UL installation manual_en
Solar Module
Installation Manual (UL)
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This general manual provides important safety information relating to the installation, maintenance and handling of CS-series solar modules. System users and professional installers should read this manual carefully and strictly
follow the instructions. Failure to follow these instructions may result in death, injury or property damage. The installation of solar modules requires specialized skills and should only be performed by licensed professionals.1.0 GENERAL INFORMATION
1.1 DISCLAIMER OF INSTALLATION MANUAL
The information contained in this manual is subject to change by Canadian Solar Inc. without prior notice. Canadian Solar Inc. makes no warranty of any kind whatsoever, either explicitly or implicitly, with respect to the information contained herein.
1.2 LIMITATION OF LIABILITY
Canadian Solar Inc. shall not be held responsible for damages of any kind, including without limitation bodily harm, injury and property damage, relating to module handling, system installation, or compliance or non-compliance with the instructions set forth in this manual.
2.0 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
Warning: All instructions should be read and understood before attempting to install, wire, operate and/or maintain the module. Module interconnects pass direct current (DC) when exposed to sunlight or other light sources. Contact with electrically active parts of the module, such as terminals, can result in injury or death, whether the module is connected or disconnected.Avertissement : Toutes les instructions devront être lues et comprises avant de procéder à l’installation, le cablage, l’exploitation et/ou l’entretien des panneaux. Les interconnexions des panneaux conduisent du courant continu (CC) lorsque le panneau est exposé à la lumière du soleil ou à d’autres sources lumineuses. Tout contact avec des éléments sous tension du panneau tels que ses bornes de sortie peut entra?ner des blessures ou la mort, que le panneau soit connecté ou non.
·All installations must be performed in compliance with all applicable regional and local codes such as, the latest National Electrical Code (USA) or Canadian Electric Code (Canada) or other national or international electrical standards.
·Wear suitable protection (non-slip gloves, clothes, etc.) to prevent direct contact with 30VDC or greater, and to protect your hands from sharp edges during the installation. ·Use electrical insulated tools to reduce the risk of electric shock.
·Remove all metallic jewelry prior to installation to reduce the chance of accidental exposure to live circuits.·Cover the front of the modules in the PV array with an opaque material to halt production of electricity when installing or working with a module or wiring.
·Do not install or handle the modules when they are wet or during periods of high wind.·Do not use or install broken modules.
·If the front glass is broken, or the back sheet is torn, contact with any module surface or the frame can cause electric shock.
·Keep the junction box cover closed at all times.
·Do not attempt to repair any part of the module. There're no serviceable parts within the PV module. ·Do not disassemble a module or remove any module part.·Do not artificially concentrate sunlight on a module.
·Do not connect or disconnect modules when current from the modules or an external source is present.
3.0 MECHANICAL / ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS
2The module electrical ratings are measured under Standard Test Conditions (STC) of 1 kW/m irradiance with an AM1.5 spectrum, and cell temperature of 25℃. The detailed electrical and mechanical characteristics of Canadian Solar Inc. crystalline silicon PV modules can be found in table A-2 of this manual (see Annex). Main electrical
characteristics at STC also appear on each module label. The maximum system voltage for all modules series is either 600V or 1000V. Please refer to the datasheet or the product nameplate for the maximum system voltage.
General Safety
Under certain conditions, a module may produce more current or voltage than its Standard Test Conditions (STC) rated power. Accordingly, a module's open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current at STC should be multiplied by
1.25 when determining component ratings and capacities. An additional 1.25 multiplier for a short-circuit current (for a total of 1.56), for sizing conductors and fuses may be applicable, as described in section 690-8 of U.S. NEC.
The word "module" or "PV module" used in this manual refers to one or more CS-Series Solar Modules.
Please retain this manual for future reference. It is recommended to regularly check online for the most updated version.
QUALITY I VALUE I INNOVATION
5.0 MODULE INSTALLATION
Precautions and General Safety
·Before installing modules, contact the appropriate authorities for site, installation and inspection permission and requirement.
·Check applicable building codes to ensure that the construction or structure (roof, facade, support, etc.) can withstand the module system load.
·When installing the modules, please ensure the assembly is mounted over a fire resistant roof
covering rated for the application. Canadian Solar modules have been listed as Class C according to UL790 standard.
·CAUTION: In any case DO NOT STAND OR STEP on the modules, as localized high loads may
induce severe micro-cracks at the cell level, which in turn may compromise module reliability. Failure to comply with above caution will void Canadian Solar Inc warranty.
Environmental conditions
·The module is intended for use in general open climates, as defined in IEC 60721-2-1: Classification of
environmental conditions Part 2-1: Environmental conditions appearing in nature - temperature and humidity. ·Do not install modules near naked flames or flammable materials. ·Do not expose modules to artificially concentrated light sources.
·Do not immerse modules in water or constantly expose modules to water (either fresh or salt) (i.e. from fountains, sea spray).
·Exposing modules to salt (i.e. marine environments) and sulfur (i.e. sulfur sources, volcanoes) risks module corrosion.
Requirements of installation
·Ensure that the module meets the technical requirements of the system as a whole.
·Ensure that other systems components do not exert damaging mechanical or electrical influences on the modules. ·Modules can be wired in a series to increase voltage or in parallel to increase current. To connect in series, connect cables from the positive terminal of one module to the negative terminal of the next module. To connect in parallel, connect cables from the positive terminal of one module to the positive terminal on the next module. ·Quantity of bypass diodes provided can vary depending on model series.
·Connect the quantity of modules that match the voltage specifications of the inverters used in the system. Modules must NOT be connected together to create a voltage higher than the permitted maximum system voltage, even under the worst local temperature conditions.
·Similar electrical performance modules should be connected in the same series to avoid or minimize mismatch effects in arrays.
·To minimize risk in the event of an indirect lightning strike, avoid forming loops when designing the system. ·The recommended maximum series fuse rating is tabulated in annex.
·Modules should be firmly fixed in place in a manner suitable to withstand all expected loads, including wind and
snow loads. A minimum clearance of 6.5 mm (1/4 of an inch) or more between modules is required to allow for thermal expansion of the frames.
·Small openings for water draining on the underside of the module should not be blocked after mounting.
Optimum orientation and tilt
·Find out the optimum orientation and tilt of the PV modules for your region to achieve the maximum annual yield. Generation of maximum power occurs when sunlight shines perpendicularly onto the PV modules.
Avoid shading
·Even the slightest partial shading (e.g., from dirt deposits) will cause a reduction in yield. A module is considered "shadow-free" if it is unobstructed across its entire surface for the whole year. Even on the shortest day of the year, unobstructed sunlight can reach the module.
Reliable ventilation
·Sufficient clearance (at least 10 cm) between the module frame and the mounting surface is required to allow for cooling air to circulate around the back of the module. This also allows for condensation or moisture to dissipate.
3.1 DIODES
·
Diodes inside the junction box should meet requirements below:
Module series CS6P-PE CS5P CS5A CS5T CS6A
CS6P CS6X CS6H CS5C CS6E CS6D CS6C CS5E CS5H
CS6A-PE Number of bypass diodes
554
3
2
Number of cells by diodes
12
10 (for 3 substrings)9 (for 2 substrings)
24242016202418181818181818
Diode ratings Voltage
≥40V
Current ≥12 A
≥10A
≥15 A
≥10A
Diode type
Schottky diodes
Table 3-1: By-pass diode specifications
·Diode configurations as below:
CS5P
CS5A/CS5T /CS6A/CS6P /CS6X
CS6P-PE /CS6A-PE
CS6H/CS5C /CS6E/CS6D /CS6C/CS5E /CS5H
4.0 UNPACKING AND STORAGE
Precautions and General Safety
·Store modules in a dry and ventilated room .
·Do not allow children and unauthorized persons near the installation site or storage area of modules.·Do not transport modules in an upright position.
·Unpacking module pallet with care and follow the unpacking steps marked on the pallet. Be careful when unpacking, transporting and storing the modules.
·Do not carry a module by its wires or junction box. Carry a module by its frame with two or more people. ·Do not place modules on top of each other.
·Do not place excessive loads on the module or twist the module frame. ·Do not bow modules under their own weight.
·Do not stand, step, walk and/or jump on the module.
·Do not drop or place objects on the modules (such as tools.)
·Do not mark the modules with sharp instrument. Particular attention should be taken to avoid module backsheet to come in contact with sharp objects, as scratches may directly affect product safety.·Do not leave a module unsupported or unsecured. ·Do not change the wiring of bypass diodes.·Keep all electrical contacts clean and dry.
6.0 MOUNTING INSTRUCTIONS ·The mounting design must be certified by a registered professional engineer. The mounting design and procedures shall comply with local electrical and building codes.·Mounting hardware is not provided by Canadian Solar Inc.
