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summary of type2 diabetes

summary of type2 diabetes
summary of type2 diabetes

Summary

This is a summary about a person who was just diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes. Here is the summary for this patient.

Rose is a 57-year-old woman who works in a shop in Shanghai. She has a husband, two children and two grandchildren. Last week, she was diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes. The doctor has ordered a 1600 calorie/day diet and told her to decrease her daily sugar and carbohydrate intake.

According to Rose’s condition, we have made a plan to help her control the disease. We recommended some healthy food that she can eat and we also have made a healthy meal for Rose should eat each day for one full week. The doctor said that she can not eat food which contains much sugar and carbohydrates. So she can eat the food which contains crude fiber, like tomatoes, bean sprouts,celery, etc. She can eat vegetables like water spinach, bok choy, cucumbers, etc.

We have plan healthy meals for Rose for one full week. Here is a day meal example: For breakfast: 250ml low-fat milk (82cal), a piece of salt bread (170cal). For lunch: 135g rice (200cal), 60g carrot soup (60cal), 10 prawns (100cal). For snacks: 100g tofu (140cal). For dinner: 20 wonton (800cal). This kind of meal can limit the calorie ≤1600. It can help the

patient decrease her sugar intake. The other 6 meals are also like this one, we have made it into a table.

This is the summary about Rose’s new diet and we hope that she can keep healthy in her daily life.

By : FIONA

新时代交互英语读写译课文翻译讲课稿

新时代交互英语读写译课文翻译

新时代交互英语读写译课文翻译- 哈佛学子的成功之道 1 许多不同类型的自助书籍都给读者提出建议,帮助他们培养一定的技能、目标和态度,以获得成功,并拥有一种健康的生活方式。现在,在采访了 1600 名大学生后,马萨诸塞州波士顿市哈佛大学的研究者们找到了促成哈佛学子学业成功、让他们产生满足感的因素。 2 他们的重要发现让哈佛大学做出了改变其策略的决定,这些变化包括:给学生布且更多的小组作业以及在下午安排课程。目的是为了鼓励学生吃晚餐时可以继续讨论他们的课程。 3 研究者们是如何获得他们所需的信息的呢?首先,他们提出很多问题,涉及学生的课余活动、教学质量和指导质量等方方面面。研究者们通过寻找规律来找出某些课程有用的原因。他们询问学生的感受----对自己所学的东西是否感到高兴、满意或兴奋,然后把得到的答案与学生们在学业方面的成功进行比较。这些问题旨在找出是什么让学生高兴,又是什么在帮助他们学习。 4 以下是他们通过调查研究所提出的建议: (1) 了解任课教师。学生每个学期都要听四到五个教师的课。至少要熟悉其中的一位教师并且也要让他们认识你,这样会有使你感到和学校联系在一起。另一个重要的忠告是:向任课教师请教有关课程学习的建议。问一些有关你要做什么才能得到提高的具体问题。例如,像“怎样才能使我第一段的论证更有效?”这样的问题能让你获得所需的建议。研究表明,大多数寻求帮助的学生都能提高他们的成绩,而那些没有寻求帮助的学生则成绩不好或者不及格。 (2)分小组学习。做作业很重要,但是仅仅如此是不够的。为了真正理解学习内容,在学习之余最好和两三个同学组成学习小组,和他们一起完成作业。能这样做的同学会更好地理解学习内容。他们会觉得与课堂的联系更紧密,从而更积极地参与课堂学习。 (3) 留出足够的时间去做好一件事情。在这次哈佛大学的研究中,学习好的学生比学习不好的学生在学习上花的时间更多。学习好的学生可以不间断地学习两到三个小时,而学习不太好的学生一次只学习、二、三十分钟,往往在一天的某些特定时段学习,如晚费前载体育运动后。几乎没有多少学生能意识到抓有不间断的学习时间的必要性。 (4)参加一项活动。你也许认识不到加入一个俱乐部或加入一个团队的重要性,但这恰恰是很重要的。要参加体育俱乐部,你不必是一名优秀的运动员。没有运动天赋的学生可以在体育俱乐部里给教练帮帮忙,尽自己的一份力,比如在比赛或训练期间给队员准备水瓶或切好橙子给他们吃。 学生只要参加了一 项活动,哪怕参与的方式是微不足道的,他们也会以更积极的心态去面对他们的学业。

