外文翻译
本科毕业论文外文翻译
外文译文题目（中文）：再生建筑垃圾作为混凝土骨料用于
可持续建筑材料的探究
学院: 城市建设学院
专业: 土木工程
学号: 201308141162
学生姓名: 郑健
指导教师: 唐红
日期: 二○一七年六月
InternationalConferenceonSustainableDesign,Engineeringan
dConstruction
Recycled Construction Debris as Concrete Aggregate for Sustainable Construction Materials
ShahidKabir*,AmmarAl-ShayebandImranM.Khan
ProcediaEngineering145(2016)1518–1525
（可持续设计、工程与建筑国际会议）
再生建筑垃圾作为混凝土骨料用于可持续建筑材料的探究ShahidKabir*,AmmarAl-ShayebandImranM.Khan
（土木与环境工程系，费萨尔国王大学，沙乌地阿拉伯王国）能源与工程145(2016)1518–1525
摘要
为了比较各种来源有差异的再生混凝土骨料废料拆除的工程性质，笔者专门为此做了一个实验：实验室从一个已知的工程性质商业预拌混凝土公司得到样品来测试混凝土废物，通过一些关于样品的工程性质的信息具体，并从结合市场规则的前提出发将其作为实验的控制样品。本研究探讨了潜在的建筑废物的可持续建筑材料的发展，以获得建筑废物的经济回报。将建筑垃圾处理成砾石后，计算出废料的再生材料量，进行骨料试验。实验室样品的制作是对各种废物来源进行混合设计与骨料回收的基础上完成的，得到控制样品后，最后进行抗压强度，拉伸强度，抗弯强度，以及一些非破坏性试验（NDT），如脉冲速度和锤击试验。从不同的测试得到的结果之间的相关性进行了分析，在这个实验程序中，指出样品之间的线性相关性以及其他机械性能的评价，如抗压强度，劈裂抗拉强度，弯曲强度，脉冲速度等。
关键词
可持续混凝土设计；再生骨料，建筑拆除混凝土，混凝土工程性能
一、引言
固体废物管理是全球面临的严峻挑战，而这也是海湾地区的一个特殊问题
，其中大多数国家有着世界上最高的人均废物产生量。工业增长、建设繁荣、快速城市化、生活方式的改变和不可持续的消费模式，都对这一日益严重的浪费问题有着不小的影响。城市化建设的加速导致了数十亿美元的建设公共基础设施部门的建设项目的支出，这导致了建筑材料与相关建筑废弃物的管理不断增长的物质人力需求。拆除旧建筑物，成吨的建筑废料被丢弃；这些拆除的混凝土也常常被认为是没有价值的，作为拆卸废物处置。然而，大多数建筑垃圾被认为是有利用价值的，可以可用于再生建筑材料。
自然资源通常由建筑业大量消耗，同时还生产大量的建筑和拆除废物。碳废物构成最大的固体废物量。例如，美国建筑业每年产生超过1亿吨的碳废物，而大约有29%的固体废物流是由建筑业产生的。此外，英国的碳废物废物贡献率超过50%，每年有着7000万吨的碳废物被丢弃。克莱文等人在1994年的报道说，建筑活动产生的约20-30%的废物在澳大利亚，这是弃置垃圾的填埋场。而在1993-2004年间，则是中国香港建筑垃圾的巅峰年代，建筑垃圾的制造量翻了一番，达到2000万吨。2004年。在香港近23%的固体废物来自建筑业活动。大量的建筑垃圾在不同的国家揭示了地方行动的重要性，同时，回收和再利用建筑废物在整个建筑行业的生命周期中有着显著的意义。
建筑废物的产生和建筑材料消耗以及自然资源的不可持续使用也与建筑业的不利环境影响有关。在全球范围内，据估计，约30%的废物处置堆填区来源于建筑和拆除活动。此外，自然资源的过度使用，如碎石生产、爆破土石的山区，已成为一个日益严重的环境问题，这些工业生产的废物需要通过创新思想来加以解决，同时改善可持续发展的综合管理方案来获得经济回报。
据绿色中东日报报道，我国是海湾合作委员会（GCC）的一部分，每年产生近8000万吨废物，其中53%是建筑和拆除废物，33%是城市固体废物和工业废物，14%是其他行业产生的废物。估计目前海湾地区产生的固体废物总量约为1亿2000万吨/年。这表明，我国固体废物的产生量正在迅速上升。基础设施的改善和建筑现代化也导致大量的拆卸废物的产生，在海湾地区的废物管理部门所面临的挑战也更加的严峻。因此，废物管理制度的完善以及基础设施的发展需要跟上垃圾产生的脚步。
沙特阿拉伯王国的建筑垃圾由开挖和施工产生的固体碎屑组成，包括废旧混凝土、大理石、塑料、石油化工、造纸、沥青、油漆制品、砾石和小块混凝土等，这些材料不能从废弃混凝土中分离出来。在东吉达港的垃圾场，建筑垃圾被发现含有大块的大理石、石膏、天花板、陶瓷，这些垃圾都可以重复使用，无需再生。据估计，亚洲地区一半以上的固体废物来自建筑工地，由于在海湾地区，中国是最大的国家，它也被认为是对固体废物在亚洲最大的贡献者。
由于石油收入增加，沙特的建筑业正在蓬勃发展，庞大的政府支出导致了其基础设施发展计划的快速实施。这导致了原材料的需求急剧增加，如骨料和沙子，来源一般都是从建筑项目的本地获得。此外，其他海湾合作委员会的国家，如卡塔尔，像骨料等原材料都是从沙特阿拉伯进口，这也导致了沙特自然资源的巨大退化，同时需要找到替代材料的来源，以尽量减少原材料的投入，以减轻对自然资源的压力。再生拆除的建筑材料，如混凝土，可以被视为一个替代来源的粗骨料进行生产，并有可能有助于减少自然资源的枯竭，再生材料的使用在建筑行业的实际应用，以减少原材料的巨大消耗满足沙特阿拉伯目前的建筑需要。在当前最为繁荣的沙特城市，侯赛因和阿萨斯教授强调在目前的建筑形势下使用再生材料的重要性从而提升沙特建筑业的现状。他们认为回收建筑废物不但能保护自然资源，而且能支持基建的安全和经济。虽然已经尝试了一些研究硅粉对再生混凝土骨料特性的影响，但是进一步的研究是非常有必要的，以确定在沙特阿拉伯建筑业使用再生骨料材料的可行性。
