KTA 1401_en
Safety Standards
of the
Nuclear Safety Standards Commission (KTA)
KTA 1401 (06/96)
General Requirements Regarding Quality Assurance (Allgemeine Forderungen an die Qualit?tssicherung)
The previous version of this safety standard was issued 12/87
If there is any doubt regarding the information contained in this translation, the German wording shall apply.
Editor :
KTA-Geschaeftsstelle c/o Bundesamt fuer Strahlenschutz (BfS)Albert-Schweitzer-Strasse 18 ? D-38226 Salzgitter ? Germany Telephone +49-5341/225-(0) 201 ?
Telefax +49-5341/225-225
KTA SAFETY STANDARD
June 1996General Requirements Regarding Quality Assurance KTA 1401 The previous version 12/87 was made public in Bundesanzeiger No. 44a on March 4, 1988
CONTENTS
Fundamentals1
1 Scope1
2 Terminology1
3 Basic Requirements3
4 Organization3
4.1 Basic Requirements
4.2 Internal Organization
4.3 Cooperation Between the Involved Companies and Departmental Units Installed Therein 4.4 Personnel Qualification 3 3 4 4
5 Planning and Design4
5.1 Basic Organizational Requirements 5.2 Inspection Documents
5.3 Document Review
5.4 Document Revision
5.5 Filing System and Identification Code 4 4 5 5 5
6 Procurement5
6.1 Evaluation of the Contractor by the Client 6.2 Procurement Documents
6.3 Receiving Inspection 5 5 6
7 Fabrication, Assembly and Erection Including Quality Tests and Inspections6
7.1 Evaluation of the Manufacturing Plant by the Competent Authority or the Consulting Authorized
Expert
7.2Performing and Surveilling of Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, Tests and Inspections
7.3Marking, Handling, Storage, Transportation and Packaging 6 6 6
8Commissioning6
9 Specified Normal Operation and Incidents7
10Inspection, Measuring and Testing Equipment7
11Nonconformance Control7
12Documentation and Document Storage7
13 Auditing of the Quality Assurance System7
Annex: Regulations Referred to in this Safety Standard8
PLEASE NOTE: Only the original German version of this safety standard represents the joint resolution of the 50-member Nuclear Safety Standards Commission (Kerntechnischer Ausschuss, KTA). The German version was made public in Bundes-anzeiger No. 216a on November 19, 1996. Copies may be ordered through the Carl Heymanns Verlag KG, Luxemburger Str. 449, D- 50939 Koeln (Telefax 0221-4601092).
All questions regarding this English translation should please be directed to:
KTA-Geschaeftsstelle c/o BfS, Albert-Schweitzer-Strasse 18, D-38226 Salzgitter, Germany
Comments by the editor:
Taking into account the meaning and usage of auxiliary verbs in the German language, in this translation the following agreements are effective:
shall indicates a mandatory requirement,
shall basically is used in the case of mandatory requirements to which specific exceptions (and only those!) are permitted. It is a requirement of the KTA that these exceptions - other than those in the case of shall
normally - are specified in the text of the safety standard,
shall normally indicates a requirement to which exceptions are allowed. However, the exceptions used shall be substantiated during the licensing procedure,
should indicates a recommendation or an example of good practice,
may indicates an acceptable or permissible method within the scope of this safety standard.
Fundamentals
(1)The safety standards of the Nuclear Safety Standards Commission (KTA) have the task of specifying safety related requirements which shall be met with regard to precautions to be taken in accordance with the state of science and technology against the damage arising from the construction and operation of the facility (Sec. 7 para. 2 subpara. 3 Atomic Energy Act), in order to attain the protection goals specified in the Atomic Energy Act and the Radiological Protection Ordinance (StrlSchV) and which are further detailed in “Safety Criteria for Nuclear Power Plants”and in “Guidelines for the Assessment of the Design of PWR Nuclear Power Plants against Incidents pursuant to Sec. 28 para. 3 of the Radiological Protection Ordinance - Incident Guidelines”. (2)Criterion 1.1 of the Safety Criteria states as the first and foremost principle that high requirements are put to the design and quality of the nuclear power plant as well as to the qualification of the personnel in order to already ensure by these measures that the nuclear power plant can be operated as free from incidents and as well suited to the environment as possible even without required actions of the equipment of the safety system. This requirement is detailed with special regard to quality assurance in Criterion 2.1. (3)The purpose of quality assurance is to ensure in a verifiable way that the quality requirements with respect to the product forms, parts, components and systems are established and, taking the respective load conditions into account, that these requirements are met to the required extent during fabrication and assembly as well as during the construction of civil structures and are, furthermore, met during operation and maintenance until decommissioning of the nuclear power plant.
(4)The quality requirements can only be planned, fulfilled and the fulfillment verified if, during planning and design, during procurement, fabrication and assembly of product forms, parts, components and systems as well as during construction of civil structures, during commissioning and operation until decommissioning of the nuclear power plant including maintenance with the required tests and inspections, the tasks are carried out with, especially, technical know-how and under consideration of the specified requirements and if the activities of the people involved is oriented toward achieving the quality goals.
(5)The goal of quality planning should be to ensure that the protection goals stipulated in laws (e.g. Atomic Energy Act) and ordinances (e.g. Radiological Protection Ordinance) are reached. (6)The individual quality assurance measures supplement each other to make up the complete quality assurance program by which the fulfillment of quality assurance measures can be verified and the gained experience fed back into the planning. With regard to the cooperation between applicant or licensee and their contractors, it is ensured that the quality requirements are specified by the applicant or licensee and are fulfilled by their contractors.
(7)With the help of quality tests and inspections it is verified that the quality requirements were fulfilled and continue to be so to the extent individually required during operation until decommissioning of the nuclear power plant.
(8)This safety standard establishes the basic requirements for quality assurance. Its scope is to specify superordinate requirements regarding planning, organization, technical and organizational procedures, documentation, tests and inspections. These should be met with the goal of preventing the later occurrence of mistakes and failures. Specific requirements for the quality assurance of structural and other materials and components, of the systems and the overall plant are specified in other standards, guidelines and specifications and here, foremost, in civil engineering regulations and the KTA safety standards (e.g. the KTA series 3200, 3400, 3500 and 3700).(9)KTA 1404, Documentation During the Construction and Operation of Nuclear Power Plants, establishes further basic requirements detailing Section 12 of this safety standard. Requirements regarding the verification of (correct) operation of the nuclear power plant are specified in its operating manual, those regarding the in-service tests and inspections in its testing manual. 1Scope
This safety standard applies to the quality assurance during planning and design, during procurement, fabrication and assembly of product forms, parts, components and systems as well as during construction of civil structures, during commissioning and operation including the related tests and inspections, with special regard to the quality characteristics important to the precautionary measures against damage of the safety relevant parts in stationary power plants.
2Terminology
(1)Appraisal
Appraisal is the assessment and evaluation of the license application documents.
Note:The appraisals are carried out by the competent authority, if needed, in consultation with authorized experts. The appraisal concerns itself, among other things, with the question of whether or not the requirements contained and substantiated in the application documents for civil structures, systems and components regarding precautionary measures against damages are state-of-the-art and whether or not these requirements can be met during procurement, fabrication and assembly of product forms, components and systems as well as during construction of civil structures, during commissioning, during specified normal operation and during incidents including the necessary tests and inspections. The appraisal also extends to the evaluation of results of the analyses of events and plant behavior under normal operation and incident conditions.
(2)State and condition
State and condition of a unit is the entirety of its characteristics and characteristic values.
(3)Procurement
Procurement is the activity from setting up the procurement documents up to and including the receiving inspections and acceptance of the delivered units.
(4)Procurement documents
Procurement documents are documents in which technical data, requirements and measures are specified for the items to be procured.
(5)Specified normal operation
a)Operating conditions for which the plant, assuming the able
function of all systems (fault free condition), is intended and suited (normal operation);
b)Operating processes which occur in the event of plant
component or system malfunction (fault condition), insofar as safety related reasons do not oppose continues operation (abnormal operation);
c)Maintenance procedures (inspection, servicing, repair). (Source: Safety Criteria)
(6)Proven operational experience
Proven operational experience is a characteristic of a unit for which it has been shown within a sufficient observation period under functional and environmental conditions that are comparable to the intended application that no impermissible failures have occurred. Note:An observation period is considered to be sufficient if design errors of the unit can be detected and the intended concept regarding servicing can be assessed.
Inadmissible failures are such which can be categorized as common-mode failures (e.g. excess loading of parts and incorrect choice of materials) or excessive occurrence of random failures.
(7)Documentation
Documentation is the systematic compilation of documents. Note:The plant documentation, for instance, comprises the documents from the design, procurement, fabrication, commissioning and specified normal operation together with the license decrees, test and inspection records.
(8)Unit
Unit is a material or immaterial object under consideration. Note:Units are, for instance:
a)the results of activities or processes:
-material products such as a system, a fabrication series, a device, a functional unit or structural element,
-immaterial products such as a service, a computer program, a construction draft, an operating instruction.
b)the activities or processes themselves such as the activity of
carrying out a service, or a machining sequence, or a
procedure.
(9)Product forms
Products forms are products from which structural components and parts are fabricated.
Note:Product forms are, for instance, sheet metal, forgings, pipes, castings, concrete, cables.
(10)Nonconformity
Nonconformity is the non-fulfillment of a requirement.
(11)Commissioning
Commissioning is the entirety of measures that are necessary for the initial functional operation of components and systems at their final assembly location.
