【托福写作】综合写作文本分析
【托福写作】综合写作文本分析
TPO 01
阅读材料：
In the United States, employees typically work five days a week for eight hours each day.
However, many employees want to work a four-day week and are willing to accept less pay in order to do so. A mandatory policy requiring companies to offer their
employees the option of working a four-day workweek for four-fifths (80 percent) of
their normal pay would benefit the economy as a whole as well as the individual companies and the employees who decided to take the option.
在美国，职员一般执行的一周五天，每天八小时工作制。然而，很多职员希望能够改
为四天工作制，如果能够满足需要可以接受薪水降低。要求企业提供薪水八成工作四
天的工作方式供员工选择对于国家整个经济都是有好处的，同时获益的还有个人，以
及执行这个政策的公司。
The shortened workweek would increase company profits because employees would
feel more rested and alert, and as a result, they would make fewer costly errors in
their work. Hiring more staff to ensure that the same amount of work would be accomplished would not result in additional payroll costs because four-day
employees would only be paid 80 percent of the normal rate. In the end, companies would have fewer overworked and error-prone employees for the same money,
which would increase company profits.
减少工作日会提高公司的利润，因为员工们会感到很轻松和精神，这样他们就会在工
作中较少犯那些可能会带来损失的错误。为了完成同样的工作量将需要雇佣更多的人
手，但是这不意味着需要支付更多的薪水，这是因为四天工作日只需支付给每个员工
80%的工资。这样，公司花同样的钱，员工这会过于劳累和失误连连了，这样将会提
高公司的利润。
For the country as a whole, one of the primary benefits of offering this option to employees is that it would reduce unemployment rates. If many full-time employees started working fewer hours, some of their workload would have to be shifted to others. Thus, for every four employees who went on an 80 percent week, a new employee could be hired at the 80 percent rate.
对于国家整体来说，给职员提供这样的选择选择的好处就是可以降低失业率。如果原
来全职工作的人缩短了工作时间之后，他们的部分工作就需要转给其他的员工。这样，如果每个员工每周都只工作 80%的时间，这样就可以以同样的工作时间来雇佣新员工
了。
Finally, the option of a four-day workweek would be better for individual employees.
Employees
who could afford a lower salary in exchange for more free time could improve the
quality of their lives by spending the extra time with their families, pursuing private
interests, or enjoying leisure activities.
最后，这种四天工作日的选择对于员工个人来说也是有利的。那些可以接受用降低薪
水来增加休息时间的员工可以提高他们的生活质量，因为他们有更多的时间陪家人、
追求自己的兴趣、以及享受一些休闲生活。
阅读部分需要提取的观点是：
- Main point: A mandatory policy requiring companies to offer their employees the option of working a four-day workweek for four-fifths (80 percent) of their normal
pay would benefit the economy as a whole as well as the individual companies and the employees who decided to take
the option.
- Sub point 1: The shortened workweek would increase company profits. - Sub point 2: the country as a whole will benefits.
- Sub point 3: the option of a four-day workweek would be better for individual employees.
观点抽出方法：
- 这篇文章没有在观点抽取的时候为我们设置障碍，Main point 就乖乖地出现在首段段尾， sub points 都是在段首出现的。但是需要提醒的是千万不要把 support 和 detail 作为 point 提取出来。在独立写作的时候，大家常犯的一个错误就是把 support 和
detail 作为 point 放在段首，在阅读部分也还是难以压抑对 support 和 detail 的重视。在提取 point 的时候不要把细节搅和进来。比如就不能说第一个 sub point 是员工效
率更高;第二个 sub point 是可以降低失业率，第三个 sub point 是可以提高生活质量。如果用细节当 point，就会在听力部分发现点对点对不上了，因为不是所有题目都是
会反驳阅读部分的细节的。即便是，你貌似对上了，但是逻辑层面不对还是错的。所
以，真正的理解 point 的含义是非常重要的，point 的是观点，不提炼出来的态度，而
不应该是一些起支撑作用的细节。
- 我们自查 sub point 的方法就是它是否是支持 main point。有的时候 sub point 是main point 的一部分，这段就是一个典型，有的时候 sub point 从不同方面支持 main point。但是如果抓到的是细节，那么就没有这样直接的逻辑关系，则不可用。这样的
视角也可以用在独立写作的自查上，看看自己找的 sub point 到底对不对。
在听力部分，我们可以预测到的就是这个四天工作制是没有哪个方面可以从中获益的，
在听的时候我们一定要注意那些表原因的词汇，这样我们才能找到重点。
Offering employees the option of a four-day workweek won’t affect the
company profits, economic conditions or the lives of employees in the ways the reading suggests.
给雇员提供四天工作日的选择不会像阅读部分上所说的对企业、经济状况和雇员个人
的生活带来积极的影响的。
First, offering a four-day workweek will probably force companies to spend more, possibly a lot more. Adding new workers means putting much more money into
providing training and medical benefits. Remember the costs of things like health benefits can be the same whether an employee works four days or five. And having more employees also requires more office space and more computers. These
additional costs would quickly cut into company profits.
首先，采用四小时工作制可能会对导致企业支出增加，甚至大幅增加。增加新的员工
以为这要再员工培训和医疗保险上花费更多的钱。别忘了，无论是四天工作制还是五
天工作制，每个人在诸如保健福利金方面的花费是一样的。而新增的员工统一也需要
更多的工位和更多的电脑。这些额外的支出很快就会影响到公司的利润。
Second, with respect to overall employment, it doesn’t follow that once some employees choose a four-day workweek, many more jobs will become available.
Hiring new workers is costly, as I argued a moment ago. And companies have other options. They might just choose to ask their employees to work overtime to make up the difference. Worse, companies might raise expectations. They might start to expect that their four-day employees can do the same amount of work they used
to do in five days. If this happens, then no additional jobs will be created and current
jobs will become more unpleasant.
第二，至于整个社会的就业问题，也不是像阅读部分所说的，只要有雇员选择四天工
作制，就会创造更多的就业机会。鉴于我刚才说的，雇佣新员工花费颇多，很多公司
都另作选择了。他们可能就是要求他们的员工加班已完成任务差额。甚至公司可能会
提高它们对员工效率的预期。它们可能会要求改成四天工作制的员工完成过去他们五
天完成的任务。如果这样，不但没有新的工作机会，而且现有的工作也变得不那么令
人愉快了。
Finally, while a four-day workweek offers employees more free time to invest in their
personal lives, it also presents some risks that could end up reducing their quality of
life. Working a shorter week can decrease employees’ job stability and harm their chances for advancing their careers.
