(完整word)鲁教版初二英语上册试题

鲁教版初二英语上册练习题

一首字母填空（10分）靠靠你的记忆力,加油阿

1 Thank you for your I____ to go to the movies next week.

2 My mother is busy with housework .I have to b___ my sister.

3 I like to listen to music when I am f____.

4 It’s a p____ that you can’t go w ith you.

5 I’m still hungry , please give me a___ one.

6 It took him the w___ morning to study for the test.

7 Can you come o_____ to my house to help me with my English.

8 We have to s___ for the math test.

9 Richard is going to be an a____, so he is going to take acting lesson 10 She can speak three f_____ languages , such as English ,French and Japanese .

根据句意及所给的首字母写出适当的单词

1. Mary, would you please tell me your new a ______so that I can write to you?

2.-Does this piece of m ______ sound nice?

-Yes, it's wonderful!

3. May 12th is the International N______ Day. Let's say "Thanks” to them for their work in the fight against SARS.

4. The more dirty water the factory pours into the river, the w___ the environment nearby will be.

5. Victor is a b ______boy and he learns quickly.

6. Please c_____those exercises down from the blackboard so that you can do them after school.

7. -What's the b_______ hours of that supermarket ?

-8:30 a. m-9:30 p.m.

8.-Mum, if Hurry is not well enough to do the work. Let me do it i______.

-You'd better have more rest .

9. Father got up late this morning and m ______the 6:00 train.

10. -I h_____ go to bed before midnight.

-I thinks that's too late and it's not good for your health.

11. Boys and girls, you mustn't m ______any noise in the library.

12. Mr George u_____ to take a walk after supper when he was in the countryside.

13. Tom did well in the composition, so his classmates spoke h____ of him.

14. Great h_____ makes great man.

15. Could you cut the water melon into eight h_____

16. Two h _____ ride is not so long.

17.1 usually go to see my grandparents t______ a month.

18. -What can you find u _____ the sea?

-Different kinds of fishes.

19. Go along this road until you r _____ the end.

20. Good news! We have w _____ the relay race.

21. Qingdao is one of the best places for s______ in China.

22. It is n ______ eight you must hurry or you'll miss the train.

23. The road was so n_____ that the truck couldn't pass.

24. My teacher often e______ us to speak English.

25. Yesterday I took part in the b ______ 100-metre race.

26. A 12-year-old boy named Li Lida successfully went a ______the Qiong zhou Channel.

27. Don't draw pictures on p_____ walls.

28. You should pick up the rubbish and throw it into a d_____

29. They are collecting waste paper for r_______

30. The beautiful s______ of the mountain attracts lots of visitors.

31. The camera costs too much. I can't a______ it.

32. When the sun came out, the snow d______ soon, melted.

33. Do you know that some dinosaurs were covered with f_____ ?

34. Who can d______ what the robber looks like?

35.I think it p______ to finish the work in a week.

36. The s______ surfer is quite different from the so called beach boys.

37. Don't forget the c _____when you clean the classroom.

38. In the school library you can see many things, like d_____, magazines and so on.

39. This is a d _____ camera. I bought it online last week.

40. All members of the audience should be dressed n______

41. Father Christmas can't climb down every chimney in the world in a s ______night.

42. There's an u _____ Dinosaur World in the museum.

43. You can see the f ______ fish in coal.

44. The waves at Makaha are t_____ .

45. The ship is used to e ______ under the sea.

46. Water is very important to our e________.

47. Computers are very useful in the m ______ world.

48. Christ People call it Christmas, w______ comes from the name Chirst.

49. Can you tell any d______ between the twins ?

50. Make sure you have put all the r______ into the dustbin.

51.-Is India a d______ country? -Yes, I think so.

52. The boy was h ______ by the doctor yesterday.

53. Did you n______ the chemical teacher do the experiment?

54. This story is very interesting. It's w______ reading.

55. E______ is the best teacher.

56. We can get more i______ on the Internet.

57. The lonely people often r _____ the pets as their family members.

58. The i_____ population may be the greatest challenge of the world today.

59. I w ______ if everyone in your office can use the computer.

60. The Eiffel Tower was d_______ by a Frenchman called Gustave Eiffel over 100 years ago.

根据句子意思和首字母提示用适当的单词填空：

1. My dress is getting d_______ and needs washing .

2. Could you please put the r_______ into the dustbin ?

3. There is a truck c_______ lots of litter outside , then it will carry all the litter out of the city .

4. W______ we live , we should do something useful around our neighbourhood .

5. Most of the waste things can be r________ to make some new things .

6. Today p_________ the environment is very important .

7. You will never draw pictures on p_______ walls .

8. Suddenly a piece of music c______ to my ears .

9. We must do something useful to make a c__________ to make our world beautiful .

10. In summer I often go swimming in a swimming pool n_______ .

11. The beds and chairs in the house are rather c__________ . I like living here .

12. They stopped to watch the beautiful s_________ on the way to the Great Dam .

13. Jack often practices s__________ English with foreigners at weekends .

14. After the Spring Festival , winter won’t l_______ long .

15. Jim thought the train was like a big m_________ party .

16. I think t_________ by train is the best .

17. Please find five differences at l________ between the two pictures .

18. There are many beauties’ photos on the cover pages of those m__________ .

19. To offer hot water and check the tickets is her job . We know she is a c________ .

20. Mout Tai is one of the most beautiful m__________ in China .

二、单项选择（20分）

( )1.There is _____with the computer.

A.something wrong

B.anything wrong

C.wrong something

D.wrong anything

（）2.Don’t forget the lights when you leave the classroom.

A.turn on

B.turn off

C.to turn on

D.to turn off

（）3.—Can you come to my party？—.

A.No, I’d love to

B.Sure , I’d love to

C.No, I can’t

D.I’d love

（）4.There is snow here in winter.

A.too much

B.too many

C.much too

D.many

（）5.Thanks for .

A.to ask

B.asking

C.ask

D.asked

（）6.Let’s ask the man us.

A.help

B.to help

C.helping

D.helps

（）7.What about for a walk?.

A.to take

B.take

C.takes

D.taking

（）8.—Must I do it now？.

A.No, you needn’t

B.Yes , you mustn’t

C.No , you must

D.No, you mustn’t

（）9.Do you mind the windows?

A.my open

B.my opening

C.I open

D.to pen

（）10. Can you my house?