通过可持续建筑材料的发展，以及强制性废物处理法规，环保目标可以得到基本的实现。增加工业废物的回收和再利用将有助于保护日益减少的自然资源，同时还能够取得一定的经济效益。在建筑行业，越来越多的人开始关注可利用废物的回收。新西兰的回收建筑废料率最高（93%），其次是土耳其，在有效的废物管理之下，已使近90%的建筑废物得到重新利用。而澳大利亚已经取得了87%的旧建筑废物的回收，其后是丹麦（82%）和德国18%。在2008年，英国的废物总量估计为8690万吨，其中回收了5300万吨，而在豁免地点则有另外1100万吨，用于土地复垦、农业改善或基建工程。
混凝土废物的再利用和回收利用构成了垃圾处理的最大比例，既解决了垃圾处理问题，又保护了自然资源。全球使用的岩石，鹅卵石，石头和沙子约40%消耗在基础设施建设上，同时，每年的优质骨料的可用性正在下降。此外，欧盟成员国每年产生约5000万吨的混凝土废料，而美国则为6000万吨，而在日本则为10-12万吨。日本已通过回收混凝土废物从预拌混凝土厂减少250万立方米骨料的使用。
二、试验研究
本研究认为，通过对两个不同的来源的样品的研究，可以方便地确定回收废
物材料的适用性。案例研究1，110年历史的单层清真寺（图1（a））被认为是建筑拆除的结构元素，如梁和列，可以从已知的工程性能得到其抗压强度等。对于案例2，则是来自市政垃圾场没有任何先前数据的随机选择的拆除结构元素，可以作为废弃混凝土的工程特性检测的样本（图1（b））。
(a)
(b)
图1（a）：单层清真寺的十年旧混凝土结构；（b）建造及拆卸的混凝土废料。
三、实验程序
3.1试样制备和工程特性的获取
利用破碎机将建筑废物混凝土废料处理成碎石后，再生砾石，然后通过磨损机（图2）处理。结果发现，100公斤的废弃混凝土废料可以得到30公斤的优质再生骨料。接着做与骨料有关的试验，如筛分析、相对密度（比重）、堆积密度（单位重量）和空隙率等工程特性的实验。最后再进行抗压强度，拉伸强度和弯曲强度试验，以及一些非破坏性测试（NDT）相关性从这个实验程序中得到的各种测试结果进行了计算骨料之间的线相关性。
图2：将建筑垃圾处理成碎石
3.1.1。体积密度（单位重量）和空隙率实验
基于ASTMC29/c29m–09规格，得到的结果表明堆积密度实验测试的混凝土废物和水泥混凝土废物均高于对照样品，而空隙的数量也相对较少（见表1）。这是由于破碎机的使用形成了一个统一的骨料尺寸为15毫米带有棱角的集料，而空隙的大小、形状和排列又影响这重要工程性能，如抗压强度。
3.1.2相对密度（比重）、吸收、和抗降解实验
根据ASTM比重和吸收试验C127的规格，样品的最大粒径为9.5毫米，实验结果表明，随着吸收的减小，比重增大（见表1）。
（SSD）的条件下约2.2至2.5。由于水泥砂浆附着在颗粒上，再生骨料的吸收率远远高于同类的骨料，通常是2%至6%的粗骨料，实验结果是合适的，属于一个可接受的范围。这个结果的原因可能是由于高吸收率的实验室测试混凝土废料的水泥混合不均，当水份蒸发形成了较多的空隙。
四、实验结果
4.1抗压强度（ASTMC109/c109m–13）
所有标本设计的抗压强度为35兆帕。试样（见表2）是根据ASTMC109/c109m –13、7、14和28天的标准进行测试的。从实验室测试的废物骨料和建筑拆卸的废物骨料看，结果表明在28天，控制样品超过了设计强度为35兆帕，并具有最高的强度从案例1看，清真寺的梁和柱废料基本实现了设计强度，从案例2看，采取从随机的混凝土废料则略低于设计强度。
4.2抗拉强度（ASTMc496/c496m-11）
采用抗拉强度试验比较混凝土试件与混凝土废物的性能，定期从市场取得建筑混凝土废物后对于每种样品进行了测试，在7，14，和28天分别记录各个样品的实验数据（见表3）。混凝土试件与市场骨料的劈裂抗拉强度一般高于实验室测试混凝土废料，。此外，建筑拆除混凝土垃圾骨料的分裂拉伸强度一般也略高于控制样品。
采用抗弯强度试验比较混凝土与骨料的强度
分别对来源不同的废料样品标本进行了测试，并在在7，14和28天进行数据的记录（见表4）
4.4施密特锤和脉冲速度
施密特锤试验是用来测试混凝土样品骨料、实验室测试
混凝土废物，建筑及拆卸混凝土废物以及定期从市场取得的骨料的脉冲速度，实验数据见表5。
脉冲速度测量也采取了测量过境时间的传播压缩波，对于所有的样品（见表6）。结果表明，控制样品的最低平均值为过境时间，其次是实验室测试的标本，案例1和案例2。这些结果显示出良好的相关性与施密特锤测试结果，以及其他强度测试的结果有关。
4.5力学性能相关性
通过对不同的样品的机械性能之间的相关性进行了计算，从而确定相关性的结果，皮尔森在相关计算的基础上，特别是对样品的抗压强度试验的结果和其他测试的结果进行分析之后，得出抗压强度和劈裂抗拉强度之间的相关性如图3所示（R2=0.9798）
St=1.1431f'c–36.712 (1)
（St是在标准压强下的抗拉强度，f'c是在标准压强下抗压强度。）抗压强度和抗折强度之间的相关性如图4所示，（R2=0.997）