·Canadian Solar Inc. modules can be mounted to a support structure by several approved methods, either using the mounting holes located on the back frame (see Example A), or by means of clamps (see Example B). For other installation hardware, please contact your local representative for further information. Failure to use a recognized installation method will void Canadian Solar Inc warranty.
·Only the bolting method has been qualified by North-American certification bodies (CSA, and Intertek) during testing and listing of Canadian Solar modules according to UL1703 standard. For inlay-systems or other installation
hardware, please contact your local representative for further information. Alternative mounting methods qualified internally by Canadian Solar Inc. are described in Annex C.
Reference
12Standard mounting holes
(short side)
Designation Grounding holes Junction box Module frame Cables and connectors
Standard mounting holes
(long side)
Additional mounting holes (high wind or snow loads)67
543Standard modules
·For a clear understanding of module, please refer to the illustration of a standard module shown below:
Example A:
Bolting ( and CSA qualified)
INTERTEK Example B:
Clamping on (INTERTEK qualified)
·Use appropriate corrosion-proof fastening materials. All mounting hardware (bolt/spring washer/flat washer/nut) should be made with stainless steel M6 size for bolting method (A), and M8 size for clamping method (B).
·Use a torque wrench for installation. The above figure shows methods of fastening module to support structure.
Tightening torques should respectively be within 4~6 Nm and 10~17 Nm for M6x1 (Example A) and M8x1.5 (Example B) coarse thread bolts, depending on bolt class. Different recommendations from specific clamping hardware suppliers should prevail.
·Canadian Solar Inc. modules can be installed in either landscape or portrait position, refer to the detailed
instructions (see table 6-1) for further guidance. Note that further countermeasures such the use of additional support bars should be considered in heavy snow areas (> 2400 Pa), to avoid damage by the snow accumulating in the lowest row of modules.
·When the addition of a support bar is recommended to enhance mechanical stability and module long term performance reliability, material of suitable resistance should be selected. Canadian Solar Inc recommends a
minimum thickness of 50mm for the bar. The support bar centerline should be positioned within 100 mm of the side frame centerline (slight shift may be necessary to access module grounding hole).
5.1 MODULE WIRING Correct wiring scheme
·When designing the system, avoid forming loops (to minimize risk in the event of an indirect lighting strike). Make sure that wiring is correct before starting up the system. If the measured open circuit voltage (Voc) and short-circuit current (Isc) differ from the specifications, then there is a wiring fault.
Correct connection of plug connectors
·Make sure that the connection is safe and tight. The plug connector should not receive outer stress. The connector should only be used to connect the circuit. It should never be used to turn the circuit on and off.
Use of suitable materials
·Use special solar cable and suitable plugs only (wiring should be placed in conduit that is sunlight-resistant or, if
exposed, should be sunlight-resistant) in accordance with local fire, building and electrical code. Ensure that they are in perfect electrical and mechanical condition.
·The permitted type of solar cable is single conductor cable listed and labeled as USE-2 or PV Wire, 90°C wet rated, with proper insulation to withstand the maximum possible system open-circuit voltage. The conductor material should use copper only. Select a suitable conductor gauge to minimize voltage drop and ensure conductor ampacity complies with local regulations (such as NEC 690.8(D)).
Cable protection
·Secure the cables to the mounting system using UV-resistant cable ties. Protect exposed cables from damage with appropriate precautions (e.g. locate them within plastic conduit). Avoid exposure to the direct sunlight.
5.2 GROUNDING
·Although the modules are certified to safety class II, it is required that they be grounded. And the module installation complies with all local electrical codes and regulations.
·The earth grounding connection should be made by a qualified electrician.
·Connect module frames to each other using suitable grounding conductor. Holes provided for this purpose are identified with a green label.
2·Use 6-12 AWG (4-14 mm ) copper wire only. The bolts, nuts, flat washers, lock washers or other relevant hardware should be made of stainless steel, unless otherwise specified.
·All the junctions on the conductive connection must be fixed. Metal containing iron in the conductive connection
should be made with stainless steel or be treated against corrosion by anodizing, spray-painting, or galvanization to prevent rusting and corrosion.
·Grounding hardware is not provided by Canadian Solar Inc.
·One grounding method approved by North-American certification bodies (CSA, and Intertek) is recommended for Canadian Solar modules, as described below. For alternative CSA and Intertek qualified grounding methods, please refer to Annex B.
Attach wire between the flat washer and cup washer. Place cup washer (concave side up) between frame and wire.
Tighten the bolt using the nut with teeth.
Method B: Bolt + Nut with teeth + Cup washer
When diameter of the grounding holes is 5mm (CSA certified).
·A grounding kit with M5 size SS cap bolt, M5 size SS flat washer, M5 size SS
cup washer, and M5 size SS nut (with teeth) is used to attach a copper grounding wire to grounding hole pre-drilled on the frame (see picture below).
·Attach the wire between the flat washer and the cup washer. Ensure the cup
washer is between the frame and wire with concave side up to prevent corrosion due to dissimilar metal. Tighten the bolt securely using the SS nut with teeth. A wrench may be used in this application. The tightening torque is 1 Nm.
Table A-1: Certification map for CS-series photovoltaic modules
Intertek
CSA Certification
Body Intertek CSA
150-190W
(CS5A-M only)170-200W CS6P-M CS6P-MX 160-230W (CS6P-M only)
200-260W
150-190W
165-195W CS6P-PM CS6P-MM 225-270W
200-260W CS6P-P CS6P-PX 160-230W (CS6P-P only)
200-260W
200-240W
215-260W CS6A-M
160-230W 130-150W CS5E: 20-25W CS5H: 43-50W CS5C-M: 85-100W CS5C-P: 80-95W
250-310W CS6A-PM,
CS6A-MM
CS6A-PM: 175-220W
CS6A-MM: 180-220W
CS6A-PX
Certification
Body
CS5A-M CS5A-MX
CS5A-P
CS5P-M
CS5P-P
CS5T-M
CS5E-M, CS5H-M, CS5C-M, CS5C-P
CS6X-P
CS6X-M
CS6H: 20-26W CS6E: 45-60W CS6D: 60-75W CS6C: 120-145W CS6H, CS6E, CS6D,CS6C
(-M/P)
160-210W
260-310W
Table A-2: Specifications for CS-series photovoltaic modules under STC
CS5A-M-L
170-200W CS6A-P , CS6A-PE CS6P-PE
160-190W 135-190W
6.1 MOUNTING METHOD: BOLTING
·Modules should be bolted to support structures through mounting holes located in the frame's back flanges only. Do not drill additional holes or modify the module frame. Doing so will void the warranty.
·Each module must be securely fastened at a minimum of 4 points on two opposite sides, using the most inner
mounting holes. If additional wind loads are anticipated for this installation, additional mounting points should be used. System designer and installer are responsible for load calculations and for proper support structure design. ·Modules should be bolted at the following hole locations depending on the configuration and load as verified by the test method in IEC 61215:
6.2 SPECIFIC MODULE RANGES
7.0 MAINTENANCE
Technical notes
· to the most updated IM/NEWE-EN technical note (INTERTEK & CSA certified).
·For CS5A-M-L laminate models only, floating clamped configuration should be used. Please refer to the most updated IM/LAM-EN technical note (CSA certified)
For NewEdge module frames (NewEdge series: CS5A-xxxMX, CS6A-xxxPX and CS6P-xxxPX models), please refer · dirt spots and dust.
·If a module has a sufficient tilt (at least 15), it generally is not necessary to clean the modules (rainfall will have a
self-cleaning effect). When there is a noticeable buildup of soiling deposits on the module surface, wash the PV array with water and a gentle cleaning implement (a sponge) during the cool part of the day. Dirt must never be scraped or rubbed away when dry, as this will cause micro-scratches.
·If snow is present, a brush with soft bristles can be used to clean the surface of the module. ·Periodically inspect the system to make sure all wiring and supports stay intact.
·If you need electrical or mechanical inspection or maintenance, it is recommended to have a licensed, authorized professional carry out the job to avoid hazards of electric shock or injury.·Do not change the PV components (diode, junction box, plug connectors).
Regular maintenance is required to keep modules clear of snow, bird droppings, seeds, pollen, leaves, branches, ANNEX A: MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL RATINGS
2Standard Test Conditions are : irradiance of 1 kW /m , AM1.5 spectrum , and cell temperature of 25℃ (77℉). The electrical characteristics are respectively within ± 10 percent or [0,+5W] of the indicated values for Isc , Voc and Pmax .Specifications are subject to change without notice .
For older modules, when diameter of the grounding holes is 4mm (INTERTEK certified).
· qualified by at least one North-American certification body, as specified.
·For grounding methods A and B, connect module frames to each other using suitable grounding conductor with ring terminals.
