简明语言学教程8

Chapter 9 Language and Culture

1. What is culture?

Culture

2. relationship between language and culture

Discourse community

3. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Linguistic relativity

Strong version---weak version

4. Linguistic evidence of cultural differences

P123-128

5.Cultural teaching and learning

Accultuation

6. cultural overlap and diffusion

7. Intercultual communication

Chapter 10 Language Acquisition

1. definition

Language acquisition—the child’s development of his mother tongue

2. three theories of language acquisition

1) Behaviorist view

Stimulus-Response-Reinforcement

2) Innatist view

ALD

3) Interactionist view

Motherese/caretaker talk

3. Cognitive factors

Two ways

4. language environment and the critical period hypothesis

Critical period

Two versions

5. Stages in child language development

T/F

1. In general, language acquisition refers to children’s development of their native language of the community in which they have been brought up.

2. A certain amount of concious instruction on the part of parents may have no effect on the language of a child.

3. Some languages are more challenging to acquire as a native language.

4. A particular aspect of a language may appear to be more difficult to acquire than an

equivalent part of another language.

5. Many utterance types produced by children do not closely resemble structures found in adult speech.

6. There is a three-word sentence stage in the first language acquisition.

7. Utterances at the multiword stage are often referred to as telegraphic speech.

8. Imitation and overt teachig play a major role in the child’s matery of language.

9. Speakers of different languages are capable of distinguishing and recognizing experiences of the same objective world according to their respective different linguistc coding system.

10. If a child is deprived of linguistic environment, he or she is unlikely to learn a language successfully later on.

11. Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i.e. we are all born with the ability to acquire language and the details of a langauge system are genetically transmitted.

12. In first language acquisition children’s grammar models exactly after the grammar of adult language.

13. Instruction and correction are key factors in child language development.

14. A child born to a Chinese or English speaking family takes about the same number of years to acquire their native tongue, regardless of their general intelligence.

15. An innatist view of language acquisition holds that human beings are biologically programmed for language.

16. A child who enters a foreign language speech community by the age of three or four can learn the new language without the trace of an accent.

17. When a child acquires his mother tongue, he also acquires a langue-specific culture and becomes socialized in certain ways.

1 Which of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition?

A. Language acquisition is a process of habit formation.

B. Language acquisition is the species-specific property of human beings.

C. Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language.

D. Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use.

2. Which stage does the child belong to according to the stage of first language acquisition when we heard his saying like “Baby chair”,”Mummy sock” etc.

A. babbling stage

B. one-word stage

C. two-word stage

D. multi-word stage

3. Language acquisition is primarily the acquisition of the ____ system of language.

A. phonological

B. semantic

C. grammatical

D. communicative

4. In general, the __________ stage begins roughly in the second half of the

child’s second year.

A) babbling B) one-word

C)two-word D) multiword

5. Basically all the following categories except ______ are always missing in the children’s telegraphic speech stage.

A the copula verb “be” B. inflectional morphemes

C. function words

D. content words

6. In first language acquisition children usually ______grammatical rules from the linguistic information they hear.

A) use B) accept C) generalize D) reconstruct

7. .Whcih of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition?_______.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3f16362102.html,nguage acquisition is a process of habit formation

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3f16362102.html,nguage acquisition is the species-specific property of human beings

C.Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language

D.Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use

8. At the age of four, children_____.

A. can master the essentials of their mother tongue

B. can only babble several sounds

C..can name the things around them only

D. can write out all the grammatical rules of their mother tongue.

9. A child who knows the general plural form may apply the rule to irregular nouns and produce “foots”. This is called ______.

A. assimilation

B. transfer

C. overgeneralization

D. underextension

10. It is estimated that the number of basic words known by English-speaking school children of age six is around ______.

A. 7800

B. 6800

C. 5800

D. 4800

11.Linguistic determination and linguistic relativity are also known as ____.

A)linguistic universals B) functionalism

B)Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis D) structuralism

12.Some Southern learne rs of English in China tend to say “night” as “light”.This shows: .( )

A.They cannot pronounce/n/

B.Interlangue interference because there is notthe sound /n/in their mother tongue

C.The teachers do not have a good teaching method

D.They do not like to pronounce nasal sounds

13. ______ holds that human beings are biologically programmed for language and that the language develops in the child just as other biological function such as walking.