Fr=4.163f'c–139.31 (2)
（Fr是在标准压强下的抗折强度，f'c是在标准压强下抗压强度。）
图3：抗压强度与劈裂强度的相关性图4：抗压强度与弯曲度的相关性
图5：抗压强度与脉冲的关系图6：抗压强度与施密特的相关性
28天后试件的施密特锤抗压强度和脉冲速度之间的关系如图5所示
（R2=0.8526）
f'c=0.0012Pv+27.164 (3)
(PV是标准压强下的脉冲速度，f'c是标准压强下的抗压强度。)
28天后试件的施密特锤试验的抗压强度与回弹数之间的关系如图6所示（R2=0.8459）。
f'c=0.23RN+30.052 (4)
(RN是标准压强下的反弹次数，f'c是标准压强下的抗压强度。)
五、结论
实验的目的是为了比较不同来源的骨料的工程性能，通过对已知工程特性的实验室测试混凝土废物、从两个不同地点取得的建筑废物以及定期从市场获取的建筑废物的工程性能的探究，发现案例1（清真寺）废料的机械性能
与对照样品相比。在相同单位质量的情况下，案例1废料废物的再利用率是最高的，同市场废料相比，其空隙的数量较少。比重随着吸收的增加而增加降低.破碎再生骨料的比重则低于其他样品。再生骨料的吸收值远远高于类似的骨料，最有可能是由于附着着颗粒的水泥砂浆。
而对于抗压强度，结果显示控制样品有着最高强度，而样品的平均值为41.6MPa。结果还表明，在抗压强度相同的情况下，建筑拆除混凝土废弃物的抗压强度最高值仅为34.3MPa。有人指出，水泥混凝土废料的抗压强度增加导致其弯曲强度和劈裂抗拉强度的增加，而混凝土废料设计强度和NDT之间的相关性分别和脉冲速度和回弹数有关。
工业设计专业英语英文翻译
工业设计原著选读 优秀的产品设计 第一个拨号电话1897年由卡罗耳Gantz 第一个拨号电话在1897年被自动电器公司引入，成立于1891年布朗强，一名勘萨斯州承担者。在1889年，相信铃声“中央交换”将转移来电给竞争对手，强发明了被拨号系统控制的自动交换机系统。这个系统在1892年第一次在拉波特完成史端乔系统中被安装。1897年，强的模型电话，然而模型扶轮拨条的位置没有类似于轮齿约170度,以及边缘拨阀瓣。电话，当然是被亚历山大格雷厄姆贝尔（1847—1922）在1876年发明的。第一个商业交换始建于1878（12个使用者），在1879年，多交换机系统由工程师勒罗伊B 菲尔曼发明,使电话取得商业成功,用户在1890年达到250000。 直到1894年，贝尔原批专利过期，贝尔电话公司在市场上有一个虚拟的垄断。他们已经成功侵权投诉反对至少600竞争者。该公司曾在1896年，刚刚在中央交易所推出了电源的“普通电池”制度。在那之前，一个人有手摇电话以提供足够的电力呼叫。一个连接可能仍然只能在给予该人的名义下提出要求达到一个电话接线员。这是强改变的原因。 强很快成为贝尔的强大竞争者。他在1901年引进了一个桌面拨号模型，这个模型在设计方面比贝尔的模型更加清晰。在1902年，他引进了一个带有磁盘拨号的墙面电话，这次与实际指孔，仍然只有170度左右在磁盘周围。到1905年，一个“长距离”手指孔已经被增加了。最后一个强的知名模型是在1907年。强的专利大概过期于1914年，之后他或他的公司再也没有听到过。直到1919年贝尔引进了拨号系统。当他们这样做，在拨号盘的周围手指孔被充分扩展了。 强发明的拨号系统直到1922年进入像纽约一样的大城市才成为主流。但是一旦作为规规范被确立，直到70年代它仍然是主要的电话技术。后按键式拨号在1963年被推出之后，强发明的最初的手指拨号系统作为“旋转的拨号系统”而知名。这是强怎样“让你的手指拨号”的。 埃姆斯椅LCW和DCW 1947 这些带有复合曲线座位，靠背和橡胶防震装置的成型胶合板椅是由查尔斯埃姆斯设计，在赫曼米勒家具公司生产的。 这个原始的概念是被查尔斯埃姆斯（1907—1978）和埃罗沙里宁（1910—1961）在1940年合作构想出来的。在1937年，埃姆斯成为克兰布鲁克学院实验设计部门的领头人，和沙里宁一起工作调查材料和家具。在这些努力下，埃姆斯发明了分成薄片和成型胶合板夹板，被称作埃姆斯夹板，在1941年收到了来自美国海军5000人的订单。查尔斯和他的妻子雷在他们威尼斯，钙的工作室及工厂和埃文斯产品公司的生产厂家一起生产了这批订单。 在1941年现代艺术博物馆，艾略特诺伊斯组织了一场比赛用以发现对现代生活富有想象力的设计师。奖项颁发给了埃姆斯和沙里宁他们的椅子和存储碎片，由包括埃德加考夫曼，大都会艺术博物馆的阿尔弗雷德，艾略特诺伊斯，马尔塞布鲁尔，弗兰克帕里什和建筑师爱德华达雷尔斯通的陪审团裁决。 这些椅子在1946年的现代艺术展览博物馆被展出，查尔斯埃姆斯设计的新的家具。当时，椅子只有三条腿，稳定性问题气馁了大规模生产。 早期的LCW（低木椅）和DWC（就餐木椅）设计有四条木腿在1946年第一次被埃文斯产品公司（埃姆斯的战时雇主）生产出来，被赫曼米勒家具公司分配。这些工具1946年被乔治纳尔逊为赫曼米勒购买，在1949年接手制造权。后来金属脚的愿景在1951年制作，包括LCW（低金属椅）和DWC（就餐金属椅）模型。配套的餐饮和咖啡桌也产生。这条线一直
外文翻译
