Man ageme nt System 1 Introduction Along with the rapid upgrade of request for adva need desig n methods, more and more desig n tool appeared to support new desig n methods and forms. Desig n in a web en vir onment with multi-part ners being invo Ived requires a more powerful and efficie nt man ageme nt system .Desig n part ners can be located everywhere over the n et with their own organizations. They could be mutually independent experts or teams of tens of employees. This article discussesa task man ageme nt system (TMS) which man ages desig n activities and resources by break ing dow n desig n objectives and re-orga nizing desig n resources in conn ecti on with the activities. Compari ng with com mon information management systems (IMS) like product data management system and docume nt man ageme nt system, TMS can man age the whole desig n process. It has two tiers which make it much more flexible in structure. The lower tier con sists of traditi onal com mon IMSS and the upper one fulfills logic activity management through controlling a tree-like structure, allocating design resources and
石油和天然气勘探中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) OIL UNDER ICE DETECTION: WHAT IS THE STATE-OF-THE-ART? Abstract. Since the exploration for oil and gas in the Canadian and US arctic commenced in the early 1970s, a need has been identified to develop technology to detect oil under ice. Both electromagnetic and acoustic sensors have been tried, but a practical field instrument has not been identified. Most proposed systems require that the equipment be operated from the ice surface in order to get adequate coupling and, for some systems, the snow must be removed from the ice. For many ice
situations, surface access is difficult and poses a severe safety issue. Two recent spills in Alberta used “high technology” ice augers to detect the presence of oil under the ice. Some potential new techniques are discussed and the basic principles of their operation described. Keywords: arctic, oil spill response, oil in ice, detection 1. Introduction The detection of oil under continuous ice cover has presented one of the most difficult challenges to the oil-spill technological community for the past two decades and there is still no operationally proven system available. Dickins (2000) under the sponsorship of the US Minerals Management Service conducted an excellent review of the status of oil-under-ice detection and this paper complements this review with a more detailed analysis of some systems. Dickins identified many false start concepts, which will not be discussed in this paper. In order to determine the design of a suitable oil-under-ice detector, the various situations under which oil may be found under a continuous ice sheet need to be considered. The oil must come from a sub-surface release since any surface release would either be on the ice surface or in a lead or other opening in the ice. Potential sources of sub-surface oil are a leak in a pipeline, the leakage from a submerged tank or vessel or a natural seep. Oil when trapped under ice does not spread rapidly or cover a large area due to natural
计算机科学与技术基础电子教案
2011年计算机科学与 技术基础
NJU2011年计算机科学与技术基础试卷与答案 科目名称：计算机科学与技术基础 一、（10分）我们有下列两个问题，并已有各自的算法： 1. 已知等腰三角形各边长，求高。 2. 已知直角三角形的任意两边长，求第三边的长度。 利用这两个问题解释多项式时间规约的概念，并说明多项式时间规约在计算机算法理论中的作用。 NP 问题的全称是：Non deterministic Ploynomial 问题，即非确定性多项式问题。多项式时间（Polynomial time ）在计算复杂度理论中，指的是一个问题的计算时间m(n)不大于问题大小n 的多项式倍数。 答案参考：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d538517.html,/yanghangjun/article/details/7298798 等腰三角形可分解成对称的两个直角三角形，问题2的答案可用于解决问题1。因此问题2若能在多项式时间内解决，则问题1也能在多项式时间内解决。（多项式时间归 约 假定给了两个问题类q 和q 0,如果存在一个确定型图灵机M q 和一个多项式P ,对于q 中任意一个实例x ,M q 都能在P (n )时间内计算出q 0中一个实例y (其中n 是实例x 的编码长 度)，使得x q 中有肯定回答的实例，当且仅当y 是q 0中有肯定回答的实例,我们就说q 多项 式时间归约到q 0 ）多项式时间规约对于研究NP ，NP 完全问题具有重大作用。 对于一个规模为n 的输入，在最坏情况下的运行时间是)(k n O ，其中k 是某一确定的常数，即称时间负责度为的算法为多项式时间算法。一般来说，在多项式时间内可解的问题是易处理的问题，在超过多项式时间内解决的问题是不易处理的问题。不能够这样限制时间复
商业建筑外文文献翻译)
