新编跨文化交际CASE答案

Case 1 (Page 23) This case took place in 3 cultures. There seemed to be problems in communicating with people of different cultures in spite of the efforts to achieve understnading.

1 In Egypt as in many cultures, the human relationship is valued so highly that it is not expressed in an objective and impersonal way. While Americans certainly value human relationships, they are more likely to speak of them in less personal, more objective terms. In this case, Richard’s mistake might be that he choseto praise the food itself rather than the total evening, for which the food was simply the setting or excuse. For his host or hostess it was as if he had attended an art exhibit and complimented the artist by saying, “What beautiful frames your pictures are in!”

2 In Japan the situation may be more complicated. Japanese people value order and harmony among a group, and that the group is valued more than any particular member. In contrast, Americans stress individuality and are apt to assert individual differences when they seem justifiably to be in conflict with the goals or values of the group. In this case, Richard’s mistake was making great efforts to defend himself even if the error is notintentiona. A simple apology and acceptance of the blame would have been appropriate 3) When it comes to England, w expect fewer problems between Americans and Englishmen than between Americans and almost any other group. In this case we might look beyond the gesture of taking sugar or cream to the valuess expressed in this gesture: for Americans, “Help yourself”; for the English counterpart, “Be my guest.”American and English people equally enjoy entertaining and being entertained, but they differ in the value of the distinction. Typically, the ideal guest at an American party is obe who “makeshimself at home”. For the English host, such guest behavior is presumptuous or rude. Case 2 (Page 24) A common cultural misunderstanding in classes involvs conflicts between what is said to be direct communication style and indirect communication style. In American culture, people tend to say what is on their minds and mean what they say. Therefore, students in class are expected to ask questions when they need clarification. Mexican culture shares this preference of style with American culture in some situations, and that’s why the students from Mexico readily adopted the techniques of asking questions in class. However, Korean people generally prefer indirect communication style, and therefore they tend not to say what is on their minds and to rely more on implications and inference, so as to be polite and repectful and avoid losing face through any improper verbal behavior. As is mentioned in the case, to many Koreans, numerous questions would show a disrespect for the teacher, and would also reflect that the student has not studied hard enough. Case

3 (Page 24) The conflict here is a difference in cultural values and beliefs. In the beginning, Mary didn’t realize that her Dominican sister saw her as a member of the family, literally. In the Dominican view, family possessions are shared by everyone of the family. Luz was acting as most Dominican sisters woould do in borrowing without asking every time. Once Mary understood that there was a different way of looking at this, she would bec ome more accepting. However, she might still experience frustration when this happened again. She had to find ways to cope with her own emotional cultural reaction as well as her practical problem (the batteries running out). Case

4 (Page 25) It might be simply a question of different rhythms. Americans have one rhythm in their personal and family relations, in their friendliness and their charities. People from other cultures have different rhythms. The American rhythm is fast. It is characterized by a rapid acceptance of others. However, it is seldom that Americans engage themselves entirely in a friendship. Their friendship are warm, but casual and specialized. For example, you have a neighbor who drops by in the morning for coffee. Y ou see her frequently, but you never invite her for dinner------not because you don’t think she could handle a fork and a knife, but because you