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3f10487969.html,e

B.came

C.came to

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3f10487969.html,e over to

（）11. of the two men is my uncle.

A.The older

B.older

C.The old

D.The oldest

（）12.Lucy’s Skirt is nicer than.

A.Lily’s

B.Lily

C.Lilys

D.Lilys

（）13.The weather(天气)in Guangzhou is hotter than in Haerbin A.that B.it C.very D.too

（）14.Our country is one of in the world.

A.more beautiful country

B. the most beautiful

C.the most beautiful countries

D. beautiful countries.

（）15.Do you think he is a boy?

A.nine—year—old

B.nine years old

C.nine—years—old

D.nine year old

（）16.Tom is more intellectual than Jim

A.many

B.a lot of

C.much

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3f10487969.html,rge

（）17.I like to have friends who different me.

A.is , from

B.are , to

C.has , from

D.are , from

（）18.—I’d like a friend who likes to do the same things as me.

—.

A.So he is.

B.So is he.

C.He would so

D.So would he.

（）19.He does than me this time . Next time I’m sure that I can catch up with him.

A.a little better

B.well

C.much more

D.a little more

（）20.I don’t like to do things as she .

A. same ,do

B. the same , does

C. any , does

D. many ,is

三、用动词的适当形式填空。（10分）

1.Could you help me ________(carry) the bag?

2.There_______(be) some bread and some cakes on the table.

3.I have no time ______(play)games with you.

4.________(not worry) about me.

5.What about _______(watch)TV?

6.What________(do) you have for lunch yesterday?

7.They_______(take) the subway back to school yesterday.

8.We ________(have) breakfast at 7:00 this morning.

9.She (not do )the housework yesterday.

10.His family_______(visit) America next week.

四把下列句子翻译成英语(10)

1谢谢你照顾我的狗

2带着他散步

3不要忘记收拾床铺

4当我度假是你能帮我照看一下小狗吗

5我不喜欢洗碗,那时令人讨厌的

五、完形填空. (10)

Once, a king showed two men a large basket in the garden. He told them to fill it with water from a well. After they 1their work, he left them, saying, “When the sun is down, I will come and see your work.”

At last one of them said, “What’s the use of doing this foolish(愚蠢的) work? We can __ 2 fill the basket.” 3 man answered, “That is none of your business.” The first man said, “You may do as you like, but I am going to work at 4so foolish.” He5his bucket(桶) and went away. The other man said no word, and kept on carrying 6. At last the well was almost 7 .

As he poured(倒) the last bucket of water into the basket, he saw a bright thing in it. He picked it up. It was a beautiful gold ring (金戒指). Just then the king came. 8

he saw the ring, he knew that he had found the kind of man he wanted. He told him to keep the ring for himself. “You 9so well in this little thing,” he said, “10now I know I ca n believe you with many things.”

() 1. A. finished B. did C. began D. had

() 2. A. ever B. never C. easily D. no

() 3. A. The other B. Another C. One D. A second

() 4. A. anything B. something C. nothing D. everything

() 5. A. picked up B. put away C. took away D. throw down

() 6. A. water B. basket C. well D. work

() 7. A. full B. empty C. filled D. clean

() 8.A. While B. As soon as C. Before D. Since

() 9. A. have done B. will do C. do D. are doing

() 10. A. what B. why C. when D. that

六、阅读理解(20)

The Internet is becoming important in our life. How much do you know about it? What is the Internet?

The Internet is a large, worldwide collection(聚集) of computer networks(网). A network is a small group of computers put together. The Internet is many different networks from all over the world. These networks are called the Internet. Once you have learned to use the Internet, you can do a lot of interesting things on the World Wide Web.

What is the World Wide Web?

The World Wide Web has been the most popular development of the Internet. The Web is like a big electronic(电子的) book with millions of pages. These pages are called homepages(主页).You can find information(信息) about almost anything in the world on these pages. For example, you can use the Internet instead of a library to find information for your homework. You can also find information about your favorite sport or film star, talk to your friends or even do some shopping on the pages. Most pages have words, pictures and even sound or music.

What is e-mail?

Electronic mail is a way of sending messages to other people. It’s much quicker and cheaper than sending a letter. If you want to use e-mail, you must have an e-mail address. This address must have letters and dots(点) and an ‘@’(meaning‘at’). This is what an address looks like: Emily@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3f10487969.html,. Write a message, type(打字) in the person’s e-mail address, then send the message across the Internet. People don’t need to use stamps, envelopes or go to the post office since the invention of the Internet. Quick, easy and

interesting--- that’s the Internet!

( ) 1.The Internet is _______.

A. a big computer

B. a small group of computers

C. lots of computer networks

D. the World Wide Web

( ) 2. The World Wide Web is like_________.

A. an electronic book

B. homepages

C. an electronic page

D. an interesting picture

( ) 3. What does “talk to your friends on the pages” mean? It means __.

A. you can talk to your friends face to face

B. you can type your words in the computer and then send them to your friends across the Internet

C. you talk to your friends through the same computer

D. you go to your friends’ houses to talk to them

( ) 4.People like to use e-mail to send messages to their friends and family

because______.

A. they don’t have to pay any money

B. it’s faster and cheaper

C. they d on’t need to have stamps, envelops or addresses

D. sending e-mail is interesting

( ) 5. The “e” in e-mail means ______.

A. easy

B. electrical

C. electronic

D. enjoyable

One day Mr. and Mrs. Black were driving to a party . Mr. Black drove the car very fast. “Please don’t drive so fast.”Mrs . Black asked his husband to drive more slowly .”If you drive so fast , maybe we’ll have some trouble.” “Oh , no , Don’t be worried , my

dear . ”said Mr. Black with a smile .“You know I’m good at driving . You won’t be in danger . And there is a little time . If I don’t drive fast , we’ll be late for the party.”

A few minutes later , his wife , Mrs. Black , said to him:“If you don’t slow down ,We’ll be in hospital.”

Just at this moment a car came out of a side road and crossed in front of their car . Mr. Black stopped their car quickly . It nearly hit that car:“Oh , dear , I’m sorry for that . You are right , my dear，”said Mr , Black . “I’ll never drive fast later . Now let me drive slowly . ”Then car drove every slowly to the party . Of cause they were very late for the party.

（）1.Mr. and Mrs. Black were driving to one day.

A.a meeting

B. their home

C.a party

D.work

（）2.What did Mrs. Black ask her friends to do?

