IBS stimulation

Stimulation of the Nitric Oxide–Guanosine3?,5?-Cyclic Monophosphate Pathway by Sildena?l:

Effect on Rectal Muscle Tone,Distensibility,and Perception in Health and in Irritable Bowel

Syndrome

Eva Fritz,M.D.,Johann Hammer,M.D.,Barbara Schmidt,M.D.,

Andreas J.Eherer,M.D.,and Heinz F.Hammer,M.D.

Universita¨tsklinik fu¨r Innere Medizin IV,Abteilung fu¨r Gastroenterologie und Hepatologie,University of Vienna,Vienna,Austria;and Department of Internal Medicine,Karl-Franzens University Graz,Graz,Austria

OBJECTIVES:Nitric oxide,a neurotransmitter in the non-cholinergic,nonadrenergic nervous system,is a mediator of relaxation of GI smooth muscle and of visceral nociception mainly studied in vitro.Sildena?l stimulates the nitric oxide guanosine3?,5?-cyclic monophosphate(NO-cGMP)path-way through inhibition of phosphodiesterase5.The aims of this study were to evaluate in vivo the effect of stimulation of the NO-cGMP pathway on rectal tone,distensibility,and perception in healthy individuals and in patients with irri-table bowel syndrome(IBS).

METHODS:In eight healthy subjects and four patients with IBS rectal tone,distensibility and perception thresholds were measured with an electronic barostat both before and 60min after administration of sildena?l(50mg p.o.).Per-ception was scored on a graded scale of0–6.At the end of a distension series an anatomic questionnaire was?lled out by the subjects.

RESULTS:Sildena?l signi?cantly reduced rectal tone in healthy subjects(intrabag volume predrug:145.5?18.7ml vs postdrug:164.4?16.9ml,p?0.01)and IBS(111.3?25.2ml vs136.5?33.3ml;p?0.01)but did not alter rectal compliance(healthy subjects:5.8?0.4vs6.3?0.6ml/mm Hg,p?0.05;IBS subjects:6.1?0.6vs7.1?1.0ml/mm Hg,p?0.05).Intrabag pressure and rectal wall tension to reach perception thresholds for initial sensation,sensation of stool,and urgency were not altered by sildena?l.However, intrabag volumes to reach these thresholds were signi?-cantly increased by sildena?l both in healthy subjects and in patients with IBS.Viscerosomatic referral was unchanged. CONCLUSIONS:Stimulation of the NO-cGMP pathway de-creases rectal tone but does not in?uence rectal distensibil-ity.Relaxation of the rectum is accompanied by an increase in rectal volumes to reach perception thresholds in healthy subjects and in patients with IBS,but no direct effect on rectal perception can be demonstrated.(Am J Gastroenterol 2003;98:2253–2260.?2003by Am.Coll.of Gastroenter-ology)INTRODUCTION

In recent years,increasing attention has been given to the role of the nonadrenergic and noncholinergic(NANC)ner-vous system for the regulation of colonic motility.Nitric oxide(NO)has been identi?ed as an important component of the NANC nervous system and as an inhibitory neuro-transmitter in the colon(1).NO mediates the relaxation of smooth muscle cells in the GI tract by production of intra-cellular guanosine3?,5?-cyclic monophosphate(cGMP) (2–4).NO is also involved in nociception(5).

Much of the current knowledge about the role of nitric oxide in GI functions is based on in vitro studies in humans and animals.In the proximal rat colon(6)as well as in muscle from the human proximal and distal colon(7–9),NO is considered to mediate the NANC relaxation caused by electrical stimulation.In vivo studies in the rat colon have demonstrated that the NO-synthase inhibitor N?-nitro-L ar-ginine methyl ester inhibits the descending inhibitory re?ex pathway triggered by luminal distension(1).NO derived from human leukocytes has been shown to relax human distal colon muscle(10).In vitro studies in the opossum have suggested involvement of NO in the relaxation of the internal anal sphincter and in the recto-anal inhibitory re?ex (11).In human isolated anal sphincter,muscle relaxation after NANC stimulation can be abolished by inhibition of NO synthesis with N G-nitro-L-arginine(7).

NO may also have a clinical role in motility disorders of the human colon.Studies on isolated muscle preparations obtained from the colons of patients with idiopathic chronic constipation have suggested that excessive NO release may be involved in the mechanism of constipation in these pa-tients(12).These results are supported by the presence of numerous NO synthase positive neurons all along the colon in patients with constipation(13).In vitro studies on colonic tissue obtained from patients with Hirschsprung’s disease have suggested that the loss of action of NO may be impli-cated in the impaired motility observed in the aganglionic

T HE A MERICAN J OURNAL OF G ASTROENTEROLOGY Vol.98,No.10,2003?2003by Am.Coll.of Gastroenterology ISSN0002-9270/03/$30.00 Published by Elsevier Inc.doi:10.1016/S0002-9270(03)00624-5

colon(14).NO synthase activity is increased in patients with ulcerative colitis(15),and NO-releasing nerves have been shown to play an important role as a neurotransmitter in NANC inhibitory nerves(16).Toxic megacolon has been shown to be associated with the appearance of inducible NO synthase in the colonic muscularis propria,which suggests that excessive amounts of NO may be responsible for the colonic dilation that is the hallmark of this condition(17). In vivo studies in humans on the effect of NO have been limited until now by the availability of effective agonists or antagonists,but recently oral administration of sildena?l has been used to augment NO activity.Sildena?l is a potent inhibitor of phosphodiesterase type5(PD5),which degrades cGMP produced by NO-activated guanylate-cyclase(18) and is widely used as a treatment for erectile dysfunction (19).Sildena?l results in an increase in intracellular NO-stimulated cGMP,thus modulating intracellular calcium content and in turn contractility of smooth muscle(20). Sildena?l inhibits the contractility of the esophageal mus-culature of healthy subjects and patients with hypercontrac-tile esophageal motility disorders such as achalasia,nut-cracker esophagus,or esophageal spasm(21,22).Its inhibitory effects on esophageal motility in normal subjects last for several hours(22).Furthermore,it has been shown that sildena?l inhibits interdigestive motor activity of the antrum and duodenum in healthy subjects(23).

We hypothesized that NO may play a role in the control of human rectal tone,distensibility,and perception.In this study,tone measurements,distensions,and perception as-sessments were performed before and after administration of sildena?l in healthy volunteers and in patients with the irritable bowel syndrome(IBS).Demonstration of a role of the NO-cGMP pathway in the human rectum would increase our knowledge about nervous control of the human rectum and would also help to identify therapeutic targets for symp-tomatic treatment of a variety of functional and in?amma-tory conditions of the colo-rectum associated with altered motility,distensibility,or perception.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Subjects

Eight healthy volunteers(four women and four men,mean age26.5?2.2yr,range19–41yr)were recruited by public advertisement.The subjects had no history of GI symptoms or prior abdominal surgerical procedures except appendec-tomy.Four patients(four women,mean age31.0?5yr, range22–45yr)with established IBS according to the Rome II criteria(24)also participated in the study.All patients experienced rectal symptoms of urgency,feeling of incomplete evacuation,or tenesmus.All subjects had a normal electrocardiogram and no history of cardiovascular disease.No subject was taking medication known to affect gut function(in particular,drugs containing nitrates)within the14days preceding the study.In all cases written in-formed consent was obtained.The protocol for the study was approved by the local ethics committee of the medical faculty of the University of Vienna.