have seen her that morning. Therefore, you reserve your more formal invitation to dinner for someone who lives in a more distant part of the city and whom you would not see unless you extended an invitation for a special occasion. Now, if the first friend moves away and the second one moves nearby, you are likely to reserve this------see the second friend in the mornings for informal coffee meetings, and invite the first one more formally to dinner. Americans are, in other words, guided very often by their own convenience. They tend to make friends rapidly, and they don’t feel like it necessary to go to a great amount of trouble to see friends often when it becomes inconvenient to do so, and usually no one is hurt. But in similar circumstances, people from many other cultures would be hurt very deeply. Unit 2 Culture and Communication The analysis of this case: (Page 38) The least three things among the following Tom did that were regarded to be impolite: b. Tom opens the gift as soon as he is presented with it. d. Tom does not make a second offer of drinks when they refuse the first. e. Tom talks about the cost of living in the U.S.A. f. Tom does not ask them to stay longer when they say they must be leaving. g. Tom does not go out to see them off. Case 5 (Page 60) Analysis: The Chinese guide should refuse the first offer because he is obeying the Chinese rules for communication. We Chinese are modest, polite and well-behaved. Maybe the guide is waiting for a second or third offer of beer, but he doesn’t know the reasons behind the rule in American culture that you do not push alcoholic beverages on anyone. A person may not drink for religious reasons, he may be a reformed alcoholic, or he may be allergic. Whatever the reason, you do not insist on offering alcohol. So they politely never made a second offer of beer to the guide. Case 6 (Page 61) When a speaker says something to a hearer,there are at least three kinds of meanings involved: utterance meaning, the speaker’s meaning and the hearer’s meaning. In the dialogue, when Litz asked how long her mother-in-law was going to stay, she meant that if she knew how long she was going to saty in Finland, she would be able to make proper arrangements for her, such as taking her out to some sightseeing. However, her mother-in-law took Litz’s question to mean “Litz does not want me to saty for long”. From the Chinese point of view, it seems inappropriate for Litz to ask such a question just two days after her mother-in-law’s arrival. If she has to ask the question, it would be better to ask some time later and she should not let her mother-in-law hear it. Case 7 (Page 62) Analysis: Keiko insists on giving valuable gifts to her college friends, because in countries like Japan, exchanging gifts is a strongly rooted social tradition. Should you receive a gift, and don’t have one to offer in return, you will probably create a crisis. If not as serious as a crisis, one who doesn’t offer a gift in return may be considered rude or impolite. Therefore, in Japan, gifts are a symbolic way to show the care, respect, gratitude and further friendship. Keiko’s college friends would rather round up some of the necessary items and they are willing to have her use them. They really expected nothing from her. For in America, people donate their used household items to church or to the community. They would never consider these old items as gifts to Keiko. So Keiko’s valuable gifts have made her American friends feel uncomfortable Case 8 (Page 62) When the Chinese girl Amy fell in love with an American boy at that time, it seems that she preferred to celebrate Chritmas in the American way, for she wanted very much to appear the same as other American girls. She did not like to see her boyfriend disappointed at the “shabby”Chinese Christmas. That’s why she cried when she found out her parents had invited the minister’s family over for the Christmas Eve dinner. She thought the menu for the Chritmas meal created by her mother a strange one because there were no roast turkey and sweet potatoes but only Chinese food. How could she notice then the food chosen by her mother were all her favorites?