(12)Maintenance
Maintenance is the entirety of measures for sustaining and restoring the required condition as well as for determining and evaluating the actual condition.
Note:Maintenance comprises inspection, servicing and repair. (13)Repair
Repair is the entirety of measures for restoring the required condition.
(14)Component
Component is a confined part of a system according to structural or functional aspects.
Note: A component may still perform partial functions.
(15)Inspection identification number
Inspection identification number is a numeric code of a type-tested series-produced item or component by which its type test is unambiguously identified.
(16)Inspection mark
Inspection mark is a marking of the series-produced item or component by which it is verified that the product is in conformance with a generally accepted engineering standard.
(17)Quality
Quality is the characteristic of a unit with respect to its qualification for fulfilling the quality requirements.
(18)Quality characteristic
Quality characteristic is the distinctive feature characterizing the quality.
Note: A quality characteristic is, generally, also an inspection characteristic.
(19)Quality planning
Quality planning is the process of choosing and specifying the overall required quality characteristics and the measures that shall normally ensure the fulfillment of the quality requirements. (20)Quality inspection
Quality inspection is the determination in how far a unit fulfills the quality requirements.
Note:Part of the quality inspection is the verification that the structural building materials and structural components are in conformance with the laws of the building trade.
(21)Quality assurance
Quality assurance is the entirety of all organizational and technical measures to assure the quality.
Note:Quality assurance, thus, comprises quality planning, quality inspections, measures for ensuring that the quality requirements are fulfilled and the documentation is carried out, and includes the feedback of experience during the individual processing phases.
Processing phases are, e.g., establishing the safety concept, planning and design, procurement, fabrication and assembly of product forms, parts, components and systems, construction of civil structures, commissioning and specified normal operation including the corresponding tests and inspections.
(22)Quality assurance system
Quality assurance system is the established structural and procedural organization for executing quality assurance.
(23)Authorized expert
Authorized expert is a competent person or organization to be consulted in accordance with guidelines, license provisions or provisional conditions or acting as consultant to the proper authority.
(24)Series-produced items or components
Series-produced items or components are products which are fabricated in larger quantities, each with the same design and quality.
Note:Series-produced items or components are usually fabricated without prior knowledge of their later application. (25)Type testing
Type testing is the testing of one or more units of a product to demonstrate the specified characteristics.
Note:The characteristics are specified in, e.g., in specifications, technical data sheets and building code related test certificates.
The scope of the type test does not include the inspection of the product with respect to proper usage.
(26)In-service inspections
In-service inspections are such tests and inspections which, in accordance with legal requirements, provisions by the proper authorities or on the basis of other requirements, are performed in specified time intervals or after specific occurrences.
3Basic Requirements
(1)The license applicant or licensee shall ensure that the companies participating in carrying out quality assurance measures - these are he himself, his contractors and subcontractors - will plan and perform the quality assurance in accordance with the requirements of this safety standard.
(2)The quality assurance shall be performed during all phases of work in which the quality characteristics are influenced and can be determined (these are: establishment of the safety concept, planning and design, procurement, fabrication and assembly of product forms, parts, components and systems, construction of civil structures, commissioning and specified normal operation including the corresponding tests and inspections) with the goal of planning and achieving and of maintaining in a documented way the individual quality requirement taking the corresponding legal requirements and the organizational procedures into account. (3)The license applicant or licensee shall prepare a description of the quality assurance program. The essential part of this program is the established structural and procedural organization for assuring the quality. The description shall comprehensively describe how and by whom the requirements of this safety standard are fulfilled and how their fulfillment is certified. The description shall normally refer to the existing internal instructions concerning the activities within the quality assurance program. The description of the quality assurance program and these internal instructions shall be adapted to conform to changes and shall be documented.
(4)During planning and performance of quality assurance, organizational measures related to the quality assurance system and technical measures related to the product shall be applied and shall complement each other.
(5)The quality assurance characteristics including their specified values as well as the quality assurance measures shall be chosen early in the planning phase with special regard to the individual type of nuclear power plant and its parts. Type and extent of the quality assurance measures in planning, creating, maintaining and in demonstrating the quality characteristics shall be in accordance with their importance regarding the protection against damages including impermissible radioactivity release and radiation exposure.(6)The implementation of quality assurance measures within each organization shall ensure that a detected nonconformance of specified requirements or procedures is registered and that the experience gained is utilized. Generally known and assured experience shall normally also be taken into account.
(7)In the case of series-produced items, the planning and fabrication does not have to meet the requirements of paragraphs 1 through 5 if the fulfillment of the quality requirements is assured and verified in accordance with paragraph 8.
(8)In the case of series-produced items the verification that the quality requirements are fulfilled shall either follow generally accepted engineering standards or shall be carried out by demonstrating proven operational experience or by type testing in accordance with specified procedures. In addition, the fulfillment of the quality requirements shall be verified by tests in the course of fabrication or by factory tests and inspections. Furthermore, it shall be verified that the series-produced items are not impermissibly stressed in the planned application.
Note:It may follow from this verification that further tests and verifications are required in addition to the type test.
The requirements regarding factory tests and inspections of the instrumentation and control equipment of the safety system are specified in safety standard KTA 3507.
4Organization
4.1Basic Organizational Requirements
(1)The license applicant or licensee is responsible for the planning and performing quality assurance and for supervising its effectiveness.
(2)In the case that the license applicant or licensee delegates the fulfillment of requirements regarding quality assurance measures to contractors, he shall ensure that the quality assurance performed by the contractor or his subcontractor is in accordance with this safety standard. The license applicant or licensee shall convince himself of the qualification and reliability of his contractors.
4.2Internal Organization
(1)In establishing the internal organization the departmental units involved shall meet the following basic requirements:
a)The individual persons charged with executing tasks in
planning and design, procurement, fabrication and assembly of product forms, parts, components and systems, construction of civil structures, commissioning and specified normal operation including the corresponding tests and inspections shall provide that the individual quality requirement is met.
b)Only those persons shall be charged with the review of
documents required by this safety standard who did not themselves prepare these documents.
c)As far as tests and inspections of products or the supervision of
activities are to be carried out independently, only those persons shall be charged with these duties who did not themselves produce the products or were not charged with, or were not responsible for performing the activities.
Note:Which tests and inspections are to be carried out independently is specified in guidelines and safety standards or in the course of the design review (i.e. the review of manufacturing documents).
d)Persons charged with the task of implementing and auditing the
quality assurance system shall be authorized to collect information, suggest solutions and to supervise the adherence
to the specified quality assurance measures; these persons shall not belong to the personnel described under item a.
4.3Cooperation Between the Involved Companies and
Departmental Units Installed Therein
(1)It shall be ensured that, in case of a cooperation between companies and their departmental units which are involved in the performance of quality assurance, each party has its defined task and that the interface between the units is clearly specified and described.
(2)In preparation and for the control of the flow of information, it shall be schematically shown which companies and departmental units in accordance with paragraph 1 shall prepare, review and release the documents and which of these companies and units will receive the documents.
(3)An agreement shall be reached between the companies and departmental units in accordance with paragraph 1 as to the number of copies and to the distribution of the documents to be prepared.
(4)From an early point on it shall be specified which of the companies and departments in accordance with paragraph 1 will be responsible for coordinating the corresponding measures of the proper authorities and their consulting authorized experts in the overall procedure.
4.4Personnel Qualification
(1)In so far as it is required for the individual tasks, the requirements regarding personnel qualification shall be specified. Note:This applies, in particular, to the requirements in legal standards. The qualification can be specified by referencing the corresponding legal standard or safety standard.
(2)The personnel qualification and its maintenance shall be verified upon request.
5Planning and Design
5.1Basic Principles
(1)It shall be ensured that the design principles and the requirements in accordance with legal standards, safety standards, license decrees and legal directives are transferred to documents, e.g., specifications, drawings, plans and commissioning instructions.
(2)The requirements that are essential to quality and to procedural processes shall be specified early before the start of fabrication and assembly of product forms, parts, components and systems as well as before the construction of civil structures; the specification shall be in writing and, preferentially by reference to the corresponding standards, guidelines and other specifications. The following shall be stated:
a)which are the parts, components, systems and civil structures of
the nuclear power plant that are relevant to safety,
b)which are the quality characteristics of the plant components in
accordance with item a that have to be considered in conjunction with precautions against damages that could impair safety,
c)which are the quality assurance measures that shall normally be
performed in order to achieve the quality characteristics in accordance with item b.
Note:The statements required in accordance with items a, b and c are also reviewed by the proper authorities or their consulting authorized experts in the course of appraisal, design review and quality tests and inspections (in the building trade: in the course of testing and surveillance in accordance with the building code).
(3)In the case that quality requirements and procedural processes are not specified in technical standards or in case it is intended to deviate from the specifications in engineering standards, the criteria for selecting structural and other materials, product forms, components parts and components as well as the procedures for their manufacture shall normally be specified if this is important with regard to the safety relevance of the systems. Hereby, the statements required in accordance with paragraph 2 items a, b and
c shall also be provided.
(4)The procedural process of quality assurance basically shall be planned and specified (exceptions are stated in paragraphs 5 and 6) such that, early on in the procedures of procurement, fabrication, assembly or construction can be corrected or by taking additional measures, the quality requirements can be fulfilled and a specified normal operation of the nuclear power plant be made possible. (5)Structural materials and components satisfy the requirements of this safety standard with regard to their quality, provided, they are qualified in accordance with the building code and no overriding requirements arise from the protection goals of the Atomic Energy Act.