Barostat and Tube Assembly

The tube assembly consisted of a two-lumen tube connected to a polyethylene bag.One lumen(inner diameter3.8mm) was connected to an air reservoir and was used to allow insuf?ation and de?ation of the bag.The other lumen(inner diameter1.8mm)was connected to a manometry system for continuous measurement of the pressure within the bag. The outer diameter of the tube was7mm.At the tip of the tube and7cm from the tip of the tube,a polyethylene bag was af?xed to serve as a barostat bag.The electronic balloon barostat was originally developed to measure smooth mus-cle tone in the gastric fundus(25)but has since been validated for use in both the rectum and colon(26,27).The barostat(G&J Electronics,Toronto,ON,Canada)consists of an in?nitely compliant polyethylene balloon that is si-multaneously connected to an in?ation reservoir and a pres-sure transducer,both linked in turn to a computer control system.Once placed in the organ of interest,the balloon is in?ated to the desired pressure(i.e.,the operating pressure), and the volume of air that is injected or withdrawn to maintain that pressure is recorded.Changes in the intrabag volume are inversely related to the tone of the organ.Thus, an increase in the volume in the bag(at a set intrabag pressure)equals a decrease in organ tone and vice versa. Rectal Tone Measurements and Rectal Distension Protocol

During measurement of rectal tone the barostat was set in a pressure-controlled mode.Tone was measured at an oper-ating pressure in the barostat bag,which was de?ned as2 mm Hg above the pressure at which volume changes asso-ciated with deep breathing or coughing could be noticed. Pressure-controlled distensions were performed accord-ing to a staircase distension protocol.Before the start of each distension the pressure within the barostat bag was set to0.5mm Hg,which was expected to be below the resting pressure in the rectum and which allowed complete empty-ing of the rectal bag.The pressure in the bag was then increased in4–mm Hg steps beginning at4mm Hg,and held constant for60s.The in?ation rate was set at32ml/s. When the participants reported that the sensation of urgency became unpleasant for a duration of30s,the distension protocol was stopped and the bag was immediately de?ated to the operating pressure.

Sensory Assessment and Anatomic Questionnaire Before the end of each distension step participants were asked to score the perception induced by each rectal disten-sion.Subjects noted the onset and continuing presence of the initial sensation of the balloon,any sensation of gas being present,any sensation of stool being present,and any discomfort or urgency.Initial sensation was de?ned as the ?rst perception that something was in the rectum.The sen-sation of gas was de?ned as a feeling of gaseous material in

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the rectum.The sensation of stool was de?ned as a feeling of material being in the rectum,to be evacuated only if convenient.By contrast,urgency was de?ned as a feeling that would cause subjects to stop whatever they were doing to have a bowel movement.

For each of these four sensations a Likert scale was used that combined verbal descriptors on a graphic scale graded from0to6.A score of0on the graphic scale represented no perception,score1represented vague perception of a mild sensation;score2represented de?nite perception of a mild sensation;and scores3and4represented vague and de?nite perception of moderate sensation,respectively.A score of5 represented discomfort and a score of6a painful sensation. Participants were instructed that they could also mark half unit scores.Thirty seconds after the onset of a distension step the subjects were asked to record their sensations on the four scales.That allowed us to assess perception thresholds that were determined when the score for perception became ?2for the?rst time on the6-unit graded scale and con-stantly remained above this level for the rest of the disten-sion series.That also allowed us to assess the aggregate perception score.The type of questionnaire used has been validated to be reproducible during repeated stimuli and to show stimulus-related perception using graded stimulation. Furthermore,this questionnaire has been validated to dem-onstrate signi?cant and reproducible changes in perception under different experimental conditions as well as differen-tial responses to various stimuli(28).

At the end of a distension series an anatomic question-naire was presented,which depicted the human body.The participants were requested to mark the location where the sensation of urgency was perceived.Both questionnaires were explained to the subjects in a standard fashion before the study and during the conditioning distension,as dis-cussed below.

Experimental Protocol

Subjects were asked to fast for?4h before the start of the study.At the beginning of the study they were requested to empty the rectum if needed.No bowel preparation was used. Participants were then placed in a prone position with the arm elevated above their head(jackknife position).The pelvic region was elevated with pillows,and subjects were asked to remain in that position during the entire recording session.The catheter with the?nely folded polyethylene bag was then placed in the rectum so that the distal attachment site of the bag was5cm from the anal verge.The position of the catheter was?xed with a tape.To unfold the balloon, 100cc of air was injected slowly into the bag.The bag was then completely de?ated and the catheter connected to the barostat.Thereafter,a distension as described above was performed that served as a“conditioning distension.”This conditioning distension enhances reproducibility of compli-ance and perception recordings in the subsequent distension series(29).In addition,the conditioning distension was performed to instruct patients about the sensations that they were expected to report.

Thereafter,the pressure was set at the operating pressure and rectal tone was measured for15min at a rate of1Hz by quantifying the volume necessary to keep the intrabag pres-sure constant.The bag was then de?ated and a pressure-controlled staircase distension was performed as described above(control distension).Sildena?l(P?zer,New York, NY),50mg p.o.,was administered.A60-min period of recording of rectal tone followed.Sixty minutes after the administration of the drug another pressure-controlled stair-case distension was performed.The bag was then de?ated completely and the catheter gently removed.These time intervals were chosen based on the results of previous ex-periments with sildena?l,which were performed in the esophagus of healthy individuals and which have demon-strated a persistence of the effect of sildena?l for up to8h (22).

Data Analysis

RECTAL TONE.Rectal tone was expressed as the barostat volume that was recorded at a rate of1Hz.Values were averaged over the last10min of each interval of tone measurement.The last10min of the15-min rectal tone measurement period before administration of sildena?l was considered as the predrug value.

WALL TENSION.Wall tension was calculated assuming a cylindrical shape of the balloon in the rectum.The distend-ing radius(r)was derived from the volume of a cylinder(V), V??r2L,where L?https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3018105240.html,place’s law was applied to a cylinder for calculation of wall tension,T?P?r,where T is tension and P is pressure.

RECTAL COMPLIANCE.Rectal compliance describes the volume changes that are the result of pressure changes. Volume was averaged over the last10s of each60-s, pressure-controlled distension step.Rectal compliance was de?ned as the linear slope of the pressure-volume curve. RECTAL PERCEPTION.Volume and pressure thresholds for initial sensation,sensation of stool,and sensation of urgency were recorded.Threshold was determined when the score for perception became?2for the?rst time on the 6-unit graded scale and constantly remained above this level for the rest of the distension series.Assessment of percep-tion thresholds assumes that the three different rectal sen-sations we have considered for this analysis(i.e.,initial sensation of the balloon,sensation of stool being present, and discomfort or urgency)develop sequentially one after the other as the rectum is increasingly distended.Sensation of gas being present was not considered for this analysis,as this sensation did not constantly remain above a level of?2 during a distension series.Assessment of the aggregate perception score assumes that rectal sensations of gas,stool, and discomfort or urgency occur simultaneously and pro-vides information on the subjective intensity of perception

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at different distension levels.Aggregate score was calcu-lated by summing the scores for gas,stool,and urgency at each distension step.