A. The behaviorist view

B. The innatist view

C. The interactionist view

D. The cognitive theory

14. Which of the following hypothesis is put forward by Bric Lenneberg?

A. Critical Period Hypothesis

B. Input Hypothesis

C. Language Acquisition Device Hypothesis

D. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

1.The study of human languages as a whole is g_______ linguistics, while the study of a particular language is called p_________ linguistics.

2. A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyses facts observed; it is p______ if it tries to lay down rules for "correct" behaviours.

3. The reason why an English speaker and a Chinese speaker are not mutually intelligible is because language is culturally t____________.

4. “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet”. This sentence means that language has the feature of a_________.

5. In F. de Saussure's dichotomy, langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; p______ is its realization in actual use.

6. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be d______ .

7. Language exists in time and changes through time. The description of a language at some point of time is called a s______ study of language.

8. Any language is composed of three main elements: speech sounds, grammatical structure, and m____ .

9. Articulatory phonetics describes how s__________ sounds are made and provides aframe work.

10. If a particular language has forty-eight meaningful sounds, it is said tohave forty-eight p__________ .

11. Comsonant sounds can be either voiced or voiceless. For example, the sound"p" in "pin" is v______ and the sound "b" in "bin" is v______.

12. If the back of the tongue is at the highest point near the soft palate, we have a b______ vowel.

13. Articulatory phonetics studies the movement of the vocal organs in producing the sounds of speech; while a__________ phonetics studies the way the sounds of the speech are perceived by the human ear.

14. An initial classification will divide the speech sounds into two broad categories: v________ and c__________.

15. The allophone of the same phoneme are said to be in c___________ distribution.

16. The basic unit in phonetics is p_______, while the basic unit in phonology is p_______.

17. A phoneme is an abstract unit and it is realized by a certain ________ in a certain phonetic context.

18. Comsonant sounds can be either voiced or voiceless. For example, the sound"p" in "pin" is

v______ and the sound "b" in "bin" is v______.

19.Clear ［1］and dark［］are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the same position in sound combinations, thus they are said to be in c________ distribution.

20. An essential difference between consonants and vowels is whether the air coming from the lungs meets any o______ when a sound is produced.

21. Phonological rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s______ rules.

22. When pitch, stress and sound length are tired to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i______.

23. I______ morphemes are attached to words, but they never change their syntactic category

24. A______ phonetics studies the perception of speech sounds.

25. Any language is composed of three main elements: speech sounds, grammatical structure, and m____ .

26. M______ is the study of word formation and the internal structure of words.

27. The morphemes that cannot be used by themselves, but must be combined with other morphemes to form words car called b______ morphemes.

28. Bound morphemes may be subdivided into derivational and i________ morphemes.

29. M_______ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.

30. An independent unit of meaning that can be used freely by itself is called a f______ morpheme.

31. According to its position in the new word, a______ are divided into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes.

32. According to the transformational-generative grammar, every sentence has two structures. One is the deep structure; the other is the surface structure. and the surface structure comes from the deep structure through t________.

33. Any sentences that share the same deep structure are said to be ________of one another.

34. XP may contain more than just X. For example, the NP “the boy who likes his puppy” consists of Det, N and S, with Det being the s______, N the head and S the complement.

35. A c______ sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as “and”, “but”, “or”.

36. A______ is the movement of an auxiliary verb to the sentence-initial position, such as “be”, “have”, “do” etc.

37.A c________ sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporated in the other.

38. The s____ function shows the relationship between a linguistic form and other parts of the linguistic pattern in which it is used.

39.The combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words is called c______.

40. The study of linguistic meaning of words, phrases, and sentences is called s____ .

41.S________ can be simply defined as the study of meaning.

42. The conceptualist view holds that there is no d______ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.

43. The words "rich" and "wealthy" are similar in meaning and their semanticrelation is described as s________.

44. Synonymy occurs when more than one form has the same meaning, but p________happens when the same form has more than one meaning.

45. Componential analysis is a way to analyze the lexical meaning, which based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components called semantic f______.

46. C ____ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.

47.Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called s________ restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.

48.R_________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items.

49. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called h__________.

50.That the denial of one member of two words implies the assertion of the other is the

characteristic of c________ antonyms.