(6)The quality of series-produced items is also assured in accordance with this safety standard, if the requirements in accordance with Section 3 paragraph 8 are met. In the case of type-tested series-produced items the statement of the inspection identification number or of the certification of the type test, possibly together with the type test report (in the building trade: the legal structural test certificate) suffices as verification of meeting the quality requirements. In the case of series-produced items with a proven operational experience, information regarding design, quality and past deployment is sufficient. The individual requirements for demonstrating operational experience shall be specified depending on the individual component.
5.2Inspection Documents
If it is not already specified in technical standards or in testing or inspection instructions, inspection documents shall be prepared for all tests and inspections of plant components in accordance with Section 5.1 paragraph 2 item a; these documents shall normally contain the following information:
a)item to be tested or inspected,
b)quality characteristics,
c)requirements regarding the values of the quality characteristics,
d)type of test or inspections (e.g., material test, in-process
inspection, construction test, functional test, in-service inspections),
e)inspection procedure and, if necessary, the type of measuring
and testing equipment to be used,
f)extent of inspection,
g)performance of inspection with respect to the fabrication,
commissioning or operating procedure,
h)inspecting party (e.g., manufacturer, supplier of the nuclear
power plant, licensee/operator, proper authority or authorized expert),
i)requirements regarding the recording of tests and inspections, Note:Depending on the items to be inspected, the following types of records are possible:
- a generally accepted marking of the tested parts or of the reviewed documents,
-test certificates (e.g., statement of compliance with the order, manufacturer test certificate, acceptance test certificate),
-test reports.
In the case of series-produced items with a proven operational experience, inspection or surveillance instructions are usually available.
k)requirements regarding the storage of material specimens if such material specimens are required.
5.3Document Review
(1)The documents prepared in accordance with Sections 5.1 and 5.2 shall be reviewed and formally released prior to their application. This review shall be performed by persons in accordance with Section 4.2 item b. As required, these documents shall also be presented to the proper authority or their consulting authorized expert for a design review.
Note:In the case of civil structures, the design review is carried out in form of the civil engineering review of the documents to be submitted in accordance with the Building Document Submittal Ordinance of the German federal states.
5.4Document Revision
(1)In the case that documents in accordance with Sections 5.1 and 5.2 need to be revised, all companies and parties involved shall be informed without delay. The involved companies and parties shall ensure within their own organization that the use of incorrect or invalid documents is prevented and that the tasks are performed only in accordance with valid documents.
(2)The revisions of these documents shall be similarly reviewed in accordance with Section 5.3 as the original documents. All revised parts of the documents shall be marked or collated in a list. The reasons for the revisions shall be presented to the parties involved in the document review, provided, the reasons are important for carrying out the review.
5.5Filing System and Identification Code
(1)All documents shall be unambiguously marked for identification. The identification code shall also contain reference to the revisional state of the document.
(2)With regard to correspondence and filing of documents a filing and identification system shall be established to enable their unambiguous identification.
(3)With regard to procurement, fabrication, assembly and erection an identification code allowing an unambiguous coordination between parts and documents shall be established if this coordination is required or if it must be ensured that the entire process be traceable to its origin.
6Procurement
6.1Evaluation of the Contractor by the Client
(1)Each client shall normally evaluate the qualification of their intended contractors with regard to the tasks to be performed.(2)Each client may base his evaluation of a contractor on prior evaluations of this contractor by other parties that were carried out in accordance with KTA safety standards.
(3)The criteria for evaluating the contractor shall be based on product oriented requirements. The following shall be evaluated:
a)technical equipment,
b)personnel,
c)quality assurance system,
d)internal and external surveillance,
e)experience.
(4)The contractor shall prepare a description of his quality assurance system that is specially oriented toward the product requirements for the evaluation by the client.
(5)Each client shall ensure that his contractors meet the requirements on which the client based his evaluation.
(6)The contractor evaluation is not required if other measures
(e.g., product oriented measures) are employed to show that the quality requirements are met.
(7)In those cases where a contractor does not meet individual requirements of this safety standard, the respective client shall specify alternative measures. In this context, it is permissible that tests or inspections are performed either by the client or, on his behalf, by the contractor which provide evidence that the performed work meets the respective requirements.
6.2Procurement Documents
(1)The procurement documents for structural and other materials, product forms, parts and components of the plant in accordance with Section 5.1 paragraph 2 item a shall basically contain the requirements established during the design phase (refer to paragraph 2 for the exception). These are, as required, information on
a)the intended application and the operating conditions,
b)the quality characteristics,
c)the structural and other materials,
d)the requirements concerning the performance and surveillance
of the in-process, final and functional tests and inspections,
e)the feasibility of the initial and recurrent in-service inspections,
f)the right of access of the parties concerned to fabrication and
inspection,
g)the extent and archiving of the documents to be established
regarding design, fabrication and assembly of parts, components and systems as well as regarding the erection of civil structures including the associated tests and inspections,
h)the handling, storage, transportation and packaging,
i)the identification coding of the documents to be prepared and
of the procured items.
(2)In the case of series-produced items it is sufficient to specify the coding (e.g., type number, order number) if, thereby, the individual item or component, its manufacturer as well as the corresponding technical data sheets or lists can be identified. (3)The procurement documents shall be reviewed, revised and coded for identification in accordance with Sections 5.3, 5.4 and 5.5.
6.3Receiving Inspection
Upon receipt of the delivered structural and other materials, product forms, parts, components and systems as well as the parts of civil structures these shall be inspected with regard to transport damages and whether or not the delivered products correspond to the procurement documents.
7Fabrication, Assembly and Erection Including Quality Tests and Inspections
7.1Evaluation of the Manufacturing Plant by the Proper
Authority or their Consulting Authorized Expert
(1)If it is so required in legal ordinances or provisions, or in engineering standards (e.g., for pressure retaining parts), the proper authority or their consulting authorized expert shall evaluate the manufacturing plant prior to the begin of fabrication and assembly of product forms, parts, component and systems and the erection of civil structures; in this evaluation it shall be ascertained whether or not the manufacturing plant has appropriate technical facilities and equipment and qualified personnel at its disposal and whether or not the tests and inspections are performed independently in accordance with Section 4.2 item c.
(2) A written, product oriented certificate of the authorized expert confirming the successful evaluation of the manufacturing plant shall be issued; it shall contain an exact statement of its scope of application and of its period of validity. If no supplementary or renewed evaluations are required, the manufacturer may use this certificate within the period of validity for his verification of the quality of follow-up products produced within the scope of the certification.
(3) A supplementary or renewed evaluation of the manufacturing plant with respect to its fulfilling the evaluating criteria in accordance with paragraph 1 shall then be required if essential changes have occurred with respect to the decisive prerequisites of the prior evaluation.
7.2Performance and Surveillance of Fabrication, Assembly,
Erection, Tests and Inspections
(1)The fabrication, assembly and erection shall be performed on the basis of documents (e.g., fabrication instructions, fabrication schedules). Quality assurance measures shall be applied to ensure that
a)the individual quality requirements are met,
b)only well mastered processes and appropriate equipment and
facilities are employed,
c)the equipment and facilities are sufficiently maintained,
d)the required ambient conditions are maintained,
e)the fulfillment of the quality requirements is recorded to the
required extent in documents.
(2)Quality tests and inspections shall be performed at specified hold points during and at completion of fabrication, assembly and erection. The fabrication and inspection steps shall be coordinated (e.g., by an inspection sequence plan) such that the tests and inspections are performed at a stage when the required quality characteristics can still be determined without restriction.
(3)The performance of the tests and inspections specified in the documents in accordance with Section 5.2 shall be recorded. The inspection records shall meet all requirements specified in the inspection documents.
(4)If the fulfillment of a required quality characteristic cannot be verified by quality tests or inspections then the fabricating processes essential for this quality characteristic shall be surveyed and, as required, shall be documented.
(5)The tests and inspections in accordance with paragraph 2 and the surveillance in accordance with paragraph 4 shall be documented sequentially as the work proceeds. The results of the tests and inspections shall be evaluated early enough that corrective actions can be applied. The certificates and inspection records specified in accordance with Section 5.2 item d shall, as required, be filed in the document storage.
(6)The records in accordance with paragraphs 3 and 5 are not required for series-produced items for which a proven operational experience (cf. Section 5.1 paragraph 6) has been demonstrated. 7.3Marking, Handling, Storage, Transportation and
Packaging
(1)The units shall be marked with the system in accordance with Section 5.5 paragraph 3 to which it belongs.
(2)Protective measures shall be implemented to ensure that during handling, storage, transportation and packaging of structural and other materials, product forms, parts, components and test specimens, their quality is not impaired and, mainly, that no damages and mix ups will occur; it shall also be ensured that the required cleanness is maintained.
(3)Surveillance measures shall be applied to ensure that the requirements regarding marking, handling, storage, transportation and packaging are met.
8Commissioning
(1)The commissioning of the systems and of the nuclear power plant shall be carried out on the basis of written commissioning procedures.
(2)The commissioning procedures, in accordance with the safety related requirements, shall contain all essential information for commissioning. These include:
a)the objective of the commissioning procedure,
b)the conditions of the necessary systems,
c)the actions required for achieving the conditions,
d)the individual limit values to be observed,
e)the information about the necessary records and about the test
records and inspection documents (commissioning documents) to be filed in the document storage.
(3)The commissioning procedures shall be reviewed by the departmental units to be specified in accordance with Section 4.3 paragraph 3 and, if required, by the proper authority or their consulting authorized expert.
(4)Repairs, modifications and in-service inspections during commissioning shall be performed in accordance with Section 9 paragraphs 5 through 7.