VISCEROSOMATIC REFERRAL.The extent of the re-ferral area was quanti ?ed by determining the number of dermatomes that were included by the referral area marked by the subject.

Statistical Analysis

Nominal data were expressed as mean ?SEM and ordinate data expressed as median,25th percentile,and 75th percen-tile,as appropriate.Effects of sildena ?l on rectal tone,compliance,sensory threshold,and perception score were compared with baseline values by a paired two-tailed Stu-dent ’s t test or nonparametric Wilcoxon test as appropriate.A value of p ?0.05was regarded as signi ?cant and p ?0.01highly signi ?cant.Power calculation revealed that to be able to detect a difference of 1SD (e.g.,in rectal tension before and after sildena ?l treatment)at least 7.85subjects were needed to obtain a power of 80%and an ?level of 0.05using a two-tailed Student ’s t test for paired observations.

RESULTS

Figure 1shows a typical barostat tracing after administra-tion of sildena ?l.In this example the volume in the barostat bag starts to increase,which means that tone starts to de-crease approximately 20min after administration of sildena ?l.Rectal Tone

Sixty minutes after administration of sildena ?l the barostat bag volume was signi ?cantly increased both in healthy subjects (predrug:145.5?18.7ml;postdrug:164.4?16.9ml;p ?0.01)and in patients with IBS (predrug:104.8?22.8ml;postdrug:130.3?25.8ml;p ?0.01),re ?ecting a decrease in rectal tone (Fig.2).The maximal reduction in rectal tone was reached 50–60min after oral drug admin-istration and amounted to a mean tone reduction of 16.6?

7.1%(healthy volunteers)and 22.8?1.9%(IBS patients).Rectal tone and magnitude of reduction of tone after silde-na ?l application,respectively,were not signi ?cantly differ-ent in healthy subjects compared with IBS patients (p ?0.05).

Pressure-Volume Relationship

After sildena ?l administration,higher intrabag volumes were necessary to reach the same preset pressure levels during distension at all pressure steps compared to disten-sion performed before sildena ?l administration.The in-crease in intrabag volume was similar at each 4–mm Hg distension step (healthy subjects:27.7?1.7ml;IBS pa-tients:22.2?2.5ml).The pressure-volume curve was shifted to the left (Fig.3)but remained parallel to the pressure-volume curve obtained before administration of sildena ?https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3018105240.html,pliance expressed as the slope of the pres-sure-volume curve therefore was not changed by sildena ?l either in healthy subjects (5.8?0.4vs 6.3?0.6ml/mm Hg,p ?0.05)or in IBS patients (6.1?0.6vs 7.1?1.0ml/mm Hg,p ?0.05).

Perception of Rectal Distension

HEALTHY SUBJECTS.The median pressure required to induce initial sensation of the distending balloon was 8mm Hg (25th percentile:8mm Hg;75th percentile:8mm Hg)during control distension and 8mm Hg (8–15mm Hg)

after

Figure 2.Rectal tone assessment:Individual intrabag volumes and mean volumes ?SEM before and 60min after sildena ?l admin-istration.Filled circles indicate healthy volunteers;open circles indicate IBS

patients

Figure 1.Representative sample of rectal barostat pressure and volume recording in a normal subject showing reduction in rectal tone (increase in barostat balloon volume)starting approximately 20min after oral administration of sildena ?l.Barostat pressure was set at 8mm Hg.

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administration of sildena ?l (p ?0.05,Fig.4A).The median pressures at ?rst sensation of stool (12mm Hg,9–15mm Hg vs 16mm Hg,12–22mm Hg;p ?0.08)and urgency (12mm Hg,13–19mm Hg vs 18mm Hg,13–24mm Hg;p ?0.05)were also not signi ?cantly different before and after administration of sildena ?l.In contrast,intrabag volumes required to induce perceptions were signi ?cantly increased by sildena ?l at initial sensation (133.8?17.8ml vs 174.4?19.1ml,p ?0.01),at sensation of stool (158.3?19.5ml vs 208.5?20.0ml,p ?0.001),and at sensation of urgency (186.5?17.3ml vs 222.5?19.3ml,p ?0.01;Fig.4B).Rectal wall tension at which initial sensation occurred was 55.0?5.7cm ?mm Hg before and 82.8?15.5cm ?mm Hg after sildena ?l administration (p ?0.05).Rectal wall tension at sensation of stool (89.3?13.7vs 131.1?18.6cm ?mm Hg,p ?0.05)and at sensation of urgency (130.7?17.4cm ?mm Hg vs 152.5?20.3cm ?mm Hg after sildena ?l;p ?0.05)was also not signi ?cantly altered by sildena ?l (Fig.3C).

IBS PATIENTS.Similar to healthy subjects,volume thresholds for sensation of stool and urgency were increased by sildena ?l (Fig.4B),whereas sildena ?l did not alter pressure and tension thresholds (Figs.4A,4C).

The aggregate perception score (gas,stool,urgency)was not signi ?cantly different at any pressure-controlled disten-sion step before and after administration of sildena ?l for both healthy subjects and IBS patients (Fig.5).

Viscerosomatic Referral

There was no signi ?cant change in location and number of dermatomes to which the feeling of urgency was referred after sildena ?l administration (data not shown).

DISCUSSION

In the present study,we have demonstrated that stimulation of the NO-cGMP pathway with sildena ?l decreases rectal tone but leaves rectal compliance unaltered in healthy indi-viduals and patients with IBS.To our knowledge,this is the ?rst demonstration of the role of the NO-cGMP pathway in the human rectum in vivo and con ?rms previous in vitro studies that have demonstrated that phosphodiesterase inhi-bition relaxes rectal circular musclature (30).Our data sug-gest that there is no direct in ?uence of sildena ?l on percep-tion of rectal distension.This can be concluded from the comparable pressure and tension thresholds for sensation of the distending balloon before and after administration of sildena ?l and from the unaltered cutaneous referral areas.Nonetheless,the effects of sildena ?l on rectal tone resulted in indirect effects on rectal perception,as demonstrated by the observation that rectal volumes to reach perception thresholds were signi ?cantly increased after sildena ?l.This re ?ects the relaxation of the rectal musculature and may not be interpreted as a direct effect of sildena ?l on perception.The extent of rectal relaxation in our experiments with sildena ?l was comparable to the effect of glucagon,clonidine,or the NO donor nitroglycerin,which are clini-cally used smooth muscle relaxants (31).Relaxation of the rectal musculature by these drugs,as well as by sildena ?l,alters neither compliance nor rectal perception (31).Al-though the effects of glucagon,clonidine,and nitroglycerin are the result of pharmacological interference with rectal smooth muscle or neural function,effects of sildena ?l are the result of augmentation of intrinsic nervous control of the rectum and therefore strongly suggest a physiological role of the NO-cGMP pathway in the control of human rectal tone.