A.To stop the car

B.To drive more slowly

C.To drive to a hospital

D.To drive fast

（）3.Mr. Black drove so fast , because .

A. he was good at driving

B. he was very happy

C. he was in danger

D. he didn’t want to be late for the party.

（）4.What happened to them a few minute later ?

A. Their car hit another car

B. their car nearly hit another car

C. Their car was broken

D. Something was wrong with their car

（）5.At last Mr. Black drove their car to the party

A. faster

B. slowly

C. more slowly

D. happier

1. The teacher left his office_________ without saying a word(angry)

2. At _______you should say "thank you".(little)

3. How can you make yourself ____________if you can't express yourself clearly?(understand)

4.We're going to have a three-day holiday(改为同意句）

We're going to________ three days________.

Answers

I.根据句意及所给的首字母写出适当的单词

1. address

2.music

3. Nurses’

4. worse

5. bright

6. copy

7. business

8. instead

9. missed 10. hardly

11. make 12. used 13. highly 14. history 15. halves

16. hours' 17. twice 18. under 19. reach 20. won

21. surfing 22. nearly 23.narrow 24. encourages 25. boys' 26. across 27. public 28. dustbin 29. recycling 30. scenery 31. afford 32. disappeared 33. feathers 34. describe 35. possible

36. serious 37. corners 38. dictionaries 39. digital 40. neatly 41. single 42. underground 43. fossil 44. terrific 45. explore 46. environment 47. modern 48. Which 49. differences 50. rubbish 51. developing 52. healed 53. notice 54. worth 55. Encouraging 56. information 57. regard 58.increasing 59. wonder 60. designed

II. 根据句子意思和首字母提示用适当的单词填空：

1-5 dirty , rubbish , collecting , Wherever , recycled ,

6-10 protecting , public , came , contribution , nearby ,

11-15 comfortable , scenery , speaking , last , moving ,

16-20 travelling , least , magazines , conductor , mountains .

笔试部分(共80分)

I. 词汇。(10分）

A) 根据句意和首字母，完成单词。（5分）

1. I like chicken much b______ than fish.

2. Nicholas Tse is a f______ Hong Kong actor.

3. Last Sunday I v______ my English teacher's house.

4. People are never too young to s______ doing things.

5. Michael Jordan is a s______ star.

B) 选用方框内所给的词或词组完成句子。（5分）

6. ______ you go to the Chicago Zoo last Sunday?

7. ______ did you see at the aquarium?

8. ______ were monkeys and bears in the zoo.

9. ______ any seals at the zoo?

10. ______ did you go after visiting the zoo?

II. 单项选择。（10分）

11. ______ milk do you need?

A. How much

B. How many

C. How

D. What

12. How do you ______ a super chicken sandwich？

A. take

B. do

C. make

D. peal

13. ______ be angry, please.

A. Not

B. Aren't

C. Don't

D. Isn't

14. ―Let's make a banana smoothie.

―______. What do we need?

A. Good idea

B. It's good idea

C. That's all right

D. That's nothing

15. ―I watched TV last night.

―______ did you do then?

A. What else

B. Anything

C. Else what

D. Other what things

III. 按要求改写下列句子，每空一词。（13分）

16. We had seafood at a Guangdong restaurant. （改为一般疑问句）

______ you ______ seafood at a Guangdong restaurant?

17. We did some reading last night.（改为否定句）

We ______ ______ ______ reading last night.

18. Were they here last Sunday？（作否定回答）

______, they ______.

19. It was November 1st yesterday. （对划线部分提问）

______ ______ ______ ______yesterday?

20. What else can you see at the aquarium？（改为同义句）

What ______ ______ can you see at the aquarium?

IV. 单句改错。(10分)

找出每句中的一处错误并改正。

21. How many(A) glass(B) of milk(C) do(D) you want?

22. His friend(A) Lisa like(B) tomatoes(C) in(D) the sandwich.

23. How old(A) were(B) you when you started(C) learn(D) English?

24. ―How long(A) did you become(B) an actor(C)?

―Thre e years ago(D).

25. There are(A) two pens in(B) the box. One(C) is long, another(D) is short.

V. 动词填空。（10分）

阅读下面的短文，用括号内所给词的适当形式填空，必要时加助动词或情态动词。Dan was traveling around the country, and one day he __26__ (be) in a hotel(旅馆) in a small town. It served(服务) lunch from twelve thirty to one thirty. Dan __27__ (go) out for a walk in the morning, but he __28__ (forget) to wear（戴）his watch. He walked for a long time, and then he __29__ (see) a young man in the street, so he said to him, "Excuse

me, can you please __30__ (tell) me the time?"

The young man looked at his watch and answered, "It's twelve o'clock."

Dan __31__ (be) a little worried when he heard this, and asked again, "Isn't it later than that?" He was hungry, and he wanted his lunch. "No," the young man answered. "It never __32__ (get) later than twelve o'clock in our town."

Dan was surprised and said, "That's inte- resting. What do you __33__ (mean)?" "Well," the young man __34__ (answer), "Whenever(无论何时) it becomes twelve o'clock, it always __35__ (start) from the beginning again-one o'clock, two o'clock..."

26. ______ 27. ______ 28. ______ 29. ______

30. ______ 31. ______ 32. ______ 33. ______

34. ______ 35. ______

VI. 阅读理解。(10分)

Do you live in the city? Do you know how cities began? Long, long ago, the world had only a few thousand people. These people moved from one place to another. They moved over the land, hunting animals for food.

No one knows how or where these people learned about growing food. But when they did it, their life changed. They could stay in one place and grew crops to eat.

People began to live near one another. And so the first villages grew. Many people came to work in the villages. These villages grew bigger and bigger.

When machines came along, life in the villages changed again. Factories were built. More and more people lived near the factories. Then cities grew big.

Today, some people are moving back to small towns. Can you tell why?

根据短文内容，判断正(T)误(F)。

36. Long, long ago, a few people could stay in one place, hunting animals for food.

37. Everyone knows how and where cities began.

38. When these people learned to grow food, their life changed.

39. When machines came along, life in the villages changed again.

40. Some people don't like to live in big cities.

笔试部分

I. 1. better 2. famous 3. visited 4. start 5. sports 6. Did 7. What 8. There 9. Were there 10. Where

II. 11. A. milk为不可数名词，所以应用how much来提问。12. C. "如何做一个......"动词应用make。13. C. 祈使句的否定形式是"Don't+动词原形+其它"。14. A. 表示赞同对方的提议，应用：Good idea. 15. A. else意为"别的；其他的"，常用在疑问代词、疑问副词和不定代词之后，如：Do you want anything else?