Load and Ultimate Moment of Prestressed Concrete Action Under Overload-Cracking Load It has been shown that a variation in the external load acting on a prestressed beam results in a change in the location of the pressure line for beams in the elastic range.This is a fundamental principle of prestressed construction.In a normal prestressed beam,this shift in the location of the pressure line continues at a relatively uniform rate,as the external load is increased,to the point where cracks develop in the tension fiber.After the cracking load has been exceeded,the rate of movement in the pressure line decreases as additional load is applied,and a significant increase in the stress in the prestressing tendon and the resultant concrete force begins to take place.This change in the action of the internal moment continues until all movement of the pressure line ceases.The moment caused by loads that are applied thereafter is offset entirely by a corresponding and proportional change in the internal forces,just as in reinforced-concrete construction.This fact,that the load in the elastic range and the plastic range is carried by actions that are fundamentally different,is very significant and renders strength computations essential for all designs in order to ensure that adequate safety factors exist.This is true even though the stresses in the elastic range may conform to a recognized elastic design criterion. It should be noted that the load deflection curve is close to a straight line up to the cracking load and that the curve becomes progressively more curved as the load is increased above the cracking load.The curvature of the load-deflection curve for loads over the cracking load is due to the change in the basic internal resisting moment action that counteracts the applied loads,as described above,as well as to plastic strains that begin to take place in the steel and the concrete when stressed to high levels. In some structures it may be essential that the flexural members remain crack free even under significant overloads.This may be due to the structures’being exposed to exceptionally corrosive atmospheres during their useful life.In designing prestressed members to be used in special structures of this type,it may be necessary to compute the load that causes cracking of the tensile flange,in order to ensure that adequate safety against cracking is provided by the design.The computation of the moment that will cause cracking is also necessary to ensure compliance with some design criteria. Many tests have demonstrated that the load-deflection curves of prestressed beams are approximately linear up to and slightly in excess of the load that causes the first cracks in the tensile flange.