The primary effect of an increase in intracellular NO-stimulated cGMP by sildena ?l in the rectum was relaxation of the rectal wall.Our experiments in healthy human sub-jects con ?rm previous animal and in vitro results in human colonic muscle strips or isolated colon (7,9),which have demonstrated that NO relaxes muscle at nearly all levels of the GI tract.In the enteric nervous system,NO functions as an inhibitory neurotransmitter of the nonadrenergic,non-cholinergic (NANC)nervous system (32).NO release in-duces relaxation of the gastric fundus (33–36),the small intestine (37,38),and the colon and rectum (6)in various animal species.Experiments using antagonists of NO syn-thesis have demonstrated that antagonism of NO synthesis reduces the relaxant response of electrical ?eld stimulation (2–4).

The second goal of the study was to assess whether sildena ?l in ?uences perception of rectal distension.It

has

Figure 3.The pressure-volume curves represent the mean value of barostat bag volume for each distension step before and 60min after administration of sildena ?l.At same pressure levels higher intrabag volumes were necessary after oral administration of sil-dena ?l.Data are expressed as mean ?SEM.Filled diamonds indicate healthy subjects before sildena ?l administration;?lled squares indicate healthy subjects after sildena ?l administration;open diamonds indicate IBS patients before sildena ?l administra-tion;open squares indicate IBS after sildena ?l administration.

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Figure 4.Pressure (A ),volume (B ),and wall tension (C )when perception of initial sensation,sensation of stool,and urgency was reached before (light columns)and after (dark columns)administration of sildena ?l.Pressure is expressed as median and 25%and 75%percentile.Tension and volume are expressed as mean ?SEM,*p ?0.05,**p ?0.01compared with values before drug administration.

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previously been demonstrated that NO is involved in central and peripheral processing of pain (5).In recent studies a peripheral antinociceptive effect of sildena ?l was demon-strated in mice and rats (39,40).

In our study we did not aim to investigate nociception but rather perception of the normal spectrum of rectal sensations up to the level of discomfort and urgency.Fecal urgency elicited by rectal distension is described by healthy individ-uals as being distinct and easily separable from rectal pain that occurs in in ?ammatory conditions of the rectum such as diarrheal diseases (29).In our study rectal perceptions in normal subjects and patients with IBS expressed as the pressure thresholds were not altered by sildena ?l,even when the highest perception level was analyzed.Thresholds expressed as wall tension,which in several studies have been claimed to determine visceral sensitivity (41,42),were also not altered by sildena ?l.In contrast,sildena ?l increased the volume thresholds of initial sensation (in healthy sub-jects only)and sensations of stool and urgency.We suggest that the major effect of sildena ?l is the relaxation of rectal wall,which in turn results in elevations of volume thresh-olds of perceptions.With regard to effects of sildena ?l on rectal perception,we therefore suggest that the effect of sildena ?l is secondary to its effect on rectal tone.In our experimental set-up,expression of perception in terms of thresholds has been more sensitive for identifying effects of sildena ?l than has expression in terms of aggregate symptom scores,which did not demonstrate signi ?cant differences.In this study we did not aim to compare rectal function in healthy subjects and IBS patients;however,our results con ?rm other studies that suggest that perception thresholds are decreased in IBS patients but that rectal tone and rectal compliance in IBS patients is no different from that in

healthy subjects (43,44).We consider the gender difference in our control group (50%male)and IBS group (100%female)as not relevant in terms of rectal function,because no gender differences are detectable in rectal function such as compliance and rectal sensation (45),whereas known gender differences exist in anal function such as anal sphinc-ter pressure and anal sphincter length (45,46).

Our protocol was designed to allow intraindividual com-parison of tone and distensibility,both before and after administration of sildena ?l,without a placebo arm.To avoid an order effect between the ?rst and subsequent distensions,a conditioning distension was performed that was used to instruct the subjects about the sensations that they were expected to report.It has previously been shown that re-peated distensions evoked reproducible responses of rectal tone,compliance,and sensation without an order effect,provided that a conditioning distension has preceded them (29).

The effects of sildena ?l on rectal tone and perception warrant future studies,which will have to address possible clinical applications of increasing the intracellular NO-stim-ulated cGMP.Patients with the IBS are often characterized by rectal hypersensitivity (47,48)and might bene ?t from a relaxation of the rectum,as suggested by our results in patients with IBS who experienced rectal symptoms such as feeling of incomplete evacuation,urgency,or tenesmus.In conclusion,our study demonstrates that augmentation of the NO-cGMP pathway by sildena ?l reduces rectal tone but does not affect compliance in healthy subjects.Changes in rectal tone result in secondary changes in the perception of rectal distension.Further studies are warranted to evalu-ate whether sildena ?l may be useful in the treatment of rectal symptoms in patients with a variety of functional and in ?ammatory rectal diseases.

Reprint requests and correspondence:Johann Hammer,M.D.,Associate Professor of Internal Medicine,Universita ¨tsklinik fu ¨r Innere Medizin IV,Abteilung fu ¨r Gastroenterologie und Hepatolo-gie,Wa ¨hringer Gu ¨rtel 18-20,1090Vienna,Austria.Received Nov.14,2002;accepted Apr.8,2003.

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Figure 5.Aggregate perception scores at each distension step.Curves represent the aggregate perception scores before (dia-monds)and after sildena ?l administration (squares)for healthy subjects (black)and IBS (white).

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软件系统简介

发电厂运行仿真分析系统软件系统简介 软件网站：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3018105240.html, 主要邮箱：szy@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3018105240.html, 附属邮箱：emrun@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3018105240.html,

目录 1. 软件版本简介 (1) 1.1 原理版功能 (1) 1.2 定制版功能 (1) 1.3 单机版功能 (1) 1.4 网络版功能 (1) 2. 软件功能简介 (2) 2.1 节能分析功能 (2) 2.2 运行仿真操作 (2) 2.3 故障事故分析 (2) 2.4 试验优化分析 (3) 2.5 设计优化分析 (3) 2.6 运行优化分析 (3) 3. 软件支撑系统 (1) 4. 软件操作简介 (3) 4.1 工况选择／保存功能 (3) 4.2 冻结／解冻/加速 (3) 4.3 外部参数设置功能 (4) 4.4 回退功能 (4) 4.5 事件及报警记录 (4) 4.6 重演功能 (5)

4.7 快存功能 (5) 4.8 故障设置功能 (5) 4.9 各类操作画面示例 (6) 4.10 测试版说明 (10)

1. 软件版本简介 1.1 原理版功能： 原理版软件只对通用类型的电厂生产原理过程进行仿真，在仿真范围及控制室表盘配置及DCS画面上进行简化，适合于现场运行管理人员和节能分析人员对运行过程进行理论分析，主要包括：故障运行分析、经济指标分析和典型技术分析，适用于对电厂机组的初步理论指导和经济核算指导。原理版软件也适合于大专院校热动、热自及电气专业的学生的课程学习。 1.2 定制版功能： 定制版软件只对某一具体电厂的生产过程进行仿真，满足电厂控制室DCS系统的完整操作画面及相关表盘的虚拟配置，建立的各系统数学模型能够真实再现这个电厂生产过程的各种运行工况，在功能、模拟范围和模型逼真上较高，对电厂设计论证、技术改造、经济评定、节能分析及对实际运行数据的跟踪比较程度水平较高。定制版软件主要适用于运行人员岗前培训、运行人员实时数据优化指导。 3. 单机版功能： 单机版软件的所有运行操作及节能分析功能都集成在单台计算机软件内，在独立的该计算机上能够完成仿真及运行的所有操作功能，包括运行操作分析、故障处理分析、经济指标分析等操作功能。 4. 网络版功能： 网络版软件按照不同的运行操作功能对仿真分析系统进行平台设置，可以在同一局域网内将不同的网络节点计算机设置成不同功能的操作员站：如汽机操作员台、锅炉操作员台、电气操作员台、故障设置及经济指标统计平台等。