From this case, we can find a lot of differences between the Chinese and Western cultures in what is appropriate food for a banquet, what are good table manners, and how one should behave to be hospitable. However, one should never feel shame just because one’s culture is different from others’. As Amy’s mother told her, you must be proud to be different, and your only shame is to have shame. Unit 3 Cultural Diversity Case 7 (Page 76) Between friends there is inevitably a kind of equality of give-and-take. But in different cultures, people view this differently. In Chinese culture, friendships develop slowly because they are built to last. We Chinese prefer the saying “A friend indeed is a friend in need.”And we never refuse the asking for help from a friend. We never forget the timely help by a friend when we are on the rocks. But In American culture, they view this in a different way. Once helped, they offer their help only once. That’s why Jackson said that Mr. Zhao was asking too much. In their view, friendships are based on common interests. 1 Different Lands, Different Friendships (P 77) French Friendships German Friendships English Friendships Chinese Friendships (见补充材料 American Friendships (见补充材料 补充案例 American Friendship Two mothers, Carmen and Judy, are talking to each other at a park while their children are playing together in the sand. Caemen: Hi, Judy. Judy: Hi, Carmen. How are you? Carmen: Fine. I’m glad to see that our children like to play together. Judy: Y eah, me too. I remember just a month ago they weren’t sharing their toys. Carmen: Now it looks like they’re enjoying each other. Judy: Finally! Maybe we could get together at each other’s houses sometime. I’m sure the kids would enjoy that. Carmen: Sure. That’d be nice. Judy: Well, let’s do it soon. Carmen: O.K. (Judy and Carmen continue to talk while their children play.) Case Analysis Judy and Carmen are not real friends. They don’t want to get together, really. They once met each other a month ago. Americans sometimes make general invitation like “Let’s get together sometimes.”Often this is just a way to be friendly. It is not always a real invitation. If they’d like to set a specific (exact) time, that means a real offer. 2 Family Structure (P83) Chinese Family Filipinos Family V ietnamese Family Japanese Family (See Case 9 and Case 10) Latin American Family Case 9 (Page 96) Traditional Japanese respect their elders and feel a deep sense of duty toward them. The elders in traditional Japanese families are typically overpowered. So the grandfather seemed to be an absolute authority for the young chairman. In Japanese culture challenging or disagreeing with eilder’s opinions would be deemed as being disrespectful. That is why the young chairman said nothing but just nodded and agreed with his grandfather. And it results in the Japanese company’s withdrawal from the negotiations concerning a relationship with Phil’s company a week later. Case 10 (Page 97) In Japan, a company is very much like a big family, in which the manager will take care of the employees and the employees are expected to cevote themselves to the development of the company and, if it is necessary, to sacrifice their own interests for the interests of the company. But to the French, a company is just a loosely-knit social organization wherein individuals are supposed to take care of themselves and their families. And the family is the number one priority, which is unlike the Japanese model “not involving females and the right to decide by dominant male”. Case 11 (Page 97) In most cultures, an apology is needed when an offence or violation of social norms has taken place. To many Westerners, Japanese apologize more frequently and an apology in Japanese does not necessarily mean that the person is acknowledging a fault. To many Japanese, Westeners may seem to be rude just because they do not apologize as often as the Japanese would do. In this case, the atitude of the Australian student’

s parents is shocking the Japanese but will be acceptable in an English-speaking society, for the student is already an adult and can be responsible for her own deeds. Case 12 (Page 98) In this case, it seems that the Chinese expectation were not fulfilled. First, having two people sharing host responsibilities could be confusing to the Chinese.Second, in China, it is a tradition for the host to offer a welcome toast at the beginning of the meal. By not doing so, the Canadian might be thought rude. The abrupt departure of the Chinese from the banquet was probably an indication that they were not pleased with the way they were treated. The Canadians’lack of understanding of the Chinese culture would be a problem in their dealing with the visiting delegation.

新编跨文化交际英语教程 参考答案

Unit 1 Communication Across Cultures Reading I Intercultural Communication：An Introduction Comprehension questions 1. Is it still often the case that “everyone?s quick to blame the alien” in the contemporary world? This is still powerful in today‘s soci al and political rhetoric. For instance, it is not uncommon in today‘s society to hear people say that most, if not all, of the social and economic problems are caused by minorities and immigrants. 2. What?s the difference between today?s intercultural contact and that of any time in the past? Today‘s intercultural encounters are far more numerous and of greater importance than in any time in history. 3. What have made intercultural contact a very common phenomenon in our life today? New technology, in the form of transportation and communication systems, has accelerated intercultural contact; innovative communication systems have encouraged and facilitated cultural interaction; globalization of the economy has brought people together; changes in immigration patterns have also contributed to intercultural encounter. 4. How do you understand the sentence “culture is everything and everywhere”? Culture supplies us with the answers to questions about what the world looks like and how we live and communicate within that world. Culture teaches us how to behave in our life from the instant of birth. It is omnipresent. 5. What are the major elements that directly influence our perception and communication? The three major socio-cultural elements that directly influence perception and communication are cultural values, worldview (religion), and social organizations (family and state). 6. What does one?s family teach him or her while he or she grows up in it? The family teaches the child what the world looks like and his or her place in that world. 7. Why is it impossible to separate our use of language from our culture? Because language is not only a form of preserving culture but also a means of sharing culture. Language is an organized, generally agreed-upon, learned symbol system that is used to represent the experiences within a cultural community. 8. What are the nonverbal behaviors that people can attach meaning to? People can attach meaning to nonverbal behaviors such as gestures, postures, facial expressions,eye contact and gaze, touch, etc. 9. How can a free, culturally diverse society exist? A free, culturally diverse society can exist only if diversity is permitted to flourish without prejudice and discrimination, both of which harm all members of the society. Reading II The Challenge of Globalization Comprehension questions 1. Why does the author say that our understanding of the world has changed? Many things, such as political changes and technological advances, have changed the world very rapidly. In the past most human beings were born, lived, and died within a limited geographical area, never encountering people of other cultural backgrounds. Such an existence, however, no longer prevails in the world. Thus, all people are faced with the challenge of understanding this changed and still fast changing world in which we live.

