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Where在定义从句的用法

在高中的英语学习中,我们都知道,where在定语从句中用作关系副词,作状语,先行词一般指地点。例如:

This is the farm where we worked when we were young.

这就是我们年轻时候在此干活的农场。

He met his wife in the park where they fell in love with each other.他是在这个公园遇到他的妻子,就是在那里,他们相爱了。

当然,在实际的英语学习中,where在定语从句中的用法远不是这么简单,相反,要复杂得多,为了让学生对where在定语从句中的用法有更好的了解,下面我就对学生在学习过程中的重难点问题谈一谈它的用法。

一、某些在从句中充当地点状语的“介词+关系词”结构可以与where 互换,where=in/at/on/...which

例如:This is the house in which I lived two years ago.这是我两年前住过的房子。

This is the house where I lived two years ago.

在英语学习中,并不是单纯地让学生知道where的这种用法就可以了,很多时候学生要掌握where和其他词的用法的区别,才能更好地把握定语从句的用法。例如:

This is the factory where/in which you worked last year.

This is the factory that/which/you visited last year.

在第一句中,关系词在定语从句中作状语,所以用关系副词where或者in which,因为定语从句中worked 是个不及物动词;而在第二句中,关系词在定语从句中做宾语,因此用that或which,还可以省略,visited是个及物动词。学生有时还会碰到更复杂的情况。例如: Is this factory the one that/which/\ you visited last year?

Is this factory the one where/in which you lived last year?

Is this the factory where/in which you lived last year?

这几个句子比前面的两个句子又复杂,除了要区别关系词在定语句子作什么成分,还要注意到前两个句子缺成分,所以要补充 the one。

二、where定语从句修饰抽象名词

where引导的定语从句的先行词大多数情况下是表示地点的名词,但也有特殊情况。如果定语从句修饰point,situation,part,condition和case等表示抽象意义的词,关系词在定语从句中充当状语时,常用where 引导,意思是“到了某种地步,在某种境况中”。为了帮助同学们熟悉这一语言现象,正确掌握这一知识点,对where定语从句修饰抽象名词的用法作一归纳。

1) where定语从句修饰抽象名词point

Y ou reach a point where medicine can’t help. 你已到了药物无法治疗的地步。

We have reached a point where a change is needed.我们到了必须改一改的地步。

注:有时point也可以是具体的地点:

The accident happened at the point where the A15 joins the M1. 事故发生在A15与M1交叉的十字路口。

2) where定语从句修饰抽象名词case

There are cases where the word “mighty” is used as an adverb. 在一些情况下,mighty一词可用作副词。

3) where定语从句修饰抽象名词activity

Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity where sight matters more than hearing.那些失聪的成功舞蹈演员们认为,舞蹈是一种让人看胜过让人听的活动。

4) where定语从句修饰抽象名词situation

He got into a situation where it is hard to decide what is right and wrong. 他陷入一种难以分辨是非的局面。

5) where定语从句修饰抽象名词position

It’s put me in a position where I can’t afford to take the job. 这使我陷入一种不能接受此工作的境地。

6) where定语从句修饰抽象名词job

She wants a job where her management skills can be put to good use. 她想找一份能将她的管理技能派上用场的工作。

当然了,我们碰到这些词作为先行词时并不一定都用where,我们也要具体情况具体分析,他们只有在定语从句中作状语时才用where。

例如:We are trying to reach a point ____ both sides will sit down together and talk.

A. which

B. that

C. where

D. when

---Do you have anything to say for yourself?

---Y es, there’s one point ____ we must insist on.

A. why

B. where

C. how

D. /

上面两个句子虽然先行词相同,都是point,但是由于他们在定语从句中充当的成分不同,所以我们在选择关系词时就要区别对待。第一个句子中关系词在句中作状语,所以选择where关系副词;第二个句子中关系词在定语从句中做宾语,所以选择关系代词that,which 或者不填,这样第一题选择C,第二题选择D。

三、where与其他从句的区别。我们来看看下面几个句子。

where\that

1.This is the library _____I borrowed the book.

2.It is from this library ____I borrowed the book.

3.---Where did you last see Mr. Smith?

---It was in the hotel____ I lived.

A. that

B. which

C. where

D. when

第一句是由where引导的定语从句,第二句中去掉it is… that句子就变成 I borrowed the book from the library,句子依然完整,所以他是一个强调句,我们就用that。第三题我们常常会出错,咋一看像个强调句,从语法上也能解释得通,去掉it was...that句子依然完整,但是整个句子就变成这个意思:—你最后在哪儿遇到Mr. Smith?—我住在那个宾馆。整个句子答非所问。这个地方看成定语从句,后面省略了一个强调句,把它补充完整就是It was in the hotel where I lived that I last saw Mr. Smith. 这句话的意思就是“你最后在哪儿遇到Mr. Smith?在我住的那个宾馆”。它是一个定语从句和强调句的结合。下面的句子是一个同时由where引导的定语从句和表语从句的结合。The place where the bridge is supposed to be built should be where the cross-river traffic is the he aviest.

四、where在特殊情况下的用法。

在有些语境中,我们使用where时要仔细考虑,谨慎使用,比如下面几个句子。

1.The train on which she was travelling was late.

2.Here is a dictionary, in which you can look up the words you want to know.

3.There is no such dictionary where/in which you can find everything.

第1句中,用on which意思就是他去旅行乘坐的火车晚点了,我们如果换成where,意思就发生了变化,意思变成他就是在这辆火车上旅行的,它晚点了。第2句也不能换成where,因为look up the words in the dictionary 是固定搭配,就用in which,这是它和第3句的区别

所在。第3句是you can find everything in the dictionary,它就是单纯地表地点,因此用where 和in which都可以。

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