动力电池智能制造技术【全面解析】

动力电池智能制造技术 内容来源网络，由“深圳机械展（11万㎡，1100多家展商，超10万观众）”收集整理！ 更多cnc加工中心、车铣磨钻床、线切割、数控刀具工具、工业机器人、非标自动化、数字化无人工厂、精密测量、数控系统、3D打印、激光切割、钣金冲压折弯、精密零件加工等展示，就在深圳机械展. 1新能源汽车动力电池的智能制造 我国已成为名副其实的全球最大的新能源汽车市场。动力电池作为最为核心的关键零部件，它的相关技术必须与电动汽车的发展相适应。新能源汽车能走多远，最终取决于动力电池能走多远。综合各类电池的技术优势及发展趋势，锂离子电池在混合动力汽车、插电式混合动力汽车和纯电动汽车领域，将会有越来越广泛的应用。该类电池技术对新能源汽车产业发展的意义重大。 当前国内生产动力电池的企业约有上百家，但由于自动化程度低，不少企业呈现出生产效率低、产品良品率低和运营信息互联互通效率低的“三低”特点。这使得动力电池在技术以及一致性问题上一直很难有实质性突破，严重影响了动力电池的整体性能，也制约了我国新能源汽车产业的发展。 基于此，动力电池的智能制造应运而生。什么是动力电池的智能制造？它是指，动力电池生产智能工厂综合运用ERP系统、MES系统等软件，并实现全周期生产的可视化、自动化、智能化。未来，包括动力电池在内的新能源汽车制造，未来必然走向大规模和智能化，呈现高精度、高速度和高可靠性的“三高”特点。而以无人

化、可视化和信息化为代表的“三化”是实现“三高”的利器，亦是智能制造的范畴。 2动力电池工艺装备智能制造技术的发展水平 作为动力电池制造环节必需的工具，动力电池生产工艺装备对动力电池规模化生产条件下的技术发展起着极为关键的作用，近年来动力电池装备产业发展势头迅猛。结合动力电池生产工艺流程，我们将从动力电池电芯生产的前、中、后各段工序以及电池组模组及系统装配工序对动力电池装备产业的智能制造技术发展现状进行分析。 1.动力电池电芯生产前段工序的技术水平 作为动力电池整条产线最为关键的环节，生产前段工序对动力电池产品品质一致性和性能稳定性产生直接影响。动力电池电芯生产前段工序是指实现锂离子动力电池从原材料输送到模切的极片加工成型的过程。自动加料系统、搅拌机、涂布机、辊压机和模切机等是动力电池制造过程的核心工艺装备。 由于前段工艺装备对动力电池性能影响较大，各项技术指标要求高，且设备技术复杂程度高，前几年国产装备技术相对较为落后，在效率、精度、稳定性等方面与国外还存在一定差距，尤其是涂布机。近年来随着行业技术日趋成熟，国内装备行业快速发展，自动加料系统、大容积自动搅拌机、高速涂布机、高速模切机等高端设备逐步实现国产化，并在实际应用中产生了较好效果。 表1. 国内电池电芯前段工序设备情况

灵当CRM标准版模块使用说明

灵当CRM标准版系统用户手册客户管理从这里开始

一、工作台 (2) 1、功能说明 (2) 2、如何设置各个角色对应的工作台组建？ (2) 二、公海客户 (3) 1、功能说明 (3) 2、客户公海的权限说明 (4) 3、系统管理员用户可操作 (4) 4、公海管理员可操作 (4) 5、公海用户可操作 (5) 6、公海客户设置及相关操作 (5) 三、日报周报月报 (14) 1、写日报周报月报 (15) 2、查看下级日报 (16) 3、查看日/周/月报提交情况(可以理解为“签到”功能) (17) 4、日/周/月报汇总 (18) 四、日程安排 (19) 1、如何添加日程安排？ (19) 五、提醒 (20) 六、管理 (21) 七、客户管理 (22) 1、什么是客户管理？ (22) 2、如何创建和查看客户 (23) 3、如何编辑或批量修改客户 (26) 4、如何管理和添加联系人信息 (28) 5、如何添加联系记录？ (31) 6、如何管理客户售后？ (32) 八、销售管理 (33) 1、轻松添加和管理报价单 (33) 2、如何添加合同订单？ (35) 九、财务管理 (38) 1、如何添加回款计划(应收款) (39) 2、使用回款计划模块 (40) 3、如何进行收款或批量收款操作 (41) 十、报表 (43) 1、常用报表 (43) 2、如何根据公司业务需要，自定义个性化报表？ (45) 十一、综合报表 (48) 十二、工具 (50) 1、如何添加“产品”? (50) 2、如何添加“价格表”? (50) 十三、营销管理 (52) 1、市场活动 (52)

一、工作台 1、功能说明 根据角色职责的不同，每个角色都有各自的工作台和对应的功能菜单，用户登录系统后，首先进入的是工作台首页页面，默认显示该角色下的数据信息，通过图形化数据展示，方便公司管理层和公司员工直接了解清楚最近的公司和个人销售情况。 2、如何设置各个角色对应的工作台组建？ 管理员可以为每个角色设置工作台，普通用户不能设置自己的工作台，每个用户只能看到管理员为自己设置的工作台组件，不能看到没有权限的组件。 首先需要系统管理员admin登录系统，然后点击“控制面板—>首先组件模板”，打开“控制面板 > 首页组件模板”页面，如下图： 如需要为新增角色设置首页组件模板，则首先需要点击“新增模板”按钮，打开“控制面板 > 首页组件模板 > 新增模板页面”，然后操作步骤如下：

BOMS蓄电池智能管理及自动维护系统517

BOMS蓄电池在线监测及自动维护系统 正通BOMS 开创蓄电池免人工维护新时代！！！ 目前蓄电池组的维护主要由人工利用一些智能仪表、设备根据相关规范进行。而且有些维护工作费时费力还容易发生一些安全隐犯。且随着蓄电池组大面积广泛使用，人工维护显然不能满足实际需求，实际中由于蓄电池使用不当或维护不及时导致的安全事故在逐年增加。 无需繁琐的放电容量实验….