英文summary写作范例

Article Children Must be Taught to Tell Right from Wrong William Kilpatrick Many of today 's young people have a difficult time seeing any moral dimension ( 道德层 面 ) to their actions. There are a number of reasons why that 's true, but none more prominent than a failed system of education that eschews ( 回避 ) teaching children the traditional moral values that bind Americans together as a society and a culture. That failed approach, called “decision - making, ” was introduced in schools 25 years ago. It tells children to decide for themselves what is right and what is wrong. It replaced “character education. ( 品格教 育 )” Character education didn 't ask children to reinvent the moral wheel ( 浪费时间重新发明早已存 在的道德标准); instead, it encouraged them to practice habits of courage, justice and self-control. In the 1940s, when a character education approach prevailed, chewing gum; today they worry about robbery and rape. Decision-making curriculums pose thorny ( 棘手的 ) ethical dilemmas to students, with the impression that all morality is problematic and that all questions of right and wrong are in dispute. Youngsters are forced to question values and virtues they 've never acquired in the first place or upon which they have only a tenuous ( 薄弱的 ) hold. The assumption behind this method is that students will arrive at good moral conclusions if only they are given the chance. But the actual result is moral confusion. For example, a recent national study of 1,700 sixth- to ninth-graders revealed that a majority of boys considered rape to be acceptable under certain conditions. Astoundingly, many of the girls agreed. This kind of moral illiteracy is further encouraged by values-education (价值观教育 ) programs that are little more than courses in self-esteem ( 自尊 ). These programs are based on the questionable assumption that a child who feels good about himself or herself won 't want to do anything wrong. But it is just as reasonable to make an opposite assumption: namely, that a child who has uncritical self-regard w ill conclude that he or she can 't do anything bad. Such naive self-acceptance results in large part from the non-directive ( 无指导性的 ), non-judgmental ( 无是非观的 ), as-long-as-you-feel-comfortable-with-your-choices mentality ( 思 想) that has pervaded ( 渗透) public education for the last two and one-half decades. Many of today 's drug education, sex education and values -education courses are based on the same 1960s philosophy that helped fuel the explosion in teen drug use and sexual activity in the first place. Meanwhile, while educators are still fiddling with ( 胡乱摆弄 ) outdated “feel - good ” approaches, New York, Washington, and Los Angeles are burning. Youngsters are leaving school believing that matters of right and wrong are always merely subjective. If you pass a stranger on the street and decide to murder him because you need money —if it feels right —you go with that feeling. Clearly, murder is not taught in our schools, but such a conclusion —just about any conclusion —can be reached and justified using the decision-making method. It is time to consign ( 寄出 ) the fads (风尚 ) of “decision - making ” and “non- judgmentalism ” to the ash heap of failed policies, and return to a proved method. Character education provides a much more realistic approach to moral formation. It is built on an understanding that we learn morality not by debating it but by practicing it. Sample teachers worried about students leaving them

国际市场营销-知识点整理

1 企业为何要开拓国际市场? 国内市场的国际竞争与威胁交换; 国外市场可能比国内有更多的利润机会; 获取更广泛的顾客基础以实现规模经济; 追随客户进入国际市场; 减少对国内市场的依赖以降低风险; 2 国际市场营销是指对商品和劳务流入一个以上国家的消费者或用户手中的过程进行计划、 定价、促销和引导以便获取利润的活动。 3 国际营销与国内营销的差异 市场环境复杂 市场竞争激烈 交易障碍增多 营销风险增大 4 国际营销的主要文化障碍 国际营销所面临的最具挑战性、最重要的文化障碍主要有二: 自我参照标准,即无意识地参照个人的文化价值观、经验和知识,并以此作为决策的依据。 民族中心主义即认为自己的文化和公司最清楚应该如何做事。 自我参照标准和民族中心主义可能使国际企业意识不到文化差异的存在或其重要性,影响公司对在国内设计的国外市场营销组合方案的合理性评估。 5 建立跨文化分析框架 第一步:按照本国文化特征、习惯或规范定义经营问题或目标; 第二步:通过向目标市场国人士咨询,按照该国文化特征、习惯或规范定义经营问题或目标,但不进行价值判断; 第三步:分离自我参照标准的影响,仔细分析自我参照标准是如何使问题复杂化的; 第四步:在没有自我参照标准影响的情况下,重新定义问题,并解决问题,谋求最佳经营目标。 6 国际市场营销演进的五个阶段 间接性对外营销阶段 偶然性对外营销阶段 有规律的对外营销阶段 国际市场营销阶段 全球市场营销阶段 7 国际市场的含义及发展趋势 国际市场是指本国市场以外的各个国家市场交织在一起形成的的复杂的市场整体。 既有全球化的特点,又有集团化的趋势; 既有激烈的竞争,又有很强的垄断; 既有较大的动荡性,又有稳步增长的趋势; 国际市场商品结构不断升级和优化; 国际市场的深度和广度都在不断发展。 8 霍夫斯泰德的国别文化差异评价理论 个人主义/集体主义指数 权力距离指数 不确定性回避指数 男性/女性化指数