·A copper terminal ring is recommended (please see below picture for reference). The d2 diameter should be
5.3mm and the size of d1 is determined by the size of the grounding cable. Proper crimping tool and method should be used to crimp the terminal onto the grounding cable. Once crimped, each terminal should be visually checked according to the following points:
1.The insulator jacket is correctly crimped in the first collar
2.The conductor core is correctly crimped in the second collar
3.The conductor core does not run over the functional part of the ring terminal
4.The ring terminal should not be bent or deformed during the crimping operation.
All the requirements of paragraph 5.2 should apply to the alternative grounding methods. Each method has been ANNEX B: ALTERNATIVE GROUNDING METHODS
B.1 GROUNDING METHOD A: Tapping + Bolt + Ring terminal
·The grounding hole should be pierced using an adequate tapping tool (M5x0.8mm).
·Secure to the grounding hole the following: the lug with stainless steel hardware including a pan head bolt
(M5x14mm), a flat washer, a split washer and an hexagonal nut. Two full threads of the bolt shall engage the metal.·A torque moment of about 3Nm should be used to fasten the grounding parts to module frame.
When diameter of the grounding holes is 5mm (INTERTEK and CSA certified).·Connect the grounding hardware to the grounding hole on the frame as shown in the picture.
·A K-nut is used to penetrate the frame's anodizing (protective coating) to create conductive connection.
·A torque moment of about 3Nm should be used to fasten the grounding parts to module frame.
B.2 GROUNDING METHOD B: Bolt + K-nut + Ring terminal (copper)
B.3 GROUNDING METHOD C: UGC-1 clips + WEEBlug 6.7
Used in conjonction with SolarMount rails from UNIRAC, no hole is requested (INTERTEK certified).
·UGC-1 grounding clips are used to create grounding path between the module frame and the UNIRAC rail.
WEEBlug 6.7 assemblies are designed for use with size 6-12 AWG solid copper conductor wire, and allow connecting the system to equipment ground connector.
ANNEX C: ALTERNATIVE MOUNTING METHODS
·All the requirements of paragraph 6.0 should apply to the alternative mounting methods, unless otherwise specified.
·Each Claw to Support, Claw to Claw, and Claw to module connection has been certified by UL to 120A. Determine the quantity of strings that a bonding jumper connection can accommodate based on the module series fuse rating and bonding jumper size as below. Verify that all devices used in connecting this bonding jumper can accommodate the conductor being used.
C.1 MOUNTING METHOD A: CLAMPING
··Top or bottom clamping methods will vary and are dependent on the mounting structures. Follow mounting guidelines recommended by the mounting system supplier.
·Each module must be securely fastened at a minimum of 4 points on two opposite sides. The clamps should be
positioned according to the authorized position ranges defined in table B-1. Install and tighten the module clamps to the mounting rails using the torque stated by the mounting hardware manufacturer. System designer and installer are responsible for load calculations and for proper design of support structure.
·Canadian Solar Inc. warranty may be void in cases where improper clamps or unsuitable installation methods are found. When installing inter-modules or end type clamps, take measures so as: 1.Not to bend the module frame
2.Not to touch or cast shadow on the front glass
3.Not to damage the surface of the frame
4.To ensure the clamps overlap the module frame by at least 5 mm.
5.To ensure the clamps overlap length is at least 40 mm.
·Clamp material should be anodized aluminum alloy. Floating type clamps are not authorized.
·Clamp positions are of crucial importance for the reliability of the installation, the clamp centerlines must only be positioned within
the ranges indicated in table C-1, depending on the configuration and load as verified by the test method in IEC 61215. ·For configurations where the mounting rails run parallel to the clamps installation side, precautions should be taken to ensure the module frame (C-shape) overlap the rail by 15mm or more.
The mounting method has been qualified by Canadian Solar Inc and certified by CSA.
Table C-1: Authorized attachments for clamping method Mounting rails should run parallel to the
short side frame
·note from Canadian Solar for more information. Always follow safety procedures when installing any mounting system. Failure to follow SolarMount Rail System latest regulatory instructions will void Canadian Solar Inc. module warranty
Refer to the latest SolarMount Rail System installation manual from UNIRAC or to UL-SM_En-A0 Technical
B.4 GROUNDING METHOD D: Rapid2+ Grounding Middle Clamps
Used in conjonction with any Schletter module mounting rail (INTERTEK certified)
2+Schletter Rapid Grounding Clamps are used to create a grounding path between the module frame and the mounting rail. An integrated grounding pin ensures bonding to the module frame by penetrating the frame coating. 2+ The Rapid Clamp includes integrated grounding as a standard feature.
2+
·Rapid Grounding Clamps arrive fully assembled and ready to use. The 153 clamps have overall dimensions of 100mm x 35.5mm (3/ in x 1/ in, 168 respectively length by width) and are rated to 10 AWG solid copper conductor wire.
·To install, simply position the clamp over the mounting rail and insert the pointed clamp end into the rail groove. Next, tighten the Rapid Grounding Clamp using a standard drill, using a torque of no more than 14.3 Nm (10.5 ft- lbs) to fasten the clamp hardware (M8x55 Torx and M8 nut). Use of a hammer drill is not recommended.
2+
·There are always two Rapid Grounding Clamps in contact with any given module, thus ensuring proper and reliable bonding between the module frame and the mounting rail. ·
2+
·The quantity of Rapid Grounding Clamps is determined solely by the
module layout. Clamp positions should be strictly determined according to instructions provided in Annex C of this manual.
2+
·Refer to Schletter Rapid Clamp latest installation instructions for more information and always follow safety procedures when installing any 2+ mounting system. Failure to follow Rapid Clamp latest regulatory instructions will void Canadian Solar Inc. module warranty.
B.5 GROUNDING METHOD E: Grounding for Grizzly Bear? FR Gen II SYSTEM
Only for PanelClaw Grizzly Bear? FR Gen II mounting system (INTERTEK certified)· are certified under UL Subject 2703 to act as a module and racking equipment grounding conductor (EGC) device. This certification allows for the Claw to module and Claw to Support connection to serve the purpose of a copper EGC that would typically run to each module and Support. When grounding devices are installed according with the approved methodology and capacity below, the connections described above meet all the requirements outlined in NEC 690.43.
All PanelClaw mounting attachments or “Claws” have been tested to and
·A Tyco solid wire grounding assembly, part number 2106831, manufactured by Tyco Electronics Corporation
has been pre-installed on each Grizzly Bear? Support. As you run the copper wire necessary to ground each module (not provided), ensure the same copper wire is run through every Tyco solid wire grounding assembly and secured per Tyco Electronics Corporation, LLC specifications (https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3b17615231.html,). Tighten Tyco solid wire grounding assembly to torque of 5.08 Nm (45 ft-lb).
·Locating and Determining the Capacity of an EGC Bonding Jumper: Support locations within the array are
required to be electrically bonded to other DC grounding paths via the use of up to a #6AWG Cu bonding jumper and a compatible UL 467 listed grounding device.
Table C-2: Authorized attachments for insertion method
An additional support bar should be placed
below the module.
For CS6X series, installations where the C.3 MOUNTING METHOD C: Grizzly Bear? FR Gen II SYSTEM
· modules.
Grizzly Bear? FR Gen II System has been qualified by Intertek (ETL) to UL2703 for use with Canadian Solar Inc · VOID THE WARRANTY.
·The tools required for installation are 7/16” Wrench or socket and 9/16” Wrench or socket.·Grizzly Bear? FR Gen II can be installed in 6 easy steps. Step 1: Mark Array Perimeter.
Mark the array perimeter using a chalk line or similar method.
Step 2: Lay Out Supports.
Pick a starting corner on the North end of the array and place four (4) Supports as shown below, each Support should be laid out with the high end to the South and the low end to the North. Use the properly configured Spacer Stick to position the Supports, Spacer Stick length is based on the specific module used for the project.
All supplied hardware is specified in imperial units. Substitution of metric hardware is NOT PERMITTED and WILL
C.2 MOUNTING METHOD B: INSERTION SYSTEMS
··nsertion methods will vary and are dependent on the mounting structures. Follow mounting guidelines recommended by the mounting system supplier.
·Each module must be securely maintained through all its length on two opposite sides. Install and tighten the insertion profiles to the support structure using the hardware and instructions provided by the mounting system manufacturer. System designer and installer are responsible for load calculations and for proper design of support structure.
·Modules should be installed as the insertion methods indicated in table C-2, depending on the configuration and load as verified by the test method in IEC 61215.
·Canadian Solar Inc. warranty may be void in cases where improper insertion systems or unsuitable installation methods are found. When installing insertion profiles, take measures so as:The mounting method has been qualified by Canadian Solar Inc and certified by CSA.
I 1.Not to bend the module frame
2.Not to touch or cast shadow on the front glass
3.Not to damage the surface of the frame
4.To ensure the insertion profiles overlap the module frame by at least 10 mm.