中西文化比较2019尔雅答案

************************************************************************** 审美递增递减律（一） 1 从文学和审美的角度来看,更具有内在的高度的是()。D ?A、白话诗 ?B、古体诗 ?C、现代诗 ?D、格律诗 2 在()时期,国人对于国粹和西化的排斥态度同时存在。C ?A、改革开放时期 ?B、新生活运动时期 ?C、文革时期 ?D、五四时期 3

以下错误描述人对事物的好恶的是()。B ?A、 很多人容易先产生好恶情绪再寻找具体理由 ?B、 对于某种东西的爱好更多来源于自身的自主选择 ?C、 好恶的原始冲动是可以被控制的 ?D、 最初的喜好更多地是冲动 4

审美递增递减规律的意思是,对于某种东西的爱好或者逐渐递增,或者逐渐递减,不可能在不同阶段产生不同的趋向。()错误 5 文学作品的创作若想要展示创作的独特性,就更要强调摒弃规律与制约。 ()错误 审美递增递减律（二） 1 辜正坤老师认为,艺术最终应该服务于()。D ?A、精英 ?B、个人 ?C、特定人群 ?D、大众 2 下列选项中错误描述审美改变的是()。C ?A、个人、集体乃至国家的审美都是可以被强行改变的 ?B、人的喜好是受传统影响的 ?C、审美可以在短时间自行改变

?D、审美是可以改变的 3 长期来看,()最容易影响人对于事物的喜好。B ?A、蕴含的意义 ?B、接触的频率 ?C、他人的喜好 ?D、事物的外表 4 审美活动中,效用递减律与效用递增律同时存在。()正确 5 任何文化都有正面和负面的内容,人们若想提高自身的审美水平,可以全盘接受一种负面较少的文化。()错误 阴阳二级对立转化律 1 《易经》运用要结合数与()。B ?A、道

新编跨文化交际英语教程_参考题答案Unit_3

Unit 3 Cultural Diversity Reading I Different Lands, Different Friendships Comprehension questions 1. Why is it comparatively easy to make friends in the United States? Because few Americans stay put for a lifetime. With each move, forming new friendship becomes a necessity and part of their new life. 2. Do people from different countries usually have different expectations about what constitutes friendship and how it comes into being? Yes. The difficulty when strangers from two countries meet is their different expectations about what constitutes friendship and how it comes into being. 3. How is friendship in America different from friendship in West Europe? In West Europe, friendship is quite sharply distinguished from other, more casual relationships, is usually more particularized and carries a heavier burden of commitment, while in America the word “friend” can be applied to a wide range of relationship and a friendship may be superficial, casual, situational or deep and enduring. 4. In what country does friendship have much to do with one’s family? And in what country does it not? In Germany, friendship has much to do with one‘s family as friends are usually brought into the family, while in France it doesn’t as, for instance, two men may have been friends for a long time without knowing each other‘s personal life. 5. What is friendship like when it is compartmentalized? For instance, a man may play chess with a friend for thirty years without knowing his political opinions, or he may talk politics with him for as long a time without knowing about his personal life. Different friends fill different niches in each person’s life. 6. What are friendships usually based on in England? English friendships are based on shared activity. Activities at different stages of life may be of very different kinds. In the midst of the activity, whatever it may be, people fall into steps and find that they participate in the activity with the same easy anticipation of what each will do day by day or in some critical situation. 7. Do you think friendship shares some common elements in different cultures? If you do, what are they?