无需定期的端电压及温度测量…. 无需定期做均充…. 无需进行内阻检测…. 不用担心容量不足….. 不用担心火灾，爆炸…. 一、产品概述 蓄电池在线监测及自动维护装置集在线监测、异常告警、在线检测及自动维护四大功能于一身。可在线监测蓄电池组的状态及各项参数，及时发现落后电池，进行异常告警，并对电池组的健康状况进行系统评估，提供状态维护、检修建议。同时装置能在线对电池组进行自动维护，确保电池组浮充时保持电压均衡，使每节电池都始终处于最佳活性状态，能有效抑制并消除硫化。具体采用对低于设定浮充电压的单体电池进行阶段性补充充电，夯实单体电池容量的同时提高了蓄电池组的后备时间，并且保证了整组蓄电池中单体电池的电压、容量整体一致性，打破“水桶原理”即使有落后电池存在也不会再影响其他电池性能。同时为日常维护中容量、性能试验提供一个“起点”一致的试验平台，提高了检测精度；此外，小电流脉冲还对落后电池的去硫有很好的效果。 本装置智能化程度高，可以实现在线自动监测、检测及维护，使蓄电池组中的每节单体电池保持最佳活性状态，提高了电池后备时间及运行寿命，及时发现落后电池并自动做相应的维护，极大的减少了人力、物力维护成本，有效的进行节能减排，为使用单位创造很好的经济效益和社会效益。 二、产品功能 1、在线监测功能： 实时监测的蓄电池组的：运行状态，总电压、总电流、、环境温度、单体电压、单体内阻、单体电池负极温度、软连接条压降、电压均衡度、电池组容量、放电可持续时间； 2、自动维护功能： 在蓄电池处于浮充状态时自动巡检各单体电池电压，并针对低于设定浮充电压的电池（长期欠充）进行阶段性补充充电，并对过充电池进行单体放电以解除

新能源电池智能制造装备项目建议书

新能源电池智能制造装备项目 建议书 投资分析/实施方案

报告说明 受益于新能源电池高能量比、高功率比、高转换率等优点，新能 源电池行业近年来呈高速增长态势。在新能源电池应用领域中，动力 锂电池由于受到新能源汽车行业爆发的影响，动力锂电池行业也快速 增长，成为新能源电池行业增长最快的细分产业。中国锂电池出货量 从2013年的21.04GWh增长到2017年的77.80GWh，复合增长率高达38.67%。根据瑞银集团预计，全球电动汽车动力电池产量将从2018年 的93GWh增长到2025年的973GWh，7年间产量将增长9.5倍。在新能 源电池下游需求旺盛的背景下，新能源电池不断地扩大产能，进行技 改提升产品性能。根据上海有色网（SMM）统计，仅在2018年，国内 有42个新能源电池项目开工，投资总额高达3,143.38亿元，平均单 个项目投资74.84亿元。当期我国新能源电池行业的自动化、智能化 程度较低，存在生产效率低、产品良品率低和运营效率互联互通效率 低等问题，使得电池技术难有实质性突破，严重影响了新能源电池的 整体性能，也制约了下游市场尤其是新能源汽车行业的发展。基于此，新能源电池行业的智能制造应运而生。通过智能制造，新能源电池工 厂可以综合运用EPR、MES系统等软件，实现全周期生产的可视化、自 动化、智能化，实现生产的高精度、高速度及高可靠性。智能制造是

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3．接口说明接口说明：： 图中蓝色端子为电机驱动输出端与驱动电源输入端，排针处为电机控制 逻辑输入端与5V 电源输出端 OUT4 OUT3 OUT2 OUT1 控制电机输出端 VDD GND 为驱动电源输入端输入电压+6-16V

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2、点击【下一步>】,进入选择安装路径界面： 3、选择好安装的路径，点击【下一步>】进入以下界面， 4、点击【安装】进入软件安装界面如下图：

5、系统会自动进行软件的安装和配置，出现以下界面点击【完成】，完成考勤软件的安装： 3.2 软件卸载 1、打开电脑系统的【开始】-【设置】-【控制面板】-【添加或删除程序】 找到【WebEcard】点击卸载，就能删除软件。

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MAAB软件使用简介

MATLAB 软件使用简介 MATLAB 是一个功能强大的常用数学软件, 它不但可以解决数学中的数值计算问题, 还可以解决符号演算问题, 并且能够方便地绘出各种函数图形。MATLAB自1984年由美国的MathWorks公司推向市场以来，历经十几年的发展和竞争，现已成为国际最优秀的科技应用软件之一。这里主要以适用于Windows操作系统的MATLAB5.3版本向读者介绍MATLAB的使用命令和内容。 一、MATLAB 的进入/退出 MATLAB 的安装成功后, 系统会在Windows【开始】菜单的【程序】子菜单中加入启动MATLAB命令的图标, 用鼠标单击它就可以启动MATLAB系统,见图2.1。 图2.1 启动MATLAB 启动MATLAB后, 屏幕上出现MATLAB命令窗口:

图2.2 MATLAB命令窗口 图2.2的空白区域是MATLAB 的工作区（命令输入区）, 在此可输入和执行命令。 退出MATLAB系统像关闭Word文件一样, 只要用鼠标点击MATLAB系统集成界面右上角的关闭按钮即可。 二、 MATLAB 操作的注意事项 ●在MATLAB工作区输入MATLAB命令后, 还须按下Enter键, MATLAB才能执行你输入的MATLAB命 令, 否则MATLAB不执行你的命令。 ●MATLAB 是区分字母大小写的。 ●一般，每输入一个命令并按下Enter键, 计算机就会显示此次输入的执行结果。(以下用↙表示 回车)。如果用户不想计算机显示此次输入的结果，只要在所输入命令的后面再加上一个分号“；” 即可以达到目的。如： x= 2 + 3↙ x=5 x = 2 + 3 ; ↙不显示结果5 ●在MATLAB工作区如果一个表达式一行写不下，可以用在此行结尾处键入三个英文句号的方法达 到换行的目的。如： q=5^6+sin(pi)+exp(3)+(1+2+3+4+5)/sin(x)… -5x+1/2-567/(x+y) ●MATLAB 可以输入字母、汉字，但是标点符号必须在英文状态下书写。 ●MATLAB 中不需要专门定义变量的类型，系统可以自动根据表达式的值或输入的值来确定变量的 数据类型。 ●命令行与M文件中的百分号“%”标明注释。在语句行中百分号后面的语句被忽略而不被执行， 在M文件中百分号后面的语句可以用Help命令打印出来。 三、MATLAB的变量与表达式 ●MATLAB的变量名 MATLAB的变量名是用一个字母打头，后面最多跟19个字母或数字来定义的。如x,y,ae3,d3er45都是合法的变量名。应该注意不要用MATLAB中的内部函数或命令名作为变量名。MATLAB中的变量名是区分大小写字母的。如在MATLAB中，ab与 Ab表示两个不同的变量。列出当前工作空间中的变量命令为Who 将内存中的当前变量以简单形式列出； Whos 列出当前内存变量的名称、大小、类型等信息； Clear 清除内存中的所有变量与函数。 ●MATLAB的运算符 数学运算符：+（加号），-（减号），*（乘号）, \（左除）, / (右除), ^ (乘幂) 关系运算符：< (小于), > (大于), <= (小于等于), >= (大于等于),

03_模块使用说明_CAN

CAN Driver 模块 软件使用说明文档 恒润科技

第I页

第II 页 目录 1 文档介绍 (1) 1.1 目的 (1) 1.2 适用范围 (1) 1.3 读者对象 (1) 1.4 参考文档 (1) 1.5 术语和缩写 (1) 2 CAN Driver 模块 (2) 2.1 功能概述 (2) 2.2 文件组成 (2) 2.2.1 内核文件 (2) 2.2.1.1 Can.c (2) 2.2.1.2 Can.h (2) 2.2.2 配置文件 (2) 2.3 接口函数使用说明 (3) 2.3.1 影响整个CAN hardware unit 的函数 (3) 2.3.1.1 Can_Init (3) 2.3.2 影响某个CAN Controller 的函数 (3) 2.3.2.1 Can_InitController (3) 2.3.2.2 Can_SetControllerMode (4) 2.3.2.3 Can_DisableControllerInterrupts (4) 2.3.2.4 Can_EnableControllerInterrupts (5) 2.3.2.5 Can_DisableGlobalInterrupt (5) 2.3.2.6 Can_EnableGlobalInterrupt (6) 2.3.2.7 Can_GetV ersionInfo (6) 2.3.3 影响某个HOH 的函数 (7) 2.3.3.1 Can_Write (7) 无 (7) 2.3.4 需要周期调用的函数 (8) 2.3.4.1 Can_MainFunction_Write (8) 2.3.4.2 Can_MainFunction_Read (8) 2.3.4.3 Can_MainFunction_BusOff (8) 2.3.4.4 Can_MainFunction_Mode (9) 2.3.5 中断服务函数 (9) 2.3.5.1 CAN_PHYx_MB_ISR (9) 2.3.5.2 CAN_PHYx_Busoff_ISR (10) 2.4 配置参数使用说明 (10) 2.4.1 配置CAN 通道 (10) 2.4.1.1 CAN_USED_CONTROLLER_NUM (10) 2.4.1.2 CAN_PHYn_TO_LOGIC (11) 2.4.1.3 每个物理通道的处理机制 (11) 2.4.1.4 CanControllerIDtoPhys (11) 2.4.2 配置CAN 波特率 (13) 2.4.2.1 位时间相关参数的计算原理 (13)

Wasatch软件基本操作简介

Wasatch软件基本操作简介 Wasatch Softrip-Version6.8操作软件与蒙泰、Photoprint软件最大不同的是其可以同时Rip多个队列作业，而且实际应用操作起来更为强大。 一、进入主界面的简单操作。 在进入载入图片前，我们需要设置图片操作版面的质量单位，打印队列位置等。我们可以点击进入里的操作界面来进行操作设置。 载入需要作业的图片时，我们可以通过点击来载入图片，如下图可以点击右键进入，可以将该图片添加到版面上。

进入版面排版： 如下图界面可以设置单元选项，大小，拼接，描边等。

对于描边设置可以选择图面上的颜色设置底色，也可以从无内部路径和外包式描边来进行设置，具体操作建议结合实际图片分别设置比较。 二、具体系列重要操作介绍。 要进行这些选择，请选择“打印”菜单中的“设置”或单击“工具”图标启动“设置”屏幕（下图示）。 启动设置窗口 1. 选择打印机型号

从“设置”屏幕（下图示）上的“打印机型号”下拉窗口中选择您的打印机。请选择与您的特定打印方案匹配的打印机列表。 设置窗口 2. 选择配置方案 SoftRIP 的“配置方案”包括会影响最终颜色输出的所有设置。点击“配置方案”下拉列表可选择配置方案。编辑列表位于“配置方案”窗口的右侧。选择编辑可以看到如下窗口 点击属性会出现实际打印时的出墨等设置。见下图

打印模式选择我们实际打印需要的配置精度。 打点式选择可以选择fixed dot 和variable dot两种打点模式。 点大小选择我们实际打印过程中出墨打点的大小选择。比如选择了variable dot 打点模式后就会出现1,variable dot -dark 2,variable dot -standard 3,variable dot -light分别表示出墨点的大，中，小模式。 White Enable这是表示出白墨的选择，当我们选中该项后面的一栏就会变亮，选中white overlay表示白墨铺底，打印过程中就会发现在打印画色前先会喷出一层白墨来铺底。不选中就是表示盖面，打印过程中是先喷图画的彩色部分再喷白色，主要用于打印玻璃等透明材质。 Varnish Enable这个选项表示需要打印赋光油的材质，也有铺底和盖面两种模式，我们目前很少用。 White自动生成窗口介绍

Keysight 智能电池管理系统 Battery Management System

SL1091A BMS BMS BMS SOC BMS BMS BMS BMS BMS

? BMS ? ? BMS ? SOC SOH ? ? ? BMS HiL HiL Scienlab BMS HiL 1 Gbps HiL BMS ± 1 mV ± 2 μA BMS 80 μs 1 MHz

BMS BMS BMS BMS CAN BMS BMS SOC SOH

BMS BMS // PE 1 KV BMS

BMS BMS ? ? ? ? / ? ? BMS SOC SOH SOF ? SOC ? SOH ? SOF ? ? ? ? ? ? / SOC ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Pt50Pt100 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? / CAN ? ? ? ? dSpace National Instruments ? ? ? ? CAN ? ? ? HiL

0 ... 8 V <1 mV ± 5 A± 10 A ± 40 W± 80 W (3 V –> 5 V)< -80 μs 1 kV PE ±10 mA ±2 μA + 0.05% ±5 A ±1 mA + 0.05% RTD Pt100Pt500Pt1000Ni KTY 1 kV PE 0 … 5 kΩ 0.1 Ω ±0.1 Ω ± 0.1% ±100 mV ±10 μV ±0.1% 1 kV PE 1 kΩ … 100 MΩ 1 kΩ … 1 MΩ 1% 1 MΩ … 100 MΩ 2% 1 kV PE 0 … 650 V 24 V / /PWM HiL EtherCAT 1 kHz CAN BMS BMS

5W模块使用说明书

HA_0050北斗模块使用说明

目录 1、功能描述 (3) 1.1 概述 (3) 1.2产品特点 (3) 2、引脚分布及规范 (4) 2.1引脚分布 (4) 2.2 软件接口 (5) 3、机械特性 (5) 4、电气特性 (6) 5、封装尺寸 (6)

1、功能描述 1.1 概述 图1-1 产品外观图 1.2产品特点 ●模块内置LNA，实现对RDSS 卫星信号进行滤波，低噪声放大， 用户无需外置LNA，直接连接无源天线即可； ●上位机可通过串口对RDSS功能进行软件版本升级； ●内置5W功放模块，无需外加PA即可满足用户的需求； ●模块尺寸为30×35×3.5mm；

●SMD的邮票封装形式； ●电源电压：VCC_RX_BAT: 3.5V-5.2V、VCC_PA_IN:4.9V-5.2V。 2、引脚分布及规范 2.1引脚分布 图2-1HA_0050北斗模块引脚分布

3表2-1HA_0050北斗模块引脚定义 2.2 软件接口 模块提供串行输入输出接口，默认波特率为115200bps，用户可根据实际使用需求进行重新配置,通过串口还可实现对基带程序的升级。串口接口协议参照有源输入输出军标4.0协议（可升级为2.1协议）。 3、机械特性 外形尺寸：30mm*35mm*3.5mm 封装形式：SMD邮票口（1.5mm*0.8mm)

4、电气特性 HA_0050北斗模块供电要求： ◇ VCC_RX_BAT输入电压：+3.5V～+5.2V，供电能力≥1A ◇ VCC_PA_IN输入电压：+4.9V～+5.2V，供电能力≥3.5A （要求VCC_RX_BAT的电源峰间纹波电压小于100 mV，VCC_PA_IN电源供电为瞬态电流，时间小于300ms） 注：超过最大电压使用可能导致模块永久损坏。 5、封装尺寸 邮票口管脚尺寸（单位：mm） 图7-1 HA_0050北斗模块邮票口引脚尺寸

软件操作文档

第二章首页功能介绍 1、首页介绍 首页主要由四部分组成： 1.上边：右上角显示当前登录人姓名，当前时间，以及安全退出和界面背景颜 色选择按钮； 2.用户操作菜单区域：提供新增组织机构、排序、字典表管理功能(该区域会随 着用户所选中的组织架构目录位臵发生改变)，在用户操作右上角提供了对当前页面的刷新和屏幕缩放按钮（鼠标移动到对应按钮上会弹出提示信息）； 3.内容显示区域：中间部分主要显示信息，根据选中的不同组织架构目录项， 显示与之对应的信息； 4.左侧组织架构目录区域：会显示组织架构目录分级等详细情况，用户可以在 该区域对组织架构目录进行搜索、查看、刷新等操作。 5.用户可以在搜索框中填写想要搜索的内容，点击搜索按钮，系统将搜索

匹配内容；点击重载按钮，刷新目录列表；点击按钮，展开列表，显示子目录；点击按钮，收缩列表，隐藏子目录。 2、首页各个区域介绍 2.1 用户操作区域介绍 用户操作区域为用户提供对指定目标的具体操作菜单，常有添加、删除、编辑、排序等。 2.1.1排序 对已有组织机构进行排序，在首页点击按钮出现排序窗口如下图（选中 一个组织机构名称，点击上移或者下移可以移动组织机构在目录中的位臵，点击保存即可保存修改）。 2.1.2字典表管理 字典表管理了本系统的基础数据，在首页字典表管理窗口中可以对字典表进行添加、删除操作,点击按钮弹出字典表管理窗口如下图：

1）在字典表管理窗口，点击下拉菜单箭头，会弹出字典类型列表如下图： 2）在字典表管理窗口，点击新增按钮，弹出新增字典表类型窗口，点击创建按钮保存，点击重臵按钮重新填写信息（如下图）： 3）字典类型删除，在下拉列表中选中想要删除的字典类型，点击删除按钮即可删除选中字典类型：

Word软件简介及基本操作

Word软件简介及基本操作 课题：Word软件简介及基本操作 教学目标： 知识目标：熟悉Word 的工作界面；掌握文档的基本操作；掌握对文本的基本编辑； 技能目标：能应用Word完成对文本的基本编辑；熟练地掌握Word 的各种功能； 情感目标：能够通过学习、交流、讨论增加对信息技术科的兴趣，并促进学生能够主动积极的去学习； 教学重点：文本的编辑； 教学难点：文本的编辑； 教学课时：４５分钟 教学过程： 一、新课导入 同学们老师想问一下：咱们班的同学有没有喜欢写东西的？你们平时都是用什么工具写的呢？是不是很不方面修改？今天老师就给你门将在计算机上如何写文章？如何使它们更美观？而要做到这些必须记住一种工具交Word。下面我们来具体学习一下。 二、新课教学 窗口简介： （一）标题栏：双击标题栏可实现窗口最大化与还原之间的快速切换。（组合键Alt+F10）（二）菜单栏： 1、Alt加上菜单后的英文字母可进入相应的菜单，配合四个箭头键可执行菜单中的命令。（进入文件菜单：Alt+F) 2、常用组合键 ①新建文件：Ctrl+N。②保存文件：Ctrl+S。③打开文件：Ctrl+O。④全选：Ctrl+A。⑤复制：C trl+C。⑥粘贴：Ctrl+V。⑦剪切：Ctrl+X。⑧撤销：Ctrl+Z。⑨恢复：Ctrl+Y。 （三）工具栏： 1、工具栏的调用： A、视图菜单→工具栏→……。 B、菜单栏或者工具栏上右击鼠标，在快捷菜单中选择。

2、工具栏的移动：将鼠标放在工具栏的最左侧（有四个灰白色的小点），指针变成移动符号，按住左键拖动。（或者放在工具栏的空白处按下左键出现移动符号时拖动左键。） （四）标尺：用于排版。 1、标尺的调用：视图菜单→标尺。 2、页边距的调整： A、将鼠标指针放在水平（垂直）标尺灰色部分左右（上下）两边出现“←→”时，按住左键拖动。 B、页面设置对话框中调整：文件菜单→页面设置→页边距选项卡……。 （五）工作区：用来编辑文档。 （六）视图按钮区：以各种视图方式显示文档。（可进入视图菜单设置视图的方式） （七）滚动条： （八）状态栏： 文档的操作 一、新建文档： 1、组合键：Ctrl+N。 2、文件菜单→新建……。（根据模板文件创建新文档，“本机上的模板……”） 3、常用工具栏上单击“新建空白文档”按钮。 二、保存文档： 1、第一次保存新建的文档： A、组合键：Ctrl+S。 B、文件菜单→保存。 C、常用工具栏上单击“保存”按钮。 注意：保存文档时应首先选择保存位置、再输入文件名、选择文件类型，最后单击“保存”。（文件默认类型为*.doc） 三、打开文档： 1、组合键：Ctrl+O。 2、常用工具栏上单击“打开”按钮。 3、文件菜单→打开。 文本的编辑 一、输入文本：

基于SH366000的智能电池管理系统

基于SH366000的智能电池管理系统 中颖电子股份有限公司高级工程师张朋翔 摘要：本文结合中颖电子的智能电池管理芯片SH366000，围绕着锂离子电池安全和有效利用的目标，对信息采集、充电方式、SOC估算、安全保护、电芯均衡、人机接口、低功耗设计等方面的实现策略进行了比较与分析，总结了现有智能电池管理系统的不足，对未来的发展方向进行了展望。 关键词：锂离子电池、智能电池管理系统、SH366000、充电管理、电池平衡、电池保护 中图分类号：TM912.6 文献标识码：A Smart Battery System Based on SH366000 Abstract：On the basis of the Li-ion battery of safety and effective use, We analyzed t he existing solution of Signal sample、Charge mode、SOC estimate、Safety protection、Cell balance、Man-machine interface、Low power design etc，summarized its disadvant age， and predicted the develop direction of the future. Key Word：Li-ion Battery、Smart Battery System、SH366000、Charge Management、Ce ll Balance、 Battery Protection 概述 锂离子电池研究始于20世纪80年代，1991年由索尼公司首先推出了民用产品。由于具备能量密度高、体积小、无记忆效应、循环寿命高、自放电率低等诸多优点，锂离子电池目前广泛应用于手机、MP3、笔记本电脑、相机等各种便携式设备。尤其在笔记本供电方面，其优异的高能量优势更是发挥得淋漓尽致。 但是由于能量密度高及特有的化学特性，锂离子电池的安全性和稳定性方面亦存在隐患，如过高温和过充可能会燃烧甚至导致爆炸，过放电可能造成电池本身的损坏。近年来，连续出现的笔记本电脑电池爆炸燃烧事故，导致了全球性的大批量电池召回现象，给生产厂家带来了巨大的经济损失。 为保证电池使用的安全性，在提高电池本身材料性能及加强工艺控制的同时，智能电池管理系统也成为锂离子电池应用研究的重中之重。 本文将结合中颖电子股份有限公司的锂离子电池管理与保护芯片SH366000，对智能电池管理系统中的关键技术进行阐述。 智能电池管理系统