新时代交互英语读写译课文翻译

新时代交互英语读写译课文翻译- 哈佛学子的成功之道 1 许多不同类型的自助书籍都给读者提出建议,帮助他们培养一定的技能、目标和态度,以获得成功,并拥有一种健康的生活方式。现在,在采访了1600 名大学生后,马萨诸塞州波士顿市哈佛大学的研究者们找到了促成哈佛学子学业成功、让他们产生满足感的因素。 2 他们的重要发现让哈佛大学做出了改变其策略的决定,这些变化包括:给学生布且更多的小组作业以及在下午安排课程。目的是为了鼓励学生吃晚餐时可以继续讨论他们的课程。 3 研究者们是如何获得他们所需的信息的呢?首先,他们提出很多问题,涉及学生的课余活动、教学质量和指导质量等方方面面。研究者们通过寻找规律来找出某些课程有用的原因。他们询问学生的感受----对自己所学的东西是否感到高兴、满意或兴奋,然后把得到的答案与学生们在学业方面的成功进行比较。这些问题旨在找出是什么让学生高兴,又是什么在帮助他们学习。 4 以下是他们通过调查研究所提出的建议: (1) 了解任课教师。学生每个学期都要听四到五个教师的课。至少要熟悉其中的一位教师并且也要让他们认识你,这样会有使你感到和学校联系在一起。另一个重要的忠告是:向任课教师请教有关课程学习的建议。问一些有关你要做什么才能得到提高的具体问题。例如,像“怎样才能使我第一段的论证更有效?”这样的问题能让你获得所需的建议。研究表明,大多数寻求帮助的学生都能提高他们的成绩,而那些没有寻求帮助的学生则成绩不好或者不及格。 (2)分小组学习。做作业很重要,但是仅仅如此是不够的。为了真正理解学习内容,在学习之余最好和两三个同学组成学习小组,和他们一起完成作业。能这样做的同学会更好地理解学习内容。他们会觉得与课堂的联系更紧密,从而更积极地参与课堂学习。(3) 留出足够的时间去做好一件事情。在这次哈佛大学的研究中,学习好的学生比学习不好的学生在学习上花的时间更多。学习好的学生可以不间断地学习两到三个小时,而学习不太好的学生一次只学习、二、三十分钟,往往在一天的某些特定时段学习,如晚费前载体育运动后。几乎没有多少学生能意识到抓有不间断的学习时间的必要性。(4)参加一项活动。你也许认识不到加入一个俱乐部或加入一个团队的重要性,但这恰恰是很重要的。要参加体育俱乐部,你不必是一名优秀的运动员。没有运动天赋的学生可以在体育俱乐部里给教练帮帮忙,尽自己的一份力,比如在比赛或训练期间给队员准备水瓶或切好橙子给他们吃。 学生只要参加了一 项活动,哪怕参与的方式是微不足道的,他们也会以更积极的心态去面对他们的学业。 5 安排好你的时间,这可以帮助你在学习上取得成功;制定好一个计划并严格执行,你就能从中获得乐趣并与班上的同学相处愉快。留够时间,学个彻底,玩个痛快,你就