51. The sense relation between " furniture " and " bed " is __________ .

52. Hyponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items. The word that is more general in meaning is called s______.

53. “Go” and “come” are pair of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. They are called r______ antonyms.

54. The basic assumption underlying the theory of semantic field is that words do not exist in i________.

55.Absolute synonyms are rare and most English synonyms are different in atleast one semantic feature of a type of meaning, for example, " adult " and "grown-up " differ in s__________ meaning.

56. R______ is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between form and the reality.

57. Words that are close in meaning are called s________.

58. H______ refers to a relation between two words, in which the meaning of one of the words includes the meaning of the other word.

59. A word or sentence is a____ if it can be understood or interpreted in more than one way.

60. Sentences with the same truth conditions are p____ .

61. The sentence " She cannot bear children " is ambiguous. The ambiguity iscaused by the word " bear ", which is a h___________ .

62. The words "pretty" and "handsome" have the same conceptual meaning but their c________ meaning are different.

63.When the study of meaning is conducted, not in isolation, but in the context of use, it becomes another branch of linguistic study called ______

64. Stating, commanding, warning, informing and the like are a____, because they are sentences uttered in certain contexts, under certain conditions and with certain intonations.

65. Semantics studies linguistic meaning while Pragmatics studies s____ meaning.

66. The c____ of an utterance determine its meaning.

67. Language is one of the important means of communication. In communication, when people utter sentences they also perform a____ of various kinds, such as stating, asking, commanding and promising.

68. Conversational i______ may arise as a result of a speaker's violation of the cooperational principle.

69.While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an u________ is concrete and context-dependent.

70. Any sentences that share the same deep structure are said to be p________of one another.

《新编简明英语语言学教程》章期末复习

Chapter one Introduction 1.1什么是语言学 1.1.1定义 语言学Linguistics Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 1.1.2The scope of linguistics语言学分支必考P2 普通语言学General Linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics. The study of sounds, which are used in linguistic communication, is called phonetics.（语音学） The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. （音位学） The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words are called morphology. （形态学） The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax（句法学） The study of meaning in language is called semantics. （语义学） The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. （语用学） 1.1.3 Some important distinctions in linguistics 成对的概念辨析差异必考P3 （1）Prescriptive and descriptive 规定与描写 If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive, if it aims to lay down rules to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive. Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar. Traditional grammar is prescriptive while modern linguistics is descriptive. The task of linguists is supposed to describe the language

新编简明英语语言学教程第二版整理

实用标准文案 Chapter 1: Introduction 1.Linguistics:语言学It is generally defined as the scientific study of language. ( Linguistics studies not any particular language ,but it studies language in general) 2.General linguistics:普通语言学The study of language as a whole is called general linguistics. (language is a complicated entity with multiple layers and facets ) https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3f16362102.html,nguage:Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 4.descriptive (描述性):A linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use. 5.prescriptive(规定性): It aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard”　behaviors. i.e. what they should say and what they should not to say. 6.synchronic(共时语言学): the description of language at some point of time in hiatory 7.diachronic (历时语言学):the description of language as it changes through time 3) speech（口语）Writing（书面语） These the two media of communication. Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. (speech is prior to writing) https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3f16362102.html,ngue(语言): refers to abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of the speech community. It is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by. Such as: In English sentence must have subject and predicate. 9.parole(言语):refers to the realization of langue in actual use. It is concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. (Saussure ) https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3f16362102.html,petence(语言能力): the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language 11.performance(语言应用):the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. (Chomsky) traditional grammar and modern linguistics 1.linguistics is descriptive,while traditional grammar is prescriptive 2.modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary,not the writer. 3. also in that it does not force languages into a latin-based framework. Functions of language. 精彩文档

《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版课后练习题答案

《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版练习题参考答案 Chapter 1 Introduction 1. How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language. 答：Linguistics is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, the linguists has to collect and observe language facts first, which are found to display some similarities, and generalizations are made about them; then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure. The hypotheses thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity. In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation, that is, a theory without the support of data can hardly claim validity, and data without being explained by some theory remain a muddled mass of things. 2. What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study? 答：The major branches of linguistics are: (1) phonetics: it studies the sounds used in linguistic communication; (2) phonology: it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication; (3) morphology: it studies the way in which linguistic symbols representing sounds are arranged and combined to form words; (4) syntax: it studies the rules which govern how words are combined to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages;