(5)It shall be ensured that the experience gained during commissioning is transferred in the required extent to the operating manual.
9Specified Normal Operation and Incidents
(1)The licensee shall ensure that safety relevant measures are only performed and decisions only made by those persons who are appropriately qualified and in positions to be authorized accordingly.
(2)The procedures for fulfilling the quality requirements shall be specified in operating instructions in accordance with KTA 1201 and KTA 1202.
(3)The specified normal operation shall be performed in compliance with the specified operating instructions.
(4)The properly authorized personnel of the nuclear power plant shall be responsible for, and shall be free to decide upon:
a)surveillance of the parameters necessary for evaluating the
operating condition during specified normal operation and during incidents,
b)ordering and performing of tasks (e.g., protective actions) and
taking precautionary measures in all operating conditions and incidents.
(5)Repairs and modifications shall be performed in accordance with this safety standard and in observance of the maintenance regulation to be specified for the plant (cf. Sec. 4.3 KTA 1201). (6)Damages shall be analyzed and shall be documented together with the corrective actions taken. Precautionary measures shall be taken to prevent a recurrence of these damages.
(7) The in-service tests and inspections shall be planned on the basis of, e.g., operating experience, safety analyses, manufacturing results and inspection documents in accordance with Section 5.2, and shall be performed within fixed time intervals. The test and inspection results shall be documented.
10Inspection, Measuring and Testing Equipment (1)The inspection, measuring and testing equipment needed for providing evidence of fulfillment of the quality requirements and for the surveillance of parameters decisive for the quality shall, initially and thereafter in periodic intervals, be controlled and maintained.
Note:The plant instrumentation does not, in this sense count as measuring and inspection equipment. Plant instrumentation is subjected to in-service inspections in accordance with Section 9 paragraph 7.
(2)In special documents of the owner of the inspection, measuring and testing equipment it shall be specified when, how and by whom the necessary controls and calibrations shall be performed, repeated and documented.
11Nonconformance Control
(1)If a nonconformance is detected on an item, this item shall be segregated or shall be correspondingly marked.(2)It shall be specified in writing who shall be notified, in what way the notification shall occur and who is authorized to decide about the further actions to be taken. In the case of nonconforming documents the corrective actions shall follow a procedure in accordance with Section 5.4.
(3)It shall be ensured that no tasks are performed on the nonconforming section of a component or in other areas that would prevent or hinder identifying the cause of the nonconformity or the possibly necessary rework or repair.
(4)Rework and repair shall be based on documents that are equivalent to those on which the fabrication of the respective parts was based. These documents shall be reviewed and filed in the document storage in the same way as the original documents.
12Documentation and Document Storage
(1)Type and extent of the documentation shall be described.
(2)The extent of documentation shall be oriented on the information required for a later evaluation.
(3)The documentation shall be reviewed with regard to its completeness.
(4)All records in accordance with paragraph 2 that are in any way concerned with a modification shall be updated accordingly.
(5)The retention period and storage location of documents as well as of the possibly required residual materials and test specimens shall basically be specified in accordance with KTA 1404. Hereby, the corresponding specifications in the component related KTA safety standards shall be taken into account. In case of those documents required in accordance with KTA 1401 for which, however, no specifications are contained in KTA 1404, the retention period and storage location shall be specified in writing.
13Auditing of the Quality Assurance System
(1)Basically, every party involved shall periodically audit its quality assurance system with regard to its implementation and effectiveness. Excepted are those companies where the effectiveness of the quality assurance system can be sufficiently verified by product related measures.
(2)An audit of the quality assurance system shall be performed by persons in accordance with Section 4.2 item d.
(3)Clients shall convince themselves of the effectiveness of the quality assurance system of their contractors in regular time intervals; they shall orient their audit on product related requirements. This may be done by tests of the products concerned.
(4)The results of the audits shall be documented.
(5)Detected deficiencies or weak points of the quality assurance system shall be corrected without delay. The audit shall be repeated to the necessary extent.
Annex
Regulations Referred to in this Safety Standard
(The references exclusively refer to the version given in this annex. Quotations of regulations
referred to therein refer to the version available when the individual reference below was
established or issued.)
KTA 1201 (12/85) Requirements Regarding the Operating Manual
KTA 1202 (06/84)Requirements Regarding the Testing Manual
KTA 1404 (06/89)Documentation During the Construction and Operation of Nuclear Power Plants
罗茨鼓风机具体设计计算
3 罗茨鼓风机具体设计计算 3.1 风叶设计 圆弧线叶型 3.1.1基本尺寸关系 叶轮横断面图形上，凸起部分称为叶峰，凹人部分称为叶谷。叶峰的对称线称为长轴，叶谷的对称线称为短轴。两叶轮相互对滚时，一个叶轮的叶峰与另一叶轮的叶谷相啮合，相当于有两个半径相等的圆相互作纯滚动。这样的圆称为节圆，两节圆的切点称为节点。 圆弧线叶型的叶峰为圆弧线，叶谷为圆弧包络线。叶峰位于节圆以外，叶谷位于节圆以内，两者在节圆处相接。标准圆弧线叶型的叶峰，其圆心位于长轴之上简称圆弧线叶型。 二叶型圆弧线叶型示意图3—1 设叶轮头数为Z，外圆半径为R m，叶峰半径为r，两叶轮中心距为2a，叶峰圆心到叶轮中心的距离为b。这些数之间的关系为:
b r R m -= (3—1) r b a Z ab 2 2 2 2cos 2=--π （3—2） 联立以上两式，得: ? ?? ? ? --= Z a b R a R m m 2cos 22 2π (3—3) = r R R g 1. ? ?
(2)叶谷的理论型线方程。如 图3-2所示，以叶轮 o 1，为参照物建立坐标系y x o 1，当叶轮o 1,沿顺时针方，向转过角度 a (即两叶轮中心连线 o o 2 1 绕点o 1沿逆时针方向转 过角度a 1时)，叶轮o 2绕轴心 o 2 :沿逆时针方向自转角度 a 。 叶峰 B A 2 2 :与叶谷 B C 1 1 相互啮合，设啮合点为G(x,y)。两共扼曲线在G 点的公法线必定通过节 点P,并经过叶峰B A 22的圆心o 3，因此G,P, o 3:三点落在同一条直线上。 过点 o 1作 的平行线，交o o 32的延长线于点M, 与轴成夹角 。 过点o 2作 轴的平行线，交轴于点D 。过点o 3作 轴的平行线，交 于点Q 。过点M 作轴的平行线交的延长线于点E ，作 轴的垂直线MF 。 过点G 作 轴的平行线，交的反向延长线于点N 。点P 是线段 的中点， 可以写出: 故：
GA30 _GA37_GA45安装资料(包括外形尺寸图案电气原理图)
?? ?? ????? ????? *$ *$ *$ *$ *$
???? ?╯?╯ ???????⒉? ????⒉? ?Θ??⒉? ?Θ???? ???? ?????? ????⒉? ?┷???26' ?┷ ?┷????????? :RUNSODFH )X OO )HDW X UH ??? ?┷ ?┷??????? ????????? ?????? ?┷???????
???? ???? ?Θ???√ ?Θ???√ ?Θ???√
???? ??Θ???????????? ???????????Θ?? ??ū????????Θ?? ?? ?? ?????????˙?????????Θ???? ?Θ??⒉??????? ?? ?????▔??Θ? ??ο??℡?? ???ⅴ??ⅴ???? ? G S / [ [ 4F G [ S G ⅴ PP ?◤??⒉? ?? G S ???????? E DU SVL? / ⅴ P ?◤??⒉? ?? S ⅴ E DU D ?◤???Θ?⒉??????┪ 4F ⅴ O V ?◤???Θ???? ??????? ?????????????????????Θ?????? ???????????? a ║? ?? ║?? ?Θ???????????? ?& ?) ???? ?& ?)?? ?? *$ *$ ????Θ??? ????ⅴ???? ?⒉?ⅴ???Θ??????????? ?4Y 1 G7??? *$ :RUNSODFH ?Θ?? ?4Y 1 G7??? *$ :RUNSODFH )X OO )HDW X UH ?Θ?? ?????????????? 4Y ⅴ P V ?◤??????? 1 ⅴ N: ?◤???Θ???┮? G7 ?Θ????? ???? ????????????????????????Θ????????? ?? *$ *$ ????Θ?????ⅴ???? ?⒉?ⅴ???Θ??????????? ?4Y 1 G7??? *$ :RUNSODFH ?Θ?? ?4Y 1 G7??? *$ :RUNSODFH )X OO )HDW X UH ?Θ?? ?????????? ????????????? ????y═???∪? ?⒕┺??ê?? 26'??????????⒕?????⒕┺⒉??ⅴ?????????????? ? ???????????? ??????????????????????????
