历年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖得主介绍

年份姓名国籍工作单位

1901埃米尔·阿道夫·冯·贝林德国Marburg University, Marburg,

Germany

1902罗纳德·罗斯英国University College, Liverpool,

United Kingdom

1903尼尔斯·吕贝里·芬森丹麦

Finsen Medical Light Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark

1904伊万·巴甫洛夫俄罗斯Military Medical Academy, St.

Petersburg, Russia

1905罗伯特·科赫德国Institute for Infectious Diseases, Berlin, Germany

卡米洛·高尔基意大利Pavia University, Pavia, Italy

圣地亚哥·拉蒙-卡哈尔西班牙Madrid University, Madrid,

Spain

1907夏尔·路易·阿方斯·拉韦朗法国Institut Pasteur, Paris,

France

伊拉·伊里奇·梅契尼科夫俄罗斯Institut Pasteur, Paris,

France

保罗·埃尔利希德国

Goettingen University, G?ttingen, Germany, K?nigliches Institut für experimentelle Therapie (Royal Institute for Experimental Therapy), Frankfurt-on-the-Main, Germany

1909埃米尔·特奥多尔·科赫尔瑞士Berne University, Berne,

Switzerland

1910阿尔布雷希特·科塞尔德国University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

1911阿尔瓦·古尔斯特兰德瑞典Uppsala University, Uppsala,

Sweden

1912亚历克西·卡雷尔法国

Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York,

NY, USA

1913夏尔·罗贝尔·里歇法国Sorbonne University, Paris,

France

1914罗伯特·巴拉尼奥地利Vienna University, Vienna,

Austria

1919朱尔·博尔代比利时Brussels University, Brussels,

Belgium

1920奥古斯特·克罗丹麦Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark

阿奇博尔德·希尔英国London University, London, United Kingdom

1906

1908

历年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖得主介绍（年份、姓名（中文译名）、国籍、工作单位、英文颁奖

奥托·迈尔霍夫德国Kiel University, Kiel, Germany

弗雷德里克·格兰特·班廷加拿大University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

约翰·麦克劳德加拿大University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

1924威廉·埃因托芬荷兰Leiden University, Leiden, the

Netherlands

1926约翰尼斯·菲比格丹麦Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark

1927朱利叶斯·瓦格纳-尧雷格奥地利Vienna University, Vienna,

Austria

1928查尔斯·尼柯尔法国Institut Pasteur, Tunis

克里斯蒂安·艾克曼荷兰Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands

弗雷德里克·霍普金斯爵士英国University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom

1930卡尔·兰德施泰纳奥地利

Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York,

NY, USA

1931奥托·海因里希·瓦尔堡德国Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut (now Max-Planck-Institut) für Biologie, Berlin-Dahlem,

Germany

查尔斯·斯科特·谢灵顿爵士英国University of Oxford, Oxford,

United Kingdom

埃德加·阿德里安英国University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom

1933托马斯·亨特·摩尔根美国California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, CA, USA

乔治·惠普尔美国University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA

乔治·迈诺特美国Harvard University, Cambridge,

MA, USA

威廉·莫菲美国Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA, Peter Brent Brigham

Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

1935汉斯·斯佩曼德国

University of Freiburg im Breisgau, Breisgau, Germany

亨利·哈利特·戴尔爵士英国National Institute for Medical

Research, London, United 奥托·勒维奥地利Graz University, Graz, Austria

1937圣捷尔吉·阿尔伯特匈牙利Szeged University, Szeged,

Hungary

1938海门斯比利时Ghent University, Ghent,

Belgium

1939格哈德·多马克德国Munster University, Munster,

Germany

亨利克·达姆丹麦Polytechnic Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark

1922 1923

1929 1932 1934 1936

爱德华·阿德尔伯特·多伊西

美国

Saint Louis University, St.

Louis, MO, USA

约瑟夫·厄尔兰格

美国

Washington University, St.Louis, MO, USA 赫伯特·斯潘塞·加塞美国Rockefeller Institute for

Medical Research, New York,

NY, USA

亚历山大·弗莱明爵士

英国

London University, London,

United Kingdom

恩斯特·伯利斯·柴恩英国

University of Oxford, Oxford,

United Kingdom

霍华德·弗洛里爵士

澳大利亚

University of Oxford, Oxford,

United Kingdom 1946

赫尔曼·约瑟夫·马勒美国

Indiana University,

Bloomington, IN, USA 卡尔·斐迪南·科里美国

Washington University, St.