Commercial Buildings Abstract: A guide and general reference on electrical design for commercial buildings is provided. It covers load characteristics; voltage considerations; power sources and distribution apparatus; controllers; services, vaults, and electrical equipment rooms; wiring systems; systems protection and coordination; lighting; electric space conditioning; transportation; communication systems planning; facility automation; expansion, modernization, and rehabilitation; special requirements by occupancy; and electrical energy management. Although directed to the power oriented engineer with limited commercial building experience, it can be an aid to all engineers responsible for the electrical design of commercial buildings. This recommended practice is not intended to be a complete handbook; however, it can direct the engineer to texts, periodicals, and references for commercial buildings and act as a guide through the myriad of codes, standards, and practices published by the IEEE, other professional associations, and governmental bodies. Keywords: Commercial buildings, electric power systems, load characteristics 1. Introduction 1.1 Scope This recommended practice will probably be of greatest value to the power oriented engineer with limited commercial building experience. It can also be an aid to all engineers responsible for the electrical design of commercial buildings. However, it is not intended as a replacement for the many excellent engineering texts and handbooks commonly in use, nor is it detailed enough to be a design manual. It should be considered a guide and general reference on electrical design for commercial buildings. 1.2 Commercial Buildings The term “commercial, residential, and institutional buildings”as used in this chapter, encompasses all buildings other than industrial buildings and private dwellings. It includes office and apartment buildings, hotels, schools, and churches, marine, air, railway, and bus terminals, department stores, retail shops, governmental buildings, hospitals, nursing homes, mental and correctional institutions, theaters, sports arenas, and other buildings serving the public directly. Buildings, or parts of buildings, within industrial complexes, which are used as offices or medical facilities or for similar nonindustrial purposes, fall within the scope of this recommended practice. Today’s commercial buildings, because of their increasing size and complexity, have become more and more dependent upon adequate and reliable electric systems. One can better understand the complex nature of modern commercial buildings by examining the systems, equipment, and facilities listed in 1.2.1. 1.2.2 Electrical Design Elements In spite of the wide variety of commercial, residential, and institutional buildings, some electrical design elements are common to all. These elements, listed below, will be discussed generally in this section and in detail in the remaining sections of this recommended practice. The principal design elements considered in the design of the power, lighting, and auxiliary systems include: 1) Magnitudes, quality, characteristics, demand, and coincidence or diversity of loads and load factors 2) Service, distribution, and utilization voltages and voltage regulation 3) Flexibility and provisions for expansion
英文文献翻译
中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离，该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好，但是其需要消耗大量的时间，并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时，这些问题显得更加突出。近年来，几种制备系统已经进行了改进，能将分离时间减少到1-3h，并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥（使用薄层色谱分析进行分析）。在这些方法中，在我们的实验室中，媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近，我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术，可用于反应产物的常规提纯，我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等（ΔR f≥），而且构建这个系统花费非常低，并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础，专门针对快速分离，介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的，优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本，放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内，使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间（r）和峰宽（w,w/2）的比率进行测定的（Figure 1），结果如图2-4所示，图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。
土木工程类专业英文文献及翻译