5.To ensure the module frame (C-shape) overlap the insertion profiles by at least 15mm.
6.To ensure insertion profile thickness and tolerances suits module thickness (40mm for most of Canadian Solar inc modules).
Step 3: Attach Claws to Module.
Two Claw options are used to accommodate different frame types for Canadian Solar Inc modules, Standard (Claw I), and Long (Longitudinal). The following pictures show different install methods to frame for different claws.
Claw
Compatible Modules
Install Methods
CS5A series, CS5T-M,
CS6P series, CS6A series, CS6X series
CS6X-M, CS6X-P
Place a PV module face down on protected work surface and place a Claw over the module frame flange on the short side of the module; slide to the corner and tighten the 3/8-16 x 1.25” 18-8 hex head cap screw between 24.4 and 27.1 Nm (18-20 ft-lb). Ensure that the Claw is seated up against the flanges of both the long and short sides of the module. Each module must be fitted with four (4) Claws.
This Claw is used for PV modules that are not
compatible with flange clamp style Claws. The Long Claw attaches at the module mounting holes using standard bolting method. Refer to paragraph 6.1 for
suitable torque and fastening requirements.
Step 4: Mount Modules to Supports.
Step 5: Electrical Grounding.
Refer to B.5 GROUNDING METHOD E: Grounding for Grizzly Bear? FR Gen II SYSTEM for grounding assembly and requirements.
Step 6: Install Wind Deflectors
A Wind Deflector must be installed on the North side of every module. No Wind Deflectors should be installed on the Southern-most row of Supports (these Supports will only have modules attached at the low end of the Support).·Refer to PanelClaw Inc Installation manual for more information and always follow latest safety procedures when installing. Failure to follow corresponding regulatory instructions will void Canadian Solar Inc. module warranty.
QUALITY I VALUE I INNOVATION
安规认证-电子产品安规标准
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世界各国安规认证简介
世界各国安规认证简介 一、世界各国市场认证概述 欧洲市场认证 CE标志的接受对象为欧共体成员国负责实行市场产品安全控制的国家监管当局。当一个产品已加附CE标志时，成员国负责销售安全监督的当局应假定其符合指令主要要求，可在欧共体市场自由流通。 C E认证可以说是当今世界上最先进的产品符合性评估模式，它率先引入模块概念，一种适用CE标志的产品的评估由评估模块和由这些评估模块组成的评估程序组成。一般来说，评估模块有以下几种： A：自我宣称（由生产者自我宣称，并提供产品关键技术资料）； B：型式测试（由欧盟公告机构进行产品全面测试）； C：公告机构针对产品生产的工厂审查； D：公告机构针对产品生产及其质量管理体系的工厂审查； E：公告机构针对质量管理体系对贸易商等中间商进行审查； F：公告机构针对进口欧盟上岸的批量产品进行审查； G：公告机构对于进口欧盟的尚未进行型式测试的产品进行包括型式测试的全面审查。 不同的指令对于应该由哪些模块组成评估程序做了规定。如：低电压指令（LVD）、电磁兼容性指令（EMC）可以由A组成；燃气具指令（GAD）由B-C、B-D、B-E或B-F 组成。 目前市场上比较常见的是采用自我宣称方式进行认证，但一般客户由于技术以及认可度等原因，一般会采取采用第三方机构型式测试进行自我宣称。
北美市场认证 1.UL UL是英文保险商试验所（Underwriter Laboratories Inc.）的简写。它是一个国际认可的安全检验及UL 标志的授权机构，对机电包括民用电器类产品颁发安全保证标志。部分UL 安全标准被美国政府采纳为国家标准。产品要行销美国市场，UL 认证标志是不可缺少的条件，该认证为自愿认证。 “C”“US”代表符合加拿大安规标准，该认证为自愿认证。 2. CSA 是加拿大最大的安全认证机构，也是世界上最著名的安全认证机构之一。CSA International已被美国联邦政府认可为国家认可测试实验室。这意味着能根据加拿大和美国的标准对您的产品进行测试和认证，同时保证您的认证得到联邦、洲、省和地方政府的承认。有了CSA有效的产品安全认证，想要进入世界上最为坚韧而广阔的北美市场就轻而易举了。CSA能够帮助您的产品迅速有效地打入美国和加拿大市场。该认证为自愿认证。 3. ETLETL SEMKO是Intertek Testing Services有限公司的一部分，ETL是美国电子测试实验室(Electrical Testing Laboratories)的简称。ETL试验室是由美国发明家爱迪
安规及安规认证申请流程简介
安规及安规认证申请流程简介 一.安规简介 1.定义 为了保证人身安全,财产,环境等不受伤害和损失,所做出的规定. 2.安规所涉及的要求: a.电击 b.火灾 c.电磁辐射 d.环境污染 e.化学辐射 f.能量冲击 g.化学腐蚀 h.机械伤害和热伤害 3.世界主要安规体系 a.I E C体系----以欧盟为代表 b.U L体系----以美国为代表 尽管这两个体系各自独立,但现在有互相承认,走向一致的趋势. 4.安规认证 安规认证其实是一种技术壁垒,世界各国为了限制别国的产品进入本国,都对安规有不同要求,而且是带有强制性
的. 常见的安规认证 a.U L-美国 b.T U V,V D E,G S-德国 c.C C C-中国 d.P S E-日本 e.C E-欧盟 f.K E T I-韩国 g.--丹麦 h.--挪威 i.--芬兰 j.--瑞典 另外,还有澳大利亚,新西兰,新加坡等国. 二.安规认证的申请流程 1.向安规机构递交申请资料. 2.安规认证机构会在承诺的时间内给予是否接受申请的答覆. 3.安规机构接受申请後,申请人开始送样接受安规测试. 4.如果样品通过安规测试,安规认证机构安排工厂检查(U L叫I P I),如果未通过测试,则退回申请人,申请人对未通过测试的项目进行改善,然後再重新送样测试,如果第
二次未通过,则需要重新申请. 5.工厂检查通过,安规认证机构颁发认证证书或安规标志 使用授权书,申请人可以在获得认证的产品使用认证机构 的标志. 如果工厂检查未通过,认证机构会给申请人一段时间进行 整改,整改结束後进行复查,复查若未通过,则须重新申请. 6.以後认证机构对获得认证的产品转入跟踪检查,U L一般是一年四次,C C C是每年一次,其他认证机构的周期也大都为1年1次.跟踪检查主要检查产品的一致性,但象 C C C,T U V等还对品质系统进行审查. 三.电子产品的安规基本要求 1.耐压(抗电强度)-防止电击伤害 2.绝缘电阻-防止电击伤害 3.接地电阻-防止电击伤害 4泄漏电流-防止电击伤害 5.电磁兼容-抗电磁干扰能力和对其他电子产品的影响 6.耐火阻然-防止火灾危险 7.机械结构-防止机械结构缺陷引起的损伤,灼伤等. 8.能源冲击-防止因为大电流引起火灾或电弧灼伤 四.电子产品在制程中的安规要求
世界各国安规认证标志、简介及常见标识
世界各国安规认证标志一览表及简介 序号国家及地区安规标志安规简介产品验証适用范围备注 1 全球60多个国家 及地区IEC国际电工委员会范围： 组织起草、制定，电子电气器材等国际化 标准及法规。评估和协调各国标准可行性。 是由各国电工委 员会组成的世界 性标准化组织，其 目的是为了促进 世界电工电子领 域的标准化。 2 全球54个国家及 地区全球性相互认証标志（CB体系的正式名 称是“Scheme of the IECEE for Mutual Recognition of Test Certificates for Electrical Equipment”–“IECEE电工产 品测试证书互认体系”。CB体系的缩写名称 意思是“Certification Bodies’Scheme” –“认证机构体系”。） CB体系覆盖的产品是IECEE系统所承认的 IEC标准范围内的产品。 IECEE是国际电 工委员会电工产 品合格测试与认 证组织 3 欧盟CE系欧洲通用安规认証标志认証范围针对： 工业设备、机械设备、通讯设备、电气产 品、个人防护用品、玩具等产品。 4 欧洲ENEC (European Norms Electrical C ertification，欧洲标准电器认 证)。 ENEC标志是欧洲安全认证通用 标志，该标志是欧洲厂商基于调和欧洲 安全标准进行测试的基础之上所采用 的。认証范围针对IT（信息）、设备（EN60950、 变压器（EN60742，EN61558）、照明灯饰 （EN60598）和相关档（EN60920，EN60440）、 电器开关 01 西班牙02 比利 时03 意大利04 葡萄牙05 荷兰06 爱尔兰07 卢森堡08 法国09 希腊10 德国11 奥
安规认证
简单地说，安规就是产品认证中对产品安全的要求，包含产品零件的安全的要求、组成成品后的安全要求。安规其实是中国人自己的产物，国外一般会叫成regulatory。 1.安规所涉及的要求 a. 电击 b. 火灾 c. 电磁辐射 d. 环境污染 e. 化学辐射 f. 能量冲击 g. 化学腐蚀 h. 机械伤害和热伤害 2.世界主要安规体系 a.IEC体系----以欧盟为代表 b.UL体系----以美国为代表 3..安规认证的申请流程 1.向安规机构递交申请资料 . 2.安规认证机构会在承诺的时间内给予是否接受申请的答覆 . 3.安规机构接受申请後,申请人开始送样接受安规测试 . 4.如果样品通过安规测试,安规认证机构安排工厂检查(UL叫IPI),如果未通过测试, 则退回申请人,申请人对未通过测试的项目进行改善,然後再重新送样测试, 如果第二次未通过,则需要重新申请. 5.工厂检查通过,安规认证机构颁发认证证书或安规标志使用授权书,申请人可以 在获得认证的产品使用认证机构的标志. 如果工厂检查未通过,认证机构会 给申请人一段时间进行整改,整改结束後进行复查,复查若未通过,则 须重新申请.