Louis, MO, USA

格蒂·特蕾莎·科里

美国

Washington University, St.

Louis, MO, USA

贝尔纳多·奥赛

阿根廷Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental

(Institute for Biology and

Experimental Medicine), Buenos

Aires, Argentina 1948保罗·赫尔曼·穆勒瑞士

Laboratorium der Farben-Fabriken J.R. Geigy A.G.(Laboratory of the J.R. Geigy Dye-Factory Co.), Basel,

Switzerland 瓦尔特·鲁道夫·赫斯

瑞士

University of Zurich, Zurich,

Switzerland 安东尼奥·埃加斯·莫尼斯葡萄牙University of Lisbon, Lisbon,

Portugal, Neurological Institute, Lisbon, Portugal 菲利普·肖瓦特·亨奇

美国Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN,

USA

爱德华·卡尔文·肯德尔美国Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN,

USA

塔德乌什·赖希施泰因

瑞士

Basel University, Basel,

Switzerland

1951马克斯·泰累尔南非

Laboratories of the Division of Medicine and Public Health,Rockefeller Foundation, New

York, NY, USA

1952赛尔曼·A·瓦克斯曼美国

Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA 汉斯·阿道夫·克雷布斯

英国

Sheffield University,Sheffield, United Kingdom

1953

1950

1943

1944

1945

1947

1949

弗里茨·阿尔贝特·李普曼

美国

Harvard Medical School,Boston, MA, USA, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA,

USA

约翰·富兰克林·恩德斯美国

Harvard Medical School,Boston, MA, USA, Research Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA 弗雷德里克·查普曼·罗宾斯美国

Western Reserve University,

Cleveland, OH, USA 托马斯·哈克尔·韦勒美国

Research Division of Infectious Diseases,Children's Medical Center,

Boston, MA, USA

1955阿克塞尔·胡戈·特奥多尔·特奥雷尔瑞典

Karolinska Institutet, Nobel Medical Institute, Stockholm,

Sweden

安德烈·弗雷德里克·考南德

美国

Columbia University Division,Cardio-Pulmonary Laboratory,Bellevue Hospital, New York,