summary 范文

Original: My neighbor's children love playing hide-and-seek as all children do, but no one imagine that a game they played last week would be reported in the local newspaper. One afternoon, they were playing in the vacant lot down the corner. Young Paul, who is only five years old, found the perfect place to hide. His sister, Natalie, had shut her eyes and was counting to ten when Paul noticed the storage mail box at the corner and saw that the metal door was standing open. The mailman had just taken out several sacks of mail and had carried them to his truck which was standing at the curb a few feet away. Paul climbed into the storage box and pulled the door closed so hard that it locked. Soon realizing what he had done, he became frightened and started crying. Meanwhile, Natalie was looking for him everywhere but could not find him. It was lucky that she happened to pause at the corner for a minute and heard her brother's cries. She immediately ran to tell the mailman who hurried back from his truck to unlock the metal door. Paul was now free, but he had had such a bad scare that he could not stop crying. The mailman, however, soon found a way of making him laugh again. He told him that the next time he wanted to hide in a mail box, he should remember to put a stamp on himself! Summary: The children were playing hide-and-seek in a vacant lot one afternoon. Finding that the storage mailbox had been left open, Paul hid and locked himself in it accidentally. His sister, Natalie, heard his cries and realized where he was hiding, so she immediately told the mailman to unlock the metal door. After letting him out, the mailman made him stop crying by telling him to put a stamp on himself the next he wanted to hide in a mailbox. Original: Why do some animals die out? In the past two hundred years people have caused many kinds of animals to die out--to become extinct. People keep building houses and factories in fields and woods. As they spread over the land, they destroy animals' homes. If the animals can't find a place to live, they die out. Sixteen kinds of Hawaiian birds have become extinct for this reason. Other animals, such as the Florida Key deer, may soon die out because they are losing their homes.Hunters have caused some animals to become extinct, too. In the last century, hunters killed all the passenger pigeons in North America and most of the buffalos. Today they are fast killing off hawks and wolves. Pollution is killing many animals today, too. As rivers become polluted, fish are poisoned. Many die. Birds that eat the poisoned fish can't lay strong, healthy eggs. New birds aren’t born. So far, no animals have become extinct because of pollution. But some, such as the bald eagle and the brown pelican, have become rare and may die out. Scientists think that some animals become extinct because of changes in climate. The places where they live become hotter or cooler, drier or wetter. The food that they eat cannot grow there any more. If the animals can't learn to eat something else, they die. Dinosaurs may have died out for this reason. Summary:

自考国际市场营销学-考试重点-复习资料

国际市场营销学一、名词解释国际市场营销学:是一门研究以国外顾客需求为中心、从事国际市场营销活动的国际企业经营销售管理的科学。利益集团:又称院外活动集团或压力集团,它是由社会上各行各业具有共同利益的人或对某些问题具有共同看法和主张的人组成的组织,其目的是促使政府维护其切身利益或实现其政治主张。政治风险:主要来自东道国未来政治变化的不确定性,是指因东道国各种政治力量使其商务环境发生很大的变化,致使国际企业经营目标难以实现而产生的风险。进口限制:是指一个国家或地区出于某种理由限制某些外国商品进入本国市场的行为。外汇管制:是指一国政府对外汇买卖、外汇汇率、外汇汇出及国际结算等进行的管制和限制。国际惯例:是指在国际商务实践活动中逐渐形成的、具有特定内容的、反复使用的习惯做法和先例。参照群体是指个体在特定的情景之下,将其作为行为参照对象所构成的群体。文化冲突就是指国际企业以本国文化为参照对象,到目标市场国开展营销活动,因与当地文化不相符合,产生矛盾,遭到当地消费者抵制的现象。自我参照就是国际企业营销人员在开展国际营销活动时,用自己的文化观念去推测东道国消费者的消费行为。商业习惯是长久以来人类在从事生产经营活动过程中养成的待人接物的方法、社交礼仪、经营态度及做生意的方法等。区域经济一体化指区域内各成员国互相取消贸易障碍,进行一定程度的合作与协作,以促进成员国之间的贸易与经济发展。自由贸易区指

两个或两个以上的国家就降低或取消成员国之间的关税和非关税壁垒达成协议,同时各成员国对区域外国家仍然实施各自的关税原则。经济联盟指成员国在共同市场的基础上,进一步协调经济和社会政策,并逐步取消各自政策方面的差异,在对外贸易、财政金融以及其他领域里实现统一政策,形成区域经济实体。对外直接投资是指一国的企业或个人通过在国外设立子公司或分公司,或通过购买、参与当地企业的股份,直接在海外从事生产、销售和其他经营活动的投资形式。国际货币市场主要指期限在一年内的银行短期信贷、短期证券及票据贴现市场,包括商业银行、票据承兑行、贴现行、证券交易商和证券经纪人。国际资本市场是指一年以上的中长期融资市场,参与者有银行、公司、证券商及政府机构。电子商务是以信息技术、网络技术、通信技术为基础,高效率、低成本地从事以商品交换为中心的各种商务活动。网络营销就是以国际互联网络为基础,利用数字化的信息和网络媒体的交互性来辅助营销目标实现的一种新型的市场营销方式。简单的说,网络营销就是以互联网为主要手段,为达到一定营销目的而进行的营销活动。可持续发展就是建立在社会、经济、人口、资源、环境相互协调和共同发展的基础上的一种发展,其宗旨是既能相对满足当代人的需求,又不能对后代人的发展构成危害。绿色营销是可持续发展在企业生产经营活动中的反映,是实施可持续发展战略的重要组成部分,也是实现社会和经济可持续发展的首要途径。