Four-day employees are likely to be the first to lose their jobs during an economic downturn. They may also be passed over for promotions because companies
might prefer to have five-day employees in management positions to ensure
continuous coverage and consistent supervision for the entire workweek.
最后，虽然四天工作日给员工更多的空闲时间去安排他们的私人生活，但是他们也会
冒有一定风险，这些风险甚至可能会降低他们的生活质量。时间较短的工作制将会降
低雇员工作的稳定性，同时阻碍他们事业的发展。在面临经济危机的时候，选择四天
工作制的员工将会首当其冲地被裁掉。同时由于公司更倾向于把管理岗给那些五天工
作的员工，这样四天工作制的员工将会错失进行集会。企业正阳的考虑是为了保证在
整个工作周期中都有持续的管理覆盖和持续的监督机制。
词汇补充：(欢迎补充)
阅读部分表达方法：passage, material
听力部分表达方法：lecture, the professors says
同意: say, argue, claim, opinion, hold the view that, figure, deem, believe, reckon,
consider, opinion, proposition,
反对：on contrary, by contrast, argue against, refute, object, hold a totally different
view, oppose, be against.
TIP：在行文过程中，需要变化的是表示同意或者反对的功能性词汇，而表示阅读部分
和听力部分的指代型词汇请不要变化。就像你跟人介绍我，不能在整个过程中说沐浴、
沐沐、达芙妮、muyuruc，这样会让听者或者读者摸不到头绪的，我们语言多样性的
表达要用在需要的地方。
文章结构：
第一段：要表达的内容有：passage 部分的主观点，lecture 部分的主观点，以及两者
之间的关系。
第二段：passage 部分的 sub point 1，lecture 部分对应的 sub point，lecture 里面相
对应的 support 和 details。
第三段：passage 部分的 sub point 2，lecture 部分对应的 sub point，lecture 里面相
对应的 support 和 details。
第四段：passage 部分的 sub point 3，lecture 部分对应的 sub point，lecture 里面相
对应的 support 和 details。
TIP：没有必要在文章中出现 passage 部分的 support 和 details，或者说不能出现。
例文(仅供参考)
综合写作对语言的要求是清晰表达，准确转述即可(其实独立写作的要求也类似)。
没有必要可以的追求语言的华丽，把话说清楚最重要。有的同学语言使用的能力还有
一定局限的情况下，千万不要刻意追求句式的复杂化，因为这样的后果就是写出来的
句子个个都有错，个个都有表达不清。同时，那些语言能力好的同学也要注意语言的
简洁，无论是何种语言，总最好的词表达最多的内容都是很厉害的呀。从句套从句的
句子，我不希望在写作部分看到。
The passage argues that four-day work week will benefit companies, the whole economy, and individuals. But in the lecture, the professor holds a totally different view that no one will be beneficial from the new work week.
Firstly, the passage says that companies will get more profits for employees can work more effectively. However, the lecture points out that four-day workweek will lead to spend more. That is because companies have to spend more money on
training, medical benefits, office positions, even new computers.
Secondly, the passage claims that the whole economy will benefit, for the four-day workweek is a way to reduce unemployment rates. The lecture refutes the idea
completely. Admittedly, there are more available jobs, but companies will prefer to
let employees work overtime to finish them for hiring new staff is too expensive. In
addition, the companies may lift their expectation that staff finish five-day jobs within
four-day.
Thirdly, the passage suggests that individual employees can benefit from it. Though the four-day workweek can provide more leisure time to employees, the lecture argues against the passage. Comparing to five-day workers, the four-day workweek employees may be the first one to be fire during economic depression. And they will have less chance to promotion because companies wish that managers could be on duty every work day.
TPO 02
——By 沐沐
阅读材料：
In many organizations, perhaps the best way to approach certain new projects is to assemble a
group of people into a team. Having a team of people attack a project offers several advantages.
在很多机构里，恰当完成一个新项目的最好方法可能是把一组人组织成一个团队。一
个团队来完成一个项目有几个优势。
First of all, a group of people has a wider range of knowledge, expertise, and skills
than any single individual is likely to possess. Also, because of the numbers of people
involved and the greater resources they possess, a group can work more quickly in
response to the task assigned to it and can come up with highly creative solutions to
problems and issues.
首先，一组人员意味着有比任何一个个体拥有更为广泛的知识、技能以及技巧。同时，因为有更多数量人员的介入和更多资源的占有，团队工作可以以更快的速度对任务作
出反应。同时，也能创造性地解决遇到的问题和争议。
Sometimes these creative solutions come about because a group is more likely to make risky
decisions that an individual might not undertake. This is because the group spreads
responsibility for a decision to all the members and thus no single individual can be
held accountable if the decision turns out to be wrong.
由于在团队工作中个体无需承担风险，所以会倾向于作出冒险的决定。这就导致了团
队工作有时候可以创造性地解决问题。这是因为团队把团队决策的责任分摊给所有的
成员了，这样的话，即使决策最后证明是错的，也不会有任何个体需要对此负责。
Taking part in a group process can be very rewarding for members of the team.
Team members
who have a voice in making a decision will no doubt feel better about carrying out the work that is entailed by the decision than they might doing work that is imposed on them by others. Also, the individual team member has a much better chance to
“shine”, to get his or her contributions and ideas not only recognized but recognized
as highly significant, because a team’s overall results can be more far-reaching and
have greater impact than what might have otherwise been possible for the person to accomplish or contribute working alone.
加入一个团队对于个体成员来说是一个非常荣耀的。对于那些能够影响决策的成员来
说，毫无疑问，他们在团队行为中得来的决策快感要优于他们被动地接受别人指派任
务时候的感受。同时，团队中的个人有更多“闪耀”的机会，这些机会的实现是由于
他们对团队的贡献不但被认可，而且是高度低认可。这种高度的认可是因为团队的成
就和影响力是要要高于个体。团队可以实现个体所不完成的任务，达到个体所不能达
到的高度。
阅读部分需要抽取的观点是：
- Main point: perhaps the best way to approach certain new projects is to
assemble a group
of people into a team.
- Sub point 1: A group can work more quickly in response to the task assigned to it
- Sub point 2: Sometimes these creative solutions come about.
- Sub point 3: Taking part in a group process can be very rewarding for members of the
team.