(The linearity is a function of the rate at which the load is applied.)For this reason,normal elastic-design relationships can be used in computing the cracking load by simply determining the load that results in a net tensile stress in the tensile flange(prestress minus the effects of the applied loads)that is equal to the tensile strength of the concrete.It is customary to assume that the flexural tensile strength of the concrete is equal to the modulus of rupture of the
世界贸易和国际贸易【外文翻译】
外文翻译 原文 World Trade and International Trade Material Source:https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3f14535384.html, Author: Ted Alax In today’s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation of world trade and economic activity. As a result of this trade and activity, international finance and banking have evolved. For example, the United States is a major consumer of coffee, yet it does not have the climate to grow any or its own. Consequently, the United States must import coffee from countries (such as Brazil, Colombia and Guatemala) that grow coffee efficiently. On the other hand, the United States has large industrial plants capable of producing a variety of goods, such as chemicals and airplanes, which can be sold to nations that need them. If nations traded item for item, such as one automobile for 10,000 bags of coffee, foreign trade would be extremely cumbersome and restrictive. So instead of batter, which is trade of goods without an exchange of money, the United State receives money in payment for what it sells. It pays for Brazilian coffee with dollars, which Brazil can then use to buy wool from Australia, which in turn can buy textiles Great Britain, which can then buy tobacco from the United State. Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above is that no nation has all of the commodities that it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa and petroleum is recovered in the Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them. Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar.