2017尔雅中西文化比较期末考试答案

?《中西文化比较》期末考试（20） 35' 44'' 题量： 100 满分：100.0 截止日期：2017-12-15 23:59 一、单选题 1 《周易·序卦》中自然界的始基不包括（）。 ?A、 天地 ? ?B、 阴阳 ? ?C、 男女 ? ?D、 日月 ? 我的答案：D 2

从气候角度来说，中原一带的肥厚土壤主要是受到（）的影响。 ?A、 太平洋暖湿气流 ? ?B、 副热带高压带 ? ?C、 西伯利亚冷气流 ? ?D、 温带季风 ? 我的答案：C 3 认为经验是知识的唯一来源的经验主义代表人物是（）。 ?A、 笛卡尔 ? ?B、 霍布斯

? ?C、 洛克 ? ?D、 斯宾诺莎 ? 我的答案：C 4 西方产生了帮主制主要是为了约束太强的（）。 ?A、 理性主义 ? ?B、 唯物思想 ? ?C、 专制心态 ? ?D、 共和意识 ? 我的答案：C

5 乔姆斯基认为，所有的句子具有（）。 ?A、 深层结构和表层结构 ? ?B、 表义结构和表形结构 ? ?C、 文化结构和环境结构 ? ?D、 主观结构和客观结构 ? 我的答案：A 6 第一次农业革命开始于（）。 ?A、 第二冰期结束 ? ?B、

第三冰期结束 ? ?C、 第四冰期结束 ? ?D、 第五冰期结束 ? 我的答案：C 7 地球上环境变迁最敏感的地带位于（）之间。 ?A、 北纬30°-40° ? ?B、 南纬30°-40° ? ?C、 北纬40°-50° ? ?D、 南纬40°-50° ?

我的答案：A 8 索绪尔的（）主要强调的是从静态的角度去研究语言的变化。 ?A、 历时语言学 ? ?B、 短暂语言学 ? ?C、 共时语言学 ? ?D、 纵向语言学 ? 我的答案：C 9 关于阴谋诡计，说法正确的是（）。 ?A、 中国不存在大量阴谋诡计的现象 ?

跨文化交际case参考

Unit 1 Intercultural Communication in the Global Context Case 1(P11) 1.What do you think are the reasons for young people?s yearning to be a celebrity today? As humans we naturally measure ourselves to those around us, but now we live in a global village we are comparing ourselves with the most significant people in the world. In the past being a lawyer or doctor was a very reputable profession. But today, even high achievers constantly fear that they are insignificant when they compare themselves to success stories in the media. 2.How can today?s people find their own self-worth and real meaning of life? The remedyis a process that he calls “active self-acceptance” through a sustained quest（持续探索）for self-knowledge through life. And People need to invest as much time in developing their worldview as their careers. Case 2 1. Why was the Dutch technology manager so shocked? The Dutch manager was shocked because he thought he hadn’t told the te am to build it in a certain way, he simply had asked if it could be done! He had never questioned the way in which he communicated to the head of his technology group. In fact, he thought he had been asking simple questions, almost making idle conversation, and never considered that because he was the boss, his Indian employee would do as he asked. He expected that the technology design team would counter with another recommendation if his idea was inappropriate. 2. How could such misunderstandings in this case be avoided? Both the Dutch and the Indian teams needed to have a better understanding of the culturally based expectations of each group. Case 3 1. What has modern technology brought about to people today? Advances in information technology are bringing about changes in contemporary society that pose new situations requiring intercultural communication expertise. Technology has enabled ordinary individuals to quickly organize themselves around a common interes. 2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of modern technology? Rather than moving the global community toward the single, homogenized culture decried by many globalization opponents, technology is actually providing a means to reaffirm and extend cultural awareness, identity, and practices. Media technology plays an important role in modern society whether it is political, economic or cultural Case 4 1. Why did Mrs. Nimos hesitate when the Japanese young man asked about her age? In western countries where privacy is greatly valued, age is something that is considered rather private. Asking about the others’ age, especially in this case on their first meeting, is rather impolite.However, age is an important factor in situat ing a person in the Japanese cultural hierarchy. 2. What is the Ch inese perspective concerning people?s age? In China, age is important. However, when communicating with family members generation becomes an important factor that overrides age. Even if they have the same age, the one belonging to the younger generation must address the other with the respect accorded to the older generation in the family. If they are the same generation, they can communicate as peers. Case 5 1. Why did Mr. Richardson leave an impression of insincerity on Mr. Wong? “We must get together and have lunch sometimes” issignals that the person who says it thinks that the encounter should be ending soon. So it can call a “pre-closing.” While it does contain the vague idea that a subsequent meeting would be desirable, it does not in any way commit the speaker or the hearer to such an arrangement. However, to Mr. Wong, it sounds like an invitation. 2. Do people always mean what they say? Give Examples. Similarly, “See you later” does not commit someone to a later meeting. It would be very odd if, i n response to this utterance, the hearer were to take out his or her diary and attempt to set a date. Other examples are “How are you” in English and “Have you eaten?” in Chinese, both of them are typical greetings, which do not require the hearer to give specific answers. All of them just serve as lubricants to move the conversation forward. Case 6 1.Why does Fiona feel exhausted in America and want to return to Australia? When people come into a new culture, they have to make many small adjustments in a short period of time. Each adjustment causes a little bit of difficulty, but the stress adds up to a point where people become frustrated and begin to complain about their life in the other culture. 2.What do you think Fiona should do to make herself adjusted to her life in American? However, she should know that this is only a necessary period of culture shock, requiring her to make some adjustment. She is likely to have experienced some cultural differences and will be more willing to take them seriously. Unit 2 Understandings of Culture and Communication Case 1(P41) 1.Why did the Chinese young man leave the company?

