exercises 7 & Keys

Ex. Revise each of the following sentences in which the reference of the pronoun is ambiguous or faulty.

1) Some people claim that it is almost meaningless to send greeting cards, but others believe that it is worth preserving.

2) My father is extremely intelligent, though he does not always express it in a verbal form.

3) The English taught in elementary school included a weekly spelling test, but they did little to improve my oral use of language.

4) She talked incessantly about her operation, which was distressing.

5) When she thrust a stick into the rat hole, it ran out and bit her.

6) Because I studied about Greek civilization last term, I want to visit it during the summer.

7) Most of the buildings were wooden because it was plentiful.

8) The apple trees are truly laden with them.

9) We were having a great time at the picnic when it started to rain. It depressed our spirits for a while but we finally decided to go on with it despite the weather.

10) The poet is widely admired, but it is very difficult to make a living at it.

11) Jimmy blamed the police officer for the ticket, which was foolish.

12) She wanted to go downstairs and say something to her arguing parents so that it would make things better.

13) When the moon and stars come out, it is beautiful.

14) My father is affectionate but has difficulty showing it.

15) The first piano was created in 1709 by Bartolomeo Cristofori; this revolutionized the music world.

16) Mary called her aunt every day when she was in hospital.

17) The main reason Betsy didn’t get along with George was her quick temper.

18) Many old people have difficulty digesting the sausage in a French restaurant; yet that is their favorite food.

19) In the story it says that the past is always implicit in the present.

20) Jack could have finished college three years ago if he had not wasted them.

21) When burying their dead in pyramids, the Egyptians covered them with gold and silver.

22) Jenny didn’t buy the jacket, which was stingy.

23) After the carpenter placed the nail in his toolbox, it disappeared.

24) Television programs have a negative influence on children because they are so bad.

25) The salesman told the customer that he had chosen the worst car for the money.

Reference Keys:

1) Some people claim that it is almost meaningless to send greeting cards, but others believe that send greeting cards is worth preserving.

2) My father is extremely intelligent, though he does not always express his intelligence in a verbal form.

3) The English taught in elementary school included a weekly spelling test, but the tests did little to improve my oral use of language.

4) She talked incessantly about her distressing operation.

5) When she thrust a stick into the rat hole, the rat ran out and bit her.

6) Because I studied about Greek civilization last term, I want to visit Greek during the summer.

7) Most of the buildings were wooden because the wood was plentiful.

8) The apple trees are truly laden with apples.

9) We were having a great time at the picnic when it started to rain. The rain depressed our spirits for a while but we finally decided to go on with the picnic despite the weather.

10) The poet is widely admired, but it is very difficult to make a living at writing poems.

11) Jimmy foolishly blamed the police officer for the ticket.

12) She wanted to go downstairs and say something to her arguing parents so that her persuasion would make things better.

13) When the moon and stars come out, the sky is beautiful.

14) My father is affectionate but has difficulty showing his affection.

15) The first piano was created in 1709 by Bartolomeo Cristofori; this invention revolutionized the music world.

16) Mary called her aunt every day when Mary’s aunt was in hospital.

17) The main reason Betsy didn’t get along with George was Betsy’s quick temper.

18) Many old people have difficulty digesting the sausage in a French restaurant; yet the sausage is their favorite food.

19) The story tells us that the past is always implicit in the present.

20) Jack could have finished college three years ago if he had not wasted the time.

21) When burying their dead in pyramids, the Egyptians covered the bodies with gold and silver.

22) Jenny didn’t buy the jacket because she was stingy.

23) The nail disappeared after the carpenter placed it in his toolbox.

24) Television programs are so bad because they have a negative influence on children.

25) The salesman told the customer that the customer had chosen the worst car for the money.