网络营销外文翻译
E---MARKETING (From:E--Marketing by Judy Strauss,Adel El--Ansary,Raymond Frost---3rd ed.1999 by Pearson Education pp .G4-G25.) As the growth of https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3f14535384.html, shows, some marketing principles never change.Markets always welcome an innovative new product, even in a crowded field of competitors ,as long as it provides customer value.Also,Google`s success shows that customers trust good brands and that well-crafted marketing mix strategies can be effective in helping newcomers enter crowded markets. Nevertheless, organizations are scrambling to determine how they can use information technology profitably and to understand what technology means for their business strategies. Marketers want to know which of their time-ested concepts will be enhanced by the Internet, databases,wireless mobile devices, and other technologies. The rapid growth of the Internet and subsequent bursting of the dot-com bubble has marketers wondering,"What next?" This article attempts to answer these questions through careful and systematic examination of successful e-mar-keting strategies in light of proven traditional marketing practices. （Sales Promotion;E--Marketing；Internet；Strategic Planning ） 1.What is E--Marketing E--Marketing is the application of a broad range of information technologies for: Transforming marketing strategies to create more customer value through more effective segmentation ,and positioning strategies；More efficiently planning and executing the conception, distribution promotion,and pricing of goods,services,and ideas;andCreating exchanges that satisfy individual consumer and organizational customers` objectives. This definition sounds a lot like the definition of traditional marketing. Another way to view it is that e-marketing is the result of information technology applied to traditional marketing. E-marketing affects traditional marketing in two ways. First,it increases efficiency in traditional marketing strategies.The transformation results in new business models that add customer value and/or increase company profitability.
工业设计外文翻译
Interaction design Moggridge Bill Interaction design，Page 1-15 USA Art Press, 2008 Interaction design (IxD) is the study of devices with which a user can interact, in particular computer users. The practice typically centers on "embedding information technology into the ambient social complexities of the physical world."[1] It can also apply to other types of non-electronic products and services, and even organizations. Interaction design defines the behavior (the "interaction") of an artifact or system in response to its users. Malcolm McCullough has written, "As a consequence of pervasive computing, interaction design is poised to become one of the main liberal arts of the twenty-first century." Certain basic principles of cognitive psychology provide grounding for interaction design. These include mental models, mapping, interface metaphors, and affordances. Many of these are laid out in Donald Norman's influential book The Psychology of Everyday Things. As technologies are often overly complex for their intended target audience, interaction design aims to minimize the learning curve and to increase accuracy and efficiency of a task without diminishing usefulness. The objective is to reduce frustration and increase user productivity and satisfaction. Interaction design attempts to improve the usability and experience of the product, by first researching and understanding certain users' needs and then designing to meet and exceed them. (Figuring out who needs to use it, and how those people would like to use it.) Only by involving users who will use a product or system on a regular basis will designers be able to properly tailor and maximize usability. Involving real users, designers gain the ability to better understand user goals and experiences. (see also: User-centered design) There are also positive side effects which include enhanced system capability awareness and user ownership. It is important that the user be aware of system capabilities from an early stage so that expectations regarding functionality are both realistic and properly understood. Also, users who have been active participants in a product's development are more likely to feel a sense of ownership, thus increasing overall satisfa. Instructional design is a goal-oriented, user-centric approach to creating training and education software or written materials. Interaction design and instructional design both rely on cognitive psychology theories to focus on how users will interact with software. They both take an in-depth approach to analyzing the user's needs and goals. A needs analysis is often performed in both disciplines. Both, approach the design from the user's perspective. Both, involve gathering feedback from users, and making revisions until the product or service has been found to be effective. (Summative / formative evaluations) In many ways, instructional
外文翻译