6.以後认证机构对获得认证的产品转入跟踪检查,UL一般是一年四次,CCC是每年一次,其他认证机构的周期也大都为1年1次.跟踪检查主要检查产品的一致性,但象CCC,TUV 等还对品质系统进行审查 三 . 电子产品的安规基本要求 1.耐压(抗电强度)-防止电击伤害 2.绝缘电阻防止电击伤害 3.接地电阻-防止电击伤害 4泄漏电流-防止电击伤害 5.电磁兼容-抗电磁干扰能力和对其他电子产品的影响 6.耐火阻然-防止火灾危险 7.机械结构-防止机械结构缺陷引起的损伤,灼伤等. 8.能源冲击-防止因为大电流引起火灾或电弧灼伤 四电子产品在制程中的安规要求 1.耐压-主要考量产品在异常高压下绝缘系统的承受能力.工作电压低於50V,一般不进行耐压测试. a. 耐压一般与产品的工作电压有关. 通常用的计算公式:1)交流:1000 2*额定工作电压2)直流(1000 2*额定工作电压)*1.4 以上是普通绝缘用的试验电压,如果是双重绝缘,则试验电压为普通的2倍如果计算出来的结果不是100的整数倍,则取大不取小. 例:额定工作电压为220V,普通绝缘的试验电压为:交流:1000 2*220=1440V,此时试验电压应当取1500V,而不是采用四舍五入. b.泄漏电流的设定一般设定为5~10mA,最大不超过100mA,根据不同的行业有不同的要求,如医疗器械的泄漏电流一为1mA. c.测试时间的设定 一般试验设定为1分钟,产线上可考虑缩短,但一般爬升时间不得低於1秒.缩短测试时间时,应采用更高的试验电压.根据UL的规定,可以有如下关系转换:交流(1000V 2*额定工作电压)*1.2 直流(1000V 2*额定工作电压)*1.4*1.2 2.绝缘电阻-主要考量产品的绝缘性能 绝缘电阻的试验电压一般采用直流电压,通常采用500V,绝缘电阻不低於10M Ohm,测试时间一般也为1分钟.如需缩短测试时间,可参照耐压测试进行调整. 3.泄漏电流-主要考量在最大工作电压和最大工作电流的情况下,产品由於分布电容或绝缘特性引起的,向大地或可接触介面泄漏的电流,这与产品的绝缘有关. 泄漏电流的最高限值一般为1mA.测试时间一般也为1分钟. 4.接地电阻-主要考量产品发生绝缘崩溃,或正常工作情况下泄漏的电荷,能把这些电荷迅速导入大地的能力,这属於一种保护措施,这在没有接地的产品中不做考量接地电阻要求越小越好一般的单体接地电阻不允许大0.1Ohm,
UL及各种安规认证
关于UL 美国安全检测实验室公司(Underwriters Laboratories Inc.)，简称UL，是一家独立的非盈利的产品安全检测和认证机构。我们为公众安全检测产品逾一个世纪。每年全世界有超过160亿个UL认证标志被申请。 自1894年成立以来，我们无可争议地成为美国产品安全和认证的领导者。基于我们在美国的成功，UL现已被认为是全球最权威和信誉良好的评估服务提供者。今天，我们的服务已延伸至协助世界各公司，使他们的产品获得全球认可，无论是电器设备，程序系统还是一个公司的质量生产过程。 1999年估计新产品获UL认证数目：161亿 1999年因认证涉及的相关访问：509，442次 1999年美加两国UL共收到消费者的安全信息反馈人数：1.1亿人 目前UL认证类别：748种 拥有UL客户的国家：89个 全球UL随时为客户服务的人员：5，644人 全球实验室检测和认证设施：46套 UL评估的产品种类：18，059种 到1999年12月31日止，已注册达管理体制标准的设备数：4089套 生产UL认证产品的厂家：58，684家 UL标志(UL Mark) UL标志---图标及其意义 以下是几种UL标志。每种标志都有其特定的意义和重要性。决定一个产品是否已通过UL认证的唯一途径就是看该产品本身有没有贴UL标志。有时，UL标志可能只出现在该产品的包装上。 一产品贴有UL标志就意味着UL机构已检测和评价过该产品的代表样品，而且代表样品已符合UL要求。另外，UL还将定期对此类产品进行检测，以确保它们达到UL的安全要求。 UL标志只用于被UL认证过且符合UL书面协议各条款的产品或部件。 UL认证标志 (UL Listing Mark) 这是最常见的UL标志之一。带有该标志的产品，它的样品产品已达到UL公布的安全标准(即美国的安全标准---编者注)。此种标志常用于器具和电脑设备，熔炉和加热器，保险丝，电气仪表板，烟雾和一氧化碳探测器，灭火器和洒水装置，个人飘浮用具如救生衣和潜水衣，防弹玻璃以及成千上万种其他类产品。 加拿大UL认证标志 (C-UL Listing Mark) 加拿大UL认证标志（C-UL认证标志）适用于进入加拿大市场的产品。带有这种标志的产品与加拿大的安全要求（略微不同于美国的安全要求）相一致。C-UL 认证标志常见于器具和电脑设备，销售机器，家用防盗警报系统，照明设施和其他类型的产品。
安规认证种类
SAFETY(安全) CSA (Canada) CSA是加拿大标准协会(Canadian Standards Association)的简称它成立于1919年，是加拿大首家专为制定工业标准的非盈利性机构。在北美市场上销售的电子、电器等产品都需要取得安全方面的认证。目前CSA是加拿大最大的安全认证机构也是世界上最著名的安全认证机构之一。它能对机械、建材、电器、电脑设备、办公设备、环保、医疗防火安全、运动及娱乐等方面的所有类型的产品提供安全认证。 1992年前，经CSA认证的产品只能在加拿大市场上销售，而产品想要进入美国市场，还必须取得美国的有关认证。现在CSA已被美国联邦政府认可为国家认可测试实验室。这意味着能根据加拿大和美国的标准对您的产品进行测试和认证，同时保证您的认证得到联邦、洲、省和地方政府的承认。有了CSA有效的产品安全认证，想要进入世界上最为坚韧而广阔的北美市场就轻而易举了。CSA能够帮助您的产品迅速有效地打入美国和加拿大市场。 UL (U.S.A) UL是英文保险商试验所(Underwriter Laboratories Inc.)的简写。UL认证安全试验所是美国最有权威的，也是界上从事安全试验和鉴定的较大的民间机构。它是一个独立的、非营利的、为公共安全做试验的专业机构。它采用科学的测试方法来研究确定各种材料、装置、产品、设备、建筑等对生命、财产有无危害和危害的程度；确定、编写、发行相应的标准和有助于减少及防止造成生命财产受到损失的资料，同时开展实情调研业务。总之，它主要从事产品的安全认证和经营安全证明业务，其最终目的是为市场得到具有相当安全水准的商品，为人身健康和财产安全得到保证作出贡献。就产品安全认证作为消除国际贸易技术壁垒的有效手段而言，UL为促进国际贸易的发展也发挥着积极的作用。 UL始建于1894年，初始阶段UL主要靠防火保险部门提供资金维持运作，直到1916年，UL才完全自立。经过近百年的发展，UL已成为具有世界知名度的认证机构，其自身具有一整套严密的组织管理体制、标准开发和产品认证程序。UL由一个有安全专家、政府官员、消费者、教育界、公用事业、保险业及标准部门的代表组成的理事会管理，日常工作由总裁、副总裁处理。目前，UL在美国本土有五个实验室，总部设在芝加哥北部的Northbrook镇，同时在台湾和香港分别设立了相应的实验室。
常用五金标准件名称-国家标准号对应表
常用五金标准件名称-国家标准号对应表
常用五金标准件名称-国家标准号对应表 新物料编码原物料编码名称全名规格型号标记 4105.00018 23.5080025 弹簧垫圈垫圈垫片_弹簧垫圈Φ2.5垫圈GB/T 93 2.5 4105.00011 23.2030006 弹簧垫圈垫圈垫片_弹簧垫圈φ3（镀黑锌）垫圈GB/T 93 3 A23.2030010 23.2030010 弹簧垫圈垫圈垫片_弹簧垫圈φ3（镀彩锌）垫圈GB/T 93 3 4105.00015 23.2040008 弹簧垫圈垫圈垫片_弹簧垫圈φ4（镀黑锌）垫圈GB/T 93 4 4105.00014 23.2040006 弹簧垫圈垫圈垫片_弹簧垫圈φ4垫圈GB/T 93 4 4105.00025 23.2050006 弹簧垫圈垫圈垫片_弹簧垫圈φ5垫圈GB/T 93 5 4105.00016 23.2060006 弹簧垫圈垫圈垫片_弹簧垫圈φ6（镀黑锌）垫圈GB/T 93 6 4105.00017 23.2080006 弹簧垫圈垫圈垫片_弹簧垫圈Φ8垫圈GB/T 93 8 4105.00020 28.8009114 垫片垫圈垫片_垫片D型垫片Φ6.5 VT8.009.114 非标件 A28.8602779 28.8602779 垫片机加件_垫片VT8.602.779 非标件 A28.8602780 28.8602780 垫片机加件_垫片VT8.602.780 非标件 4201.00041 23.1041819 