(完整版)新编跨文化交际英语教程翻译1-10单元

1 Translation 纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是，人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解——从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。 很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解，我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定，也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。 2 Translation 文化有时候被称为我们的心智程序，我们“头脑的软件”。但是，我们可以进一步引申这个用电脑所做的类比，把文化看作是支持运行的操作环境。文化就像电脑使用的DOS或者Unix或者“视窗”（Windows）等操作系统一样，使我们能在各种各样的实际应用中处理信息。用“视窗”这个比喻来描述文化似乎也很有吸引力。文化就是我们心灵的视窗，透过它我们审视生活的方方面面。一个社会中不同个体的视窗是不大一样的，但都有着一些重要的共同特征。 文化就好像是鱼畅游于其中的水一般，人们想当然地把文化看成是客观存在的事实，因而很少去研究它。文化存在于我们所呼吸的空气之中，文化对于我们了解我们自身之为何物是必不可少的，就正如生命离不开空气一样。文化是特定群体的共有财产，而不单是个体的特征。社会按照文化设定的程序运作，这种程序来自于相似的生活体验以及对这种生活体验之含义的相似阐释。 如果文化是一种心智程序，那么它也是现实的心灵地图。从我们很小的时候开始，文化就告诉我们应该看重什么、偏好什么、规避什么和做些什么，文化还告诉我们事物应该是什么样。文化为我们提供超越个体经验可能的理想典范，帮助我们决定应该优先考虑的人或事。文化为我们建立起行为准则，并视遵守这些准则的行为为正当、合法。 3 Translation 43