Journal of Industrial Textiles https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3f14535384.html,/ Optimization of Parameters for the Production of Needlepunched Nonwoven Geotextiles Amit Rawal, Subhash Anand and Tahir Shah 2008 37: 341Journal of Industrial Textiles DOI: 10.1177/1528083707081594 The online version of this article can be found at: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3f14535384.html,/content/37/4/341 Published by: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3f14535384.html, can be found at:Journal of Industrial TextilesAdditional services and information for https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3f14535384.html,/cgi/alertsEmail Alerts: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3f14535384.html,/subscriptionsSubscriptions: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3f14535384.html,/journalsReprints.navReprints: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3f14535384.html,/journalsPermissions.navPermissions: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3f14535384.html,/content/37/4/341.refs.htmlCitations: - Mar 28, 2008Version of Record >>
国际贸易英文文献
Strategic transformations in Danish and Swedish big business in an era of globalisation, 1973-2008 The Danish and Swedish context In the difficult inter-war period, a state-supported, protected home market orientation had helped stabilise both Denmark’s and Sweden’s economies, but after WorldWar II priorities changed. Gradually and in accordance with the international economic development, restrictions on foreign trade were removed, and Danish and Swedish industry was exposed to international competition. As a consequence, several home market oriented industries –such as the textile and the shoe industry –were more or less outperformed, while in Sweden the engineering industry soon became the dominant leader of Swedish industry, with companies such as V olvo, Ericsson, Electrolux, ASEA and SKF. In the Danish case, the SMEs continued to be dominant but in combination with expanding export oriented industrial manufacturers such as Lego, Danfoss, Carlsberg and the shipping conglomerates ok and A.P. moller-Marsk. In Sweden and Denmark stable economic growth continued into the 1970s, but due to the problems during the oil crises, the economies came into fundamental structural troubles for the first time since World War II. In the beginning this was counteracted by traditional Keynesian policy measures. However, because of large budget deficits, inflation and increasing wages, both the Danish economy from 1974 and the Swedish economy from 1976 encountered severe problems. Towards the late 1970s Denmark’s and Sweden’s economic policies were thus increasingly questioned. It was clear that Keynesian policy could not solve all economic problems. Expansive fiscal policies in terms of continued deficits on the state budget could not compensate for the loss of both national and international markets and step by step the Keynesian economic policy was abandoned. The increased budget deficit also made it difficult for the state to support employment and regional development. These kinds of heavy governmental activities were also hardly acceptable under the more market oriented policy that developed first in Great Britain and the USA, but in the 1980s also in Denmark and Sweden (Iversen & Andersen, 2008, pp. 313–315; Sjo¨ gren, 2008, pp. 46–54). These changes in political priorities were especially noticeable in the financial market. After being the most state regulated and coordinated sector of the economy since the 1950s, then between 1980 and 1985 the Danish and Swedish financial markets underwent an extensive deregulation resulting in increased competition. Lending from banks and other credit institutes was no longer regulated, and neither were interest rates. The bond market was also opened as the issuance of new bond loans was deregulated in Sweden in 1983. When the control of foreign capital flows was liberalised in the late 1980s the last extraordinary restriction was now gone. Together with the establishment of the new money market with options and derivates, this opened up to a much larger credit market and the possibility for companies to finance investments and increase business domestically as well as abroad (Larsson, 1998, pp. 205–207). Another important part of the regulatory changes in the early 1980s were new rules for the Copenhagen and Stockholm stock exchanges. Introduction on the stock exchange was made much
工业设计产品设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 中英文翻译原文：
DESIGN and ENVIRONMENT Product design is the principal part and kernel of industrial design. Product design gives uses pleasure. A good design can bring hope and create new lifestyle to human. In spscificity,products are only outcomes of factory such as mechanical and electrical products,costume and so on.In generality,anything,whatever it is tangibile or intangible,that can be provided for a market,can be weighed with value by customers, and can satisfy a need or desire,can be entiled as products. Innovative design has come into human life. It makes product looking brand-new and brings new aesthetic feeling and attraction that are different from traditional products. Enterprose tend to renovate idea of product design because of change of consumer's lifestyle , emphasis on individuation and self-expression,market competition and requirement of individuation of product. Product design includes factors of society ,economy, techology and leterae humaniores. Tasks of product design includes styling, color, face processing and selection of material and optimization of human-machine interface. Design is a kind of thinking of lifestyle.Product and design conception can guide human lifestyle . In reverse , lifestyle also manipulates orientation and development of product from thinking layer.