语言学概论Chapter+1+Exercises

Chapter 1 Introduction I. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement. 1. If a study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be ______________. A. prescriptive B. analytic C. descriptive D. linguistic 2. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language? A. Arbitrariness B. Displacement C. Duality D. Meaningfulness 3. Modern linguistics regards the written language as ____________. A. primary B. correct C. secondary D. stable 4. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because ___________. A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing B. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue. D. All of the above 5. A historical study of language is a ____ study of language. A. synchronic B. diachronic C. prescriptive D. comparative 6. Saussure took a(n) __________ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a ________ point of view. A. sociological, psychological B. Psychological, sociological C. applied, pragmatic D. semantic, linguistic 7. According to F. de Saussure, ____ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. A. parole B. performance C. Langue D. language 8. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _________ and meanings. A. sense B. Sounds C. objects D. ideas 9. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called_________. A. displacement B. duality C. flexibility D. cultural transmission

语言学Chapter课后练习答案

Chapter 4 Revision Exercises 1. What is syntax? Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences. 2. What is phrase structure rule? The grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements (i.e. specifiers, heads, and complements) that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule. The phrase structural rule for NP, VP, AP, and PP can be written as follows: NP→(Det) N (PP) ... VP→(Qual) V (NP) ... AP→(Deg) A (PP) ... PP→(Deg) P (NP) ... We can formulate a single general phrasal structural rule in which X stands for the head N, V, A or P. The XP rule: XP→(specifier) X (complement) 3. What is category? How to determine a word’s category? Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb. To determine a word's category, three criteria are usually employed, namely meaning, inflection and distribution. The most reliable of determining a word’s category is its distribution. 4. What is coordinate structure and what properties does it have? The structure formed by joining two or more elements of the same type with the help of a conjunction is called coordinate structure. It has four important properties: 1)there is no limit on the number of coordinated categories that can appear prior to the conjunction. 2) a category at any level (a head or an entire XP) can be coordinated. 3)coordinated categories must be of the same type. 4)the category type of the coordinate phrase is identical to the category type of the elements being conjoined. 5. What elements does a phrase contain and what role does each element play? A phrase usually contains the following elements: head, specifier and complement. Sometimes it also contains another kind of element termed modifier. The role each element can play:

语言学练习Exercise 5

E111 1125110312 张翩翩 Exercise 5 I. State whether each of the following statements is True or False. (30 points) F 1. A grammatical sentence is also meaningful. F 2. Some words are always superordinates while some others are always hyponyms. F 3. Synonyms are those words that can be used interchangeably in all contexts. F 4. Antonyms have opposite meanings. F 5. All English words have their referents. T 6. The principle of compositionality refers to the idea that the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined. T 7. One advantage of componential analysis is that by specifying the semantic features of words, it will be possible to show how these words are related in meaning. F 8. In the classic semantic triangle, the symbol is directly related to the referent. T 9. The superordinate term is more inclusive in meaning than its hyponyms. T 10. To understand a sentence, we need knowledge about its syntactic structure and the meanings of the words used in it. II. Give the respective antonym for each of the following words and then tell to which category they belong. (32 points) 1. boy – ( girl ) ( complementary antonymy ) 2. wide – (narrow) (gradable antonymy) 3. lengthy –(brief ) (gradable antonymy) 4. thin – ( thick) (gradable antonymy ) 5. dead – (alive ) (complementary antonymy) 6. interviewer – (interviewee ) (converse antonymy) 7. sell – (buy) (converse antonymy) 8. teacher – (student ) (converse antonymy) III. Study the following pairs of words. What is the sense relation between these pairs of words? (18 points) (1) shallow / deep ( antonymy ) (2) mature / ripe ( synonymy)

语言学试题

I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general. 3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks. 4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts. 5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole. 6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study. 7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication. 8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences. 9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology. 10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences. 11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics. 12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings. 13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context. 14. Social changes can often bring about language changes. 15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society. 16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive. 17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar. 18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time. 19. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the spoken language.