观点抽出方法：
- Main point: 主观点抽取的时候，有些同学喜欢凭感觉。可是如果感觉可靠的话，
就没有那么多人失恋了。感觉是靠不住的，我们要找到根据。这篇文章的主观点算是
比较好找的。阅读部分从题材上是 essay，这个跟我们独立写作的作文是一致的。对于
独立写作我们对开头段的要求是什么呢?那就是一个简短的 drawer 加上一个清晰的
main point。同时如果时间不允许，那么开头直接说观点也是可以的，这篇文章呢，就
是开门见山的说出了观点：
perhaps the best way to approach certain new projects is to assemble a group of people into a
team。而后面的一句话是过渡句，是预告下文的。也就是说，我将在团队工作的优势
方面来支持我的主观点。我们在独立写作的时候，也可以把 sub point 整理之后提前
到开头段，因为开头段存在的目的是：what I will talk about。
- Sub point 1: 简单的 main point 找到之后，大家就在第一个 sub point 上面折
戟了，华丽丽地选择了开头句。是呀，我们都说 TS 前置的呀!!!但是这是考题呀，
就是考我们怎么抽出观点的。同时，经过这个也可以看出来，不把 TS 前置是多么讨
厌的事情呀。我们写文章一个要不能用废话去烦考官，另一个是不能去考考官，因为
我们是弱势群体。那么，这个 sub point 是怎么找出来的呢?显然不是凭感觉的。我
们先厘清一下一个概念，就是一段里面 sub point 和下面的 support 内容是什么关系呢?唉，是解释的关系。Support 是解释 sub point 的，是支持 sub point 的。因此，
所有表原因的部分，都不会是 point，而会是 support 和 details。因此“because of
the numbers of people involved and the greater resources they
pos sess”这句就华丽丽的不会是观点。而跟着它的那个主句，这很有可能是观点，但
目前还不能这么草率的确定。我们沿着这个句子往前看，有个词是“also”。这个词，直译过来就是“也”。如果这样一句话：“ , 我也没吃饭，所以我们要一起去吃饭”，那么横线上的内容一定是“我也没吃饭”相平行的，要么张三，要么李四，共同组成
“我们去吃饭”的原因。所以 also 之前的内容也是原因，而不是结果，那么就不会是观点。好了，先说到这里，接着说第二个 sub point，然后回过头来这这一段结尾的那个句子。
- Sub point 2: 这个 TS 就好找多了，开头第一句嘛。但是这样就可以了吗?显
然不行，我们这样的判断方法是没有普适性的，下一次不放在第一句怎么办?好吧，
我们找一个很伟大的词：because。这是一个原因状语从句，在主从复合句中，如果
从句放在后半部分，那么就不需要用逗号隔开，这就让我们这个 because 不那么明显，但是，如果我们每次看综合写作的时候都先把 because 念一遍，就找到了。紧接着的这句就更和谐了，“This is because”
开头了。那么这句也是表原因啦。里面有个词，thus 可能会给大家带来一些困扰：这
不是因此吗?这不是于是吗?但是在 thus 前面还有一个神一样的词，是 and，好吧，
这 and 表示的时候前后的东东是并列的，所以能，前后都是表原因的。这个 thus 的存在表示后面这个原因，其实是 and 前面的这个原因衍生出来的，然后共同充当 sub point 的原因。好了，这一段就只剩下第一句话的主句了，就是 creative solution 了。
这时候，我们再回过头看第一段的最后一句，好像也提到了 creative solution 了，但同时也看到了 and。And 前后的东西是并列的，那么 creative solution 是一个 sub point，则 and 前面的句子也是 sub point 的，验证了我们前边的推论。至于这里提到
的 creative solution 是对下面的预告。我们总是就接用 linking word 是用 fist 好还是
first and foremost 好，但是很多时候，地道的表达会用句子来做 linking。
- Sub point 3: 这段的观点也是出现在了开头，rewarding。好了，我们再也不要
用感觉去判断了。我们找到一个叫 also 的词，它会告诉我们前后的两句是同等地位的，鉴于每段之后一个 point，那么这两句都被排除了。那么除了第一句我们好像也没有
更好的选择了。可能有的同学会找到 because，然后认为 because 前面的那半句是point。但是，因为 also 的存在粉碎了这样的观点，同时我们要知道，在使用推理论
证的过程中，因果是可以不止一层的，很可能是 A 郆郈郉的过程。我们不能 because A，B 就误认为 B 是 point。其实独立写作和综合写作时互通的，在独立写作中学到的论证方法可以帮住我们阅读，而阅读中学到的表达方式和行文风格也可以借鉴到独立
写作之中。
现在观点找到了，我们开始简单猜一猜听力部分的分论点吧。这个嘛，不会太精确，
但是可以给我们指出一个大概分方向。说阅读部分有多重要，可能需要重新开一篇文
章了，但是我们先记住它主要就好了。
三个 sub point 分别是：quickly, creative solution, rewarding。
那么反驳的时候，就是不 quickly、不 creative solution 和不 rewarding。第一个和第三个是没有问题的，但是对于 creative 和 solution 的反驳却有三个角度，一个是不creative，一个是不 solution，一个是两个都反驳。就这篇文章的听力部分来说，是既反驳的 creative，又反驳了 solution。如果在听力部分听不到这个点，那就是一定会丢点的。很多学生都觉得自己听懂了，觉得这个无论是语速还是词汇都远小于单独的听
力部分测试。但是，这两者之间是很有很大区别的，听力测试是有题目和选项的，更
多的是要求大家抓到主干即可，如果要考细节，那么就会有重听。但是综合写作却考
的是精听，要你听到观点和分论点之后，还有写出 support。有的学生说听懂之后，我
让他来复述，都会漏掉很多的细节，因为听的时候要么不记笔记，要么记句子，这些
都是不可取的。这部分应该和文章阅读一起单独跟大家说一说。
下面我们来看这篇文章的听力部分吧。
Now I want to tell you about what one company found when it decided that it would turn over
some of its new projects to teams of people, and make the team responsible for planning the
projects and getting the work done. After about six months, the company took a look at how well the teams performed.
现在我要给大家讲讲在一个公司考虑以团队工作的形式进行项目时候的发现吧。这几
个项目是以团队的形式负责和完成的。六个月之后，公司来验收项目进行的如何。
On virtually every team, some members got almost a “free ride” . . . they didn’t contribute much at all, but if their team did a good job, they nevertheless benefited from the recognition the team got.
And what about group members who worked especially well and who provided a lot
of insight on problems and issues? Well . . . the recognition for a job well done went
to the group as a whole, no names were named. So it won’t surprise you to learn that when the real contributors were asked how they felt about the group process, their attitude was just the opposite of what the reading predicts.