III. 16. Did, have 17. didn't do any 18. No, weren't 19. What was the date 20. other things IV. 21. B. glass→glasses 22. B. like→likes 23. D. learn→lear ning 24. A. How long→When 25. D. another→the other

V. 26. was 27. went 28. forgot 29. saw 30. tell 31. was 32. gets 33. mean 34. answered 35. starts

VI. 36-40 FFTTT

VII. One possible version:

Friday, September 18th

Yesterday I got up at a quarter to seven. After a quick breakfast I went to school. But I found there were no students in the school when I got there. "Oh, it's Saturday today. We needn't come to school." I suddenly remembered. So I asked some friends to go to the park. We had a picnic in the park. We enjoyed ourselves there. We went back home by bus. I felt tired when I reached home, so I went to bed early at nine. What a happy day!

新鲁教版八年级英语上册分析

教材分析： 一、知识整合看教材 本书为鲁教版（2013新版）义务教育教科书八年级上册。从语法上看，共涉及4个时态：一般现在时，过去进行时，一般过去时和现在完成时。其中过去进行时（Unit3）和现在完成时（Unit6，Unit7，Unit8）是新学知识。第七单元以好玩的地方为话题继续学习现在完成时。至此课标要求的6种时态全部学完。对于学生来说现在完成时是最难掌握的。放在最后学习体现了教材，循序渐进，有简到难的编写原则，而Unit7在中间位置，起到承上启下的作用。 二、看教材编写体例 八年级上册共分8个单元。每个单元主要分为Section A和Section B两个部分。Section A 是基本的教学内容，着重于听说训练，兼顾语法学习；Section B在Section A的基础上将话题进一步拓展，除听说外着重训练学生的阅读和写作技能，帮助学生灵活运用所学语言进行口、笔头输出。教材的单元结构体现了“先听说、后读写、再评价”的教学思路。 三、走进文本看教材 本单元的中心话题为谈论好玩的地方。Section A谈论学生就近游玩的地方，如博物馆，水上公园等。Section B继续将话题扩展。Section B第一课时谈论中国的旅游景点，如长城，故宫，兵马俑，鸟巢等。是一节听说课。本节课属于Section B第二课时，谈论新加坡旅游方面的基本信息。是一节阅读课。语篇分为4段，从5个方面介绍新加坡：地理位置，语言，食物，动物园，气候。从体裁上说是介绍新加坡旅游信息的说明文。第三课时为写作课。 为了更好地体现读写结合的原则，我将第二、三课时进行了整合，读后加入了写作环节：介绍中国的城市。这样有利于学生及时运用所学知识进行语言输出。 四、版本对比看教材 与旧教材相比，2013版新教材有以下特点：1、读前、读中活动设计更加具体，利于学生运用阅读策略。2、标题由“Have you ever been to Singapore?”变为“Singapore—A Place You Will Never Forget!”新标题更能体现文章中心思想，便于学生猜测文章大意。3、调整了第三段句子顺序，突出逻辑关系，有利于培养学生的逻辑推理能力。对比发现新教材更加突出了阅读课的中心任务：培养学生运用阅读策略获取有效信息的能力。 五、课程教学资源开发与利用 为了更好的完成阅读课的教学任务，除了利用文本信息外，我在第二段加入了听力练习：听录音找新加坡的食物；第三段将文本转换为视频：看新加坡夜间动物园的视频，将句子排序；第四段将文本转为小组对话活动，调动学生学习积极性。最后的写作任务给学生提供了丰富多彩的

鲁教版初二上英语单词表

鲁教版初二上英语单词表 七年级上册 lean vi.倚靠, 倾斜, 依赖, 倾向, 偏向vt.使倾斜read v.读；阅读 happy adj.快乐的；幸福的 apartment n.公寓；住宅 TV show 电视节目 sure adv.当然；的确 wait v.等待；等候 stop vi.停止, 被塞住 toy n.玩具 shopping n.买东西；购物 mall n.大型购物商场 pool n.水池；水塘 camera n.照相机 bird n.鸟 Steve 史蒂夫（男名） rain v.下雨 windy adj.有风的；多风的 cloudy adj.多云的；阴天的 sunny adj.阳光充足的 snow n.雪v.下雪 weather n.天气；气候 Moscow 莫斯科（俄罗斯首都） Boston 波士顿（美国马萨诸塞州首府） cook v.烹调；煮 study v.学习 how's =how is bad adj.坏的；劣质的 terrible adj.很糟的；极坏的；可怕的

pretty adj.漂亮的, 可爱的, 优美的, 机灵的, 恰当的hot adj.热的 cold adj.寒冷的 cool adj.凉爽的；酷的；另类的 warm adj.温暖的；暖和的 humid adj.潮湿的；湿润的 vacation n.假期；休假 lying （lie的现在分词形式）躺 beach n.海滩 group n.团体；组 beach volleyball 沙滩排球 surprised adj.感到惊讶的 heat vt.把...加热,n.热；热度 relaxed adj.放松的；得到休息的 winter n.冬季 scarf n.围巾 everyone pron.每个人 man n.男人；人；人类 like vt.喜欢, 希望, 愿意prep.像；如同 hair n.头发；毛发 curly adj.卷曲的；卷毛的 straight adj.直的；笔直的 tall adj.高的 medium adj.中等的 height n.高度 thin adj.瘦的 heavy adj.重的 build v.建造, 建筑n.体格；体形 always adv.总是；始终 captain n.队长；首领 team n.队；组

鲁教版八年级英语试卷及答案.doc

2008-2009学年度济宁泗水县第一学期八年级阶段性达标测试 英语试卷 第I卷（选择题） 一、听力测试 （一）录音中有五个句子，每个句子听两遍，然后从每小题A、B、C三个选项中选出能应答录音中所听句子的最佳答案。 1．A．I'm staying at home．B．I'm visiting my cousin．C．No，I'm not． 2．A．She is a teacher．B．She is from Australia．C．She is at school． 3．A．Yes，I like it．B．Yes，I'd love to．C．No．I don't think so．4．A．Sorry，I can't．B．I take the bus．C．I like it very much．5．A．Don't worry．B．That's too bad．C．I have a stomachache． （二）听下面五组对话和五个问题，每组对话和问题听两遍，然后从各小题的A B C三各选项中能回答问题的正确一项。 6．A．On Saturday。B．On Sunday．C．Twice a week． 7．A．Tara is shorter than Tina．B．Tara is taller than Tina．C．Tina is shorter than Tara． 8．A．He's going to the beach．B．He's looking after his sister．C．He's babysitting his brother． 9．A．30 minutes．B．45 minutes．C．15 minutes． 10．A．By train．B．By bus．C．By air． （三）录音中有一段对话，听对话两遍，然后从11一15各小题A B C三个选项中选出正确答案 11．Who is Tom? A．He's Kate's father． B．He's Kate's friend． C．He's Kate's teacher． 12．When is Kate's birthday?