中西文化比较考试题及答案

1.请从中西视域阐述文化的含义，并比较文化与文明的差异。 答：“文化”，是中国语言系统中古已有之的词汇。“文”的本义，指各色交错的纹理，引申为涵盖、反映社会、自然现象的条理及规律性。“化”，本义为改易、生成、造化，引申为教行迁善之义。“文”与“化”方合成一个整词，本义就是“以文教化”，它表示对人的性情的陶冶，品德的教养，本属精神领域之范畴。西方的“文化”，英文“culture”和德文的“kuctur”都由拉丁文“cultura”衍化而来，原意指耕作土地（故园艺学在英语为Horticulture），后来逐渐引申出神明崇拜、性情陶冶、品德教化等，这就与古汉语中“文化”所具有的“文治教化”的义项日益接近。用《中国大百科全书》社会学卷上的话说:“文化一词的中西两个来源,殊途同归,今人都用来指称人类社会的精神现象。”随着时间的流变和空间的差异，现在“文化”已成为一个内涵丰富、外延宽广的多维概念，并有广义与狭义之分。 广义的“文化”，着眼于人类与一般动物、人类社会与自然界的本质区别，着眼于人类卓立于自然的独特的生存方式，其涵盖面非常广泛，所以又称作“大文化”。“大文化”指的是人类自身的一切精神性创造活动及其结果，包括认识的（语言、哲学、科学、教育）、规范的（道德、法律、信仰）、艺术的（文学、美术、音乐、舞蹈、戏剧）、器用的（生产工具、日用器皿以及制造它们的技术）。社会的（制度、组织、风俗习惯）等等。广义的“文化”从人之所以为人的意义上立论，认为正是文化的出现“将动物的人变为创造的人、组织的人、思想的人、说话的人以及计划的人”，因而将人类社会——历史生活的全部内容统统摄入“文化”的定义域。 与广义“文化”相对的，是狭义的“文化”。狭义的“文化”排除人类社会——历史生活中关于物质创造活动及其结果的部分，专注于精神创造活动及其结果，所以又被称作“小文化”。1871年英国文化学家泰勒在《原始文化》一书中提出，文化“乃是包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗和任何人作为一名社会成员而获得的能力和习惯在内的复杂整体”，是狭义“文化”早期的经典界说。在汉语言系统中，“文化”的本义是“以文教化”，亦属于“小文化”范畴。《现代汉语词典》关于“文化”的释义，即“人类在社会历史发展过程中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和，特指精神财富”，当属狭义文化。一般而言，凡涉及精神创造领域的文化现象，均属狭义文化。 由于文化的产生和发展,“文明”随之而来。“文明”在中国的古典中频频出现，并与“文化”词义相近。《尚书·舜典》中有“溶哲文明”,《易·乾·文言》中有“见龙在田, 天下文明”之语。唐朝经学家孔颖达对上述两句的疏解是“经天纬地曰文, 照临四方曰明。”与“文明”对译civilization, 来源于拉丁文sivis （市民）或civilitas（都市）, 表示城市生活的秩序和原则, 是相对未开化、野蛮而言, 也有启蒙、教化、不落后于时潮之意。近代中国人最早诊释的是清朝第一任驻英公使郭篙熹。他在1878年所写的日记中, 把civilized、half civilized、barbaian、相对应地称之为“教化、半教化、无教化”, 虽未出现“文明”等译词, 但也相当于“文明、半文明、野蛮”的概念。到十九世纪末, 黄遵宪、康有为、孙中山、梁启超等人大量采用日本译词, 频繁使用与“野蛮、半开化”相对应意义上的“文明”一词。“文明”引申后意为一种先进的社会和文化发展状态，以及到达这一状态的过程，其涉及的领域广泛，包括民族意识、技术水准、礼仪规范、宗教思想、风俗习惯以及科学知识的发展等等。 总而言之，文化是人类创造的所有物质成果和精神成果的总和,而文明则是

跨文化交际案例 Intercultural Communication—Case Studies

Course: Intercultural Communication—Case Studies Textbook: Self-compiled handouts Objectives: This curricular module prompts students with the salient issues related to intercultural communication (1CC). Its main focus is on discussions of major problems arising from ICC. During the course the students are exposed to a large variety of cases, taken from up-to-date documents. The goal is not only to build up students' knowledge of ICC, but more importantly to increase their cross-cultural awareness. The course intends to be instructive, practical and enjoyable. At the end of this course, the students will be able to 1. deepen their understanding of major ICC principles; 2. become familiar with differences in Chinese and American cultures; 3. experience conflicts and controversies in ICC; 4. enhance their abilities to analyze ICC phenomena; 5. improve their ICC competence. Topic Areas: Values: 1. Friendship 2. Ethics 3. Individualism & self-reliance 4. Privacy 5. Equality 6. Attributes 7. Time & space 8. Competition & cooperation 9. Volunterism & philanthropy Daily life: 1. Lifestyle 2. Family & marriage 3. Entertainment 4. Holidays & travel 5. Art & architecture 6. Science & technology Social life: I. Education 2. Religion 3. Political systems & law 4. Minorities 5. Prejudices &stereotyping 6. Building bridges Assessment: The students will have one assignment for this course. The assignment should center on one of the particular ICC issues covered in the course. They are supposed to address the topic on the basis of theoretical analysis applying the knowledge, principles, as well as strategies obtained during the course. The assignment should run approximately ten pages long, with an abstract, key words and a list of references in the APA format. It must be double-spaced, using Times New Roman (12). Reference: 1. Larry A. Samovar. Communication Between Cultures Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000 2. Dou, RQ, Qian DX, Li BX. Selected Readings in Intercultural Communication Xi‘an Jiaotong University Press, 2004 3. Jia Yuxin. Intercultural Communication Shanghai Foreign languages Education Press, 2003 4. Yao Baorong. Han Qi, Wang Tao. Chinese Society and Culture Shaanxi people‘s Publishing

《中西文化比较》题库答案

《中西方文化比较》题库答案 1.首先，文化可以看作具有多层次结构的有机系统。作为一个整体，它可以涵盖人类有 史以来所进行的全部社会性活动及成果，既包含人类所有的历史遗产，也包括还在不断演化和创造中的整个文化进程。从形态入手对文化加以划分，可以将它分为物质文化、精神文化、制度文化、技术文化等几大块。倘若从意义层面对文化进行剖析，又可以将文化分为表层文化现象和深层文化要素。无论对文化作怎样的阐述和分类，我们仍然需要把它作为一个整体来加以研究。其次，民族性和地域性是文化的重要特征。 不同的人类群体由于赖以生存的自然条件的差异以及地缘因素带来的不同的文化共生关系的影响，常常会形成不同的价值系统、思维模式和行为倾向。第三，文化还具有规则性。它可以依靠明确外显的规范（如法律、制度、习俗及文化产品等）或隐含的形式（如思维模式、心理惯性、价值系统等）来引导或约束个人行为，促使某种既定的行为准则得到特定社会中大多数成员的自觉遵从。第四，文化是历史继承的，它能够通过代代相传的不断积累形成特定的文化传统。第五，尽管我们已承认每一种特定的文化都具有维护其持续性和稳定性的内在力量，但我们还是要指出：一定民族的文化形态是可以变迁的。 2.一种文化背景下的哲学，往往强烈地体现着此种文化群体的思维方式。而思维方式因 人而异，文化背景不同的人之间，其差异更为明显。中西哲学不同的思维方式体现在以下几方面：第一，重直觉与崇尚逻辑。“天人合一”精神是中国哲学精神的体现，它将世界视为独立与人之外的纯粹客体，不重视对客体一般本质的抽象及对普遍真理的认识，而讲究结合理智、情感、意志等多种心理机制来对世界、对生活、对人生进行体验。此种体验中虽然包含认知的因素，但更多采用的是一种非逻辑思维，无需遵循概念、判断、推理的一般程序和思维规律，即一种直觉思维。西方哲学既遵循“主客二分”模式，相应地就需要主体运用概念、判断、推理、分析的逻辑思维，借助理性，从感性、现象、个别的材料中抽取本质、一般的东西，从而越过客体之现象，抵达现

跨文化交际书上案例分析case

Case 1 1 In this case, there seemed to be problems in communicating with people of different cultures in spite of the efforts made to achieve understanding. We should know that in Egypt as in many cultures, the human relationship is valued so highly that it is not expressed in an objective and impersonal way. While Americans certainly value human relationships, they are more likely to speak of them in less personal, more objective terms. In this case, Richard‘s mistake might be that he chose to praise the food itself rather than the total evening,for which the food was simply the setting or excuse. For his host and hostess it was as if he had attended an art exhibit and complimented the ar tist by saying, ―What beautiful frames your pictures are in.‖ 2 In Japan the situation may be more complicated. Japanese people value order and harmony among persons in a group, and that the organization itself－be it a family or a vast corporation－is more valued than the characteristics of any particular member. In contrast, Americans stress individuality as a value and are apt to assert individual differences when they seem justifiably in conflict with the goals or values of the group. In this case: Richar d‘s mistake was in making great efforts to