垫圈垫圈垫片_垫圈VT8.078.433(φ4.5*19*1.5MM 装灯泡用）非标件 4105.00019 23.5090025 平垫垫圈垫片_平垫Φ2.5垫圈GB/T95 2.5 4105.00001 23.1030001 平垫圈垫圈垫片_平垫圈φ3（镀黑锌）垫圈GB/T95 3 4105.00003 23.1030006 垫圈垫圈垫片_垫圈Φ 3（镀彩锌）垫圈GB/T95 3 4105.00005 23.1040006 平垫圈垫圈垫片_平垫圈φ4（黑）垫圈GB/T95 4 A23.1040007 23.1040007 平垫圈垫圈垫片_平垫圈φ4（镀彩锌）垫圈GB/T95 4 A23.2000005 23.2000005 垫片垫圈垫片_垫片Φ5垫圈GB/T95 5 4105.00006 23.1061216 平垫圈垫圈垫片_平垫圈φ6（镀黑锌）垫圈GB/T95 6 4105.00009 23.1080006 平垫圈垫圈垫片_平垫圈φ8（镀黑锌）垫圈GB/T95 8 A23.1100006 23.1100006 垫圈垫圈垫片_垫圈φ12垫圈GB/T95 12 4105.00007 23.1061816 大平垫垫圈垫片_大平垫φ6x18垫圈GB/T 96.2 6 4105.00004 23.1030007 平垫圈垫圈垫片_平垫圈Ф3 镀彩锌外径9mm 垫圈GB/T 96.2 3 4105.00002 23.1030002 平垫圈垫圈垫片_平垫圈φ3（镀黑锌）垫圈GB/T97.1 3 第 2 页共 10
常见安规认证流程简介
安規認證流程簡介
FCC 认证流程 一. 申请FCC Verification、FCC厂家只需提供样品、电路图、系列差异说明。 二. 申請FCC ID所需资料(產品上面帶藍牙和無線裝置需做FCC ID認證)： 1．样品(樣品數量應實測測試提供) 2．服务申请表、（NS提供格式，由申请商填写并签字） 3．授权信（NS提供格式，由申请商填写并签字）： Project and certification Authorization Letter Certification Agreement FCC Authorization Letter Confidential Letter (申请保密服务须签)或Non-confidential Letter(不申请保密服务须签) 4．Technical Specification(技术参数),包括如下内容: A. Frequency：要注明频率范围，或详细的频点 B. Modulation：工作模式，如：FM,HFSS,DSSS,UNPS,GSM,CDMA等等，如果是HFSS模式，要把其 原理写出来 C. Antenna Specification：有外置天线的产品（如对讲机）要给出天线参数（Antenna Gain） D. Output Power（实际测出的output power与客户标称的允许有5%的偏差，否则Fail） 5．use Manual（说明书） 注意要加警告语 6 . Chematics（电路图） E. 线路图：要标明元器件参数，要标有天线 F. 元器件位置图 7．lock Diagram（方框图） 要有天线，并标有频率 8．Circuit Description（线路描述） 将电路图/原理以文字的方式描述出来 9．Turn up procedure（频率调制方式：说明如何将频率调到相应的频率点） 注：低频无线产品不需提供此资料 涉及到声音类产品（如麦克风、对讲机）要提供LPF（Low Pass Filter）的input和output点所有Licence
部分紧固件国家标准与国际标准对照表
部分紧固件国家标准与国际标准对照表 一、螺栓 序号中国国家标准代号标准名称ISO标准代号美国标准代号德国标准代号日本标准代号 1 GB8-88 方头螺栓C级JIS B 1182: 1995 方头螺栓ASME B18.2.1 1996 2 GB10-88 沉头方颈螺栓 3 GB12-88 半圆头方颈螺栓JIS B 1171: 2005 半圆头方颈螺栓ASME B18.5 1990(R 1998) 4 GB799-88 地脚螺栓JIS B 1178: 1994 5 GB/T 5780-2000 六角头螺栓C级ISO4016:1999 DIN EN ISO 4016 6 GB/T 5781-2000 六角头螺栓全螺纹C级ISO4018:1999 DIN EN ISO 4018 7 GB/T 5782-2000 六角头螺栓ISO 4014:1999 DIN EN ISO 4014 六角头螺栓ASME B18.2.1 1996 六角头螺栓A和B级ISO 4014:1999 DIN EN ISO 4014 8 GB/T 5783-2000 六角头螺栓全螺纹ISO 4017:1999 DIN EN ISO 4017 六角头螺栓全螺纹A和B级ISO 4017:1999 DIN EN ISO 4017 9 GB/T 5785-2000 六角头螺栓细牙ISO8765:1999 DIN EN ISO 8765 六角头螺栓细牙A和B级ISO8765:1999 DIN EN ISO 8765 10 GB/T 5786-2000 六角头螺栓细牙全螺纹ISO8676:1999 DIN EN ISO 8676 六角头螺栓细牙全螺纹A和B级ISO8676:1999 DIN EN ISO 8676 11 GB5789-86 六角法兰面螺栓加大系列B级DIN EN 1665 JIS B 1189: 2005 12 GB/T 16674-1996 六角法兰面螺栓小系列 13 M42-M160×6 六角头螺栓B级DIN 931-2
安规认证测试项目
小家电安规认证测试项目 由于安规是保护使用人员，因此这个决定了安规测试与性能和设计测试由很大不同，甚至有些测试是稀奇古怪的测试（产品设计人员）。测试使用的仪器、工具也是安规特殊需求的。但是这些测试，有些是在我们日程生活中经常做的动作，有些是安规指标。 输入测试： 安规输入测试目的是考察产品设计时考虑输入是否满足产品在正常工作时，输入电路是否能够承受产品工作时需要的电流。在产品标准里面规定是：最大功耗的输入电流不能大于产品标称值的110%。这个标称值也是告诉用户该产品安全工作需要的最小电流，让用户在使用这个设备前要准备这样的电气环境。 安全标识的稳定性测试： 对用户使用安全的警告标识，必须是稳定可靠的，不能因为使用一段时间后，变得模糊不清，而导致用户错误使用，而导致危险，或直接导致危险发生。所以需要测试这个稳定性。在安全标准里面规定是：用水测试15S，然后用汽油测试15S，标识不能模糊不清。 电容放电测试： 对一个电源线可以插拔的设备，其电源线经常会被拔出插座，拔出插座的电源插头，经常是被人玩，或任意放置。这样导致一个问题，被拔出的电源插头时带电的，而这个电随时间而消失，如果这个时间太长，那么将会对玩插头的人造成电击，对任意放置的电源插头会损坏其它设备或设备自己。因此各个整机安全标准对这个时间作出严格的规定。我们设计产品要考虑这个时间，产品作安全认证需要测量这个时间。 SELV电路稳定测试： SELV电路介绍： SELV电路，就是安全地电压电路，这个电路对使哟个人员就是安全的，例如手机充电器的直流输出端，到手机，它们是安全的，可以任意触摸不会有危险。注：SELV电路在不同的标准里面有不同解释，例如在IEC60364里面解释与IEC60950-1是不同的，因此关于SELV需要注意在哪个标准下面，其危险也是不同的。 SELV电路需要满足特殊的要求，才能是SELV电路，这些要求是，在单一故障是，仍然是满足SELV电路要求的。因此对每一个SELV电路都需要做单一故障下的测试，证明是SELV电路是稳定的。测试时是将单一故障逐一引入，监视SELV电路。 限功率源电路 由于限功率源电路输出的功率很小，在已经知道的经验中，它们不会导致着火危险，因此在安全标准中，对这类电路的外壳作了专门降低要求规定，它们阻燃等级是UL94V-2。因此有这类电路都需要测量，证明它们是限功率源电路。
安规认证,电子产品安规标准