气动截止阀
气动截止阀 目录 J641W气动不锈钢截止阀 气动截止阀-J641H气动截止阀
SMJ641H/W气动不锈钢截止阀 一、主要用途： SMJ641H/W气动不锈钢截止阀采用双作用气缸，公司利用上腔进气或者下腔进气来远距离控制阀门，操作方便、灵活。气缸使用介质：压缩空气，氮气。结构简单、制造和维护方便；工作行程小，启闭时间短；关闭体（阀瓣）与阀座密封面采用锥面密封，关闭力小，耐冲刷，密封可靠。阀座可为更换式阀座，可任意组合与关闭件密封面材料的配对，以满足工况要求，延长使用寿命
二、应用规范： 设计与制造GB/T12235连接端尺寸 结构长度GB/T12221 法兰尺寸JB/T79 检验与试验JB/T9092 材料 碳钢GB/T12229 不锈钢GB/T12230 合金钢Q/ZB66标志GB/T12220供货JB/T7928 三、结构特点： 1、选材考究，符合国内、外相关标准，结构合理，造型美观。 2、阀瓣、阀座密封面采用铁基合金堆焊或司太立（Stellite）钴基硬质合金堆焊而成，耐磨、耐高温、耐腐蚀、抗擦伤性能好，使用寿命长。 4、阀杆经调质及表面氮化处理，有良好的抗腐蚀性和抗擦伤性。 5、可采用各种配管法兰标准及法兰密封面型式，满足各种工程需要及用户要求。 6、阀体材料品种齐全，填料、垫片可根据实际工况或用户要求合理选配，能适用于各种压力、温度及介质工况。 7、倒密封采用螺纹连接密封座或本体堆焊奥氏体不锈钢而成，密封可靠，更换填料可在不停机情况下进行，方便快捷，不影响系统运行。 四、主要零件材料及主要用途： 阀体阀盖阀瓣密封圈阀杆填料适用介质适用温度(≤℃) WCB WCB+D507MO D5772Crl3柔性石墨水、油品、蒸汽425 ZGlCrl8Ni9Ti 0Crl8Ni9Ti Stellite12 Stellite6lCrl8Ni9Ti PTFE硝酸类200 ZGlCrl8Ni2Mo2Ti CF8M Stellite12 lCrl8Ni2Mo2Ti lCrl8Ni2Mo2Ti PTFE 磷酸类、 碱类、混酸 200 ZG00Crl7Nil4M02 CF3M Stellite12 Stel1ite6316L PTFE 磷酸类、 尿素、甲铵液 200 ZGlCr5MO ZGlCr5MO Stellite12 Stel1ite625Cr2Mo1VA柔性石墨水、油品、蒸汽550 五、SMJ641H/W气动不锈钢截止阀主要外形尺寸、连接尺寸及质量： 公称压力公称通径标准值参考值
康明斯50KW技术参数
50KW 康明斯系列 柴油发电机组技术参数说明
机组型号 功率（50Hz）
BV-C50 50KW
标准配置
总体描述： ??发动机（东风康明斯 4BTA3.9-G2/50KW –国际名牌） ??发电机（百威无刷自励式交流同步发电机 国际名牌） ??满足环境温度 40C° 水箱散热器，皮带驱动冷却风扇，带风扇安全护罩； ??发电机:单轴承、无刷自励式交流同步发电机，防护等级 IP23，H 级绝缘； ??24V 启动马达，配备 24V 自充电发电机； ??宽屏液晶（LCD）中英文集成数字式智能控制屏； ??品牌：捷克科迈 MRS10； ??电压、电流、频率、水温、油压等数字显示； ??控制屏具备：高水温、低油压、过流、超载、超速 等停机自保护安全声光预警功能； ??发电输出断路器； ??干式空气过滤器、燃油过滤器、机油过滤器、冷却液过滤器； ??钢制共用底盘配备高效橡胶减震器； ??12V 高性能免维护启动蓄电池两只及蓄电池连接电缆； ??排烟弯管、波纹减震管、锥形接管、工业用 9dB 消音器及连接用标准件； ??随机资料：柴油机及发电机原厂技术文件、发电机组测试报告、操作说明书。
销售承诺 百威公司提供的产品均为全新的产品，每一台机组均经过严格的出厂检测。 百威公司产品均提供保修服务， 保修期为机组调试验收合格后的 12 个月或累计运行一千小时； 以先到期为准。 保修期内不包含消耗品；如因原厂调整则以原厂保固条例执行。 凡由百威公司制造及销售的百威产品均提供终身服务。 百威产品所有的服务及配件均可从百威公司总部或百威的分销商获得。 发动机参数 生产商/型号： 进气系统： 气缸数： 排量： 缸径×行程： 压缩比： 额定转速： 发动机最大功率： 调速系统： 康明斯 4BTA3.9-G2 自然进气 直列 4 缸 3.9L 102×120（mm） 16.5 1500 rpm 50KW 机械调速（电子调速选购）
阀门尺寸
阀门尺寸一、D343H蜗轮传动硬密封蝶阀 产品介绍： 产品名称 :D343H蜗轮传动硬密封蝶阀 型号：D343H 口径：50～2000mm 压力： 1.0MPa～2.5MPa 材质：铸钢、不锈钢 一、D343H蜗轮传动硬密封蝶阀产品概述 我厂引进能够国外先进技术的基础上，采用精密的J形弹性密封圈和三偏心多层次金属硬密封结构，被广泛用于介质温度≤425℃的治金、电力、石油化工、以及给排水和市政建设等工业管道上，作调节流量和载断流体使用。该阀采用三偏心结构，阀座与碟板密封面均采用不同硬度和不锈钢制作，具有良好的耐腐蚀性，使用寿命长，本阀军邮双向密封功能，产品符合国家GB/T13927-92阀门压力试验标准。 二、D343H蜗轮传动硬密封蝶阀特点 1、本阀采用三偏心密封结构，阀座与蝶板几乎无磨损，具有越观越紧的密封功能。 2、密封圈选用不锈钢制作，具有金属硬密封和弹性密封的双重优点，无论在低温和高温的情况下，均具有优良的密封性能，具有耐腐蚀,使用寿命长等特点。 3、碟板密封面采用堆焊钴基硬质合金，密封面耐磨损，使用寿命长． 4、大规格蝶板采用绗架结构，强度高，过流面积大，流阻小。 5、本阀具有双向密封功能，安装时不受介质流向的限制，也不受空间位置的影响，可在任何方向安
装。 6、驱动装置可以多工位（旋转90°或180°）安装，便于用户使用。 三、D343H蜗轮传动硬密封蝶阀主要技术参数 四、D343H蜗轮传动硬密封蝶阀主要零部件材料 五、D343H蜗轮传动硬密封蝶阀采用标准 六、D343H-10/16/25/蜗轮传动硬密封蝶阀主要外形连接尺寸
(单位:mm)
阀门数据表和外形图
1 2 MPa 3 °C 4 t/h 5 MPa 6 °C 7 8 cm29 10 cm211 mm 12 mm 1314 MPa 4015 MPa 4116 °C 4217 °C 4318 44bar 4719 4520 4621 4722 4823 4924 5025 5126 5227 5328 5429 5530 5631 5732 5833 5934 6035 6136 6237 38 37Valve Data Sheet CCI Sulzer Valves Project Xibaipo, 2 x 600 MW Valve Type HBSE 160-250Customer China Power Complete Equipmen Function HP Steam Control Tender No.040323-095005-5Quantity / unit 2 (1 per unit)Order No.Tag No.Operating Conditions Case 1Case 2Case 3Case 4Case 5Case 6Case 7Condition Design Cold Warm Hot Super Hot ..Valve Inlet Temperature 538.00470.00Valve Inlet Pressure 24.20470.00527.00 Valve Inlet Flow 585292.5292.5292.5292.5 Valve Outlet Pressure 4.656 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 Valve Outlet Temperature 297.40220.00220.00230.00240.00 Required Kv 285.79469.22433.05406.75411.67 Required Flow area 74.86122.91113.44106.55107.84 Actual Valve Kv 636.75636.75636.75636.75636.75 Actual Valve Flow area 166.80166.80166.80166.80166.80 Maximum Valve Stroke 105105105105105 Required Valve Stroke 35.1057.9552.6849.3049.93 Valve Actuator Design Pressure Inlet 26.8Type Pneumatic Design Temp. Inlet 548Hydr Fluid Pressure Design Pressure Outlet 5.5Model / Size CCI-STI Design Temp. Outlet 350Control Element Test Pressure 1.5 * Design pressure Air Pressure Min. / Max.Body Material A-182 F91Stroking time modulating < 10 sec.Inlet Pipe dimension DN 350Positioner Type Standard Pipe Material A355 P91Model