实际上，在每个团队都会有一些成员选择“搭便车”。这些成员并没有对团队的工作
有任何贡献，但是如果整个团队很好地完成了任务，他们也会从团队所获得的认可中
获利。那么对于那些在团队中努力工作，为团队所面临的问题和正义提供很多简介的
人呢?没有人知道他们的名字。当这些真正的贡献者被问及团队工作的感受是，他们
的态度则是和阅读部分所预计的相反的。你应该不会对这样的态度感到意外的。
Another finding was that some projects just didn’t move very quickly. Why? Because
it took so long to reach consensus; it took many, many meetings to build the
agreement among group
members about how they would move the project along.
另一个发现就是，一些项目进行的速度不是很快。为什么呢?这是因为团队需要很长
的时间达成一致意见，他们需要开很多会才能在成员之间对于如何进行项目达成共识。
On the other hand, there were other instances where one or two people managed to
become very influential over what their group did. Sometimes when those
influencers said “That will never work” about an idea t he group was developing, the
idea was quickly dropped instead of being further discussed. And then there was
another occasion when a couple influencers convinced the group that a plan of theirs
was “highly creative.” And even though some members trie d to
warn the rest of the group that the project was moving in directions that might not
work, they were basically ignored by other group members. Can you guess the
ending to this story? When the
project failed, the blame was placed on all the members of the group.
在另一方面，有些证据表明在团队中会有一到两个人会对整个团队非常有影响力。有
时候，当他们对团队中正在运行的想法说了一句“这是行不通”的时候，这个想法就
会在没有进行深入谈讨论之前就被放弃了。同时，还会存在这样一种情况：这些有影
响力的人笃定他们相处的方法是“非常有创造性的”。这时候，即便有些成员会试图
提醒其他成员项目现在正在沿着一个错误的方向进行，甚至有可能失败的。但是他们
的声音会被其他的成员所忽略。你能猜到这个故事的结局吗?结局就是，当这个项目
失败的时候，责备会被所有团队成员一同承担。
观点抽出方法：
听力部分的观点顺序不一定跟阅读部分是完全一致的，这一点还是比较常见的。在篇
文章里，听力部分的第二段，反驳的就是 rewarding 这个点，第三段反驳的是 quickly，而第四段则分别反驳了 creative 和 solution。先说好的 idea 可能不经深入讨论就
drop 了，这样 creative 就无从实现了，接着说在 influential 的影响下可能在错误的方
向上进行，进而失败，以驳斥了 solution。
笔记内容：
需要注意的标志词：
Another, on the other hand, because, and then there was another occasion 在听力部
分，because 后面的话可就变得重要了。
笔记上的重点词：
记笔记是一定要的，因为考的是精听，细节记不下来就会失分。但是不要记句子，而
是记单词。就这篇文章来讲，你的笔记上需要出现以下词：
- didn’t contribute, benefit, no names were named, opposite of reading
prediction
- didn’t move very quickly, long to consensus, many meetings
- influential, never work - dropped, high creative - warn, direction not work - ignore, fail,
blame on all members.
在实际记笔记的过程中，你可以选择自己特有的简写方法，那么你的笔记将会更加简
洁。听的时候不要因为一个两个词的纠结影响大片信息的提取。
文章结构：
第一段：要表达的内容有：passage 部分的主观点，lecture 部分的主观点，以及两者之间的关系。
第二段：passage 部分的 sub point 1，lecture 部分对应的 sub point，lecture 里面相
对应的 support 和 details。
第三段：passage 部分的 sub point 2，lecture 部分对应的 sub point，lecture 里面相
对应的 support 和 details。
第四段：passage 部分的 sub point 3，lecture 部分对应的 sub point，lecture 里面相
对应的 support 和 details。
TIP：没有必要在文章中出现 passage 部分的 support 和 details，或者说不能出现。
例文(仅供参考)
The lecturer talks about research conducted by a firm that used the group system to
handle their work. He says that the theory stated in the passage was very different
and somewhat inaccurate when compared to what happened in reality.
First, some members got free ri des. That is, some didn’t work hard but got
recognition for the success nontheless. This also indicates that people who worked
hard were not given recognition they should have gotten. In other words, they
weren’t given the opportunity to “shine”. Thi s directly contradicts what the passage
indicates.
Second, groups were slow in progress. The passage says that groups are more
responsive than individuals because of the number of people involved and their
aggregated resources. However, the speaker talks about how the firm found out that
groups were slower than individuals in decision making. Groups needed more time
for meetings, which are necessary procedures in decision making. This was another
place where experience contradicted theory.
Third, influential people might emerge and lead the group towards glory or failure. If
the influent
people are going in the right direction there would be no problem. But in cases
where they go in
the wrong direction, there is nobody that has enough influence to counter the
decision made. In
other words, the group might turn into a dictatorship, with the influential party as
the leader, and
might become less flexible in its thinking. They might become one-sided, and thus
fail to succeed.
rating annotation：
Once you can read past what seem to be the results of poor typing, this Benchmark
5 does an excellent job of presenting the points about the contribution and
recognition of group members as well as about speed of group decisions. The
final paragraph contains one noticeable error (“influent”), which is then used
correctly two sentences later (“influential”). Overall, this is a successful response
and scored within (though perhaps not at the top of) the 5 level
TPO 03
——By 沐沐
伦勃朗穃 ul0 哈尔曼松穃 ul0 凡穃 ul0 莱因(Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn 1606
年 7 月 15 日 - 1669 年 10 月 4 日)是欧洲 17 世纪最伟大的画家之一，也是荷兰历
史上最伟大的画家。台湾简称为林布兰特。伦勃朗早年从师 P.拉斯特曼，1625 年在
家乡开设画室。画作体裁广泛，擅长肖像画、风景画、风俗画、宗教画、历史画等。
(摘自百度百科)
阅读材料：
Rembrandt is the most famous of the seventeenth-century Dutch painters. However, there are
doubts whether some paintings attributed to Rembrandt were actually painted by
him. One such painting is known as attributed to Rembrandt because of its style, and
indeed the representation of the woman’s face is very much like that of portraits known to be by Rembrandt. But there are problems with the painting that suggest it could not be a work by Rembrandt.