NY, USA

沃纳·福斯曼德国Mainz University, Mainz,Federal Republic of Germany 迪金森·伍德拉夫·理查兹

美国

Columbia University, New

York, NY, USA 1957达尼埃尔·博韦意大利

Istituto Superiore di Sanità(Chief Institute of Public

Health), Rome, Italy 乔治·韦尔斯·比德尔美国

California Institute of Technology (Caltech),Pasadena, CA, USA 爱德华·劳里·塔特姆美国

Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York,

NY, USA 乔舒亚·莱德伯格美国University of Wisconsin,

Madison, WI, USA

阿瑟·科恩伯格

美国

Stanford University, Stanford,

CA, USA

塞韦罗·奥乔亚美国

New York University, College

of Medicine, New York, NY, USA

弗兰克·麦克法兰·伯内特爵士澳大利亚Walter and Eliza Hall

Institute for Medical

Research, Melbourne, Australia 彼得·梅达沃英国

University College, London,

United Kingdom

1961

盖欧尔格·冯·贝凯希美国

Harvard University, Cambridge,

MA, USA

佛朗西斯·克里克英国MRC Laboratory of Molecular

Biology, Cambridge, United

Kingdom

1956

19581959

1960

1962

1954

1953

詹姆斯·杜威·沃森美国Harvard University, Cambridge,

MA, USA

莫里斯·威尔金斯英国

London University, London,

United Kingdom 约翰·卡鲁·埃克尔斯爵士

澳大利亚Australian National

University, Canberra,

Australia

艾伦·劳埃德·霍奇金

英国

University of Cambridge,

Cambridge, United Kingdom 安德鲁·赫胥黎英国

University College, London,

United Kingdom 康拉德·布洛赫

美国

Harvard University, Cambridge,

MA, USA 费奥多尔·吕嫩德国Max-Planck-Institut für Zellchemie, Munich, Federal

Republic of Germany 方斯华·贾克柏

法国Institut Pasteur, Paris,

France

安德列·利沃夫法国Institut Pasteur, Paris,

France

贾克·莫诺

法国

Institut Pasteur, Paris,

France 裴顿·劳斯

美国

Rockefeller University, New

York, NY, USA 查尔斯·布兰顿·哈金斯

美国

University of Chicago, Ben May

Laboratory for Cancer Research, Chicago, IL, USA

拉格纳·格拉尼特

瑞典

Karolinska Institutet,Stockholm, Sweden 霍尔登·凯弗·哈特兰

美国Rockefeller University, New

York, NY, USA

乔治·沃尔德

美国

Harvard University, Cambridge,

MA, USA 罗伯特·W·霍利

美国

Cornell University, Ithaca,

NY, USA 哈尔·葛宾·科拉纳美国University of Wisconsin,

Madison, WI, USA

马歇尔·沃伦·尼伦伯格

美国

National Institutes of Health,

Bethesda, MD, USA

马克斯·德尔布吕克美国

California Institute of Technology (Caltech),Pasadena, CA, USA

1968

1969

1963

1964

1965

1966

1967

1962

阿弗雷德·赫希美国

Carnegie Institution of Washington, Long Island, New

York, NY, USA

萨尔瓦多·卢瑞亚美国

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge,

MA, USA

朱利叶斯·阿克塞尔罗德美国National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA

乌尔夫·冯·奥伊勒瑞典Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

伯纳德·卡茨爵士英国University College, London, United Kingdom

1971埃鲁·威尔布尔·苏德兰美国Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA

杰拉尔德·埃德尔曼美国Rockefeller University, New

York, NY, USA

罗德尼·罗伯特·波特英国University of Oxford, Oxford,

United Kingdom

卡尔·冯·弗利德国

Zoologisches Institut der Universit?t München, Munich, Federal Republic of Germany

康拉德·洛伦兹奥地利Konrad-Lorenz-Institut der ?sterreichischen Akademie der Wissen-schaften,

Forschungsstelle für Ethologie, Altenberg; Grünau im Almtal, Austria

尼可拉斯·庭伯根英国University of Oxford, Oxford,

United Kingdom

阿尔伯特·克劳德比利时Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium

克里斯汀·德·迪夫比利时Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA, Université

Catholique de Louvain,

Louvain, Belgium

乔治·埃米尔·帕拉德美国

Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA

戴维·巴尔的摩美国

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge,

MA, USA

罗纳托·杜尔贝科美国Imperial Cancer Research Fund Laboratory, London, United

Kingdom

霍华德·马丁·特明美国University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA

巴鲁克·塞缪尔·布隆伯格美国

The Institute for Cancer Research, Philadelphia, PA,

USA

丹尼尔·卡尔顿·盖杜谢克美国National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA

1969 1970 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976

罗歇·吉耶曼美国The Salk Institute, San Diego,

CA, USA

安德鲁·沙利美国

Veterans Administration Hospital, New Orleans, LA, USA

罗莎琳·萨斯曼·耶洛美国Veterans Administration Hospital, Bronx, NY, USA

沃纳·亚伯瑞士Biozentrum der Universit?t, Basel, Switzerland

丹尼尔·那森斯美国

Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore,

MD, USA

汉弥尔顿·史密斯美国

Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore,

MD, USA

阿兰·麦克莱德·科马克美国Tufts University, Medford, MA,

USA

高弗雷·豪斯费尔德英国

Central Research Laboratories, EMI, London, United Kingdom

巴茹·贝纳塞拉夫美国Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

让·多塞法国

Université de Paris, Laboratoire Immuno-Hématologie, Paris, France

乔治·斯内尔美国Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA

罗杰·斯佩里美国California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, CA, USA

大卫·休伯尔美国Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

托斯坦·维厄瑟尔瑞典Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

苏恩·伯格斯特龙瑞典Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

本格特·萨米尔松瑞典Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

约翰·范恩英国

The Wellcome Research Laboratories, Beckenham, United Kingdom

1983巴巴拉·麦克林托克美国Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA

尼尔斯·杰尼丹麦

Basel Institute for Immunology, Basel, Switzerland

乔治斯·克勒德国

Basel Institute for Immunology, Basel, Switzerland

1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984

色萨·米尔斯坦英国MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United

Kingdom

麦可·布朗美国

University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA

约瑟夫·里欧纳德·戈尔茨坦美国

University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA

斯坦利·科恩美国Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN,

USA

丽塔·列维-蒙塔尔奇尼美国Institute of Cell Biology of the C.N.R., Rome, Italy

1987利根川进日本

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge,

MA, USA

詹姆士·W·布拉克爵士英国

London University, King's

College Hospital Medical School, London, United Kingdom

格特鲁德·B·埃利恩美国

Wellcome Research Laboratories, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA

乔治·希青斯美国

Wellcome Research Laboratories, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA

迈克尔·毕晓普美国University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA

哈罗德·瓦慕斯美国University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA

约瑟夫·默里美国Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

唐纳尔·托马斯美国

Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA,

USA

厄温·内尔德国

Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, G?ttingen, Federal Republic of

Germany

伯特·萨克曼德国

Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, G?ttingen, Federal Republic of

Germany

埃德蒙·费希尔美国University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

埃德温·克雷布斯美国University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992

理察·罗伯茨

英国

New England Biolabs, Beverly,

MA, USA 菲利普·夏普

美国

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Center for Cancer Research, Cambridge,

MA, USA 艾尔佛列·古曼·吉尔曼

美国

niversity of Texas

Southwestern Medical Center at

Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA 马丁·罗德贝尔

美国

National Institute of

Environmental Health Sciences,Research Triangle Park, NC,

USA

爱德华·路易斯美国

California Institute of Technology (Caltech),Pasadena, CA, USA 克里斯汀·纽斯林-沃尔哈德德国

Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Tübingen, Federal Republic of

Germany

艾瑞克·威斯乔斯美国

Princeton University,Princeton, NJ, USA 彼得·杜赫提

澳大利亚

St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA 罗夫·辛克纳吉

瑞士

University of Zurich,Institute of Experimental

Immunology, Zurich,

Switzerland

1997史坦利·布鲁希纳美国University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA

罗伯·佛契哥特美国SUNY Health Science Center,

Brooklyn, NY, USA 路易斯·路伊格纳洛

美国

University of California School of Medicine, Los

Angeles, CA, USA

费瑞·慕拉德美国

University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston,

TX, USA

1999古特·布洛伯尔美国

Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA, Howard Hughes

Medical Institute

阿尔维德·卡尔森

瑞典G?teborg University,Gothenburg, Sweden 保罗·格林加德

美国

Rockefeller University, New

York, NY, USA

1998

2000

1995

1996

1994

1993

艾瑞克·坎德尔美国Columbia University, New York,

NY, USA

利兰·哈特韦尔

美国Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA,

USA

蒂姆·亨特英国Imperial Cancer Research Fund,

London, United Kingdom 保罗·纳斯爵士

英国

Imperial Cancer Research Fund,

London, United Kingdom 悉尼·布伦纳英国

The Molecular Sciences Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA

H·罗伯特·霍维茨

美国Massachusetts Institute of

Technology (MIT), Cambridge,

MA, USA

约翰·E·苏尔斯顿美国The Wellcome Trust Sanger

Institute, Cambridge, United

Kingdom

保罗·劳特伯

美国

University of Illinois,

Urbana, IL, USA

彼得·曼斯菲尔德爵士

英国

University of Nottingham,School of Physics and

Astronomy, Nottingham, United

Kingdom

理查德·阿克塞尔

美国

Columbia University, New York,

NY, USA

琳达·巴克

美国Fred Hutchinson Cancer

Research Center, Seattle, WA,

USA

巴里·马歇尔

澳大利亚

NHMRC Helicobacter pylori Research Laboratory, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands,