CCI-STI Nozzle Material A-182 F91Input signal 4 - 20 mA Connection Butt weld Increasing ignal Opens Valve Outlet Feedback Transmitter Yes, incl. Limit switches Pipe dimension DN 600Pipe Material A672B70CL32Safety device Type Nozzle Material A-182 F22Function open/close Connection Butt weld Quantity vertical Stroking time Stem Orientation Linear Function open/close top Quick stroking dev. Type ANSI/FCI Class V Stroking time Flow To Close Quantity Dimensional Drawing Remarks:Separate Accumulator Sectional Drawing Quality Std CCI-QA2000Revisions 1. Issue Date:23-Mar-04Name: A. Sieber Rev.1 Date:Name:Line:Rev.2 Date:Name:Line:Rev.3 Date:Name:Line:Rev.4 Date:Name:Line:Rev.5Date:Name:Line: 7.508.108.608.92 470.00Actuator Orientation Valve Caracteristic Flow Direction Shutoff Class
汽车外形尺寸
汽车知识：汽车外型尺寸介绍 一、外形尺寸参数 汽车设计中由设计师去弥定的外形尺寸包括：长、宽、高、轴距、轮距、前后悬长和离地距等。各参数的含义见下图： 二、各级汽车的尺寸标准 弥定汽车尺寸所要考虑的因素主要是机械布局和使用要求，其中机械布局视乎厂家各自的设计方案有所差异；使用要求则主要由汽车所针对的目标市场级别而定。下表是根据经验总结的各主要级别（主要乘用车）的常见尺寸范围: 单位：米 长度宽度高度轴距典型代表 欧洲、亚洲轿车： 小型两厢轿车 3.6-4 1.5-1.7 1.3-1.5 2.2-2.5 夏利 小型三厢轿车 4.1-4.4 1.3-1.5 2.3-2.6 丰田COROLLA 中型轿车 4.3-4.7 1.7-1.8 1.3-1.5 2.6-2.8 捷达 中大型轿车 4.6-4.9 1.7-1.9 1.3-1.6 2.7-2.9 日产CEFIRO 大型轿车 4.8- 5.2 1.8-2 1.4-1.6 2.8-3.2 奔驰S-CLASS 其他车种： 中型越野车 4.5-4.9 1.7-2 1.7-2.0 2.5-2.8 三菱PAJERO 中型MPV 4.4-4.8 1.7-1.9 1.5-1.9 2.7-3 丰田PREVIA 中型皮卡（pickup） 4.7-5 1.6-1.8 1.4-1.6 2.7-2.9 丰田HILUX 特殊规格： 日本轻自动车（K-CAR） <3.7 <1.5 不限不限奥拓 美国标准大型房车
5.2-5.5 1.8-2.1 1.3-1.5 2.8-3.3 林肯TOWNCAR 美国标准多用途车（SUV） 5-5.5 1.8-2.2 1.8-2.2 2.8-3.2 别克GL8 一级方程式赛车 4.2-4.4 <1.8 0.9-1 2.8-3.1 其中我们看到美国车的尺寸比欧、日的标准大很多，这主要是因为美国地大车少，油价低廉，对于汽车空间的要求远大于对省油性能的要求。日本则正好相反，为了改善道路拥挤情况，日本政府对汽车的税收等级是以外形尺寸（主要是占地面积长*宽）来划分的，车身越大使用费用越高。因此日本汽车造型设计所追求的是“空间利用率”，即在有限的车身尺寸下争取最大的内厢空间。可以说日本车造得紧凑的目的是为了符合法规；欧洲人也热衷于小型车，但他们造小车的主要目的是省油和使用方便；而美国人的生活环境决定了他们用不着把汽车造得太紧凑。 三、如何弥定具体尺寸 确定汽车尺寸首先要服从机械布局，然后要满足各项应有的功能，如必须具备载客、载货的空间等。下面详谈各尺寸的具体确定方法： 1、长度 长度是对汽车的用途、功能、使用方便性等影响最大的参数。因此一般以长度来划分车身等级。车身长意味着纵向可利用空间大，这是显而易见的；但太长的车身会给调头、停车造成不便。4米长与5米长的汽车在驾驶感觉上会有很大的差异，一般中小型乘用车长4米左右，接近5米长的可算作大型车了。 2、宽度 宽度主要影响乘坐空间和灵活性。对于乘用轿车，如果要求横向布置的三个坐位都有宽阔的乘坐感（主要是足够的肩宽），那么车宽一般都要达到1.8M。近年由于对安全性的要求，车门壁的厚度有所增加，因此车宽也普遍增加。日本车对宽度的限制比较严，大部分在1.8M以下，欧洲车则倾向增大车宽。但是车身太宽会降低在市区行走、停泊的方便性，因此对于轿车来说车宽2M是一个公认的上限。接近2米或超过2米的车都会很难驾驶。道路用车（大货车、大客车）的车宽一般也不能超过2.5米。 对于车外倒后镜不能折叠的车辆，规格表上的宽度一般把外伸倒后镜也包括在内，因而有些欧洲轿车规格表上的宽度接近甚至超过2米（例如FIATMULTIPLA宽度为2010mm），各位明察即可。 3、高度 车身高度直接影响重心（操控性）和空间。大部分轿车高度在1.5米以下，与人体的自然坐姿高度相比低很多，主要是出于降低全车重心的考虑，以确保高速拐弯时不会翻车。MPV、面包车等为了营造宽阔的乘坐（头部空间）和载货空间，车身一般比较高（1.6米以上），但随之使整车重心升高，过弯时车身侧倾角度大；这是高车身车种的一个重大特性缺陷。此外在日本，香港等一些地区，大部分的室内停车场都有高度限制，一般为1.6米，这也是确定车高的重要考虑因素。小型车为了在有限的占地面积内扩大车厢空间，近年有向上发展的趋势，如丰田的YARIS（高1500mm）和标致206（1430mm），以及一批超过1.7M的日本K-CAR级RV（如铃木WAGONR），车身都比传统的小型车高出很多，重心升高导致的主动安全性下降是必然的。 4、轴距 在车长被确定后，轴距是影响乘坐空间最重要的因素，因为占绝大多数的2厢和3厢轿车，乘员的坐位都是布置在前后轴之间的。长轴距使乘员的纵向空间增大，直接得益的是对乘坐舒适性影响很大的脚部空间。在行驶性能方面，长轴距能提高直路巡航的稳定性，但转向灵活性下降，回旋半径增大。因此在稳定性和灵活性之间必须作出取舍，取得适当的平衡。 5、前、后悬 从前图可见：车长=前悬+后悬+轴距。所以轴距越长，前后悬便越短。最短的悬殊长可以短至只有车轮，即为车轮半径1/2。但除了一些小型车要竭力增加轴矩来扩大乘坐空间外，一般轿车的悬长都不能太短，一来轴
各种阀门型号大全
1. 闸阀 闸阀也叫闸板阀, 是一种广泛使用的阀门。它的闭合原理是闸板密封面与阀座密封面高度光洁、平整一致, 相互贴合, 可阻止介质流过, 并依靠顶模、弹簧或闸板的模形, 来增强密封效果。它在管路中主要起切断作用。 它的优点是 : 流体阻力小, 启闭省劲, 可以在介质双向流动的情况下使用, 没有方向性, 全开时密封面不易冲蚀, 结构长度短, 不仅适合做小阀门, 而且适合做大阀门。 闸阀按阀杆螺纹分两类 , 一是明杆式 , 二是暗杆式。按闸板构造分 , 也分两类 , 一是平行 , 二是模式。 2. 截止阀 截止阀, 也叫截门, 是使用最广泛的一种阀门, 它之所以广受欢迎, 是由于开闭过程中密封面之间摩擦力小, 比较耐用, 开启高度不大, 制造容易, 维修方便, 不仅适用于中低压, 而且适用于高压。 它的闭合原理是, 依靠阀杠压力, 使阀瓣密封面与阀座密封面紧密贴合, 阻止介质流通。 截止阀只许介质单向流动, 安装时有方向性。它的结构长度大于闸阀, 同时流体阻力大, 长期运行时, 密封可靠性不强。 截止阀分为三类: 直通式、直角式及直流式斜截止阀。
3. 蝶阀 蝶阀也叫蝴蝶阀, 顾名思义, 它的关键性部件好似蝴蝶迎风, 自由回旋。 蝶阀的阀瓣是圆盘, 围绕阀座内的一个轴旋转, 旋角的大小, 便是阀门的开闭度。 蝶阀具有轻巧的特点, 比其他阀门要节省材料, 结构简单, 开闭迅速, 切断和节流都能用, 流体阻力小, 操作省力。蝶阀, 可以做成很大口径。能够使用蝶阀的地方, 最好不要使闸阀, 因为蝶阀比闸阀经济, 而且调节性好。目前, 蝶阀在热水管路得到广泛的使用。 4. 球阀 球阀的工作原理是靠旋转阀恋来使阀门畅通或闭塞。球阀开关轻便, 体积小, 可以做成很
气动阀说明书(中文)_100527
ZVP型 气动薄膜调节阀 产 品 说 明 书 杭州哲达科技股份有限公司
气动薄膜调节阀 一、总体介绍 ZVP系列气动薄膜精小型单座调节阀采用顶导向结构，配用多弹簧薄膜执行机构。具有结构紧凑、重量轻、动作灵敏、流体通道呈～流线型、压降损失少、阀容量大、流量特性精确、拆装方便等优点。广泛应用于精确控制各类无腐蚀性气体、液体、蒸汽等介质，工艺参数如压力、流量、温度、液位保持在给定值。特别适用于允许泄漏量小、阀前后压差不大的工作场合。 本系列产品的公称压力等级有PN10、16、25、40，公称直径范围DN15～150。适用流体温度为-25℃～+130℃至+180℃。泄漏率为KVS值的0~0.02%，流量特性为线性和等百分比的组合。设计单位及用户可根据具体工况进行选择。 本系列产品的阀体一般采用SIEMENS品牌产品。 二、工作原理 图1 气动薄膜阀工作原理简图 图1表示电－气阀门定位器的工作原理。气动薄膜阀正常工作时，电-气阀门定位器从控制器或控制系统中接受DC4～20mA电流信号，转换成空气压力，向气动执行机构输送，从而来控制阀门的开度。 三、基本结构