鲁教版初中英语单词表

六年级上册good adj.好的；令人满意的morning n.早晨；上午 good morning! 早上好！ hi int.（表示问候）嗨 hello int.（表示问候）喂 HB(H=hard,B= black)abbr.（铅笔芯）硬黑 CD(=compact disc)abbr.激光唱片 BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation)abb r.英国广播公司afternoon n.下午 Good afternoon! 下午好！evening n.晚上；黄昏Good evening! 晚上好！ how adv.怎样；怎么；如何are v.是 you pron.你；你们 How are you? 你(身体)好吗？ I pron.我 am v.是 I'm =I am fine adj.好的thanks n.谢谢OK adj.& adv. 好；不错 Alice 艾丽斯 （女名） Bob 鲍勃(男名 Cindy 辛蒂 （女名） Dale 戴尔（男 名） Eric 埃里克 （男名） Frank 弗兰克 （男名） Grace 格雷斯 （女名） Helen 海伦 （女名） what pron. （疑问代词）什 么；什么样的人 （或事物） is v.是 what's =what is this pron.这； 这个 in prep.（表示 表达方式、手段 等）用；以 English n.英语 a art.一个（只， 把…） an art.（元音 前）一个（只， 把…） it pron.它 it's =it is map n.地图 orange n.橘 子；橙子 jacket n.夹克 衫 key n.钥匙，关 键 quilt n.被子 pen n.钢笔 ruler n.直尺 NBA (=National Basketball Association)abb r.（美国）全国 篮球协会 kg(=kilogram)a bbr.千克 spell v.拼写； 拼字 please v.（用于 祈使语气）请 color n.色;颜 色 red adj.红色 （的） yellow adj.黄 （色）的 green adj.绿 （色）的 blue adj.蓝 （色）的 black adj.黑 （色）的 white adj.白 （色）的 and conj.和； 又；而且 UFO (=unidentified flying object)abbr. 不明飞行物 CCTV (China Central Television)abbr. 中国中央电视 台 UN (=United Nations)abbr.联 合国 the art.表示特 指的人、物或群 体 my pron.我的 name n.名字 name's =name is clock n.时钟 nice adj.好的； 令人愉快的 to part.不定式 符号prep.向； 朝；至；达 meet v.遇见； 相逢 your pron.你 的；你们的 his pron .他的 her pron.她的 question n.问 题；难题；询问； 疑问 answer n.回 答；答复；答案 look v.看；望； 看起来n.看；注 视 first num.第一 first name 名 字 last adj.最后 的；上一个的 last name 姓 氏 boy n.男孩 girl n.女孩 zero num.& n. 零 one num.& pron.一（用来代 替单数的人或 物） two num.二 three num.三 four num.四 five num.五 six num.六 seven num.七 eight num.八 nine num.九 telephone n.电 话 number n.数； 数字 telephone number 电话 号码 phone n.电话； 电话机 phone number 电话号码 card n.卡；卡 片；纸牌 ID card (ID=identificati on)身份证 family n.家； 家庭 family name 姓氏 Jenny 詹妮 （女名） Gina 吉娜（女 名） Alan 艾伦（男 名） Mary 玛丽（女 名） Jim 吉姆（男 名） Tony 托尼（男 名） Tom 汤姆（男 名） Bob 鲍勃（男 名） Mike 迈克（男 名） Green 格林 （姓） Miller 米勒 （姓） Jack 杰克（男 名） Smith 史密斯 （姓） Brown 布朗 （姓） Linda 琳达 （女名） Nick 尼克（男 名） Kim 金（女 名） Hand 汉德 （姓） pencil n.铅笔 book n.书 eraser n.橡皮； 铅笔擦；黑板擦 case n.箱；盒； pencil case 铅 笔盒；文具盒 backpack n.双 肩背包 pencil sharpener 卷笔刀；铅笔刀

鲁教版八年级英语上册期末考试试卷word

最新鲁教版八年级英语上册期末考 试试卷word下载 此套最新鲁教版八年级英语上册期末考试试卷word下载由绿色圃中小学教育网整理，所有试卷与鲁教版八年级英语教材大纲同步，试卷供大家免费使用下载打印，转载前请注明出处。 因为试卷复制时一些内容如图片、公式等没有显示，需要下载的老师、家长们可以到本帖子二楼（往下拉）下载WORD 编辑的DOC附件使用！如有疑问，请联系网站底部工作人员，将第一时间为您解决问题！ 试卷内容预览： 淄博市2012—2013学年第一学期期末考试 九年级英语试题

注意事项： 1.本试题分第Ⅰ卷和第Ⅱ卷两部分。第Ⅰ卷为选择题,80分；第Ⅱ卷为非选择题,70分,共150分;时间120分钟。 2.考生将第Ⅰ卷各小题的答案标号填入答题表内。 第Ⅰ卷（选择题80分） 一、听力选择（共20小题，计20分） （一）录音中有五个句子，每个句子听一遍，然后从每小题A、B、C三个选项中选出每个句子的正确应答语。 1. A. Sorry, I don’t agree. B. Thank you. I can take care of myself. C. Yes, I think so. 2. A. So she does, she found her purse.

B. His wife got a cancer. C. So she does, her husband has got a cancer. 3. A. It’s only 3 yuan.B. That’s too personal.C. Today is Monday. 4. A. OK.B. Yes, he could.C. It doesn’t matter. 5. A. He came back two days ago. B. He’ll come back from Beijing. C. He’ll come back next week. （二）录音中有五组对话和五个问题，每组对话和问题听两遍后，从每小题A、B、C三个选项中选出能回答每个问题的正确答案。 6. A. Tom’s.B. Linda’s.C. Lily’s. 7. A. Yes, several times.B. Never.C. Yes, but only to Tokyo.