伦勃朗是十七世纪荷兰最富盛名的画家。然后，对于有些画作是否确实出自他手却是
颇有争议的。有一副有争议的画归于伦勃朗名下是因为其风格属于伦勃朗，同时画上
女子的面庞也同伦勃朗其他画作中的人物非常类似的。然而，这幅画中存在的一些问
题却表明这幅画不是伦勃朗的作品。
First, there is something inconsistent about the way the woman in the portrait is dressed. She is
wearing a white linen cap of a kind that only servants would wear-yet the coat she is
wearing has a luxurious fur collar that no servant could afford. Rembrandt, who was
known for his attention to the details of his subjects’ clothing, would not have been
guilty of such an inconsistency.
首先，这幅画上的一个问题就是画中女子的衣着有些不协调。她带着一个白色的亚麻
帽子，这是一种仆人才会戴的帽子。但是穿的衣服却有一个奢华的皮草领子，这样的
衣服是仆人阶层所不能承受的。以关注作品服饰细节著称的伦勃朗是不会在作品中发
这样的错误的。
Second, Rembrandt was a master of painting light and shadow, but in this painting
these elements do not fit together. The face appears to be illuminated by light
reflected onto it from below. But below the face is the dark fur collar, which would
absorb light rather than reflect it. So the face should appear partially in shadow-
which is not how it appears. Rembrandt would never have made such an error.
第二，伦勃朗是光影大师，但是在这幅作品中光影却是不协调的。人物的面庞被来自
下面的光照亮了，但是面部下面却是深色的皮草领子。这个深色的皮草领子应该是吸
光而不是反光的，所以面部应该呈现的是半明半暗的状态，而不是全部都是亮的。伦
勃朗是绝不会犯这样的错误的。
Finally, examination of the back of the painting reveals that it was painted on a panel
made of several pieces of wood glued together. Although Rembrandt often painted
on wood panels, no painting known to be by Rembrandt uses a panel glued together
in this way from several pieces of wood.
最后，对于画作背侧的检查发现这幅画的木板是有几块木头粘在一起的。尽管伦勃朗
常常会在木板上作画，但是尚未发现伦勃朗使用几块拼接的木板作画。
For these reason the painting was removed from the official catalog of Rembrandt’s
paintings in the 1930s.
因为上述原因，这幅画在 1930 年代从伦勃朗的官方画作目录中移除了。
阅读部分需要提取的观点是：
- Main point: The painting is not a work by Rembrandt.
- Sub point 1: There is something inconsistent about the way the woman in the
portrait is
dressed.
- Sub point 2: Light and shadow do not fit together.
- Sub point 3: Panel made of several pieces of wood glued together which is never done
by Rembrandt.
观点抽出方法：
- 这篇文章的阅读部分可以说是非常和谐的，无论是 main point 还是 sub points 都是非常清晰明了的。
- 但是需要注意的是这篇文章段内展开是需要仔细看的。很多的时候大家都认为
只要知道 point 就够了，其他的就听就行了。但是，三分钟的时间我们真的足够可以把这篇文章
仔细看完，甚至做好笔记。如果你听力足够好，不看可以，但是什么样才是足够好呢? 听力部分 TPO 满分算吗?答：不算。听力部分是泛听，还有题目和套路去辅助你。
但是综合写作部分就没有这么好，这么慢的速度，这么短的文章，怎么可能听个大概就放过你们呢?
- 如果阅读部分的展开是基于事实的，那么一定一定要认真看，对于我们听力部
分有很好的促进作用。事实是不能被反驳的，有黑色的领子是不会变的，光影不协调是不会变的，拼接木版是不会变的。那么在听力部分只能是基于这些事实进行explanation。这样，谈的话题都会是离不开阅读部分的细节的。不看的话就以为这你要在听力的时候记相当多的内容。
- 听力部分有人问要不要记笔记。如果你是个正常人，不是超长的，那么就要记。
因为不是听个大概就可以了，要有细节和 reasoning，正常人是记不住的。
- 很奇怪吗?lecture 部分也有 reasoning?当然，你要反驳一个观点，没有推理
托福OG综合写作题目(1-3套)
托福OG综合写作题目（1-3套） 智课出品 TEST1 Altruism is a type of behavior in which an animal sacrifices its own interest for that of another animal or group of animals. Altruism is the opposite of selfishness; individuals performing altruistic acts gain nothing for themselves. Examples of altruism abound, both among humans and among other mammals. Unselfish acts among humans range from the sharing of food with strangers to the donation of body organs to family members, and even to strangers. Such acts are altruistic in that they benefit another, yet provide little reward to the one performing the act. In fact, many species of animals appear willing to sacrifice food, or even their life, to assist other members of their group. The meerkat, which is a mammal that dwells in burrows in grassland areas of Africa, is often cited as an example. In groups of meerkats, an individual acts as a sentinel, standing guard and looking out for predators while the others hunt for food or eat food they have obtained. If the sentinel meerkat sees a predator such as a hawk approaching the group, it gives an alarm cry alerting the other meerkats to run and seek shelter. By standing guard, the sentinel meerkat gains nothing—it goes without food while the others eat, and it places itself in grave danger. After it issues an alarm, it has to flee alone, which might make it more at risk to a predator, since animals in groups are often able to work together to fend off a predator. So the altruistic sentinel behavior helps ensure the survival of other members of the meerkat’s group. Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they oppose specific points made in the reading passage. TEST2 Professors are normally found in university classrooms, offices, and libraries doing research and lecturing to their students. More and more, however, they also appear as guests on television news programs, giving expert commentary on the latest events in the world. These television appearances are of great benefit to the professors themselves as well as to their universities and the general public. Professors benefit from appearing on television because by doing so they acquire reputations as authorities in their academic fields among a much wider audience than they have on campus. If a professor publishes views in an academic journal, only other scholars will learn about and appreciate those views. But when a professor appears on TV, thousands of people outside the narrow academic community become aware of the professor’s ideas. So when profes sors share their ideas with a television audience, the professors’ importance as scholars is enhanced. Universities also benefit from such appearances. The universities receive positive publicity