对一个电源线可以插拔的设备， 其电源线经常会被拔出插座， 拔出插座的电源插头， 经 安规认证有以下测试项目: 1、高压测试: Dielectric Voltage withsta nd test 高压测试为一种国际安规认证机构所要求的必测项目，产品须于出厂前座百分比的测 试，它对产品而 言，为品质的保证及电气安全性的指标, 其测试方式是将一高于正常工作电 压的异常电压加在产品上测试， 并且这个电压须持续一段时间， 最后判定只要无绝缘崩溃情 形，即可算是通过此测试 2、绝缘阻抗测试 In sulatio n resista nee test 绝缘阻抗于相关的两点施加直流电压，最高可达 判定良品及不良品 3、接地阻抗测试 Ground bond test 接地阻抗测试为测试产品的接地点， 对产品的外壳或者金属部分， 施加一个恒流电源来 测试两点间的阻抗大小，一般产品规定测试 25安培，阻抗不得大于 0.1欧姆，而CSA 则 要求量测40安培检测，可检测出接地点螺丝未锁紧，接地线径太小，接地线路断路等问题 — 4、泄露电流测试 Touch current test 是指当设备供应电流时，流经设备金属可接触部分经人体至接地部 分或可接触 部分的电流。- 5、输入测试: 输入电路是 否能够 承受产品工作时需要的电 流。 在产品标准里面规定是：最大功耗的输入电流不能大于 产品标称值的110%。这个标称值也是告诉用户该产品安全工作需要的最小电流，让用户在 使用这个设备前要准备这样的电气环境。 6、安全标识的稳定性测试: 对用户使用安全的警告标识， 必须是稳定可靠的，不能因为使用一段时间后， 变得模糊 不清，而导致用户错误使用，而导致危险，或直接导致危险发生。所以需要测试这个稳定性。 在安全标准里面规定是：用水测试 15S ，然后用汽油测试 15S ，标识不能模糊不清。~ 1000伏特，通常使用单位为欧姆，可 安规输入测试目的是考察产品设计时考虑输入是否满足产品在正常工作时,
安规认证的种类和标准
安规认证的种类和标准 北美市场：cULus，cTUVus, cETLus, cCSAus，FCC(VER、DOC、ID), FDA, ICES，CEC等 南美市场：IRAM，NOM等 欧洲市场：GS,TUV,CE（EMC,LVD,RTTE），Nordic (Nemko, Semko, Fimko, Demko),CB,BSI，GOST，ZIK,EZU，EVPU，CECC,SIQ/SVN,OVE, IMQ,MEEI,SEV,UTE,KEMA, CEBEC,E/e-Mark及其它欧洲国家认证标志亚洲市场：PSE mark，VCCI，EK mark，MIC,TISI，PSB，SASO等 中国市场：CCC，CQC，BSMI等 澳洲市场：RCM mark & C-tick等 非洲市场：SONCAP，SABS等 环保认证：ROHS&WEEE 产品范围: 信息资讯类产品、音视频类产品、家电类产品、照明灯具类产品、玩具类产品、车载电器类产品、其它电器类产品、电子电器元件、无线遥控类产品等。 北南EMC检测范围及主要标准:
EN55011 《工科医(ISM)射频设备的干扰限值和测量方法》CISPR11、GB4824 EN55013 《声音和电视广播接收机及有关设备的无线电干扰特性限值和测量方法》CISPR13、GB13837 EN55014-1 《家用电器、电动工具及类似器具的无线电干扰限值和测量方法》CISPR14-1 GB4343 EN55015 《电气照明和类似设备的无线电干扰特性限值和测量方法》CISPR15、GB17743 EN55022 《信息技术设备的无线电干扰限值和测量方法》CISPR22、GB9254 EN61000-6-1《通用标准--家用、商业、轻工业环境的无线电设备的抗扰度限值和测量方法》 EN61000-6-2《通用标准--工业环境的无线电设备抗扰度限值和测量方法》 EN61000-6-3《通用标准--家用、商业、轻工业环境的干扰限值和测量方法》 EN61000-6-4《通用标准--工业环境的干扰限值和测量方法》 EN61547 《电气照明和类似设备的无线电抗扰度限值和测量方法》 EN55014-2 《家用电器、电动工具及类似器具的无线电抗扰度限值和测量
各国安规认证大全(带图标)
现在世界各国各种安规标准大约有几十种，但是都大同小异。我们在日常工作中经常使用的有：IEC——CB、EN——CE（GS）、UL、GB——3C。 所有这些标准，如果从他们的相似性。大约可以分为2大类： 1、由IEC标准延伸出来的EN、GB等。 2、有UL延伸出来的标准。 IEC标准/EN标准： IEC/EN 60335-1 （家用和类似用途电器的通用标准） IEC 60335-2-15（液体加热器标准） IEC 60335-2-13（油炸锅、电煎锅标准） IEC 60335-2-3 （电熨斗标准） IEC 60335-2-85 （蒸汽熨衣器标准） UL标准： UL 1026 （家用电烹饪及食物加工器具） UL1083 （家用电长柄平底锅和煎炸型器具） UL 1082 （家用电咖啡壶及酿造类器具） UL 1005 （家用电熨斗器具） GB标准： GB 4706.1 （家用和类似用途电器的通用标准） GB 4706.2（电熨斗标准） GB 4706.19 （液体加热器标准） GB 4706.56 （油炸锅、电煎锅标准 现在世界各国的认证可以分为以下几种： 1、CB体系： CB体系是“Certification Bodies‘Scheme”（认证机构体系）的缩写，CB体系是电工产品安全测试报告互认的第一个真正的国际体系。各个国家的国家认证机构（NCB）之间形成多边协议，制造商可以凭借一个NCB颁发的CB测试证书获得CB体系的其他成员国的国家认证。CB体系的主要目标是促进国际贸易，其手段是通过推动国家标准与国际标准的统一协调以及产品认证机构的合作，而使制造商更接近于理想的“一次测试，多处适用”的目标。 目前，CB体系开展了十四大类的电工产品的测试，测试结果在43个成员国之间是相互认可的，同时，也被很多未参加CB体系的国家所承认。IECEE-CB体系目前的成员国是：阿根廷、奥地利、澳大利亚、白俄罗斯、比利时、巴西、加拿大、中国、捷克、德国、丹麦、西班牙、芬兰、法国、英国、希腊、匈牙利、印度、爱尔兰、以色列、意大利、日本、韩国、墨西哥、荷兰、新西兰、挪威、波兰、葡萄牙、俄罗斯、罗马尼亚、新加坡、斯洛伐克、斯洛文尼亚、南非、土耳其、乌克兰、美国、南斯拉夫、瑞士、马来西亚、瑞典、泰国。 2、CE体系： “CE”标志是一种安全认证标志，被视为制造商打开并进入欧洲市场的护照。CE 代表欧洲统一（CONFORMITE EUROPEENNE）。凡是贴有“CE”标志的产品就可在欧盟各成员国内销售，无须符合每个成员国的要求，从而实现了商品在欧盟成员国范围内的自由流通。CE体系执行的标准是EN标准。
标准件国标明细
螺栓 U型螺栓 JB/ZQ 4321-97 添加 方头螺栓C级GB/T 8-88 添加 沉头方颈螺栓GB/T 10-88 添加 沉头带榫螺拴GB/T 11-88 添加 半圆头方颈螺栓GB/T 12-88添加 半圆头带榫螺栓GB/T 13-88 添加 大半圆头方颈螺栓C级GB/T 14-1998 添加 大半圆头带榫螺栓GB/T 15-88 添加 六角头铰制孔用螺栓GB/T 27-88 已添加取消 六角头螺杆带孔铰制孔用螺栓GB/T 28-88 添加 六角头头部带槽螺栓 A 和 B 级GB/T 添加 十字槽凹穴六角头螺栓GB/T 添加 下方头螺栓B级GB/T 35-88 添加 T形槽用螺栓GB/T 37-88 添加 加强半圆头方颈螺栓GB/T 794-93 添加 六角头螺杆带孔螺栓GB/T 添加 六角头螺杆带孔螺栓细杆B级GB/T 添加 六角头螺杆带孔螺栓细牙A和B级GB/T 添加六角头头部带孔螺栓A和B级GB/T 添加 六角头头部带孔螺栓细杆B级GB/T 添加
六角头头部带孔螺栓细牙 A 和 B 级GB/T 添加 活节螺栓GB/T 798-88 已添加取消 地脚螺栓GB/T 799-88 添加 沉头双榫螺GB/T 800-88 添加 小半圆头低方颈螺栓B级GB/T 801-1998 添加 六角头螺栓C级GB/T 5780-2000 添加 六角头螺栓全螺纹C级GB/T 5781-2000 添加 六角头螺栓GB/T 5782-2000 添加 六角头螺栓全螺纹GB/T 5783-2000 添加 六角头螺栓-细杆-B级GB/T 5784-86 添加 六角头螺栓细牙GB/T 5785-2000 添加 六角头螺栓细牙全螺纹GB/T 5786-2000 添加 六角法兰面螺栓-加大系列-B级GB/T 5789-86 添加 六角法兰面螺栓-加大系列-细杆-B级GB/T 5790-86 添加六角法兰面螺栓小系列GB/T 16674-1996 添加 钢网架螺栓球节点用高强度螺栓GB/T 16939-1997 添加扩口式管接头空心螺栓GB 5650 添加 螺钉开槽凹端紧定螺钉GB/T 74-85 添加 方头长圆柱端紧定螺钉GB/T 85-88 添加 十字槽半沉头螺钉GB/T 820-2000 添加 开槽圆柱端定位螺钉GB/T 829-88 添加 开槽大圆柱头螺钉GB/T 833-88 添加
申请各种安规认证的流程