(完整word)鲁教版初二英语上册试题

鲁教版初二英语上册练习题 一首字母填空（10分）靠靠你的记忆力,加油阿 1 Thank you for your I____ to go to the movies next week. 2 My mother is busy with housework .I have to b___ my sister. 3 I like to listen to music when I am f____. 4 It’s a p____ that you can’t go w ith you. 5 I’m still hungry , please give me a___ one. 6 It took him the w___ morning to study for the test. 7 Can you come o_____ to my house to help me with my English. 8 We have to s___ for the math test. 9 Richard is going to be an a____, so he is going to take acting lesson 10 She can speak three f_____ languages , such as English ,French and Japanese . 根据句意及所给的首字母写出适当的单词 1. Mary, would you please tell me your new a ______so that I can write to you? 2.-Does this piece of m ______ sound nice? -Yes, it's wonderful! 3. May 12th is the International N______ Day. Let's say "Thanks” to them for their work in the fight against SARS. 4. The more dirty water the factory pours into the river, the w___ the environment nearby will be. 5. Victor is a b ______boy and he learns quickly. 6. Please c_____those exercises down from the blackboard so that you can do them after school. 7. -What's the b_______ hours of that supermarket ?

(完整word版)初中英语鲁教版教材分析.pdf

鲁教版初中英语教材结构分析 张店二中宋锋 一、教材的编排结构及编写意图 鲁教版初中英语教材分六年级上、下册，七年级上、下册，八年级上、下册及九年级 全册，共七册。其中，六年级上、下册及七年级上、下册每册各10个单元，八年级上、下册每册各8个单元，九年级全册共12各单元。每个单元分为Section A、Section B和Self Check 三部分，八年级和九年级教材在每个单元后面各增加一篇Reading。 Section A 这部分以一幅展示新功能在实际生活中运用的图画开篇，该图引出了学生在操练新语言 时需要用到的重点词汇。所有重点单词都在图中描绘出来，因此学生不需要解释或翻译就能 理解它们。新的表达方式呈现在人物头上的气泡中，从而使学生很容易理解和操练新语言。 接下来是几个循序渐进的操练活动。学生独立、结对或组成小组完成多中练习，每个 活动都围绕着目标语言，以一种简单而容易理解的方式展开。 每单元第二页的下端呈现的是一个语法聚焦框，该表格清晰呈现了对本单元语法点使 用的总结。第三页以一个互动活动结束，该活动采用游戏或其它全班活动的方式，学生在互相合作使用目标语言中完成本部分的学习。 Section B 这部分在循环A部分所呈现的语言同时，引出新的词汇。同时，B部分的活动帮助学生整合新的目标语言和前面单元学过的语言。这一循环强化了前面的语言学习，同时为新语言学习提供了更多操练的机会。 Self Check 这部分为自我检测，学生可以在课堂上完成，也可以作为课后作业完成。这些活动让 学生复习了所有重点词汇以及新学的语法项目。 Reading 通过一篇长篇课文的学习，进一步强化巩固本单元的语法和其它知识点，同时提高学 生的阅读理解的能力和写作能力。 二、各册教材主要话题、单元语言结构以及语言功能目标列表 六年级英语（上） 本教材共有10个单元，每单元分为Section A、Section B和Self Check三部分。 教材各部分编排结构及编写意图 Section A 1a呈现本单元的重点单词、语法结构及功能1b呈现任务型听力练习 1c结对练习核心对话 2a、2b呈现的是多种听力练习 2c呈现不同任务的结对练习 Grammar Focus呈现语法功能重点 3a—4b提供多种课堂活动 Section B 1a词汇扩展 1b新旧知识的综合运用

鲁教版五四学制八年级上册英语单词表修订稿

鲁教版五四学制八年级上册英语单词表 集团文件发布号：（9816-UATWW-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DQQTY-

鲁教版（五四学制）八年级上册英语单词表Unit 1 rubbish ['rb/] n. 垃圾; 废弃物 take out the rubbish 倒垃圾 fold [f?ld/] v. 折叠; 对折 sweep [swi:p/] v. (swept /swept/ ) 扫; 打扫 floor [fl:(r)/] n. 地板 mess [mes/] n. 杂乱; 不整洁 throw [θr/]v. (threw /θru:/ ) 扔; 掷 all the time 频繁; 反复 neither ['nae/, /'ni:e(r)/] adv. 也不 shirt [:(r)t/] n. 衬衫 as soon as 一......就......; 尽快 pass [pɑ:s/, /p?s/]v. 给; 递; 走过; 通过 borrow ['br/, /'bɑ:r]v. 借; 借用 lend [lend/] v. (lent /lent/ ) 借给; 借出 finger ['fg(r)/] n. 手指 hate [he?t/] v. 厌恶; 讨厌 chore [t:(r)/] n. 杂务; 乏味无聊的工作 while [wa?l/] conj. 与......同时; 当......的时候; 而; 然而snack [sn?k/] n. 点心; 小吃; 快餐 stress [stres/] n. 精神压力; 心理负担

waste [we?st/] n. 浪费; 垃圾 v. 浪费; 滥用 in order to 目的是; 为了 provide [pr'vad/] v. 提供; 供应 anyway ['eniwe/] adv. 而且; 加之 depend [d'pend/] v. 依靠; 信赖 depend on 依靠; 信赖 develop [d'velp/] v. 发展; 壮大 independence [nd'pendns/] n. 独立 fairness ['fens/ , /'ferns] n. 公正性; 合理性 since [s?ns/] conj. 因为; 既然prep.,conj. & adv. 从......以后; 自......以来 neighbor (=neighbour) ['neb(r)] n. 邻居 take care of 照顾; 处理 ill [l/] adj. 有病; 不舒服 drop [dr?p/, /drɑ:p]v. 落下; 掉下 independent [nd'pendnt/] adj. 独立的; 自主的 fair [fe/, /fer/] adj. 合理的; 公正的 unfair [n'fe/, /n'fer/] adj. 不合理的; 不公正的 Sandy ['s?ndi/] 桑迪（女名） Unit 2 allow ['la/] v. 允许; 准许