外文翻译中文版(完整版)
毕业论文外文文献翻译 毕业设计（论文）题目关于企业内部环境绩效审计的研究翻译题目最高审计机关的环境审计活动 学院会计学院 专业会计学 姓名张军芳 班级09020615 学号09027927 指导教师何瑞雄
最高审计机关的环境审计活动 1最高审计机关越来越多的活跃在环境审计领域。特别是1993-1996年期间，工作组已检测到环境审计活动坚定的数量增长。首先，越来越多的最高审计机关已经活跃在这个领域。其次是积极的最高审计机关，甚至变得更加活跃：他们分配较大部分的审计资源给这类工作，同时出版更多环保审计报告。表1显示了平均数字。然而，这里是机构间差异较大。例如，环境报告的数量变化，每个审计机关从1到36份报告不等。 1996-1999年期间，结果是不那么容易诠释。第一，活跃在环境审计领域的最高审计机关数量并没有太大变化。“活性基团”的组成没有保持相同的：一些最高审计机关进入，而其他最高审计机关离开了团队。环境审计花费的时间量略有增加。二，但是，审计报告数量略有下降，1996年和1999年之间。这些数字可能反映了从量到质的转变。这个信号解释了在过去三年从规律性审计到绩效审计的转变（1994-1996年，20％的规律性审计和44％绩效审计;1997-1999：16％规律性审计和绩效审计54％）。在一般情况下，绩效审计需要更多的资源。我们必须认识到审计的范围可能急剧变化。在将来，再将来开发一些其他方式去测算人们工作量而不是计算通过花费的时间和发表的报告会是很有趣的。 在2000年，有62个响应了最高审计机关并向工作组提供了更详细的关于他们自1997年以来公布的工作信息。在1997-1999年，这62个最高审计机关公布的560个环境审计报告。当然，这些报告反映了一个庞大的身躯，可用于其他机构的经验。环境审计报告的参考书目可在网站上的最高审计机关国际组织的工作组看到。这里这个信息是用来给最高审计机关的审计工作的内容更多一些洞察。 自1997年以来，少数环境审计是规律性审计（560篇报告中有87篇，占16％）。大多数审计绩效审计（560篇报告中有304篇，占54％），或组合的规律性和绩效审计（560篇报告中有169篇，占30％）。如前文所述，绩效审计是一个广泛的概念。在实践中，绩效审计往往集中于环保计划的实施（560篇报告中有264篇，占47％），符合国家环保法律，法规的，由政府部门，部委和/或其他机构的任务给访问（560篇报告中有212篇，占38％）。此外，审计经常被列入政府的环境管理系统（560篇报告中有156篇，占28％）。下面的元素得到了关注审计报告：影响或影响现有的国家环境计划非环保项目对环境的影响;环境政策;由政府遵守国际义务和承诺的10％至20％。许多绩效审计包括以上提到的要素之一。 1本文译自：S. Van Leeuwen.(2004).’’Developments in Environmental Auditing by Supreme Audit Institutions’’ Environmental Management Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 163–1721