申请美国UL流程 1.申请人递交有关公司及产品资料 书面申请：您应以书面方式要求UL公司对贵公司的产品进行检测。 公司资料：用中英文提供以下单位详细准确的名称、地址、联络人、邮政编码、电话及传真。 (a).申请公司：提出产品检测申请并负责全部工程服务费用的公司 (b).列名公司：在UL公司出版的各种产品目录列出名称的公司 (c).生产工厂：产品的制造者和生产者。 产品资料：产品的资料应以英文提供。首先确定您的产品是否属于UL检测的范围，可向实验室咨询。 (a).产品的名称：提供产品的全称。 (b).产品型号：详列所有需要进行实验的产品型号、品种或分类号等。 (c).产品预定的用途：例如：家庭、办公室、工厂、煤矿、船舶等。 (d).零件表：详列组成产品的零部件及型号(分类号)、额定值、制造厂家的名称。对于绝缘材料，请提供原材料名称，例如：GE Polycarbonate,Lexan Type 104。当零部件已获得UL认证或认或，请证明该零部件的具体型号，并注明其UL档案号码。
(e).电性能：对于电子电器类产品。提供电原理图（线路图）、电性能表。 (f).结构图：对于大多数产品，需提供产品的结构图或爆炸图、配料表等。 (g).产品的照片、使用说明、安全等项或安装说明等。 2.根据所提供的产品资料作出决定 当产品资料齐全时，UL工程师根据资料作出下列决定： 实验所依据的UL标准、测试的工程费用、测试的时间、样品数量等，以书面方式通知您，并将正式的申请表及跟踪服务协议书寄给贵公司。 3.申请公司汇款、寄回申请表及样品 申请人在申请表及跟踪服务协议书上签名，并将表格寄返UL公司，同时，通过银行汇款，在邮局或以特快专递方式寄出样品，请对送验的样品进行适当的说明（如名称、型号）。申请表及样品请分开寄送。对于每一个申请项目，UL会指定唯一的项目号码（Project No.）在汇款、寄样品及申请表时注明项目号码、申请公司名称，以便于查收。 4.产品检测 收到贵公司签署的申请表、汇款、实验样品后，UL将通知您该实验计划完成的时间。产品检测一般在美国的UL实验室进行，UL也
常用紧固件国标汇总
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5 / 24 M1.6 M2 M2.5 M3 M4 M5 M6 M8 M10 M12 M14 M16 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2 MAX 光面 3.0 3.80 4.50 5.50 7.0 8.50 10.00 13.00 16.00 18.00 21.00 24.00 MAX 滚花 3.14 3.98 4.68 5.68 7.22 8.72 10.22 13.27 16.27 18.27 21.33 24.33 MIN 2.86 3.62 4.32 5.32 6.78 8.28 9.78 12.73 15.73 1 7.73 20.67 23.67 MAX 1.60 2.0 2.50 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 MIN 1.46 1.86 2.36 2.86 3.82 4.82 5.7 7.64 9.63 11.57 13.57 15.57 扳手号 1.5 1.5 2 2.5 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 t dk L ds
6 / 24 d a MAX 平垫圈尺寸c 螺钉和垫片的形式代号小系列S 型 标准系列N 型 大系列L 型 产品 代号 h 公称 d 2MAX h 公称 d 2MAX h 公称 d 2MAX 十字槽小盘头螺钉 S1 2.4 0.6 4.5 0.6 5 0.6 6 平垫圈 S
安规认证电子产品安规标准
安规认证电子产品安规 标准 集团标准化工作小组 [Q8QX9QT-X8QQB8Q8-NQ8QJ8-M8QMN]
安规认证有以下测试项目： 1、高压测试： Dielectric Voltage withstand? test高压测试为一种国际安规认证机构所要求的必测项目，产品须于出厂前座百分比的测试，它对产品而言，为品质的保证及电气安全性的指标，其测试方式是将一高于正常工作电压的异常电压加在产品上测试，并且这个电压须持续一段时间，最后判定只要无绝缘崩溃情形，即可算是通过此测试 2、绝缘阻抗测试 Insulation resistance? test绝缘阻抗于相关的两点施加直流电压，最高可达1000伏特，通常使用单位为欧姆，可判定良品及不良品 3、接地阻抗测试
Ground bond? test接地阻抗测试为测试产品的接地点，对产品的外壳或者金属部分，施加一个恒流电源来测试两点间的阻抗大小，一般产品规定测试25安培，阻抗不得大于0.1欧姆，而CSA则要求量测40安培检测，可检测出接地点螺丝未锁紧，接地线径太小，接地线路断路等问题 4、泄露电流测试 Touch current test是指当设备供应电流时，流经设备金属可接触部分经人体至接地部分或可接触部分的电流。 5、输入测试： 安规输入测试目的是考察产品设计时考虑输入是否满足产品在正常工作时，输入电路是否能够承受产品工作时需要的电流。在产品标准里面规定是：最大功耗的输入电流不能大于产品标称值的110%。这个标称值也是告诉用户该产品安全工作需要的最小电流，让用户在使用这个设备前要准备这样的电气环境。
常用紧固件国标汇总
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4 / 21 1. GB/T 70.1-2008内六角圆柱头螺栓（直径公差执行6g 等级公差、长度L 公差执行JS15等级公差） 注： 不锈钢螺栓通常标记为 A4-70,A2-70字样（“A ”为“奥氏体”结构，“2”为材质，一般为304,7代表抗拉力度不得小于700N/mm*mm ） 公称直径 M1.6 M2 M2.5 M3 M4 M5 M6 M8 M10 M12 M14 M16 M20 M24 M30 M36 螺距P 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2 2.5 3.0 3.5 4 顶帽直径dk MAX 光面 3.0 3.80 4.50 5.50 7.0 8.50 10.00 13.00 16.00 18.00 21.00 24.00 30.00 36.00 45.00 54.00 MAX 滚花 3.14 3.98 4.68 5.68 7.22 8.72 10.22 13.27 16.27 18.27 21.33 24.33 30.33 36.39 45.39 54.46 MIN 2.86 3.62 4.32 5.32 6.78 8.28 9.78 12.73 15.73 1 7.73 20.67 23.67 29.67 35.61 44.61 53.54 顶帽长度k MAX 1.60 2.0 2.50 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 20.00 24.00 30.00 36.00 MIN 1.46 1.86 2.36 2.86 3.82 4.82 5.7 7.64 9.63 11.57 13.57 15.57 23.48 23.48 29.48 35.38 顶帽内宽度s 扳手号 1.5 1.5 2 2.5 3 4 5 6 8 1 27 MAX 1.58 1.58 2.08 2.58 3.08 4.09 5.14 6.14 8.175 10.175 12.212 14.212 17.23 19.275 22.275 27.275 MIN 1.52 1.52 2.02 2.52 3.02 4.02 5.02 6.02 8.025 10.025 12.032 14.032 1 7.05 19.65 22.065 27.065 无螺纹直径ds MAX 1.60 2.00 2.5 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 20.00 24.00 30.00 36.00 MIN 1.46 1.86 2.36 2.86 3.82 4.82 5.82 7.78 9.78 11.73 13.73 15.73 19.67 23.67 29.67 35.61 顶帽内深度t 0.7 1 1.1 1.3 2 2.5 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 12 15.5 19 2. GB/T 9074.5十字槽小盘头螺钉和平垫圈组合件（制定d 尺寸与长度L 尺寸见下页“GB/T823-2016十字槽小盘头螺钉”） t dk L ds