英语语言学练习题(含答案))

Ⅰ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general. 3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks. 4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts. 5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole. 6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other are as, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and me thods applicable in any linguistic study. 7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication. 8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaning ful sentences. 9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to fo rm words is called morphology. 10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only st udies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences. 11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics. 12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings. 13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies

语言学Exercises

语言学Exercises 1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human __________ A. contact B. communication C. relation D. community 2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? A. tree B. typewriter C. crash D. bang 3. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation? A. Transferability B. Duality C. Displacement D. Arbitrariness 4. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed ___Creativity_______. 5. Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. This function is _____Metalingual function_____. 6. __________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances. A. Performance B. Competence C. Langue D. Parole 7. __________ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language. A. Psycholinguistics B. Anthropological linguistics C. Sociolinguistics D. Applied linguistics 8. Modern linguistics is __descriptive________ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe. 9. The description of a language as it changes through time is a __diachronic________ study. 10. Saussure put forward two important concepts. __Langue________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community. 11. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s __competence________. 12.Decide whether the following statements are true or false. （1） Language is written because writing is the primary medium for all languages. F （2） F. de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20th century, was a French(Swiss) linguist. F （3）All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms(有的有有的没有). F （4）A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time is an example of the diachronic(synchronic) study of language. F （5）Speech and writing came into being at much the same time不对in human history. F 13. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds? A. Acoustic phonetics B. Articulatory phonetics

对比语言学_Exercise I及参考答案

141019 Exercise I A.In translating the following sentence into Chinese, He (Nixon) has not settled anything with China, and he has un doubtedly un settled a lot of things in Tokyo and Moscow along the way… Quite a number of students rendered it erroneously as: 他同中国没有解决什么问题，毫无疑问，同时他在东京和莫斯科也没有解决什么问题。 Questions： 1.What is the right way of putting it into Chinese? 2.What do you think might have caused the students to produce that wrong translation? 他同中国没有解决什么问题，毫无疑问，与此同时他却把同东京和莫斯科的许多事情搞糟了。 B.It is interesting to note that in the following sentence. The door is unlockable. the word unlockable may have two different meanings due to the fact that its structure can be analyzed in two different ways, and therefore the sentence is ambiguous. Questions: 1.Give two structural analyses of the word “unlockable”. 2.Show the two meanings of the sentence by providing two English paraphrases. 3.Produce two Chinese translations of the sentence corresponding to its two meanings. 1）

语言学练习 Exercises for chapter 1

Exercises for chapter 1 Exercise I For the following English sentences, please judge whether they are acceptable or unacceptable, well-formed or ill-formed. How do you know they are the cases you judge ? a.Tom seems asleep b.Tom seems sleeping c.John wants Bill to go. d.John wants Bill go. e.Colorless green ideas sleep furiously. f.Colorless sleep green furiously ideas. g.地球围着太阳转。 h.太阳围着地球转。 i.太阳转围地球着。 j.I knew that she was ill, but I was wrong. k.My goldfish thinks that I’m a very bad cook. l.My wife is not my wife. m.My toothbrush is pregnant again. Exercise II The following statements about human language may be appropriate or inappropriate, please give your judgments according to what we have explained in the text. https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d18468104.html,nguage is a symbolic system for communication. https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d18468104.html,nguage is mainly for thinking, not necessarily for communication. https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d18468104.html,nguage is also a biological product and has biological properties. https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d18468104.html,nguage is outside(external to) the human body. e.There are constraints on what can be a language. It is not true that any symbolic system can serve as a human language. https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d18468104.html,nguage is a social product. https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d18468104.html,nguage is inside the human body. h.Knowing a language undergoes a biological process. Knowing a language is a biological process rather than a social process. Exercise III Discuss the following sentences, some of them may have two different interpretations, give an appropriate paraphrase for each interpretation. a.He loves me more than you. b.Who do you want to / wanna help? c.Visiting relatives can be a nuisance. d.The president is eager/easy to pleas e. e.They are hunting dogs. f.Who would you like to visit?