托福写作综合写作简介
托福写作综合写作简介 托福写作是托福考试的最后一项，包含两个任务，分别是托福综合写作和独立写作。综合写作和以往英语写作的考查形式不同并不是单纯的考查写作能力。因此，很多考生在这部分会丢失一些分数。此外，还有一些考生对托福综合写作不太了解，因此，很多考生会在备考过程中存在一些疑问点。接下来，澳洲圣约翰小编就和大家分享托福综合写作简介，包括托福写作的内容介绍和解题技巧。 综合写作俗称小作文，主要考察大家综合信息的能力。如果大家的听力好，那么这个部分对大家来说可能问题不大。这时，大家可能会纳闷：为什么写作要求听力好呢?因为小作文的考试步骤是这样的：首先，进入小作文考试界面后，大家会在屏幕的左边看到一篇阅读文章。ETS给大家三分钟的时间来阅读一篇字数在200到300词之间的文章，提炼文章的主旨和分论点。三分钟过去后，大家需要戴上耳机，听一段时长2到3分钟的听力。听力听完后，就开始真正的写作了。托福写作要求是要大家综合阅读和听力里的内容，提炼最主要信息，通常情况下，是要求大家写听力内容如何反驳了阅读内容。（青岛托福） 这时，很多人可能会觉得小作文很难，这么长的阅读只看了一遍，听力听了一遍，怎么记得住主要内容呢?不用担心，我们说ETS出的考试还是很人性化的，在托福写作的过程中，阅读文章又会重新出现在屏幕的左边。所以，阅读材料是作为一种参考材料出现的。它考察的是大家综合整理信息的能力，考的是大家在国外能否适应那里的校园学习。有的学生可能又有疑问了，既然阅读会一直在屏幕上，第一遍阅读出现的时候为什么还要看呢?这个就要说到阅读和听力的关系了。托福考试的小作文，阅读内容和听力内容必然相反。而且文章和听力的结构非常清晰，一般包含五个段落，开头段一段，中间段三段，结尾段一段。也就是说它们都有一个总的观点和三个分论点。总观点必定相反，分论点则针锋相对。听力会运用一些例子或者理由或者科学的调查结果来反驳阅读中的内容。所以，在阅读第一次出现的时候，把握了它的内容可以提示我们听力的内容。 了解了小作文的考试流程后，我们来看看它的解题技巧。在短时间内，我们的记忆有限，所以我们需要记笔记。在阅读的时候，我们需要记下文章的主旨和分论点。听力则需要我们记住教授是如何反驳文章的分论点的，运用了哪些例子和理由。这些例子和理由至关重要，因为它们组成了后来托福写作的核心内容。（青岛托福培训） 笔记记好后，如何去组织作文的内容呢?其实非常简单。小作文的写作模式很清晰：五个段落一一第一段开头段写明听力内容反驳了阅读内容;随后用三个中间段分别论述听力材料运用了什么例子和理由驳斥阅读内容;最后一段结尾总结性的在强调一次听力内容质疑了阅读材料。这里需要注意到的是，如果大家时间不够，最后的结尾段落可以不写，因为它的内容和开头段可以说是差不多的。 结构看完后，有什么需要特别注意的呢?我们发现，中间段的三个段落以及开头段都会运用到表示反驳这一类的词汇，所以大家需要积累很多关于驳斥，质疑的词，例如：retort，cast doubt on等等。同时，句子的多样性也是我们拿到高分的一个重要评分标准。特别是中间三段的结构特别类似，在表达听力反驳阅读的时候，要运用三种不同的句式。可以用主动句，被动句，也可以用到动词的ing形式表伴随。具体的运用根据学生自己的知识掌握情况来决定。注意到以上几个部分，然后经过高强度的训练，小作文取得高分并不是问题。（青岛圣约翰）
2012年11月2日托福考试写作范文
2012年11月2日托福考试写作范文综合写作： Passage: ocean life extinction. 原因有三：气候变冷导致海平面下降；小行星撞击地球；太阳紫外线加强由于臭氧层消失，给了个例子，一种海洋生物那时候在海洋表面绝迹了。 Lecture: 反驳 1 气候变冷很缓慢而且海平面下降晚于extinction 2 没发现那个时期的crater。 3 那种海洋生物具体在哪生活我们不知道，可能在海底生活。 独立写作： 三选一，你愿意作出下列那种改变improve your health Out of the following three things, which one would you prefer to regulate in order to improve your health? 1. The kind of food you eat 2. The amount of exercise 3. The amount of stress in your life Modern society has turned humans into curious creatures. Our ancestors were highly active thanks to their hunter-gatherer lifestyle; they ate fairly balanced diets due to the limited availability of fats and simple carbohydrates; and they relied on stress as a survival mechanism that kept them alert during intermittent periods of danger. Now, many of us spend upwards of 8 hours a day sedentary at our jobs; we eat unbalance diets of pre-prepared foods in order to save time; and we are constantly stressed due to a never-ending bombardment of stressors coming from our contemporary lifestyle. Managing all three things--diet, exercise, and stress--would be a daunting task for anyone, so if I had to pick one thing to improve my health, it would probably be exercise.
托福综合写作答案详细解析
080105CNW1【08 年1 月5 日大陆托福机经写作第1 题-综合写作】 The reading passage explains the negative effects of introducing foreign species into a local ecosystem. The lecture, on the other hand, offers counterarguments to prove that introduced species many not necessarily be harmful. First, according to the reading, imported species may destroy the existing balance within an ecosystem. However, the lecturer argues that these species don’t always do harm to the local ecosystem. Instead they may bring benefits to local agriculture. Second, the reading states that imported species may destroy the useful aspects of local species. Yet the lecturer points out that this is not always the case. He points out that it depends on local circumstances. For example, the cane toads introduced into the state of Florida have helped to exterminate pests that have infested local harvest. Finally, the reading contends that imported species may add to the local economic burden. Again, the lecturer refutes this point by saying that the impact on local economy varies from place to place. He/She uses the example of mesquite to illustrate this point. This plant imported into Africa has been used as food and firewood by the local people, a useful contribution to the local economy. 080427CNW1 The reading passage provides three pieces of evidence to support author Gavin Menzies’s claim that it was Chinese who first visited the Americas. However, the lecturer dismisses this claim as unfounded. First, as to the markings resembling Chinese characters discovered on a rock on Bimini Road, the lecturer argues that these markings are natural formation rather than human engraving. It looks as if they were carved by humans but a closer examination by geologists would immediately reveal that they are formed by natural forces. Second, regarding the donut-like anchor found off the Coast of Bimini, which seems to be made by Chinese, the speaker suggests that this does not necessarily mean Chinese had been there first, because similar anchors had long been used in navigation by many other countries. Finally, the lecture refuses to view the stone towers on Bimini Island as evidence of the arrival of Chinese sailors earlier than others. He points out that although these towers look like a Chinese lighthouse from a distance, they are in fact built in an English architectural style. Furthermore, carbon dating technique has indicated that the construction by Chinese sailors took place much later than the 15th century.