新时代交互英语第一册读写译第一单元答案

Unit 1 College Life Language study of Reading1: Harvard University’s Habits for Success. ①Many different types of self-help books advise the reader to develop the skills, goals, and attitudes that will both promote success and provide for a healthy lifestyle. [= Through self-help books, a reader can learn how to become successful and prepare for a healthy way of living by developing the skills, goals and attitudes. ] 许多不同类型的自助书籍都给读者提出建议,帮助他们培养一定的技能、目标和态度,以获得成功,并拥有一种健康的生活方式。 develop v. 1) to grow or change into something bigger, stronger, or more advanced, or to make someone or something do this [ advance]发展Chicago developed into a big city in the late 1800s. 2)to design or make a new idea, product, system etc over a period of time 发明,设计 Scientists are developing new drugs to treat arthritis关节炎. 3)to start to have a feeling or quality that then becomes stronger: 逐渐产生 The children are beginning to develop a sense of responsibility. 孩子们逐渐产生了一种责任感。 develop a sense of…/develop a awareness of产生一种…意识 It was in college that he developed a taste for (=started to like) rugby football.在大学的时候他开始喜欢上了橄榄球。 4)if you develop a skill or ability, or if it develops, it becomes stronger or more advanced: 进步,提高 The course is designed to help students develop their speaking skills.这门课是为了提高学生演讲能力而设计的。promote v. 1) To help in the growth or development of 促进,推动,增进 e.g. promote foreign trade 促进对外贸易 e.g. Milk can promote health. 牛奶可以增进健康 2) To give (someone) a higher position or rank 提升,晋升(某人) e.g. The instructor was promoted to professor. 那位讲师升为教授。(to 后表示地位之名词不加冠词 3)To bring (goods) to public notice in order to encourage people to buy 推销/促销(货物)promote a new product; promoter:(事业)推动者,赞助人,(公司)创立者 promotion:晋级,促进;促销get/be given a promotion provide for 1) to make the necessary future arrangements for 为…做好准备 It is highly important to provide for the future.预先做好准备非常重要。 2)to support; supply with the things necessary for life供养,抚养 He had to provide for five children.他要供养五个孩子。 3)provide sb. With sth / provide sth for sb. lifestyle n. 生活方式;lifework 一生的事业 Lifetime: the chance of a lifetime;in one’s lifetime; lifetime employment 终生雇佣 ②contribute (to)v. 1)to help in causing a situation, event, or condition起促成作用,有助于,成为(---的)原因 e.g.A proper amount of exercise contributes to good health. Various factors contributed to his downfall.各种因素导致了他的垮台 2) to join with others in giving (money, help, etc) 捐献;捐助;贡献出;提供(时间,精力等) e.g. He contributed a lot of money to the charity. e.g. She contributed many good ideas to the discussion. Contribution n. make great contributions to --- ③tip n. 1) a helpful piece of advice 小建议,小窍门,劝告,告诫 Take my tip and keep well away from that place. The manual手册,指南is full of useful tips. 2) a small amount of money given as a gift, usually in addition to the official price, for a small service performed 小费Shall I leave a tip for the waiter? 3) the usually pointed end of something (某物的)尖端 a town at the southern tip of India on/at the tip of one's tongue: not quite able to be remembered 就在嘴边,但记不起来了 Now what's her name? It's on the tip of my tongue. the tip of the iceberg: a small sign of a much larger situation, problem, etc.冰山一角;重大情况(问题等)露出表面的极小一部分;The official statistics on drug addiction are only the tip of the iceberg; the real figure may well be much higher. ④specific adj. 1) detailed and exact; clear in meaning or explanation 明确的,具体的e.g. He came here for a specific aim. 2) particular;fixed, determined, or named 特定的,一定的,(至于名词前) e.g. a specific sum of money 一定金额 3) limited to;found only in 仅限于----的;特有的;固有的 e.g. This disease is specific to horses. ⑤effective adj.

一篇英语summary范文英语Summary写

一篇英语summary范文英语Summary写第一步:阅读 A.认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解,就多读两遍。阅读次数越多,你对原文的理解就越深刻。 B.给摘要起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。 C.现在,就该决定原文中哪些部分重要,哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。 D.简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。 第二步:动手写作 A. 摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。因此首先数一下原文的字数,然后除以三,得到一个数字。摘要的字数可以少于这个数字,但是千万不能超过这个数字。

B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。 C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。 D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息,以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。 E. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧: 1) 删除细节。只保留主要观点。 2) 选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子,你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。 3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子,那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。 4) 避免重复。在原文中,为了强调某个主题,可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。

5) 压缩长的句子。如下列两例: “His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.” 可以概括为:”He was very brave in battle.” “He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”可以概括为:“He was in financial difficulties.” 6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子: “Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.”