图2 气动薄膜阀基本结构图 图中主要表示气缸执行机构和阀体的连接方式，结构配置还包括了电气阀门定位器、空气过滤器、减压阀、压力表等相关配件。电气阀门定位器一般选用德国SIEMENS和韩国YTC品牌产品，或根据需要选用其他品牌的产品。 四、型号编制说明 具体型号命名规则为ZVPa-bc d-ef a—阀体系列号，有31、40、41、45、52、61共六个系列 b—公称压力(×0.1MPa)：10、16、25、40 c—作用方式：K为气开式，B为气关式 d—公称直径，DN15、DN50、DN150等 e—流量系数(水介质) f—180℃高温蒸汽型用Z表示，130℃以下省略 注：根据客户要求，具体配置以实物为准。 五、技术参数 表1 技术参数表
气动阀的类型及标准符号
气动阀的类型及标准符号 方向控制阀；单向阀、逻辑阀.接问阀 止回国 Check valve 止诃阀（弹董加我） Spring-loaded check valve 枚阀 Shuttle valve 双压阀 Dual-pressure valve 快速排气阀 Quick exhaust valve 4 I2 仁 2位斗通L 同 t b ____ 4i 2 1 2 M 敢通阀（余2个排气 口｝ 5] 2位3通阀（常通）
3位5通阀（中位截止） 3位5通阀（中位加压） 3位5通阀（中位卸压） 流量控制阀：节獗阀、单冋节流阀、排气节冼阀 '请“节流阀 Flow control valve, adjustable 单向节流阀（调速阀） One-way flow control valve 馬力控制阀，减作阀（结合气源系统）.乐力顺序阀 纽合方式（外部压力柠制） 外部压力控制 揑制信号 压力顺序阀 12 在线压力控制
*专业英语词汇 专业奂文闻葩行业朮语 way valire 3位5通換向阀 Check valve 单问阀 Shuttle valve 梭阀 Quick exhaust valve 快逋排气阀 Time delay valvs 延时阀 Pressure control vah^e 压力控制阀 Flow control valve 流量控制阀 Dual pressure valve 双压阀 专业英文词汇行业术话 Actuatcrs 气缸、执行器 Air motor 气动E达 Air compressor 空气压缩机 Air dryers 空气干燥器 Air filter 空气过滤器 Air lubricator 空气汩雾器 Dry compressed air 干燥后的压缩空气
阀门外形尺寸
阀门外形尺寸 Q41F型PN16?PN63 浮动软密封球阀 I 【结构圉片】 【产品用途】 Q41F 型PN16?PN63 浮动软密封球阀用于Class150?Class1500 、PN16?PN63、 JIS10K?JIS20K 的各种管路上，用于截断或接通管路中的介质，选用不同的材质，可分别适用于水、蒸汽、油品、液化气、天然气、煤气、硝酸、醋酸、氧化性介质、尿素等多种介质。 【产品特点】 1、在各种阀门中，球阀的流动阻力最小，全径球阀打开时，球体通道、阀体通道和连接管径相等并成一直径，介质几乎可以毫无损失的流过 2、球阀旋转90。即可全关全开，启闭迅速。与相同规格的闸阀、截止阀比较、球阀体积小、重量轻，便于管道安装
PN1.6MPa 主要连接尺寸及重量 PN2.5MPa 主要连接尺寸及重量 PN4.0MPa 主要连接尺寸及重量
PN6.4MPa 主要连接尺寸及重量 主要连接尺寸及重量
Q341F 、Q341丫 型PN16?PN40 蜗杆传动球阀 产品说明 Q34仆、Q341Y 型PN16?PN40 蜗杆传动球阀：蜗杆传动、法兰连接、浮动球直通式结 构形式，阀座密封面材料为 PTFE 、增强PTFE 塑料（Q341F 八 金属堆焊钴基（Q341Y ）， 公称压力 PN16~PN40，阀体材料为 WCB 、CF8、CF8M 的球阀。 产品性能参数 Q34仆、Q341Y 型PN16~PN40 蜗杆传动球阀主要性能参数 型号 PN 工作压力/MPa 适用温度厂 c 适用介质 Q341F-16C 16 1.6 Q341F-25 25 2.5 < 180 水、气、油 Q341F-40 40 4.0 Q341Y-16C 16 1.6 < 425 水、气、油含颗粒介质
管道阀门图集(精)
管道阀门图集 阀、压力表、排尽泵内空气,一个方向灵活盘动联轴器。 3、按照原操作规程,打开进水阀、循环阀,泵启动后打开出水阀。这种启动方式有很大的缺陷, 首先,泵的平衡盘和平衡环是按照泵的额定出口压力设计的 (扬程为 550米。当打开循环阀后, 泵的出口压力为 3-4MPa , 由于轴向力的作用, 转子以出口段向进口段串动, 加大了平衡盘的磨损。实际上如果泵的出口压力超过额定值, 它也可推开平衡盘和平衡环, 液体随平衡管流进泵的进口, 平衡盘和平衡环建立新的平衡。因此,启动泵时,不能打开循环阀。 4、泵启动并列后,检查振动、异响、压力、密封、电流值、轴承温升,严禁水泵在大流量低扬程参数下运行。 5、停泵时, 关闭进口压力表、出口压力表,缓慢关闭出口阀停泵,关进口阀。二、泵使用中的巡检和点检 1、检查泵的振动,纵向必须≤ μm ,横向≤ μm 。 2、填料密封漏水 20-30滴 /分钟为宜, 保持轴套与填料的正常润滑和冷却。检查时尤其要注意出水端的漏水不能超过 20-30滴 /分钟, 因为电机的风向是从进水端吹向出水端的, 虽然轴上有挡水环, 但也避免不了有水沿着轴向进入轴承室,影响轴承寿命。 3、轴承温度不得高于 70℃。 4、异响检查。异响主要来自叶轮和口环的磨擦,有空气时的平衡盘与平衡环的磨擦,轴承的损坏联轴器注销的变形, 弹性圈的损坏, 听到连续响声须立即停泵检查。 5、压力和电流的检查。压力和电流的摆动, 意味着流量变化,或者机械电气故障(压力 5.3-5.5MPa ,电流 170-180A ,当电流大于 190A 时,机械、电气故障有可能发生 6、联轴器间隙检查。联轴器保持 5-7mm 的间隙,当间隙很小甚至没有时,轴向力会使电机轴承温度升高,烧坏电机轴承,此时应停泵检查平衡盘。三、泵的检修 1、泵和电机的地脚螺栓和基础同时浇注,严禁二次灌浆。、 2、泵本体除承受法兰螺栓的预紧力以外,不承受任何外加应力。 3、泵的拆卸和装配。拆卸顺序为泵的出口端到进口端。 4、零部件的清洗使用煤油。 5、零部件检查严格按标准执行:轴两端跳动小于 0.02mm ,中间跳动小于 0。 05mm 。叶轮和口环的间隙为 0.3-0.4mm ,间隙超过最大值一半(即 0。 6mm 时,严禁使用。叶轮进口外圆跳动小于 0.06mm-0.08mm 。平衡盘外圆跳动小于 0.06mm ,平衡盘端面跳动小于 0.04mm 平衡盘与平衡环的径向间 球阀 >>气动球阀 >>气动球阀
各种阀门外形图技术参数规格尺寸.doc
电动防爆球阀 一、电动防爆球阀概述 Q941F电动防爆球阀由球阀与3410电动执行器构成，以220V交流单相电源作为驱动电源，接受来自计算机调节器或操作器的4-20mADC，或者1-5VDC输入信号来运转的电动防爆球阀，防爆等级为ExdIIBT4也可以做ExdIICT6。球体密封圈采用了特殊的加工工艺和最新密封材料，使球体表面粗糙度和圆度达到标准要求，从而提高了密封性能和使用寿命、耐高温的能力。顺时板动手柄带动阀杆驱动球体旋转，使介质顺利通过。 电动防爆球阀（配341O电动执行器）电动防爆球阀（配YXQ电动执行器） 二、电动防爆球阀设计标准 1、设计与制造：GB12237-89、API608、API 6D、JPI 7S-48、BS5351、DIN3357。 2、法兰尺寸：JB/T74～90（JB74～90）、GB9112～9131、HGJ44～76、SH3406、ANSI B16.5、JIS B2212～2214、NF E29-211、DIN2543。 3、结构长度：GB12221-89、ANSI B16.10、JIS B2002、NF E29-305、DIN3202。 4、检验主试验：JB/T 9092、API 598。 三、电动防爆球阀主要零部件材料
四、电动防爆球阀配用YXQ系列技术参数
YXQ-060 600 26/31 φ35 90 3.65 1.60 0.60 0.59 13.5 24 YXQ-080 800 31/37 φ45 180 4.10 2.15 0.85 0.79 16.5 29 YXQ-120 1200 31/37 φ45 180 4.20 2.35 0.87 0.81 16.5 29 YXQ-200 2000 93/112 φ65 180 4.10 2.15 0.85 0.79 49.5 78 YXQ-300 3000 93/112 φ65 180 4.20 2.35 0.87 0.81 49.5 78 3410电动执行器接线图： 五、电动防爆球阀主要外形尺寸
气动阀门气缸说明书
气动阀门气缸说明书-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1
气动阀门气缸分类 中旭达气动阀门气缸主要分为2大类。 第一类：角行程气缸，适用于球阀，蝶阀等阀门...... 角行程气缸有AT气缸，AW气缸！ AT气缸说明书： 1.缸体为挤压铝合金，经硬质阳极氧化处理，内表面坚硬采用低摩擦材料制成滑动轴承避免了金属间 的直接接触，转动灵活，摩擦系数低，使用寿命长。 2.紧凑的双活塞齿轮齿条式结构，啮合精确输出扭力恒定。 3.执行器的底部输出轴，装配孔有圆形或双四方形（符合标准）用户可根据需要选择，我们也可以按要求定做。输出轴的顶部和顶部孔及气源孔符合NAMUR或VDI/VDE 3845标准。 4.根据用户需要提供安装电磁阀、定位器、回信器等各种装置和配置接口均符合VDI/VDE 3845的标准。 5.相同的规格有双作用式、单作用式（弹簧复位）每种形式有多种规格，每种规格有多种型号，如：常开型、常闭型、单电控、双电控、普通型、防暴型等；本公司的产品适用于管道阀门的给排水、供热、石油、化工、冶炼、造纸、电力、制药、食品加工、船舶、煤炭、楼宇自控等多种工况领域。 6. 标准执行器旋转角度从气缸两端可调节 -5 ～ +5 °。 7. AT型使用空气压力4～ 7bar 执行器选用与安装： 使用气动执行器时，先确定阀门的扭矩，考虑管道介质；水蒸气或非润滑的介质增加25％安全值；非润滑的干气介质增加60％安全值；非润滑用气体输送的颗粒粉料介质增加1 00％安全值；对于清洁、无摩擦的润滑介质增加20％安全值，然后根据气源工作压力，查找双作用式或单作用式扭矩表，可得到准确的执行器型号。
气动电磁阀型号
气动电磁阀型号 识别PP－R管有妙招 采访中，伟星、江特、金牛、铭仕等知名管材经销商均表示，要通过诚实守信的经营活动，与劣质管材斗争到底。为帮助消费者正确识别PP-R管的优劣，他们还为记者介绍了几种方法。 首先是“摸”质地。一般来说，颗粒粗糙的很可能掺和了杂质。 其次是“看”颜色。PP－R管主要有白灰绿几种，消费者往往认为白色才是最好的，其实颜色并非判断质量好坏的标准。 第三是“闻”气味。PP－R管主要材料是聚丙烯，好的管材没有气味，差的则有怪味，很可能是掺和了聚乙烯，而非聚丙烯。 第四是“捏”硬度。PP－R管具有相当的硬度，随随便便可以捏变形的管，肯定不是PP－R管。 调节阀>>薄膜式调节阀>>气动薄膜隔膜调节阀 产品名 称： 气动薄膜隔膜调节阀 产品型 号： ZMAP、ZMBP 产品口 径： DN20-300 产品压 力： 1.6-6.4MPa 产品材 质： 铸钢、不锈钢等 产品概括：生产标准：国家标准GB、机械标准JB、化工标准HG、美标API、ANSI、德标DIN、日本JIS、JPI、英标BS生产。阀体材质：铜、铸铁、铸钢、碳钢、WCB、WC6、WC9、20#、25#、锻钢、A105、F11、F22、不锈钢、304、304L、316、316L、铬钼钢、低温钢、钛合金钢等。工作压力1.0Mpa-50.0Mpa。工作温度：-196℃-650℃。连接方式：内螺纹、外螺纹、法兰、焊接、对焊、承插焊、卡套、卡箍。驱动方式：手动、气动、液动、电动。 产品详细信息概述
ZMA(B)P型气动薄膜单座调节阀是自动控制系统中最常用的执行器，它由气动薄膜执行机构和直通单座阀组成，单座柱塞型阀芯、阀芯采用顶底导向，结构简单，动作可靠。适用于泄漏量要求严格，阀前后压差不宜过高的工作场合。 可配附件 定位器手轮电/气转换器空气过滤减压器 规格与技术参数 公称通径mm 2 5 3 2 4 50 65 80 100 125 150 200 250 300 额定流量系数kv 8 1 2 2 32 50 80 120 200 280 450 700 1100 公称压力MPa 0.6 1.6 4.0 6.4（常温型） 4.0 6.4（中温型） 行程mm 16 25 40 63 100 介质温度℃-20～200、-40～+250(常温型)、-40～250（中温型） 流量特性直线、等百分比 法兰尺寸法兰密封面型式按JB77-59，其中铸钢法兰按光滑式，铸钢法兰按凹式法兰型式铸铁法兰尺寸按JB79-59，铸钢法兰尺寸按JB79-59 阀体 材质PN (M Pa ) 1. 6 常温型HT200 4. 0, 6. 常温、中温型ZG230-450、ZG1Cr18Ni9Ti 阀芯材质1Cr18Ni9 上阀盖型式普通式（常温型），热片式（中温型）可调比30:1 执行机构主要技术参数 型号ZHA(B )-1 ZHA(B)- 2 ZHA(B)-3 ZHA(B)-4 ZHA(B)-5 ZHA(B)-6 有效面 积cm2 200 280 400 630 1000 1600 行程10 16 25 40 60 1000
气动阀的结构形式及工作原理,气动阀的相关标准
气动阀的结构形式及工作原理，气动阀的相关标准 气动阀：借助压缩空气驱动的阀门。 气动阀采购时只明确规格、类别、工压就满足采购要求的作法，在当前市场经济环境里是不完善的。因为气动阀制造厂家为了产品的竞争，各自均在气动阀统一设计的构思下，进行不同的创新，形成了各自的企业标准及产品个性。因此在气动阀采购时较详尽的提出技术要求，与厂家协调取得共识，作为气动阀采购合同的附件是十分必要的。 1.通用要求 1.1气动阀规格及类别，应符合管道设计文件的要求。 1.2气动阀的型号应注明依据的国标编号要求。若是企业标准，应注明型号的相关说明。 1.3气动阀工作压力，要求≥管道的工作压力，在不影响价格的前提下，阀门可承受的工压应大于管道实际的工压；气动阀关闭状况下的任何一侧应能承受1.1倍阀门工压值而不渗漏；阀门开启状况下，阀体应能承受二倍阀门工压的要求。 1.4气动阀制造标准，应说明依据的国标编号，若是企业标准，采购合同上应附企业文件。 2.气动阀标质 2.1阀体材质，应以球墨铸铁为主，并注明牌号及铸铁实际的物理化学检测数据。 2.2阀杆材质，力求不锈钢阀杆(2CR13)，大口径阀门也应是不锈钢嵌包的阀杆。 2.3螺母材质，采用铸铝黄铜或铸铝青铜，且硬度与强度均大于阀杆。 2.4阀杆衬套材质，其硬度与强度均应不大于阀杆，且在水浸泡状况下与阀杆、阀体不形成电化学腐蚀。 2.5密封面的材质 ①气动阀类别不一，密封方式及材质要求不一； ②普通楔式闸阀，铜环的材质、固定方式、研磨方式均应说明； ③软密封闸阀，阀板衬胶材料的物理化学及卫生检测数据； ④蝶阀应标明阀体上密封面材质及蝶板上密封面材质；它们的物理化学检测数据，特别是橡胶的卫生要求、抗老化性能、耐磨性能；通常采用丁腈橡胶及三元乙丙橡胶等，严禁掺用再生胶。 2.6阀轴填料 ①由于管网中的气动阀，通常是启闭不频繁的，要求填料在数年内不活动，填料亦不老化，长期保持密封效果； ②阀轴填料亦应在承受频繁启闭时，密封效果的良好性； ③鉴于上述要求，阀轴填料力求终身不换或十多年不更换； ④填料若需更换，气动阀设计应考虑能有水压的状况下更换的措施。 3.变速传动箱 3.1箱体材质及内外防腐要求与阀体原则一致。 3.2箱体应有密封措施，箱体组装后能承受3米水柱状况的浸泡。 3.3箱体上的启闭限位装置，其调节螺帽应在箱体内或设在箱外，但需专用工具才可作业。 3.4传动结构设计合理，启闭时只能带动阀轴旋转，不使其上下窜动，传动部件咬合适度，不产生带负荷启闭时分离打滑。 3.5变速传动箱体与阀轴密封处不可连接成无泄漏的整体，否则应有可靠的防串漏措施。 3.6箱体内无杂物，齿轮咬合部位应有润滑脂保护。
各种封装外形尺寸
电子封装电阻外形尺寸 注：1mil = 1/1000英寸，1 英寸 = 2.539999918厘米 电容电阻外形尺寸与电子封装的对应关系是: 0402=1.0x0.5 0603=1.6x0.8 0805=2.0x1.2 1206=3.2x1.6 1210=3.2x2.5 1812=4.5x3.2 2225=5.6x6.5 注： A\B\C\D四类型的封装形式则为其具体尺寸,标注形式为L X S X H 1210具体尺寸与电解电容B类3528类型相同 0805具体尺寸：2.0 X 1.25 X 0.5 1206具体尺寸：3.0 X 1.5 0X 0.5 电解电容：可分为无极性和有极性两类，无极性电容下述两类封装最为常见，即0805、0603；而有极性电容也就是我们平时所称的电解电容，一般我们平时用的最多的为铝电解电容，由于其电解质为铝，所以其温度稳定性以及精度都不是很高，而贴片元件由于其紧贴电路版，所以要求温度稳定性要高，所以贴片电容以钽电容为多，根据其耐压不同，贴片电容又可分为A、B、C、D四个系列，具体分类如下： 类型封装形式耐压 A 3216 10V B 3528 16V C 6032 25V D 7343 35V 无极性电容的封装模型为RAD系列，例如 “RAD-0.1”“RAD-0.2”“RAD-0.3”“RAD-0.4”等，其后缀的数字表示封装模型中两个焊盘间的距离，单位为“英寸”。电解电容的封装模型为RB系列，例如从“RB-.2/.4”到“RB-.5/.10”，其后缀的第一个数字表示封装模型中两个焊盘间的距离，第二个数字表示电容外形的尺寸，单位为“英寸”。 PROTEL 99SE元件的封装问题 2009-04-12 14:34 元件封装是元件在电路板是存在的形势，Footprint那栏是元件封装栏，要自己输入，比如电阻可以用AXIAL0.3等等 protel99常用元件的电气图形符号和封装形式 1. 标准电阻：RES1、RES2；封装：AXIAL-0.3到AXIAL-1.0 两端口可变电阻：RES3、RES4；封装：AXIAL-0.3到AXIAL-1.0 三端口可变电阻：RESISTOR TAPPED，POT1，POT2；封装：VR1-VR5