新编简明英语语言学教程

新编简明英语语言学教程 Chapter one Introduction 一、定义 1.语言学Linguistics Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2.普通语言学General Linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics. 3.语言language Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。 4.识别特征Design Features It refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。 Arbitrariness任意性 Productivity多产性 Duality双重性

Displacement移位性 Cultural transmission文化传递 ⑴arbitrariness There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions ⑵Productivity Animals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send. ⑶Duality Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels. ⑷Displacement Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. ⑸Cultural transmission Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species. 5.语言能力Competence

刘润清《新编语言学教程》笔记和课后习题(认知语言学)【圣才出品】

第10章认知语言学 10.1 复习笔记 本章要点: 1. Cognitive linguistics 认知语言学 2. Categorization and categories 范畴化与范畴 3. Conceptual metaphor and metonymy 概念隐喻与转喻 4. Iconicity and grammaticalization 象似性与语法化 常考考点： 认知语言学定义；范畴化与范畴定义分类等；概念隐喻与转喻的定义，层次分类；象似性的分类以及语法化等。 本章内容索引： I. Definition of cognitive linguistics II. Categorization and categories

1. Definition of categorization 2. The classical theory 3. The prototype theory 4. Levels of categorization III. Conceptual metaphor and metonymy 1. Conceptual metaphor 2. Conceptual metonymy IV. Iconicity 1. Iconicity of order 2. Iconicity of distance 3. Iconicity of complexity V. Grammaticalization I. Definition of cognitive linguistics (认知语言学定义) 【考点：名词解释】 Cognitive linguistics is an approach to the analysis of natural language that focuses on language as an instrument for organizing, processing, and conveying information. 认知语言学是一种研究自然语言的方法，集中研究语言组织，处理与传达信息的作用。 II. Categorization and categories (范畴化与范畴) 1. Definition of categorization and categories (定义)

(完整版)戴炜栋《简明语言学教程》配套笔记_自己整理版

Chapter 1 Introduction What is linguistics? 什么是语言学 [A] The definition of linguistics Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language (对语言进行的科学研究) Process of linguistic study: ① Certain linguistic facts are observed, generalization are formed; ② Hypotheses are formulated; ③ Hypotheses are tested by further observations; ④ A linguistic theory is constructed. [B] The scope of linguistics General linguistics普通语言学: the study of language as a whole从整体研究 1.Phonetics: the general study of the characteristics of speech sounds (or the study of the phonic medium of language) (How speech sounds are produced and classified) 2.Phonology: is essentially the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language.(How sounds form systems and function to convey meaning) 3.Morphology: the study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words (how morphemes are combined to form words) 4.Syntax: the study of those rules that govern the combination of words to form permissible sentences (how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences) 5.Semantics: the study of meaning in abstraction 6.Pragmatics: the study of meaning in context of use Sociolinguistics: the study of language with reference to society Psycholinguistics: the study of language with reference to the workings of the mind Applied linguistics: the application of linguistics principles and theories to language teaching and learning Anthropological linguistics, neurological linguistics; mathematical linguistics; mathematical linguistics; computational linguistics [C] Some important distinctions in linguistics ① Prescriptive vs. Descriptive 规定性与描写性 ② Synchronic vs. Diachronic 共时性与历时性（现代英语多研究共时性） The description of a language at some point in time; The description of a language as it changes through time. ③ Speech and writing 言语与文字 Spoken language is primary, not the written ④ Langue and parole 语言和言语 Proposed by Swiss linguists F. de Sausse (sociological)

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新编简明英语语言学知识点汇总1 Introduction What is linguistics? Scientific study of language. Interpretation: ①try to answer the basic questions and probe into various problems related to language; ②linguistics studies not any particular language but language in general; ③scientific study because based on systematic investigation of linguistic data. The scope of linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistic.

