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《孟子》中英文版

《孟子》中英文版

第八编 《离娄下》(31)

第三十一章 处位不同行事有异



曾子居武城,有越寇。或曰:“寇至,盍去諸?”曰:“無寓人於我室,毀傷其薪木。”寇退,則曰:“修我牆屋,我將反。”寇退,曾子反。左右曰:“待先生,如此其忠且敬也。寇至則先去以為民望,寇退則反,殆於不可。”沈猶行曰:“是非汝所知也。昔沈猶有負芻之禍,從先生者七十人,未有與焉。”

When the philosopher Zeng dwelt in Wu Cheng, there came a band from Yue to plunder it. Someone said to him, 'The plunderers are coming - why not leave this?' Zeng on this left the city, saying to the man in charge of the house, 'Do not lodge any persons in my house, lest they break and injure the plants and trees.' When the plunderers withdrew, he sent word to him, saying, 'Repair the walls of my house. I am about to return.' When the plunderers retired, the philosopher Zeng returned accordingly. His disciples said, 'Since our master was treated with so much sincerity and respect, for him to be the first to go away on the arrival of the plunderers, so as to be observed by the people, and then to return on their retiring, appears to us to be improper.' Shen You Xing said, 'You do not understand this matter. Formerly, when Shen You was exposed to the outbreak of the grass-carriers, there were seventy disciples in our master's following, and none of them took part in the matter.'



子思居於衛,有齊寇。或曰:“寇至,盍去諸?”子思曰:“如伋去,君誰與守?”

When Zi Si was living in Wei, there came a band from Qi to plunder. Some one said to him, 'The plunderers are coming - why not leave this?' Zi Si said, 'If I go away, whom will the prince have to guard the State with?'



孟子曰:“曾子、子思同道。曾子,師也,父兄也;子思,臣也,微也。曾子、子思易地則皆然。”

Mencius said, 'The philosophers Zeng and Zi Si agreed in the principle of their conduct. Zeng was a teacher - in the place of a father or elder brother. Zi Si was a minister - in a meaner place. If the philosophers Zeng and Zi Si had exchanged places the one would have done what the other did.'



【原文】



曾子居武城1,有越寇2。或曰:“寇至,盍去诸?”

曰:“无寓人於我室,毁伤其薪木。”寇退,则曰:“修我墙屋,我将反。”寇退,曾子反。左右曰:“待先生如此其忠且敬也!寇至,则先去以为民望,寇退则反:殆於不可!”

沈犹行3曰:“是非汝所知也!昔沈犹有负刍4之祸,从先生者七十人,未有与焉。”

子思5居於卫,有齐寇。或曰:“寇至,盍去诸?”子思曰:“如伋去,君谁与守?”

孟子曰:“曾子、子思同道。曾子,师也,父兄也;子思,臣也,微也。曾子、子思,易地则皆然

。”



【注释】



1.武城:地名,在今山东费县西南。

2.越寇:越王勾践建都琅琊,在今山东诸城县东南,与武城接壤,常有边民互相闹事。

3.沈犹行:人名,曾子的学生。

4.刍:(chu除)(chu除)《诗·唐风·绸缪》:“绸缪束刍,三星在隅。”《诗·大雅·板》:“询于刍荛。”《周礼·地官·充人》:“刍之三月。”《左传·昭公六年》:“禁刍牧采樵。”《左传·僖公二十九年》:“馈之刍米。”《庄子·列御寇》:“食以刍叔。”《孟子·公孙丑下》:“今有受人之牛羊而为之牧之者,则必为之求牧与刍矣。”《越绝书·外传本事》:“刍莝养马。”这里用为喂养牲畜的草料之意。负刍:即指打柴切草。负刍之祸:指打柴切草的穷人们起来造反。

5.子思:(公元前483年~前402年)是战国初期思想家。姓孔,名伋,孔子之孙。相传曾授业于曾子。孟子受业于子思的门人,发挥子思的思想,形成思孟学派。



【译文】



曾子住在武城时,有越国人侵犯。有人说:“有强盗来了,何不去之呢?”

曾子说:“不要让人住我的房子,不要毁伤了树木。”强盗退走了,曾子就说:“修理墙屋,我将回去。”强盗确实退走了,曾子就返回。学生们就说:“人们平素对待您是何等忠诚和恭敬啊,强盗来了,您却先行离开以至于为民立了坏榜样;强盗退走,就返回来,好像不大妥当吧?”

沈犹行说:“这不是你们所了解的。从前我曾遭遇过负刍之祸,跟随老师的七十个人全都躲避开了。”

子思居住在卫国,有齐国的强盗来进犯。有人说:“强盗来了,何不去之呢?”子思说:“如果我孔伋走了,卫君和谁防守呢?”

孟子说:“曾子、子思所走的道路是一致的。曾子,当时是老师,相当于父兄;子思,当时是卫君的臣,是小官。曾子、子思互换位置也会这样做。”



【解说】



这个讨论举了两个例子,一是曾子遇寇而退,一是子思遇寇而守。谁对谁错?这就是地位问题,人处在不同的地位,就有不同的行为方式,所以,最佳行为方式不是一成不变的,不是可以照本宣科的。曾子当时是老师,作老师者,形同父兄、长辈,遇有寇来,青壮子弟怎么能叫老师冲锋陷阵去拒敌呢?所以曾子选择离去,是为了使青壮子弟奋勇拒敌而不分心。所以曾子的选择乃是最佳行为方式。子思所处的位置不一样,他是卫国的一个官员,官员则有守土之责,所以他不能选择离去,只能守土御敌。所以子思的不离去,乃是最佳行为方式。如果曾子是地方官员,那他决不会选择离去,而是要守土御敌。如果子思是老师,那么他也会选

择离去,不去影响青壮子弟御敌。这就是孟子所想表达的,最佳行为方式不是一成不变的,不是可以照本宣科的。

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