2019年托福写作：TPO42综合写作阅读题目
2019年托福写作：TPO42综合写作阅读题目 TPO42综合写作题目文本 Integrated Writing Glass is a favored building material for modern architecture, yet it is also very dangerous for wild birds. Because they often cannot distinguish between glass and open air, millions of birds are harmed every year when they try to fly through glass windows. There are, however, several solutions that responsible businesses can use to prevent injuries to birds. One-Way Glass One solution is to replace the regular, clear glass with one-way glass that is transparent in only one direction. The occupants of the building can see out, but birds and others cannot see in. If birds cannot see through a window, they will understand that the glass forms a solid barrier and will not try to fly through it. Colorful Designs A second solution is to paint colorful lines or other designs on regular window glass. For example, a window could have a design of thin stripes painted over the glass. People would still be able to see through the openings in the design where there is no paint, while birds would see the stripes and thus avoid trying to fly through the glass. Architects can be encouraged to include colorful painted patterns on glass as part of the general design of buildings.
托福综合写作7范文托福作文的综合写作应该写
托福综合写作7范文托福作文的综合写作应该写托福作文写作应该分为三个层次，也就是我们确定中心思想后应该找三个理由来支持。托福写作还有一个五段论，第一段为中心思想，二三四为支持段落，第五段总结观点。这个就是所谓的八股文。但是形式不能太明显，在表达中多加入自己的思想，八股文的形式会隐晦一些。一般这种写作可以助你在托福作文中取得高分。 构建综合写作整体，你可以从以下这几个方面入手：第一，将听力及阅读中的核心观点提炼出来，并指明对应的两个观点是支持还是对立；第二，分为几个段落，分别从不同角度总结出两个观点的论据。最后，重申主要论证观点并注意切忌掺加个人观点。听力结束后，考生还会有时间回看阅读文章，所以不用完整记忆阅读文章的论点和论据，记下核心即可。 有问题，可以再问我。 我觉得 ___老师讲的不太对，我自己本身也在 ___培训过，感觉他们讲的方法都是很过时的方法，不太适用于新托福的考试。下面是我自己考了四次托福的感想： 2、其实考试的时候，观点找错的情况似乎不太会发生。。。因为阅读里面都有提示了啊。。。一般不会弄错的，所以不用担心，
重点是细节不要搞错，要挺清楚细节说了那几点，尽量不要落下那个点，细节齐全 3、写得时候模板适当用用，但是表全部都用，那样文章就有点僵硬了，你自己读着通顺就好啊。 4、文章内部用词要有多样性，要适当地用一些高级的词汇，如重要的这个意思，你不要只用important, 这样显得你不认识多少单词，可以用significant, vital, essential, of great importance, core, 这种意思相近的单词或者是意群来表达，这样他们就认为你词汇量大了。 5、写综合写作最能体现你的词汇量和句型的多边性，所以不要直接照抄听力或者是阅读的内容，这样就表现不出你自己了，多看看新概念4里面的表达方法，哪些句型神马的都很好，对考试很有用！！！ 6、模板没有对错之分，你自己需要好一个模板，然后自己用自己弄出来的，这样比较好，不过这种东西都差不多，重点还是看个人的表达神马的，还有词汇量什么的。
托福写作辅导：托福考试满分作文范文(30篇)
托福写作辅导：托福考试满分作文欣赏（１） Which one do you prefer, to solve problems on your own experience and knowledge, or to ask others for advice? As knowledge and experience serve as twim towers in problem-solving, one is often presented with two major paths that pave the way for final fulfillment, eitther to wrack his brain, just like what happened to Neuton, siiting for many years under an apple tree and eventually figuring out ond of the greatest universal rules that govern the whole globe, or to seek for others’ widsom through their advice, just as in the case of Benjinin Franklin, gathering great minds under one roof and then establishing a most world-renown libray. Both ways work. When a practical goal is involved, however, Benjimin Franklin may best be regareded as a role model in this respect and asking people for advice often turn out to be the prime alternative. Experience and knowledge borrowed or learned from others’ advice contribute greatly to effectiveness and effeciency for a goal-accomplishment. Not all experience and knowledge related to problem-solving can be obtained by personal effort alone due to limitations of mind and capabilities of each individual. A single thought in someone’s mind is, more often than not, far less shining compared with group’s wisdom. That explains the famous old saying that one sees further when standing upon the shoulders’ of past great giants; that explains why a great leader is always with greater minds; that also explains why teamwork in corperation is highly emphasized in the 21st century. Brainstorm and exchange of ideas between different thoughts never fail to enhance capabilities of each individula involved, a team, a company, an institution, a country, or even the entire global village. Asking others’ advice instead of getting everything done on one’s own promotes democracy and communication too. In terms of democracy, it is necessary to give others rights and chances to speak since the problem may concern them in different ways, and their saying in turn reflects our respect toward freedom of speech as well as their wisdom. In terms of communication, idea exchange sometimes focuses more than solutions, and hereby better mutual understanding about perspectives, principles, praticalities and personalities of each other. Admittely turning to others for help and suggestion by no means refers to absolute and irresponsible dependence. Consideration upon different thoughts and ideas broadens our mind, enlarges our vision, furthers understanding, enhances more effective and efficient brainstorm, and stresses mutual respect in groups and communities, which undoubtedly gives rise to better, if not the best solutions. As is paraphrased from John F Kenedy, brainstormed, there is little we cannot do while divided, there is little we can do. 托福写作辅导：托福考试满分作文欣赏(2) Case of Benjinin Franklin, gathering great minds under one roof and then establishing a most world-renown libray. Both ways work. When a practical goal is involved, however, Benjimin Franklin may best be regareded as a role model in this respect and asking people for advice often turn out to be the prime alternative. Experience and knowledge borrowed or learned from others' advice contribute greatly to effectiveness and effeciency for a goal-accomplishment. Not all experience and knowledge related to problem-solving can be obtained by personal effort alone due to limitations of mind and capabilities of each individual. A single thought in someone's mind is, more often than not, far less