国际市场营销章后习题参考答案

附录1 章后习题参考答案与提示 第1章 □知识题 1.1 阅读理解 1)国际市场营销(International Marketing,简称国际营销,也有的称国际行销)指的是企业在跨越国境的基础上计划和实施交易,以实现满足个人和组织需要的交换的过程。这里其主要特点是跨越国境的交易。与国内营销的主要区别是:①国际营销比国内营销面临更多不可控因素;②国际营销比国内营销面临着更复杂的需求;③国际营销比国内营销更需要统一的协调和控制;④国际营销的目标市场在国外,它的产品(或服务)应该满足国外客户的需要。 2)开展国际市场营销,主要是为了让企业的决策者在综合考虑分析国内外市场营销环境的基础上,捕捉营销机会,避免风险,制定进入国际市场的营销战略、策略,以实现企业的基本目标。因此,企业开展国际营销的目的是:①拓展企业的市场基础,扩大企业的经营业务;②获得国际市场的经验和资源,参与全球竞争;③获得全球基础上的竞争优势,加强企业的核心竞争能力;④分散化经营,规避经营风险。 3)这些环境因素包括三个方面。①营销可控因素。产品、渠道、价格和促销就是营销的可控因素,企业要达到自己的经营目标,必须以目标市场消费者的需求为中心,制定一个适应企业外部环境的营销方案。企业对外部环境认识得愈深刻,适应得愈好,效益就愈佳。 ②国内不可控因素,包括政治力量、经济形势和竞争环境等。这些因素往往对企业在国际市场上的营销活动产生直接或间接的影响。有时政府一项政治决定会给企业带来巨大的营销机会;而另一项决定也可能使原来谈妥的生意告吹。国内经济形势的好坏,也会影响企业海外投资办厂的能力,以及在国际市场购买的多寡。竞争环境往往构成企业实现营销目标的直接威胁。③国外不可控因素,包括政治力量、经济形势、社会文化环境、科技条件、竞争因素、地理环境、分销结构等,这些都是无法控制而且更为复杂的环境,但它们又是企业进入国际市场制订营销规划的基础和依据。 4)国际市场营销的主要任务包括:适应环境差距,包括文化差距、行政差距、地理差距和经济差距;进行跨国的组织协调;确定和管理组织的全球化决策,包括战略的全球化决策、企业组织的全球化决策、产品全球化决策及全球品牌决策等。 5)国际市场营销的观念包括民族中心主义、多元中心主义、区域中心主义及地球中心主义等。国际市场营销观念和国际市场营销的发展阶段以及组织形式是紧密相联的。企业处于什么样的发展阶段,就需要什么样的营销观念作为指导,同时也需要相应的组织形式来实践这些观念。例如,企业实施出口营销通常是因为贯彻了“国内市场延伸观念”的国际市场营销观念;实施国际市场营销的企业多采用国别市场营销观念,即公司意识到国外市场的重要性以及不同国别市场的差异性;实施全球营销的企业奉行全球营销观念,即认为世界市场是一个具有同质化特征的整体市场,因此,企业可以在全球范围内以近乎相同的营销组合来满足市场需求和欲望。

英文Summary写作方法、范例及常用句式

摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题。写摘要主要包括三个步骤:(1)阅读;(2)写作;(3)修改成文。 第一步:阅读 A.认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解,就多读两遍。阅读次数越多,你对原文的理解就越深刻。 B.给摘要起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。C.现在,就该决定原文中哪些部分重要,哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。 D.简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。 第二步:动手写作 A. 摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。因此首先数一下原文的字数,然后除以三,得到一个数字。摘要的字数可以少于这个数字,但是千万不能超过这个数字。 B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。 C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。 D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息,以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。 1 / 19

E. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧: 1) 删除细节。只保留主要观点。 2) 选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子,你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。 3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子,那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。 4) 避免重复。在原文中,为了强调某个主题,可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。 5) 压缩长的句子。如下列两例: “His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.” 可以概括为:”He was very brave in battle.” “He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.” 可以概括为:“He was in financial difficulties.” 6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子:“Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.” 2 / 19

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