语言学Chapter4课后练习答案

Chap ter 4 Revisi on Exercises 1. What is syn tax Syn tax is a branch of lin guistics that studies how words are comb ined to form senten ces and the rules that gover n the formati on of senten ces. 2. What is p hrase structure rule The grammatical mecha nism that regulates the arran geme nt of eleme nts . sp ecifiers, heads, and compi eme nts) that make up a p hrase is called a p hrase structure rule. The p hrase structural rule for NP, VP, AP, and PP can be writte n as follows: Ni (Det) N (PP) ... Vi (Qual) V (NP) ... Ai (Deg) A (PP) ... PP^ (Deg) P (NP) ... We can formulate a si ngle gen eral p hrasal structural rule in which X sta nds for the head N, V, A or P The XP rule: XP> (sp ecifier) X (co mp leme nt) 3. What is category How to determine a word ' s category Category refers to a group of lin guistic items which fulfill the same or similar fun cti ons in a p articular Ian guage such as a senten ce, a noun p hrase or a verb. To determ ine a word's category, three criteria are usually empio yed, n amely meaning, inflection and distribution. The most reliable of determining a word s category is its distributio n. there is no limit on the nu mber of coord in ated categories that can app ear p rior to the conjun cti on. a category at any level a head or an en tire XP can be coord in ated. coord in ated categories must be of the same type. the category type of the coord in ate p hrase is ide ntical to the category type of the eleme nts being conj oin ed. 5. What eleme nts does a p hrase contain and what role does each eleme nt p lay A p hrase usually contains the followi ng eleme nts: head, sp ecifier and comp leme nt. Sometimes it also contains ano ther ki nd of eleme nt termed modifier. The role each eleme nt can play: Head: 4. What is coord in ate structure and what prop erties does it have The structure formed by joining two or more eleme nts of the same type with the help of a conjun cti on is called coord in ate structure. It has four imp orta nt prop erties: 1) 2) 3) 4)

《英语语言学概论》题与答案

Exercises I.Multiple Choice 1. __________ studies language change over time in contrast to looking at language as it is used at a given moment. A. Diachronic linguistics B. Synchronic linguistics C. Prescriptive linguistics D. Comparative linguistics 2. Of all the speech organs, the ______ is/are the most flexible. A. mouth B. lips C. tongue D. vocal cords 3. In terms of place of articulation, the following sounds [p], [b], [m] and [w]share the feature of ______. A. palatal B. alveolar C. bilabial D. dental 4. A(n) ______ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features. A. phone B. sound C. allophone D. phoneme 5. Which of the following sound description is for [d]? A. voiced labiodental fricative B. voiced alveolar stop

Exercise 语言和语言学

Exercise 11 Language and Linguistics语言和语言学 1. According to F. de Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. A. parole B. Performance C. langue D. Language 2. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _______ and meanings. A. sense B. sounds C. objects D. ideas 3. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called _______, A. displacement B. duality C. flexibility D. cultural transmission 4. The study of language as a whole is often called _______________. A. general linguistics B. Sociolinguistics C. psycholiguistics D. apllied linguistics 5. The descriptiong of a language at some point in time is a study___________ A. diachronic B. synchronic C. descrpitve D. prescriptive 6. Findings in linguistics studies can often be applied to the solutions of some practical problems, the study of such applications is known as __________. A. anthropological linguistics B. computational linguistics C. applied linguistics D. mathematical linguistics 7. Which of the following isn?t a major branch of linguistics? A. Phonology B. Syntax C. Pragmatics D. Speech 8. As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for “correct” linguistic behaviour, it is said to be ____. A. prescriptive B. sociolinguistic C. descriptive D. Psycholinguistic 9. The famous quotation from Shakespeare's play “Romeo and Juliet” …A rose by any other name would smell as sweet? well illustrates ________. A. the conventional nature of language B. the creative nature of language C. the universality of language D. the big difference between human language and animal communication 10. Chomsky uses the term _________ to refer to the actual realization of a language user?s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication. A. langue B. competence C. parole D. performance 11. According to Chomsky, which is the ideal user's internalized knowledge of his language? A. competence B. parole C. performance D. langue 12. Which of the following statements about language is NOT true? A. Language is a system B. Language is symbolic C. Animals also have language D. Language is arbitrary 13. The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it?" is________. A. informative B. phatic