鲁教版八年级上英语各单元知识点总结

Unit1 单元知识点总结 1.go out for dinner 出去吃饭 2.stay out late 在外面待到很晚 3.go to the movies 去看电影 4.get a ride 搭车 5.work on 从事 6.finish doing sth. 完成做某事 7.clean and tidy 干净整洁 8.do the dishes 洗餐具 9.take out the rubbish 倒垃圾 10.fold your/the clothes 叠衣服 11.sweep the floor 扫地 12.make your/the bed 整理床铺 13.clean the living room 打扫客厅 14.no problem 没问题 15.welcome sb. 欢迎某人 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3f10487969.html,e home from school/ work放学/下班回家 17.throw down 扔下 18.sit down 坐下 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3f10487969.html,e over 过来 20.take sb. for a walk 带某人去散步 21.all the time 一直；总是 22.all day/evening 整日/夜 23.do housework 做家务 24.shout back 大声回应 25.walk away 走开 26.share the housework 分担家务 27.a comfortable home 一个舒适的家 28.in surprise 惊讶地 29.get something to drink 拿点喝的东西 30.watch one show 观看一个节目 31.hang out 闲逛 32.pass sb. sth. 把某物传给某人

(鲁教版)初二英语上册词组总汇

初二英语上Unit1-10词组总汇 复习目标：巩固十单元的重点短语培养积累知识的好习惯 同学们，让我们一起为期末考试加油吧！相信自己！我能行！！！ a little 一点儿 a few一些 a lot of 许多 a lot to do 很多可做的事 a pop singer 流行歌手 a great success 获得成功although 尽管 a great (large) number of 大量的 a small number of少量的a balanced diet 均衡饮食 after school 放学后after class 下课后 a kind of 一种kind of一点儿，几分 a little quiet 有点安静 a photo of …一张….的照片 a movie star 电影明星 agree with you 同意你的意见arrive late for class上课迟到 all kinds of 各种各样as for 关于，至于 ask sb. about sth. 问某人某事ask sb. to do sth. 叫某人做某事 at the moment 此时at the same time 同时at once立刻basketball player篮球选手be surprised at对…感到惊奇 be busy doing sth 忙于做某事be friendly to 对某人友好 be different from 与…不同be the same as …与…一样 be good at 擅长，在……方面好be good for 对…有益 between … and … 在…和…之间both … and … …和…两个都…birthday party 生日晚会because of因为 bus station 公共汽车站bus stop 公共汽车停靠站buy 买 by subway/bus/train/car/boat/plane 乘地铁/公共汽车/火车/小汽车/船/飞机 close to 靠近，接近clean the room打扫房间 computer science 计算机科学 day off 假日，休息日Don't worry 别担心 decide on sth. 决定某事decide to do sth. 决定做某事depend on 决定于discuss doing sth 商讨做某事drive a car 开小汽车 do a survey of 调查…… do homework 做作业do housework 做家务 do the shopping /go shopping 购物，买东西do nothing什莫也不干eat healthier food 吃更健康些的食物 eat more vegetables 多吃蔬菜eat less meat少吃肉every day 每天fashion magazine 时装杂志fashion show 时装表演会 feel well 身体感觉舒服fight with …和…打架 finish doing sth. 完成做某事family rules家规 for example 例如forget to do忘记去做…forget doing忘记做过…get to school 到校（上学）———arrive at 到达 get/be stressed out 紧张的，有压力的get good grades得高分go fishing 去钓鱼go skateboarding 滑滑板 go camping/go to camp 去野营 go skating 去滑冰go swimming 去游泳 go for a drive 去开车、开车兜风go for a walk外出散步 go to a meeting 去开会go to bed 去睡觉 go back (to ) 回原处，往回去 go to the beach 去海滩go to the mountains 去爬山 go to the doctor 去看医生see the dentist看牙医 go to the movies 去看电影go to the party 参加晚会去晚会grow up 长大 hang out with friends 和朋友闲混hardly ever 几乎不 hate to do sth 讨厌做某事have to do 不得不做 have a cold 感冒have a fever 发烧 have a headache 头痛have a toothache 牙痛 have a sore back 背痛have a sore throat 咽喉痛 have a good time/have fun(doing) 玩得高兴/做某事很有趣 have a party 举行聚会have a piano lesson 上钢琴课 help sb (to) do 帮助…干… host family寄宿家庭 have a test 考试have a rest 休息hot tea with honey 加蜜的热茶how far 多远how long 多久how many 多少 how much 多少how often 多久一次 I’d love/like to 我很愿意I’m sorry to hear that. 很遗憾听到这个消息in my opinion 我的意见…I think so 我也这样认为 in North America 在北美in some ways 在某些方面in the corner 在角落里in the north of China 在中国北部 in town 在镇上in the first photo 在第一张照片里 It takes sb. some time to do sth. 花费某人多少时间做某事 It's important （for）sb to do sth 某人做事重要事事事事 It’s easy to do 干…很容易 It's time (for sb) to do sth 某人该做某事的时候 junk food 垃圾食品keep quiet 保持安静keep/stay healthy 保持健康 kind of 有点儿leave for 前往……leave…for 离开……去 lie down 躺下living room 起居室，客厅bedroom卧室 look after 照顾look different 看起来不一样look the same 看起来一样look at 看look cool看起来很酷 lots of 许多listen to music听音乐last weekend上周末 must be 一定是make dinner 做饭 make friends with 与…交朋友make sb happy 使某人高兴 make sb laugh 使某人发笑make the bed 整理床铺

(完整版)鲁教版八年级下英语1-2知识点

Unit 1 Have you ever been to an amusement park? 一．.重点难点释义 1. Me neither=Neither have I . 我也没去过。（1）英语中表示后者与前者情形相同，“也不……”时，常用neither引起的倒装句Neither+助动词/系动词be/情态动词+主语。 eg:--I'm not tall. Neither is she. =She's not tall, either. 我个子不高，她个子也不高。 --They can't cook. Neither can we. =We can't cook, either. 他们不会做饭，我们也不会。 （2）如果表示后者与前者情形相同，“也……”常用so引起的倒装句， so+助动词/系动词be/情态动词+主语。 eg:--My friends are happy. So am I.=I'm happy, too./I'm also happy. --They will leave by air. So will you. =You will also leave by air. 2 hear, hear of, hear from *hear 为动词，有听见和听说之意。作“听见”解，只强调结果。作为：“听说”解，其后一般跟从句。**hear of 听说，听到，其后跟名词或从句。 --My grandma can't hear very well. --I hear that they miss us very much. --I heard him singing in the next room. --Have you ever heard of Edison? 3. be famous for ,be famous as与be famous to **be famous for 因为……而出名/著名，for后接表示特点、特长的名词，表示人或物闻名的原因--The village is famous for its green tea． **be famous as 以……身份出名，as后一般接表示职业的名词。 --HanHong is famous as a pop singer.韩红以流行歌曲而闻名。 **be famous to 对某人来说是著名的，to后常接人。--The pop singer is famous to the young people. 4 different 不同的。其名词是difference。 be different from …与。。。不同:--My ideas is different from yours.我的观点与你的不一样。 5.around作为介词，“在……周围，到处，大约 eg:--I traveled around the world.我周游了世界。-It's around/about ten o'clock.大约有10点了。 5.mean 表示“意味着”用来表示人的言论或行为，某一标志或词语的意思所指。 eg:--What do you mean? 你的话是什么意思。 -What does this word mean? =What's the meaning of this word?这个词是什么意思？ 6. have problems (in) doing “做谋事很费劲”。in在句中可省略，后面接动词+ing形式。problem是可数名词，在句型中作“困难、麻烦”解，这里problems还可以用difficulty或trouble代替，但这两个词在句型中作不可数名词用。eg:--We had some problems getting to the top of mountain. 7. seem “好像、似乎”，其后加形容次。eg:--He seems unhappy today.他今天好像不高兴。1）seem to do something. eg:--He seems to be happy. 他好像很高兴--My mother seemed to know that. 我妈妈好像知道那件事。4）It seem that + eg:--It seems that he is happy.=He seems (to be) happy 他好像很快乐 8. have been a/an+n. 成为一个……Jim has been a soldier for 3 years. 9. all the time始终，一直。例如： She is later for work all the time no matter where she works. 10. take different routes走不同的路线 route n.路；路线。例如： We came by a longer route than usual.我们走了一条比通常要长的路来的。 11.has been to…表示“去过某地”，可以和once, twice, never, ever等词连用。 ——Where have you been? 你去哪里了？——I have been to the library. 12. have/ has gone to…“去了某地”，指说话时某人已离开此地，在去某地的路上或已到达某 地，因此这个句型通常用第三人称作主语，不能与once, twice never等连用。 —Where is Jim?—He has gone to the library. （去图书馆了） 13. awake: adj. 醒着的；wake: v. 醒，叫醒……wake up 14. whenever 无论何时Whenever we see him, we speak to him. 15. almost: 几乎，差不多Almost all of us have seen the film 16. temperature 温度take one’s temperature 量体温 17. dark “黄昏，黑暗”，是名词，也可用作形容词。It’s getting darker and darker. dark 也可指“深色的”。dark blue/ green 18. population：名词“人口”W hat’s the population of China? The population of China is larger than that of Japan. 19. a quarter “一刻钟，1/4”，three quarters 3/4，相当于three fourths. △分数的表达法：分子用基数词，分母用序数词，若分子大于1时，分母的序数词要用复数形式。 例如：1/3：one third, 或a third 2/5：two fifths 6/7：six sevenths 1/2：one half或a half 注意：“某整体的几分之几”作主语时，谓语动词应与分数所修饰的名词一致。例如： 1）Three fourths of the water is by me. 3）One half of the students are on the playground. 20. around the world 遍及全世界”，相当于all over the world或者across the world. 21. more than表示“超过，多于”，相当于over 22. *It’s fun to do sth.fun为不可数名词，表示“乐事，有趣的事”。It’s fun to fly kites here 二．短语 1. 太空博物院space museum 2. 游乐场amusement park 3. 水上乐园water park 6. 呆在某个地方have been in 7. 既不也不；两者都不neither …nor … 9. 迪斯尼人物Disney character 10. 主题公园 a theme park 11. 当然of course 12. 过山车 a roller coaster 13. 以┉…为主题be themed by 14. 四处走动walk around 16. 迪斯尼巡游Disney Cruise 17. 兜风take a ride 18. 在船上on board 21. 空中乘务员 a flight attendant 22. 导游 a tour guide 23. 象……这样的such as 24. 考虑think about 25. 胜于，而不是rather than 26. 在东南亚in Southeast Asia 27. 度假take a holiday 28. 在一方面on the one hand 29. 在另一方面on the other hand 33. 做某事有困难have some problem （in）doing38. 全年all year round 34. 不管还是；whether or 35. 夜狩night safari 36. 在白天during the daytime 37. 在更自然的环境里in a more natural environment 39. 靠近be close to Unit 2 一、知识点 1.Check in : 在旅馆的登记入住。Check out: 在旅馆结账离开。 2.By: ①通过…..方式（途径）。例：I learn English by listening to tapes. ②在…..旁边。例：by the window/the door ③乘坐交通工具例：by bus/car

鲁教版八年级英语上册期末复习题

鲁教版八年级英语上册期末复习题 基础作业 I. 单词 1.珠宝财富_______________ 2. 岛_______________ 3.页_______________ 4.匆忙_______________ 5.船_______________ 6.陆地_______________ 7.朝向_______________ 8.小说_______________ 9.永远_______________ 10.南方的_______________ 11.成功_______________ 12. 唱片_______________ 13.介绍_______________ 14. 照相机_______________ 15.和平的_______________ 16.完美的_______________ 17.收集_______________ 18.德国的_______________ 19.省份_______________ 20. 仅仅_______________ 21.日本的_______________ 22. 院子_______________ 23.记忆_______________ 24.分_______________ 25.玩具_______________ 26.熊_______________ 27.生产者_______________ 28. 围巾_______________ 29.卧室_______________ 30. 诚实的_______________ II.短语 1.几乎，接近_______________ 2.说实在的_______________ 3.至于，关乎_______________ 4. 不再_______________ 5.放弃交出_______________ 6.清理，丢掉_______________ 7.初级中学_______________ 8.棋类游戏_______________ 9.面包机_______________ 10. 庭院拍卖会_______________ 11.全年_______________ 12.一方面…另一方面…_______________ 13.茶艺_______________ 14.茶具_______________ 15.两个_______________ 16.数以千计的_______________ 17.游乐场_______________ 18.互相_______________