托福写作之浅谈综合写作
托福写作之浅谈综合写作 托福综合写作是怎样的一种形式呢?今天给大家带来了托福写作之浅谈综合写作，希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 托福写作之浅谈综合写作 根据托福OG有关综合写作的要求，评分标准主要为信息(information)和逻辑(organization)。这两点考察的就是我们对听力要点的把握能力，以及如何用简要的语言概括阅读稿和听力稿中的信息，并且层次清晰，要点明确。有的同学说，我听懂了，我直接写就好;有的说，我看懂了，但听懂了一部分，编下就行。其实不然。阅读稿看懂了，听力听懂了，只是一半。还需要将听力中的有效信息用自己的语言表达出来，并且也不能与阅读稿中的表达完全一致。 在这里我将综合听力需要锻炼的能力列为以下三点： 1. 阅读能力(快、准) 2. 听写和速记能力(不是简单词不记，是记重点名词、动词或短语)
3. 一定的改写能力(这个就是我们对于句型的运用，涉及句子表达准确性、语态、词的适当替换等)。 可能有的同学说听不懂，这里建议，如果练习听力，尽量用托福听力材料进行练习，因为托福听力材料内容信息量大，需要记的东西多，也能通过做题找到自己听力的盲区。如果托福听力能听懂了，托福综合写作的听力也没有问题了。 这里附上两篇学生写的综合写作范文。 TPO26 Inthe listening material, the professor made several points about the invasion ofthe zebra mussels can be stopped. Firstof all, the reading passage states that the human transportation will cause theinvasion of the zabra mussels, while the professor contradicts that people cannotcontrol it in the past because of the lack of the knowledge. On the other hand,the ocean water will be taken by the ship to replace the freshwater, which maykill the mussels. Moreover,the reading passage also mentions that if the mussels are taken to the newplace, they wont have predators, while the professor refutes that they candominate it just for a short
托福写作难点分析
托福写作难点分析 托福写作是托福考试中最后一项，也是托福写作中的难点。很多同学托福考试都栽在了托福写作中。下面就和大家分享托福写作难点分析,希望能够帮助到大家，来欣赏一下吧。 托福写作难点分析 托福写作难点一：提纲 很多考生在看到作文题的时候，往往就急速下手，并没有花一定的时间去构思整篇*的写作思路，最终使得作文的章法缺乏条理，内容架构很不清晰。往往这样的考生很多一部分只是跟着自己的写作感觉走，稍不留神就会出问题。 要控制因胡乱写作所造成的篇章思路混乱模糊，考生须严格按照三点提纲来写。假如第一段要求描述某个现象，务必不要先进入到原因分析，否则到了第二段该分析原因的时候就没东西可写了。 另外，有的考生一方面有话则多，一发而不可收，控制不了自己;一方面无话则隐，该说的话没有体现出来。 我们不妨把作文的要求量化到每一个段落：一篇200词左右的作文一般不会超过15句话，把这15句话根据题目要求分配到
各段中去，每一段大概只说那么几句话，绝不多说，事实上往往是说得越多，错误越多。 因此，顺着提纲走，每一段不要写得太多，点到为止，见好就收，这才是最稳妥的对策。 托福写作难点二：思路 这种情况经常会出现，尤其是那些平时感觉英语水平很好，但是一谈到写作，常常就会没有思路，不知如何下手，针对这种情况，我们对思路扩展提出两种方法，能迅速有效帮助学生解决这个问题。 (一)归类法： 在平时阅读时，需要时刻注意按照*的体裁进行归类，如诗歌、散文、小说、戏剧、或记叙文、说明文、议论文。在阅读时，将内容相近，体裁相同或体裁不相同的*进行比较，通过比较领悟*的美妙之处，学习作者独特的写作思路和观点的阐述方法，句法结构的特点等等。 (二)总括法： 就是要求考生对各个题材*的总体架构和写作思路有一个宏观的把握。譬如：议论文是对某个议论对象，提出见解或主张并说明理由，使读者信服的*。它的基本特点是议论的说服性而议
TPO20综合写作范文
The reading passage explores the topic of the “Let it burn” policy. The professor’s lecture deals with the same issue. However, she thinks that the “Let it burn”policy is fundamental positive policy, which contradicts what the reading states. And in the lecture, she uses three specific points to support her idea. First, the professor argues in the lecture that the fire enhanced the diversity of vegetation in Yellowstone Park, even though the reading passage suggests that Yellowstone fires caused tremendous damage to the park's trees and other vegetation. This is because that the fire has created a opportunity for some new plants to grow, for instance, the small plants which needed open un-shaded area and the seeds which demanded high levels of heat to germinate, which means that the small vegetations would had a better environment after the large trees had been destroyed. Obviously, the professor's argument disproves its counterpart in the reading. Moreover, despite the statement in the reading that the park wildlife was affected, and there was also concern that the destruction of habitats and food chains, the professor states that the fire also created new opportunities for some animals’ thriving that the population could recover and strengthened certain food chains. Then he supports this point with the fact that, for example, the new plants offered perfect habitats for some animals like rabbits and hares, and promote their predators’ booming the
托福考试写作流程及题型介绍
托福考试写作流程及题型介绍 托福考试时间长，题目量大。很多同学听“托”丧胆，托福考试成为众多同学出国路上的拦路虎。那么托福考试考察哪些内容?具体设置如何呢?下面我们就来看一下托福听、说、读、写每一项的考试内容、题目数量、时间要求、考察重点等，做到知己知彼，才能百战不殆。 》》》点击查看：详细的托福考试流程 考试程序 8点开始排队准备入场，8：30左右签诚信单，9：00开始考试，整个考试时间差不多4小时，差不多下午1点考完。 考试时间及题目数量如下： 1. 阅读部分 阅读无加试是3篇文章，共计60分钟。如果加试，将加考2篇文章，计时40分钟。其中加试题目不计入成绩，但是考试时考生并不知道哪篇是加试，因此应当一律认真对待。 2. 听力部分 正常考试分为两组题目，每组题目由一篇校园情景对话和2篇学术讲座组成。每篇对话5个问题，每篇学术讲座6个问题，正常考试34个题目，60分钟。如果加试，加试一组题目：即一篇对话和两篇学术讲座，加试17个题目，加试时间30分钟。 3. 10分钟的休息 休息时间可以上厕所，吃点东西。 4. 口语部分 考试时间大约20分钟，分为6个task. 5. 写作部分 一篇综合写作，一篇独立作文，共计50分钟。 写作题型 写作分为综合写作和独立写作。 4.1 综合写作： 出题形式：3分钟时间阅读一篇学术类文章，文章从屏幕消失后，播放一段与阅读内容相关的听力，然后总结听力与文章的要点内容，并说明听力为什么总结反驳的文章的观点
时间及字数：写作时间20分钟，字数150-225 e.g. Summarize the points made in the lecture you just heard, explaining how they cast doubt on points made in the reading. 4.2 独立写作 出题形式：独立写作通常要求就某个开放性话题表达观点，并说明自己的理由。话题通常为日常常见话题，涉及工作、教育、环保等话题 e.g. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement??Always telling the truth is the most important consideration in any relationship. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. 字数及时间：300字以上 30分钟 托福考试写作流程及题型介绍