Some important distinctions in linguistics

What is language Definitions of language

Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Characteristics: ①language is system,elements of language are combined according to the rules; ②language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what it stands for, A rose by any other name would smell as well; ③language is vocal because the primary medium for all language is sound; ④language is human -specific,different from animal communication. Design features of language Proposed by American linguist Charles Hockett:comparing the animal & human communication are five major design features of human language: ①arbitrariness No logical connection between meaning and sounds(except onomatopoetic and compound words) ②productivity It makes to possible to construction and interpretation of new signal by its users. ③duality

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新编语言学教程刘润清版1,2章复习大纲

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Definition : linguistics can be defined as the scientific or systematic study of language. It is always guided by the three cannons of science:exhaustiveness, consistency and economy. Linguistics Linguistics versus traditional grammar: Scope Microlinguistics Phonetics Phonology Morphology Syntax Semantics Pragmatics Macrolinguistics Sociolinguistics Psycholinguistics Neurolinguistics Stylistics Discourse analysis Computational linguistics Cognitive linguistics Definition: Ding-Dong Theory: human speech developed from primitive man giving vocal expression to the objects he encountered. Sing-Song Theory: language developed from primitive ritual songs of praise. Pooh-Pooh Theory: language came from interjections, which express he speaker ’s emotions. Origins Yo-He-Ho Theory: language came from the cries uttered, during strain of work. Ta-Ta Theory : language came from the combination of certain gestures and tongues movements. Bow-Wow Theory: language came from imitation of animal cries and other sounds heard in nature. Design features Linguistics describes languages and does not lay down rules of correctness while traditional grammar emphasizes correctness. Linguists regard the spoken language as primary, not the written while traditional grammar emphasizes the priority of written language. Traditional grammar is based on Latin and it tries to impose the Latin categories and structures on other languages. Linguistics describes each language on its language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Language is a system---elements in it are not arranged and combined randomly, but according to some rules and principles. Language is arbitrary --- there is no intrinsic connection between the word . pen) and the thing. what we write with).Language is vocal---the primary medium for all languages is sound. Language is used for human communication ---it is human-specific, very different form Arbitrarines s: this refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the meaning it is associated with. For example, English should use the sounds/d?g/ to refer to the animal dog, but Chinese should use “gou ” to refer to te same animal. A dog may be called a pig if the first man happens to name it as a “pig ”. So, the relationship between the sounds and their meaning is quite accidental. Of course, onomatopoetic words such as “quack-quack ” and “bang ” are exceptions, but words these are relatively few compared withe the total number of words in language. Duality: language operates on two levels of structure. At one level are elements which have no meaning in themselves but which combine to form units at another level which do have meaning. Productivity : productivity or creativity refers to man ’s linguistic ability which enables him to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences in our native language, including the sentences which were never heard before. Interchangeability : interchangeability or reciprocity refers to the fact that man can both produce and receive messages, and his roles as a speaker and a hearer can be exchanged at ease. Displacement: displacement is a property of language enabling people to talk about things remote either in space or in time. Specialization : specialization refers to the fact that man does not have a total physical involvement in the act of communication. Cultural transmission : language is culturally transmitted. It cannot be transmitted through heredity. A human being brought up in isolations simply doesn ’t acquire language, as is demonstrated by the studies of children brought up by animals without human contact. Animals transmit their cries simply from parent to child, while human baby doesn ’t speak any language at birth. What language a baby is going to speak

新编简明英语语言学教程笔记

新编简明英语语言学教程笔记 Chapter one Introduction 一、定义 1.语言学Linguistics Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2.普通语言学General Linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics. 3.语言language Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。 4.识别特征Design Features It refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. Arbitrariness任意性Productivity多产性Duality双重性Displacement移位性Cultural transmission文化传递 ⑴arbitrariness There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions ⑵Productivity Animals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send. ⑶Duality Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels. ⑷Displacement Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. ⑸Cultural transmission Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species. 二、知识点 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3f16362102.html,nguage is not an isolated phenomenon, it‘s a social activity carried out in a certain social environment by human beings. 语言不是一种孤立的现象，而是人类在一定的社会环境下进行的一种社会活动。 ⑶曾经对语言概念下过定义的语言学家 Sapir---language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communication ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols. Hall----language is the institution whereby humans communicate and interact with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrary symbols. Chomsky---from now on I will consider language to be a set of sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements. ⑷U.S.A Linguist Charles Hockett美国语言学家Charles Hockett 提出了语言的识别特征design features