PA VEMENT PROBLEMS CAUSED BY COLLAPSIBLE SUBGRADES By Sandra L. Houston,1 Associate Member, ASCE (Reviewed by the Highway Division) ABSTRACT: Problem subgrade materials consisting of collapsible soils are com- mon in arid environments, which have climatic conditions and depositional and weathering processes favorable to their formation. Included herein is a discussion of predictive techniques that use commonly available laboratory equipment and testing methods for obtaining reliable estimates of the volume change for these problem soils. A method for predicting relevant stresses and corresponding collapse strains for typical pavement subgrades is presented. Relatively simple methods of evaluating potential volume change, based on results of familiar laboratory tests, are used. INTRODUCTION When a soil is given free access to water, it may decrease in volume, increase in volume, or do nothing. A soil that increases in volume is called a swelling or expansive soil, and a soil that decreases in volume is called a collapsible soil. The amount of volume change that occurs depends on the soil type and structure, the initial soil density, the imposed stress state, and the degree and extent of wetting. Subgrade materials comprised of soils that change volume upon wetting have caused distress to highways since the be- ginning of the professional practice and have cost many millions of dollars in roadway repairs. The prediction of the volume changes that may occur in the field is the first step in making an economic decision for dealing with these problem subgrade materials. Each project will have different design considerations, economic con- straints, and risk factors that will have to be taken into account. However, with a reliable method for making volume change predictions, the best design relative to the subgrade soils becomes a matter of economic comparison, and a much more rational design approach may be made. For example, typical techniques for dealing with expansive clays include: (1) In situ treatments with substances such as lime, cement, or fly-ash; (2) seepage barriers and/ or drainage systems; or (3) a computing of the serviceability loss and a mod- ification of the design to "accept" the anticipated expansion. In order to make the most economical decision, the amount of volume change (especially non- uniform volume change) must be accurately estimated, and the degree of road roughness evaluated from these data. Similarly, alternative design techniques are available for any roadway problem. The emphasis here will be placed on presenting economical and simple methods for: (1) Determining whether the subgrade materials are collapsible; and (2) estimating the amount of volume change that is likely to occur in the 'Asst. Prof., Ctr. for Advanced Res. in Transp., Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ 85287. Note. Discussion open until April 1, 1989. To extend the closing date one month,
中石油部门英文翻译
一、公司领导职务英文翻译集团公司：China National Petroleum Corporation 总经理：President 副总经理：Vice President 总会计师：Chief Financial Officer 纪检组长：Chief of Discipline & Inspection Group 、Vice President 总经理助理：Assistant President 总法律顾问：General Counsel 副总会计师：Deputy Chief Financial Officer 副总经济师：Deputy Chief Economist 副总工程师：Deputy Chief Engineer 股份公司：PetroChina Company Limited 董事长：Chairman, Board of Directors 副董事长：Vice Chairman, Board of Directors 董事：Director, Board of Directors 监事会主席：Chairman, Board of Supervisors 总裁：President 副总裁：Vice President 财务总监：Chief Financial Officer 总工程师：Chief Engineer 总地质师：Chief Geologist 董事会秘书：Secretary, Board of Directors 二、机关部门及处室职务英文翻译一、机关部门职务： 1、办公厅、直属党委、×办公室、××部、××局: 主任（总经理）：Director-General 副主任（副总经理）：Deputy Director-General 副总工程师：Deputy Chief Engineer 副总经济师：Deputy Chief Economist 副总会计师：Deputy Chief Accountant 副总审计师：Deputy Chief Auditor 2、专业公司：总经理：President 副总经理：Vice President 总工程师：Chief Engineer 总经济师：Chief Economist 总地质师：Chief Geologist 总会计师：Chief Financial Officer 3、董事会助理秘书：Assistant Secretary, Board of Directors 纪委书记Secretary, Disciplinary Inspection 工会主席Chairman, Worker ' s Union 4、处室主任、处长：Director 副主任、副处长：Deputy Director 二、下属子公司、分公司职务：总经理：President 副总经理：Vice President （副）总工程师：(Deputy) Chief Engineer （副）总经济师：(Deputy) Chief Economist （副）总地质师：(Deputy) Chief Geologist （副）总会计师：(Deputy) Chief Accountant 处室、处级办公 室： Department 处室主任、处长：Director 副主任、副处长：Deputy Director 科室：Division ；科长：Chief ；副科长：Deputy Chief 三、机关部门及处室名称英文翻译集团公司机关机构编制总表办公厅General Office 、总裁办President's Office 总值班室（应急协调办公室） General Reception（Emergency Response Coordination Office）、秘书一处Secretariat 秘书二处Secretariat 综合处（办公室）Administration 文电处（保密办公室）Document Management 、公共关系处Public Relations 、网站管理处Website Management 、档案处（史志办公室）Filing Management 、行政事务处Logistic Support 、扶贫援藏办公室Poverty Alleviation & Tibet Assistance 政策研究室Policy