Australia, University of Western Australia, Perth,

Australia

罗宾·沃伦澳大利亚/

安德鲁·法厄

美国

Stanford University School of

Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA 克雷格·梅洛

美国University of Massachusetts

Medical School, Worcester, MA,

USA

马里奥·卡佩奇

美国University of Utah, Salt Lake

City, UT, USA, Howard Hughes

Medical Institute

马丁·埃文斯爵士英国

Cardiff University, Cardiff,

United Kingdom

奥利弗·史密斯

美国

University of North Carolina,

Chapel Hill, NC, USA 弗朗索瓦丝·巴尔-西诺西

法国

Regulation of Retroviral Infections Unit, Virology

Department, Institut Pasteur,

Paris, France

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2002

2001

吕克·蒙塔尼法国World Foundation for AIDS

Research and Prevention,

Paris, France

哈拉尔德·楚尔·豪森德国

German Cancer Research Center,

Heidelberg, Germany

伊丽莎白·布莱克本澳大利亚

University of California, San

Francisco, CA, USA 卡罗尔·格雷德

美国 Johns Hopkins University

School of Medicine, Baltimore,

MD, USA

杰克·绍斯塔克

英国Harvard Medical School,Boston, MA, USA, Massachusetts

General Hospital, Boston, MA,

USA, Howard Hughes Medical

Institute 2010罗伯特·杰弗里·爱德华兹

英国

University of Cambridge,Cambridge, United Kingdom 布鲁斯·巴特勒

美国

University of Texas

Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA, The Scripps Research Institute, La

Jolla, CA, USA

朱尔斯·霍尔曼法国University of Strasbourg,

Strasbourg, France

拉尔夫 ·斯坦曼美国Rockefeller University, New

York, NY, USA 约翰·格登爵士

英国

Gurdon Institute, Cambridge,

United Kingdom 山中伸弥

日本

Kyoto University, Kyoto,Japan, Gladstone Institutes,

San Francisco, CA, USA 詹姆斯·E·罗斯曼美国

Yale University, New Haven,

CT, USA 兰迪-W.谢克曼美国

University of California,Berkeley, CA, USA, Howard Hughes Medical Institute 托马斯-C.苏德霍夫德国

Stanford University, Stanford,CA, USA, Howard Hughes Medical

Institute 约翰-欧基夫美国

University College, London,

United Kingdom 梅-布莱特-莫索尔挪威

Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU),

Trondheim, Norway 爱德华-莫索尔挪威

Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU),

Trondheim, Norway

2014

2008

2009

2011

2012

2013

威廉·C·坎贝尔爱尔兰Drew University, Madison, NJ,

USA

聪大村日本Kitasato University, Tokyo,

Japan

屠呦呦中国China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing,

China

2016大隅良典日本Tokyo Institute of Technology,

Tokyo, Japan

杰弗里?霍尔美国University of Maine, Maine,

ME, USA

迈克尔?罗斯巴什美国Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA, Howard Hughes Medical

Institute

迈克尔?杨美国Rockefeller University, New

York, NY, USA

2015 2017

英文颁奖词

for his work on serum therapy, especially its

application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the

foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it

in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science

in recognition of his work on the physiology of

digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged

for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis

in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases

for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland

in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins,including the nucleic substances

for his work on the dioptrics of the eye

in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs in recognition of his work on anaphylaxis

for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus

for his discoveries relating to immunity

for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism

for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle

in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system

in recognition of their work on immunity

文颁奖词、颁奖词译文、感想）

for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle

for the discovery of insulin

for his discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram

for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma

for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica

for his work on typhus

for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin

for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins for his discovery of human blood groups

for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme

for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons

for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity

for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia

for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development

for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses

for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid

for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration

for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil

for his discovery of vitamin K

for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres

for the discovery of penicillin and its curative

effect in various infectious diseases

for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation

for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen

for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods

for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs

for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses

for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it

for his discovery of streptomycin, the first

antibiotic effective against tuberculosis

for his discovery of the citric acid cycle

for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance

for intermediary metabolism

for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes

for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system

for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles

for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events

for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria

for their discovery of the mechanisms in the

biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid

for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance

for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea

for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for

structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material

for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane

for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism

for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis

for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses

for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer

for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis

for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses

mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses

for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation

for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones

for their discoveries concerning the chemical

structure of antibodies

for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns

for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell

for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell

for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases

for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain

for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones

for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics

for the development of computer assisted tomography

for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions

for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres

for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system

for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances

for her discovery of mobile genetic elements

for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies

and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism

for their discoveries of growth factors

for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity

for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment

for their discovery of the cellular origin of

retroviral oncogenes

for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease

for their discoveries concerning the function of

single ion channels in cells

for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism