职称英语卫生类A级阅读复习讲义

2015年职称英语卫生类A级阅读复习讲义(1)

DO Patients Trust Doctors Too Much?

Earlier this year, the American College of Surgeons, the national scientific and educational organization of surgeons, conducted a nationwide survey that found that the average patient devotes an hour or less to researching his or her surgery or surgeon. While prospective patients worry about the costs or complications of an operation, they don’t necessarily look for information that would address their concerns.

In fact, more than a third of patients who had an operation in the last five years never reviewed the credentials of the surgeon who operated. Patients are more likely to spend time researching a job change (on average, about 10 hours) or a new car (8 hours) than the operation they are about to submit to or the surgeon who wields the knife. And many patients are satisfied with the answers they receive from their surgeon or primary care doctor, whoever those individuals happen to be.

I felt curious about the survey, so I called Dr. Thomas Russell, executive director of the American College of Surgeons. “There is a tendency for patients not to get probably involved and not to feel compelled to look into their surgery or surgeons,” he told me.

There are consequences to that kind of blin d trust. “Today, medicine and surgery are really team sports,” Dr. Russell continued, “and the patient, as the ultimate decision maker, is the most important member of the team. Mistakes can happen, and patients have to be educated and must understand what is going on.”

In other words, a healthy doctor-patient relationship does not simply entail good bedside manners and responsible office management on the part of the doctor. It also requires that patients come to the relationship educated about their doctors, their illnesses and their treatment.

“If we are truly going to reform the health care system in the U.S.,” Dr. Russell said, “everybody has to participate actively and must educate themselves. That means doctors, nurses, other health care professionals, lawyers, pharmaceutical companies, and insurance companies. But most of all, it means the patient.”

Trust is important. But as Sir Francis Bacon, who was among the first to understand the importance of gathering data in science, once observed, knowledge is power.

病人太信任医生?

今年早些时候，作为国家级外科医生的科学及教育机构的美国外科医生学会进行了一次全国普查调查发现病人用于咨询自己的手术或是外科医生的时间平均不到一个小时。尽管即将成为病人的人们担心手术的费用或是手术引起的并发症，但他们却不会查询那些可能为他们解决问题的信息。

事实上，过去五年来超过三分之一的做过手术的病人从未审核过主刀医生的资格凭证。病人更愿意花时间寻找跳槽的机会(平均为10小时)或是查询一辆新车(8小时)，也不会查询要做的手术或是主刀医生的信息。无论主刀医生和初级护理的医生是谁，许多病人都对他们给出的答案感到满意。

对这一调查结果我感到很好奇，于是打电话给美国外科医生学会的执行理事托马斯·罗素博士。“病人通常不倾向于参与其中，也不感到必须要询问手术或是医生”，他这样告诉我。

这样的盲目信任是要付出代价的。“现在，内科与外科治疗都属于团队行为”，罗素博士接着说道“而病人作为最终的决策者是这个团队最重要的成员。错误时有发生，病人必须知情，必须了解事情的进展。”

换言之，健康的医患关系不是简单需要医生单方面的精心照顾和负责任的事务管理，同时需要病人了解自己的医生、疾病和治疗方案。

“如果我们真的要改革美国的医疗保险制度”，罗素博士说，“每个人都必须积极地参与进来，进行自我教育，包括医生、护士、其他医保专业人士、律师、制药公司和保险公司，但最重要的是病人自身。”

2015年职称英语卫生类A级阅读复习讲义(2)

Cooking Oil Fumes Cause Tumor

The leading cause of lung cancer among women in the city was cooking oil fumes while men are more likely to develop the disease from smoking, said medical experts after a five-year research study.

Doctors announced the results yesterday with analysis on some new tendencies in lung cancer.They said patients are younger, especially women.

According to the Shanghai Tumor research Institute, more local residents die of lung cancer in the city than anything else.Following breast cancer, it has the second-highest incidence rate.

"An unhealthy lifestyle is a very important reason for lung cancer, "said Dr He Yumin from Shanghai Minshen Traditional Chinese Medicine Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment Center.

He followed 2,276 lung cancer patients for five years.Among them,l,483 were male.

Smoking causes 70 percent of cases among men while only l8 percent of female patients developed cancer from smoking or inhaling second-hand smoke, according to the report.

However, more than 60 percent of women with the disease had long term, close contact with strong oil fumes from cooking and complained about1 irritated eyes and throat.

About 32 percent of women fried foods in boiling oil in unventilated kitchens and about 25 percent of women's bedrooms were adjacent to2 the kitchen.

However, local women were surprised to learn cooking oil fumes could lead to cancer.Some claimed they may change food preparation methods.

"Unless my family and I don't eat at home every day, I must stay in the kitchen to cook, "said Xu Li, a 45-year-old local woman."I know the fumes are bad for the skin, but it is the first time I heard that it can result in lung cancer.I have already started frying less."

Doctors said women's lung cancer had few links to personal health and physical condition, but was closely related to family cancer history, unhealthy dietary habits and weak immune systems.

Other experts agreed with he3.

"Smoking is by far the biggest cause4 of lung cancer for men, "said Dr Tan Binyong, honorary president of the Respiratory Disease Institute at Fudan University's Medical College."It's true that second-hand smoke and cooking fumes are the main causes among women."

He's research also warned people not to stand near of stalls selling5 fried foods due to the poor quality of oils used.

The chance of catching lung cancer is three times higher if exposed to the fume for a long time, 6experts said.

烹调油烟导致肿瘤

导致女性肺癌的城市被烹调油烟的同时，男性更有可能吸烟，患该病，医学专家说5年的研究后。

医生们昨天宣布这一结果与分析对肺癌的一些新趋势。他们认为病人越来越年轻化，尤其是女性。

据上海肿瘤研究所，更多的当地居民死于肺癌的城市比任何事情都重要。以下的乳腺癌，它的第二个发生率最高。

“不健康的生活方式是肺癌的一个很重要的原因，博士说：”他渔民从上海民生中医肿瘤诊治中心。

他跟着2276肺癌患者五年。其中，L，483为男性。

吸烟仅18 %的女性病人从吸烟或吸二手烟导致的癌症在男性百分之70例，根据报告。

然而，超过百分之60的女性患者有长期，密切与厨房油烟接触和抱怨有关刺激眼睛和喉咙。

大约百分之32的妇女油炸食品在沸腾的油在不通风的厨房和对女性的百分之25间卧室紧邻厨房。

然而，当地妇女惊讶地学习烹调油烟可导致癌症。有人声称，他们可以改变食品的制备方法。

“除非我和我的家人不在家每天吃的，我必须呆在厨房做饭，”徐立说，一个45岁的当地妇女。“我知道油烟对皮肤不好，但这是我第一次听说它可以导致肺癌。我已经开始炒少。”

医生说，女性患肺癌的个人健康和身体状况的几个链接，但是癌症家族史密切相关的，不健康的饮食习惯和脆弱的免疫系统。

其他专家同意He3。

“到目前为止，吸烟是男性肺癌的最大的因素，”谭binyong博士说，在复旦大学医学院呼吸道疾病研究院名誉院长。“这是真的，二手烟和烹调油烟是妇女的主要原因。”

他的研究也警告人们不要站在摊位selling5油炸食品由于使用油的质量差。

词汇：

fume 烟，气，汽

tumor(=tumour) n.肿瘤

cancer癌瘤

breast乳房，胸

incidence发生(率)

diagnosis诊断

inhale秒.吸人

irritate使疼痛，刺激

fry钐.油炸，油煎

unventilate使不通风

adjacent.临近的

dietary饮食的

immune吐免疫的

honorary名誉上的;荣誉的

respiratory呼吸的

stall货摊

注释：

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/41978042.html,plain原意是“抱怨，诉苦"，但医学上常用complain about或complain of表示“主诉”。

2.adjacent to：与……相毗邻，临近……(地方)

3.Other experts agreed with he.其他专家同意何医生的意见。agree with sb：同意某人的意见。agree with sth：同意什么东西。agree to do sth：同意做什么事情。

4.by far the biggest cause：最最大的原因。by far是用来做形容词最高级the biggest的状语，对形容词最高级起强调作用。本来形容词最高级就已经是最高了，可是说话的人还要对它再强调出来，所以就相当汉语的“最最……”的意思。

5...warned people not to stand near of stalls selling...：警告人们不要站在卖……的货摊附近。也可以说成"... warned people off stalls selling..."。

6....if exposed to the fume for a long time：...如果长时间接触这种烟的话。expose sb.to sth. 原意是“使...... (人)暴露于...... (物)”，但医学文献中常常用来表达“接触到……(物)"的意思。此处if引导的条件状语从句相当于“if one is exposed to the fume for a long time"。

练习：

1.What a new tendency in lung cancer is concluded by the researchers?

A Men are more likely to develop lung cancer than women.

B Women are more likely to develop lung cancer than men.

C Patients with lung cancer become older, especially males.

D Patients with lung cancer become younger, especially females.

2.Which of the following diseases is the most common among the local residents in Shanghai?

A Heart disease.

B Breast cancer.

C Infectious diseases.

D Lung cancer.

3.What symptoms may be' complained of by most women with lung cancer after long term, close contact with cooking oil fumes?

A Irritated eyes and throat.

B Severe pain in both lungs.

C Continuous cough and headache.

D Difficulty in breathin9.

4.What was the local women's reaction when they learned that cooking oil fumes could lead to cancer?

A Happy.

B Surprised.

C Angry.

D Careless

5.Which of the following has relatively little connection with women's lung cancer?

A Family cancer history.

B Unhealthy dietary habits.

C Weak immune systems.

D Personal health and physical condition.

2015年职称英语卫生类A级阅读复习讲义(3)

Migrant Workers

移民工人

In the past twenty years, there has been an increasing tendency for workers to move from one country to another. While some newly independent countries have understandably restricted most jobs to local people, others have attracted and welcomed migrant workers. This is particularly the case in the Middle East,1 where increased oil incomes have enabled many countries to call in outsiders to improve local facilities. Thus the Middle East has attracted oil-workers from the USA and Europe. It has brought in construction workers and technicians from many countries, including South Korea and Japan.

In view of the difficult living and working conditions in the Middle East, 2 it is not surprising that the pay is high to attract suitable workers. Many engineers and technicians can earn at least twice as much money in the Middle East as they can in their own country, and this is a major attraction. An allied benefit is the low taxation or complete lack of it. 3 This increases the net amount of pay received by visiting workers and is very popular with them.

Sometimes a disadvantage has a compensating advantage. For example, the difficult living conditions often lead to increased friendship when workers have to depend on each other for safety and comfort. In a similar way, many migrant workers can save large sums of money partly because of the lack of entertainment facilities. The work is often complex and full of problems but this merely presents greater challenge to engineers who prefer to find solutions to problems ratherhan do routine work in their home country.

One major problem which affects migrant workers in the Middle East is that their jobs are temporary ones. They are nearly always on contract, so it is not easy for them to plan ahead with great confidence. This is to be expected since no country welcomes a large number of foreign workers as permanent residents. In any case , migrant workers accept this disadvantage, along with others, because of the considerable financial benefits which they receive.

在过去的20年，工人从一个国家到另一个国家的趋势越来越大。一些刚刚独立的国家把大部分工作留给当地人，这一点是可以理解的，而另一些却吸引和欢迎移民工人。中东地区的情况尤为如此。那里增加的石油收入使很多国家能够召集外面的人来改进本地设施。因

此中东吸引了来自美国和欧洲的石油工人。它还从包括韩国和日本的许多国家引入了建筑工人和技师。

由于中东地区艰苦的生活和工作条件，吸引合适的工人的费用是很高的，这不足为奇。许多工程师和技师在中东至少可以挣到他们在自己国家两倍的收入，这是最大的吸引力。一个相关的好处是这里的税收低，或者根本就不收税。这增加了来访工人的净收入，而且很受他们欢迎。

有时一个劣势就有一个补偿的优势。例如，艰苦的生活条件常常导致更深的友谊，因为工人们为了安全和舒适必须互相依赖。同样，许多移民工人能够存很多钱，部分原因是因为那里缺少娱乐设施。工作通常是复杂的，而且充满问题，但是这会向那些更愿解决问题而不是在自己国家里做例行工作的工程师们提出更大的挑战。

影响中东的移民工人的一个主要问题是他们的工作是暂时性的。他们几乎都是合同工，所以要让他们很有信心地事前做出计划是很难的。人们希望这样，是因为没有一个国家欢迎大量的外国工人作为永久居民。无论如何，移民工人像接受其他不足一样接受这个不足，因为他们得到的是可观的经济利益。

2015年职称英语卫生类A级阅读复习讲义(4)

Dreams 梦之闲话

Everyone can dream.Indeed, everyone does dream.Those who claim that they never dream at all actually dream just as frequently as the rest of us, though they may not remember anything about it.Even those of us who are perfectly aware of dreaming night after night very seldom remember those dreams in great detail but merely retain an untidy mixture of seemingly unrelated impressions. Dreams are not simply visual-we dream with all our sense , so that we appear to experience sound, touch, smell, and taste.

One of the world's oldest known written documents is the Egyptian Book of Dreams.This volume is about five thousand years old, so you can see that dreams were believed to have a special significance even then.Many ancient civilizations believed that you should never ask a sleeping person as, during sleep, the soul had left the body and might not be able to return in time if the sleeper were suddenly awoken .

From ancient times to the present day ,people have been making attempts to interpret dreams and to explain their significance.There are many books available on the subject of dream interpretation.although unfortunately there are almost as many meanings for a particular dream as there are books.

人人都会做梦，也确实每个人睡觉都做梦。那些声称睡觉从来不做梦的人其实都有做梦，而且做梦的频次与其他人一样，只是他们从来记不住自己做的梦而已。即使是那些能清楚地意识到自己夜复一夜都在做梦的人也很少能够把那些细节都描述得淋漓尽致，能记住的也只是一些看起来毫无关联的印象与场景组成的一团混沌。梦境不仅仅是视觉的，我们做梦的时候会牵动我们的各种器官，所以我们在梦里似乎能够听到声音，能触摸到，还能嗅到气味，甚至尝到味道。

埃及的《梦幻书语》是目前世界上所发现的最早关于梦的文本记载。这本书大概5000年的历史，我们可以发现在那个年代，人们就已经相信梦特有的重要性。在很多古老的文明中，人们都坚信不能惊醒睡梦中的人，因为在睡梦中，人的灵魂都会离开身体，如果别惊醒，灵魂也许就不能及时回到身体里。

从古到今，人们就一直试图解析梦境以及其重要性。目前市面上就有很多关于解梦的书，遗憾的是，对于同一个梦，有多少本书就会有多少种解释。

2015年职称英语卫生类A级阅读复习讲义(5)

Scientists Develop Ways of Detecting Heart Attack

科学家探索发现心脏病的方法

German researchers have come up with a new generation of defibrillators and early-warning software aimed at offering heart patients greater protection from sudden death from cardiac arrest.

In Germany alone around 100,000 people die annually as a result of cardiac arrest and many of these cases are caused by disruption to the heart’s rhythm. Those most at risk are patients who have already suffered a heart attack, and for years the use of defibrillators has proved useful in diagnosing life-threatening disruption to heart rnythms and correcting them automatically by intervening within seconds. These devices take on a range of functions, such as that of pacemaker.

Heart specialists at Freiburg’s University Clinic have now achieved a breakthrough with an implanted defibrillator capable of generating a six-channel electrocardiogram (ECG) within the body. This integrated system allows early diagnosis of acute blood-flow problems and a pending heart attack. It will be implanted in patients for the first time this year. Meanwhile, researchers at the Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Mathematics in Kaiserslautern have developed new computer software that renders of ECG data more precise.

The overwhelming majority of patients at risk will not have an implanted defibrillator and must for this reason undergo regular ECGs. “Many of the current programs only take into account a linear correlation of the data. We are, however, making use of a non-linear process that reveals

the chaotic patterns of heart beats as an open and com plex system,” Hagen Knaf says, “In this way changes in the heart beats over time can be monitored and individual variations in patients taken into account.” An old study of ECG data, based upon 600 patients who had suffered a subsequent heart attack, enabled the researchers to compare risks and to show that the new software evaluates the data considerably better.

德国研究者们发明了新一代的除颤器和旨在为心脏病人提供更多保护，使他们免遭心脏停止导致的突然死亡的早期预报软件。

仅在德国每年就有10万人死于心脏停止。其中大部分是由于心律中断导致的。危险最大的是那些已经犯过一次心脏病的病人。几年来除颤器被证实在控测心律中止和在几秒中内实施自动干涉以调整心律的诊断中是有用的。这种方法起到了很多作用，例如起博器。

弗莱伯大学诊所的心脏病专家已经在内置除颤器方面取得了突破性成就。这种除颤器可以在体内产生六个频道的心电图。这个综合体系使血液流通总是和即将发生的心脏病可被早些诊断出来。今年它将第一次被植入病人体内。同时，凯瑟劳特的弗劳胡佛实用数学学院的研究者开发了一种新计算机软件。这种软件使心电图数据更加准确。

大部分有风险的患者不能用内置除颤器，因此必须接受常规的心电图检查。“目前的许多计划只把数据的线形关系考虑在内。但是我们现在使用的是能够将心脏跳动的混乱模工作为一个直观而又复杂的系统提示出来的非线性处理方法”。海根·纳夫说，“这样心脏跳动频率的变化就会受到控制，而病人个人的特征也会得到考虑。”一个基于600位犯心脏病的患者的以前的心电图数据研究使科学家们能够比较两种风险，结果显示新软件明显能更好地处理心电图数据。

2015年职称英语卫生类A级阅读复习讲义(6)

Young Adults Who Exercise Get Higher IQ Scores

(新增)运动的年轻人智商更高

Young adults who are fit have a higher IQ and are more _likely_ to go on to university，reveals a major new study carried out at the Sahlgrenska Academy and Sahlgrenska University Hospital.

The results were recently published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). The study involved 1.2 million Swedish men doing military service who were born between 1950 and 1976. The research group analyzed the results of both physical and IQ tests the youngsters took after they started serving the army. The study shows a clear link _between_ good physical fitness and better results for the IQ test. The strongest links are for _ logical_ thinking

and verbal comprehension. But it is only fitness that plays a _role_ in the results for the IQ

test,and not strength. “Being fit means that you also have good heart and lung capacity_ and that your brain gets plenty of _oxygen ，” says Michael Nilsson, professor at the Sahlgrenska Academy and chief physician at the Sahlgrenska University Hospital. “This may be one of the reasons why_ we can see a clear link with fitness, but not with muscular _strength_. We are also seeing that there are growth factors that are important. ”

By analyzing data for twins, the researchers have been _able_ to determine that it is primarily environmental factors and not genes that explain the link between fitness and a _higher IQ.

“We have also shown that those youngsters who _improve_ their physical fitness between the ages of 15 and 18 increase their cognitive performance,” says Maria Aberg, researcher at the Sahlgrenska Academy and physician at Aby health centre. “This being the case6, physical

_education_ is a subject that has an important place in schools, and is an absolute must if we want to do well in maths and other theoretical subjects.”

The researchers have also compared the results from fitness tests _during national service with the socio-economic status of the men later in life. Those who were fit at 18 were more likely to go into higher education, and many secured more qualified jobs.

瑞典哥德堡大学健康科学研究院和该校校医院的一项最新研究表明，身体健康的年轻人智商更高，进人大学学习的可能性也更高。

研究结果发表在美国国家科学院学报上。这项研究的取样样本是1950—1976年人伍的120万新兵。这些新兵们报到时接受了体能测试和智能测试，研究人员对这两类测试数据进行了分析。研究表明，健康的体能和优秀的智能测试结果之间的联系很明显。最突出的就是科学思维和语言理解能力与身体健康有关。但是智商测试结果中只是健康在起作用，而与力量无关。“身体健康是指，一个人心肺功能好，能将充足的氧气源源不断地输入给大脑，”瑞典哥德堡大学健康科学研究院教授和哥德堡大学健康科学研究院校医院首席内科医师迈克尔?尼尔森如是说，“也许这就是为什么智商测试结果与健康之间存在明显联系，而与肌肉力量无关的原因之一。我们还发现生长因子也很重要。”

通过研究双胞胎的数据，研究人员可以得出结论，智商差异来自后天的环境因素而不是先天的基因,身体越健康，智商越高。

“ 我们还发现，在15 ~ 18岁之间加强身体锻炼的青少年往往认知能力也较强哥德堡大学健康科学研究院研究员，Aby健康中心医师玛利亚?阿伯格说，“倘若情况果然如此，那么体育应成为学校中重要的一门学科，而且如果我们想要学好数学和其他理论学科，体育课是非常有必要的研究人员还将新兵服兵役入伍报到时的体格测试和智商测试的结果与他们后

来生活中的社会经济地位进行了比较。那些18岁时身体健康的人学历更髙，很多都能胜任高要求的工作。

2015年职称英语卫生类A级阅读复习讲义(7)

Life Expectancy in the Last Hundred Years

上世纪人类平均寿命的变化

A hundred years ago,life expectancy in developed countries was about 47: in the early 21st century, men in the United States and the United Kingdom can expect to live to about 74. Women to about 80, and these ages are rising all the time. What has brought about these changes? When we look at the life span of people l00 years ago, we need to look at the greatest killers of the time. In the early 20th century, these were the acute and often high infectious diseases such as smallpox. Many children died very young from these diseases and others, and the weak and elderly were always at risk.

n the developed world these diseases are far lessdeadly today, and in some cases have almost disappeared. A number of factor shave led to this: improvements in sanitation and hygiene, the discovery and use of antibiotics, which make bacterial diseases much less dangerous, and vaccinations against common diseases. In addition, people's general health has improved with improvements in our general environment: cleaner air, better means of preserving food,better and warmer housing，and better understanding of nutrition.

Genetically,we should all be able to live to about 85 but while people do live longer today, there are still some big killers around that are preventing US from consistently reaching that age. The problems that affect people today are the more chronic illnesses, such as heart disease and strokes, and those spread by viruses, such as influenza and AIDS l. Of course, cancer is a huge killer as well. In most cases these diseases affect older people, but there are worrying trends in the developed world with problems such as obesity leading to more heart disease and illnesses such as diabetes at younger ages.

The killers today can be classed as "lifestyle diseases",which means that it may be possible to halt their progress.

一百年前，发达国家的人口平均寿命约为47岁，到21世纪初，美英两国男性平均寿命为74岁，女性约为80岁，人们的平均寿命一直在延长。是什么造成这样的变化呢?在研究100年前人类的寿命时，我们需要注意当时的一些不治之症。早在20世纪初期，这些不治之症经常是像天花之类的急性的高传染病。许多儿童因此夭折(也有其他原因)，年迈体弱的人也总面临着他们的威胁。

如今，这些疾病在发达国家已经远不能致命。这一变化归于许多因素，比如：环境及个人卫生的改善、抗生素的发现及使用(抗生素大大降低了细菌病的危险)以及常见疾病预防疫苗的接种。除此之外，更洁净的空气、更好的食物保鲜方法、更舒适温暖的屋子还有对营养的进一步认识，这些总的环境的改善也促进了人们的整体健康。

从基因角度看，人都能活到85岁。但尽管现在人们寿命确实比以前长了，仍然有一些疾病使得我们不能都活到那个岁数。现在困扰人们的是像心脏病、中风那些更为慢性的疾病，还有像流行性感冒和艾滋病那些通过病毒传染的疾病。当然，癌症也是一大杀手。上述疾病大多影响着老年人，但令人担忧的问题在发达国家日趋明显，如：肥胖症产生更多心脏病、糖尿病等其他疾病患者群渐成年轻化。

人们如果把这些疾病归为“生活方式疾病”，这意味着人们生活方式的改善有可能阻止它们的进一步发展。

2015年职称英语卫生类A级阅读复习讲义(8)

Eat to Live

A meager diet may give you health and long life, but it's not much fun—and it might not even be necessary. We may be able to hang on to most of that youthful vigor even if we don't start to diet until old age.

Stephen Spindler and his colleagues from the University of California at Riverside have found that some of an elderly mouse's liver genes can be made to behave as they did when the mouse was young simply by limiting its food for four weeks. The genetic rejuvenation won't reverse other damage caused by time for the mouse, but could help its liver metabolize drugs or get rid of toxins.

Spindler's team fed three mice a normal diet for their whole lives, and fed another three on half-rations. Three more mice were switched from the normal diet to half-feed for a month when they were 34 months old—equivalent to about 70 human years.

The researchers checked the activity of 11,000 genes from the mouse livers, and found that 46 changed with age in the normally fed mice. The changes were associated with things like inflammation and free radical production—probably bad news for mouse health. In the mice that had dieted all their lives, 27 of those 46 genes continued to behave like young genes. But the most surprising finding was that the mice that only started dieting in old age also benefited from 70 per cent of these gene changes.

“This is the first indication that thee effects kick in pretty quickly,” says Huber War ner from the National Institute on Aging near Washington, D. C.

No one yet knows if calorie works in people as it does in mice, bus Spindler is hopeful. “There's attracting and tempting evidence out there that it will work,” he says.

If it does work in people, there might be good reasons for rejuvenating the liver. As we get older, out bodies are les efficient at metabolizing drugs, for example. A brief period of time of dieting, says Spindler, could be enough to make sure a drug is effective.

But Spindler isn't sure the trade-off is worth it. “The mice get less disease, they live longer but they're hungry,” he says. “Even seeing what a diet does, it's still hard to go to a restaurant and say: 'I can only eat half of that'.”

Spindler hopes we soon won't need to diet at all. His company, Life Span Genetics in California, is looking for drugs that have the effects of calorie restriction.

词汇：

meager adj. 不足的liver n.肝脏

youthful adj. 有青舂活力的ration n. 定量

vigor n. 精力，活力toxin n. 毒素

metabolize vt. 使(一种物质)进入新陈代谢过程

calorie n. 卡(热量的单位)

inflammation n.炎症，发炎

genetic adj. 基因的trade-off n.交换，交易

rejuvenation n.恢复活力，返老还童

rejuvenate vt. 使恢复活力

为了活而吃

节食可能使你健康长寿，但没有太多的乐趣，甚至可能不必要的。我们甚至如果我们不开始节食，直到晚年能够在很大程度上保持青春活力。

史蒂芬，他和他的来自加州大学河滨分校的同事发现，一些老年小鼠肝脏基因可以表现为他们当老鼠年轻仅仅四周限制食物。遗传复兴不会逆转的其他损伤小鼠的时间造成的，但却有助于肝脏代谢药物或除去毒素。

他的团队三个老鼠喂了他们一生的正常饮食，喂养三个半口粮。三小鼠转自正常饮食，半喂入一个月，当他们34个月大，相当于人类70岁左右。

研究者检查了11000个基因的活动的小鼠的肝脏，并发现46的变化与年龄在正常饲养的老鼠。的变化是与炎症和自由基的产生可能是坏消息，对老鼠的健康。在老鼠已经节食的所有他们的生活，27人的46个基因继续像年轻的基因。但最惊人的发现是，才开始节食的老鼠在晚年也受益于70 %的基因变化。

“这是你的影响踢很快的第一个迹象，”胡贝尔说，华纳从国家老化研究所，华盛顿特区附近，

没有人知道在人们热量作为它在小鼠体内，总线Spindler希望。“有吸引人的证据表明它能工作，”他说。

如果它在人们做的工作，可能会有很好的理由使肝。随着我们年龄的增长，我们的身体对药物的新陈代谢LES有效，例如。短时期内的节食，说他，足以确保有效药物。

但他不确定的交易是值得的。“老鼠病少了，他们活得更长，但他们饿了，”他说。即便明白节食呢，去一家餐厅，还很难说：“我只吃一半。”

斯潘德尔希望我们根本就不用节食。他的公司，加利福尼亚寿命遗传学，正在寻找有限制卡路里的作用的药物。

2015年职称英语卫生类A级阅读复习讲义(9)

Be Alert to1 Antimicrobial Resistance

The ability of micro-organisms to find ways to evade the action of the drugs used to cure the infections they cause is increasingly recognized as a global public health issue. Some bacteria have developed mechanisms which make them resistant to many of the antibiotics normally used for their treatment(multi-drug resistant bacteria)，so pose particular difficulties，as there may be few or no alternative options for therapy. They constitute a growing and global public health problem. WHO suggests that countries should be prepared to implement hospital infection control measures to 1imit the spread of multi-drug resistant strains and to reinforce national policy on prudent use of antibiotics，reducing the generation of antibiotic resistant bacteria.

An article published in The Lancet Infectious Diseases2 on 11 August 2010 identified a new gene that enables some types of bacteria to be highly resistant to almost all antibiotics. The article has drawn attention to the issue of AMR3(antimicrobial resistance)，and，in particular，has raised, awareness of infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria.

While multi-drug resistant bacteria are not new and will continue to appear，this development requires monitoring and further study to understand the extent and modes of transmission，and to define the most effective measures for control.

Those called upon to be alert to the problem of antimicrobial resistance and take appropriate action include consumers，managers of hospitals，patients，as well as national governments. the pharmaceutical industry，and international agencies.

WHO strongly recommends that governments focus control and prevention efforts in the following areas like surveillance for antimicrobial resistance; rational antibiotic use，including education of healthcare workers and the public in the appropriate use of antibiotics：introducing or enforcing legislation related to stopping the selling of antibiotics without prescription; and strict adherence to infection prevention and control measures. including the use of hand-washing measures，particularly in healthcare facilities.

Successful control of multidrug-resistant microorganisms has been documented in many countries，and the existing and well-known infection prevention and control measures can effectively reduce transmission of multi-drug resistant organisms if systematically implemented.

WHO will continue to support countries to develop relevant policies，and to coordinate international efforts to combat antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial resistance will be the theme of WHO's World Health Day 2011.

警惕抗菌药物的耐药性

微生物引发感染后需要药物治疗，但是这些微生物渐渐对特效药产生了抗药性。细菌的抗药性。逐渐成为全球关注的公众卫生事件。一些细菌通过改变自身机理，对许多用于治疗感染的抗生素药物产生了抗药性(这就是所谓的“多重耐药菌”)，从而使治疗变得很棘手，因为在治疗过程人们只有很少的选择，甚至已经没有选择。这些问题成为一个日趋严重的全球性公众健康问题。世界卫生组织建议各国应准备实施医院感染控制措施，以限制多重耐药菌的种类，并加强全国性政策谨慎使用。抗生素以减少耐药菌的产生。

2010年8月11日刊登在《柳叶刀一传染病》期刊上的一篇文章中提到一种基因，这种基因可以使多种类型的细菌对几乎所有的抗生素产生极强的耐药性，引起了世人对

AMR(即“耐药性”)，尤其是对多重耐药菌感染的关注。

多重耐药菌不是新生细菌，并且还会不断出现，这就需要对其实施监控和深入研究，以便了解多重耐药菌传播的范围和方式，从而采取有效手段进行防控。

这就要求人们提高对细菌耐药性的警惕，并且消费者、医院管理人员、病人、政府、药品生产企业以及国际机构都要采取适当的行动。

世界卫生组织强烈呼吁各国政府在以下领域采取集中控制和防御措施：AMR监管，抗生素合理使用，对公众及医务人员正确使用抗生素的教育，立法限制非处方购买抗生素以及对感染的预防和控制措施，包括洗手这种方法，尤其是在医疗界。

对多重耐药菌的成功防控已经在许多国家得到了证实，只要能够系统地运用，现有的预防和控制手段可以有效地减少多重耐药菌的传播。

世界卫生组织将一如既往地支持各国实施相关措施，并协调所有国际努力，与细菌耐药性进行斗争。耐药性将成为2011年世界健康日的主题。

词汇：

Evade vt.逃避，避开prudent adj.慎重的，谨慎的

Pose vt.提出monitor vt.监控

alternative adj.可供选择的(途径或事物) surveillance n.监视，监管

rational adj.合理的，有理性的

implement vt.实现，实施adherence n.坚持，固守

strain n.种类document vt.证明，支持

reinforce vt.加强力量relevant adj.相关的

注释：

1.be alert to：对……警觉，注意

2.The Lancet Infectious Diseases：《柳叶刀一传染病》期刊

3.antimicrobial resistance(AMR)：抗菌药物耐药性

2015年职称英语卫生类A级阅读复习讲义(10)

Who Want to Live Forever?

If your doctor could give you a drug that would let you live a healthy life for twice as long ，would you take it?

The good news is that we may be drawing near to that date，Scientists have already extended the lives of flies ，worms and mice in laboratories. Many now think that using genetic treatments we will soon be able to extend human life to at least 140 years. This seems a great idea. Think of how much more time we could spend chasing our dreams，spending time with our loved ones，watching our families grow and have families of their own.

"Longer life would give us a chance to recover from our mistakes and promote long term thinking," says Dr Gregory Stock of the University Of California School Of Public Health. "It would also raise productivity by adding to the year we can work."

Longer lives don't just affect the people who live them. They also affect society as a whole. "We have war，poverty，all sorts of issues around，and I don't think any of them would be at all helped by having people live longer," says US bioethicist Daniel Callahan."The question is 'What will we get as a society? 'I suspect it won't be a better society."

It would certainly be a very different society. People are already finding it more difficult to stay married. Divorce rates are rising. What would happen to marriage in a society where people

lived for 140 years? And what would happen to family life if nine or 10 generations of the same family were all alive at the same time?

Research into ageing may enable women to remain fertile for longer. And that raises the prospect of having 100-year-old parents，or brothers and sisters born 50 years apart. We think of an elder sibling as someone who can protect us and offer help and advice. That would be hard to do if that sibling came from a completely different generation.

Working life would also be affected，especially if the retirement age was lifted. More people would stay in work for longer. That would give us the benefits of age-skill，wisdom and good judgment.

On the other hand，more people working for longer would create greater competition for jobs. It would make it more difficult for younger people to find a job. Top posts would be dominated by the same few individuals，making career progress more difficult. And how easily would a

25-year-old employee be able to communicate with a 125-year-old boss? Young people would be a smaller part of a society in which people lived to 140. It may be that such a society would place less importance on guiding and educating young people，and more on making life comfortable for the old.

And society would feel very different if more of its members were older. There would be more wisdom，but less energy. Young people like to move about. Old people like to sit still. Young people tend to act without thinking. Old people tend to think without acting. Young people are curious and like to experience different things. Old people are less enthusiastic about change. In fact ，they are less enthusiastic about everything.

The effect of anti-ageing technology is deeper than we might think. But as the science advances，we need to think about these changes now. " If this could ever happen，then

we'd better ask what kind of society we want to get，" says Daniel Callahan. "We had better not go anywhere near it until we have figure those problems out."

谁想永远活下去吗？

如果你的医生给你的药物，让你过上健康的2倍的寿命，你会要吗？

好消息是，我们可以亲近，日期，科学家已经延长了生命的苍蝇，蠕虫和小鼠在实验室。现在许多人认为使用基因疗法，我们将很快能够延长人类寿命至少140年。这似乎是一个好主意。想想多少时间我们可以追求我们的梦想，花时间与我们所爱的人，看着我们的家庭长大，有了自己的家庭。

“更长的寿命将给我们一个机会，从我们的错误中恢复和促进长期的思考，”格雷戈瑞博士说股票的加利福尼亚大学公共卫生学院。”它也将提高生产率的加入到今年我们可以工作。”

更长的寿命影响的不只是这个人的生活。他们还影响到整个社会。”我们有战争，贫穷，各种各样的问题，我不认为任何人会不惜一切让人们活得更长了，说：”我们生命伦理学家丹尼尔卡拉汉。“问题”作为一个社会，我们会得到什么？”我怀疑它不会是一个更好的社会。”

这肯定会是一个非常不同的社会。人们已经发现很难保持结婚。离婚率正在上升。在一个社会里，人们生活了140年的婚姻，会发生什么？如果九个或10个同一家庭的几代人都生活在同一时间的家庭生活会发生什么？

研究老龄化可能使妇女保持了肥沃的时间。这会有100岁的父母或兄弟姐妹的前景，出世相隔50年。我们把年长的兄弟姐妹有人谁可以保护我们，提供帮助和建议。这将是很难的事情如果兄弟姐妹来自一个完全不同的一代。

工作生活也会受到影响，尤其是退休年龄推迟。更多的人会在工作时间。这将给我们带来的好处age-skill，智慧和良好的判断力。

另一方面，更多的人工作更长的时间将使工作更激烈的竞争。这会使年轻人更难找到工作。职位将由少数人，事业发展更加困难。多么容易将一个25岁的员工在与125岁的老板沟通？年轻人将是一个较小的部分的社会里，人们的生活140。它可能是这样一个社会会少重视对年轻人的教育和引导，更使老年人的生活质量。

职称英语考试综合B试题真题完整版

职称英语考试综合B试题真题完整版 文档编制序号：[KK8UY-LL9IO69-TTO6M3-MTOL89-FTT688]

2016年职称英语综合B真题 第一部分：词汇选项（第1~15题，每题1分，共15分） 下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语画有底横线，请为每处画线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。 1. All houses within 100 meters of the seas are (at risk) of flooding. A. out of control B. between equals C. in particular D. in danger 2. The idea was quite (brillian)t. A. positive B. clever C. key D. original 3. Stock market price (tumbled) after rumor of a rise in interest rate. A. regulated B. fell C. increased D. maintained

4. We are worried about this (fluid) situation full with uncertainty. A. stable B. suitable C. adaptable D. changeable 5. The (revelation) of his past led to his resignation. A. imagination B. confirmation C. disclosure D. recall 6. Jensen is a dangerous man, and can be very (brutal). A. careless B. strong C. cruel D. hard 7. The coastal has area has very (mild) winter, but the central plains remain extremely cold. A. warm B. severe C. hard D.dry

职称英语考试卫生类(C类)试题及答案

职称英语考试卫生类(C类)试题及答案6 Happy Therapy (诊疗) Norman Cousins was a businessman from the United States who often traveled around the world on business. He enjoyed his work and traveling. Then, after returning to tile United States from a busy and tiring trip to Russia, Mr. Cousins got sick. Because he had pushed his body to the limit of its strength on the trip, a chemical change began to take place inside him. The material between his bones became weak. In less than one week after his return, he could not stand. Every move that he made was painful. He was not able to sleep at night. The doctors told Mr. Cousins that they did not know how to cure his problems and he might never get over the illness. Mr. Cousins, however, refused to give up hope. Mr. Cousins thought that unhappy thoughts were causing bad chemical changes in his body. He did not want to take medicine to cure himself. Instead, he felt that happy thoughts or laughter might cure his illness. He began to experiment on himself while still in the hospital by watching funny shows on television. Mr. Cousins quickly found that ten minutes of real laughter during the day gave him two hours of pain-free sleep at night. Deciding that the doctors could not help him, Mr. Cousins left the hospital and checked into a hotel room where he could continue his experiments with laughter. For eight days, Mr. Cousins rested in the hotel room watching funny shows on television, reading funny books, and sleeping whenever he felt tired. Within three weeks, he felt well enough to take a vacation to Puerto Rico where he began running on the beach for

2013年职称英语考试卫生类C级试题及参考答案

2013年职称英语考试卫生类C级试题及参考答案第1部分：词汇选项(第1-15题，每题1分，共15分) 下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。 1. The odd thing was that he didn't recognize me. A. strange B. real C. whole D. same 2. He was tempted by the high salary offered by the company. A. taught B. kept C. changed D.attracted 3. The frame needs to be strong enough to support the engine. A. structure B. bottom C. surface D. top 4. We found shelter from the rain under the tree. A. defense B. standing C. protection D. room 5. We have to change the public’s perception that money is everything. A. sight B. belief C. interest D. pressure 6. It seems incredible that he had been there a week already.

A. right B. obvious C. unbelievable D. unclear 7. This was an unexceptionally brutal attack. A. cruel B. open C. sudden D. direct 8. “There is no other choice,”she said in a harsh voice. A. firm B. soft C. deep D. unkind 9. She gets aggressive when she is drunk. A. offensive B. worried C. sleepy D. anxious 10. I grabbed his arm and made him turn to look at me. A. threw B. seized C. broke D.stretched 11. Traffic reaches its rush hour between 8:00 and 9:00 in the morning. A. border B. goal C. peak D. level 12. That performance was pretty impressive. A. completely B. beautifully C. very D. equally 13. She came across three children sleeping under a bridge. A. found by chance B. passed by C. took a notice of D. woke up

2020年职称英语复习资料：常考介诃短语

2020年职称英语复习资料：常考介诃短语above all首先，尤其是 afterall毕竟，究竟 ahead oftime提前 ahead of在……之前 all at once突然，同时 all but几乎;除了……都 all ofa sudden突然 aU over again再一次，重新 allover遍及 allthe same仍然，照样的 allthetime一直，始终 anything but根本不 apan from除……外(有/无) as a matter offact实际上 as a result(of)所以，因为 as a rule通常，照例 as far as…be concerned就……来说 asfar as远至，到……水准 as follows如下

as for至于，关于 as good as和……几乎一样 as if好像，仿佛 as regards关于，至于 as to至于，关于 as usual像平常一样，照例 as well as除……外(也)，既……又as well同样，也，还 aside from除……外(还有) at aloss茫然，不知所措 at atime一次，每次 at all costs不惜一切代价 at all events不管怎样，无论如何at alltimes随时，总是 at all丝毫(不)，一点也不 at any rate无论如何，至少 atbest充其量，至多 at fgst sight乍一看，初看起来 at first最初，起先 athand在手边，在附近 atheart内心里，本质上

athome在家，在国内 at intervals不时，每隔…… 【考前秘籍】密训，5套题，考题预测和技巧班哪里找？下面这两款8折套餐都含有！

2020年职称英语《卫生类》阅读判断练习5

2020年职称英语《卫生类》阅读判断练习5 They Say Ireland's the Best Ireland is the best place in the world lo live for 2005.according to a life quality ranking that appeared in Britain.s Economist magazine last week. The ambitious attempt to compare happiness levels around the World is based ol3 the principle that wealth is not the only measure of human satisfaction and well-being. The index of 111 countries uses data on incomes.health.unemployment.climate,political stability,job security,gender equality as well as what the magazine calls "freedom,family and community life". Despite the bad weather,troubled health service.traffic congestion（拥挤）,gender inequality,and the high cost of living.Ireland scored an impressive 8.33 points out of l0. That put it well ahead of second-place Switzerland,which managed 8.07. Zimbabwe. troubled by political insecurity and hunger,is rated the gloomiest（最差的）,picking up only 3.89 points. "Although rising incomes and increased individual choices are highly valued,"the report said. "some of the factors associated with modernization such as the breakdown（崩溃）in traditional institutions and family values in part take away from a positive impact." "Ireland wins because it successfully combines the most desirable elements of the new with the preservation of

2009年职称英语卫生类A级真题及答案

2009年职称英语卫生类A级真题及答案第1部分：词汇选项（第1～15题，每题1分，共15分） 下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。 1Why can't you stop your eternalcomplaining？ A everlasting B long C temporary D boring 2Hundreds of buildings were wrecked by the earthquake. A shaken B damaged C fallen D jumped 3These paintings are considered by many to be authentic. A faithful B royal C genuine D sincere 4Many economists have given in to the fatal lureof mathematics. A attraction B simplicity C power D rigor 5Ten years after the event，her death still remains a puzzle. A mist B fog C mystery D secret 6John was irritatedby the necessity for polite conversation. A annoyed B troubled C threatened D aroused 7Academic records cannot be duplicated. A borrowed B purchased C rewritten D copied 8The emphasis on the importance of education has spurred scientific research. A fastened B encouraged C raised D initiated 9We have ample money for the journey. A some B little C extra D enough 10 The doctor's pills worked marvelsfor me. A patients B miracles C illness D recovery

2020年职称英语考试卫生类B级阅读判断练习及答案(3)

2020年职称英语考试卫生类B级阅读判断练习及答案 （3） “We hire talent. ” Those are the words of Rod Franz， a civil service computer technology director， responding to the question of opportunities for women who are interested in pursuing careers as computer technicians. On at least one of three shifts in his operation， the male-female ratio is 50-50. That is not surprising because government and educational institutes are required by the law to make every effort to open hiring opportunities to women and minority workers. What may be even more interesting to young women is that，according to Franz， private industry is hiring women and minorities away from us. And， since private industry pays more， it succeeds. Managers in the rapidly growing computer service field are quick to agree. They strongly encourage women to train for technician jobs， and they actively recruit female technicians across the country. They believe that this career field offers a wealth of possibility for women. A recent study by the Devry Institute of Technology that involved 100 employment managers in the Chicago area showed，too， that the number of women entering the field of computer science is on the rise， and that those already in the field are moving up. A significant increase in the number of women

2020年职称英语(卫生类)教材阅读理练习3

2020年职称英语（卫生类）教材阅读理练习3 Cooking Oil Fumes Cause Tumor The leading cause of lung cancer among women in the city was cooking oil fumes while men are more likely to develop the disease from smoking,said medical experts after a five-year research study. Doctors announced the results yesterday with analysis on some new tendencies in lung cancer.They said patients are younger,especially women. According to the Shanghai Tumor research Institute,more local residents die of lung cancer in the city than anything else.Following breast cancer,it has the second-highest incidence rate. "An unhealthy lifestyle is a very important reason for lung cancer,"said Dr He Yumin from Shanghai Minshen Traditional Chinese Medicine Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment Center. He followed 2，276 lung cancer patients for five years.Among them，l，483 were male. Smoking causes 70 percent of cases among men while only l8 percent of female patients developed cancer from smoking or inhaling second-hand smoke,according to the report. However,more than 60 percent of women with the disease had long term,close contact with strong oil fumes from cooking and complained about1 irritated eyes and throat.

2021年职称英语考试重点及内容

职称英语考试重点及内容 考试总的评价目标是：申报A级的人员在2小时内应完成3000词左右的阅读任务，并能正确理解所读材料的内容;申报B级的人员在2小时内应完成2600词左右的阅读任务，并能正确理解所读材料的内容;申报C级的人员在2小时内应完成2200词左右的阅读任务，并能正确理解所读材料的内容。为达到上述目标，考试对应试者的英语汇量、语法知识和阅读理解能力分别提出如下要求： (一)词汇量考试所涉及的词汇和短语主要依据本大纲所附词汇表。对申报不同级别的应试者要求认知的词汇量不等： 1.申报A级的人员应认知6000个左右的单词和一定数量的短语; 2.申报B级的人员应认知5000个左右的单词和一定数量的短语; 1.英语句子的基本语序及其意义; 2.英语句子的结构和常用句型; 3.各种时、体的形式及其意义; 4.各种从句的构成及其意义;

5.句子中词语的`所指、省略、替代、重复，以及句子之间的意义关系等。 (三)阅读理解能力应试者应能综合运用英语语言知识和阅读技能来理解专业的或一般内容的英语书面材料。阅读能力主要包括以下几个方面： 1.掌握所读材料的主旨和大意; 2.了解阐述主旨的事实和细节; 3.利用上下文猜测某些词汇和短语的意义; 4.既理解个别句子的意义，也理解上下文之间的意义关系; 5.根据所读材料进行判断和推论; 6.领会 ___的观点、意图和态度。 A、B、C三个等级的考试各由6个部分组成，每个级别的考试题型一样、题量相同，但不同级别考试总的阅读量及难易程度不同。考试主要考查应试者理解书面英语的能力。第1部分：词汇选项(第1～15题，每题1分，共15分)

2020年职称英语卫生类阅读判断练习(3)

2020年职称英语卫生类阅读判断练习（3） Online Cancer Chat with a Safety Net Cancer Research UK has launched an online chat forum for cancer patients to swap stories and share experiences on how to cope with such a devastating disease. But Cancer Chat is a forum with a difference： it has an information safety net. This means that a Cancer Research UK team will keep a watching brief to ensure that patients are not subjected to rogue "cancer cures" or scientifically unsound information. Anyone can have access to the messages posted on Cancer Chat but if people wish to post a message they will need to register. And Rebekah Gibbs,cancer patient and star of TV's Casualty has pledged her support for the new project."I think Cancer Chat is a brilliant idea," she said."I have written a public diary about what I went through with breast cancer and I have had such a heart-warming response from other people going through the same thing. "The idea of a Cancer Chat forum means you can share information about treatment and side effects and you can really open up about your feelings online in a way that can be difficult when talking to close friends and family.And with Cancer Research UK monitoring the forum people can be reassured about the quality of information being exchanged."

职称英语考试卫生B级新增题

2011年职称英语卫生类B级完型填空新增文章 教材第七篇文章 Exercise Whether or not exercise adds __l__ the length of life，it is common experience that a certain__2__of regular exercise improves the health and contributes a feeling of well-being．Furthermore, exercise__3__involves play and recreation，and relieves nervous tension and mental fatigue in so doing, is not only pleasant but beneficial. How much and what kind of exercise one should __4__ merits careful consideration．The growing child and the normal young man and young woman thrill with the exhilaration of strenuous sports．1 They fatigue to the__5__of exhaustion but recover promptly with a period of rest．But not so with__6__ of middle age and beyond．For them moderation is__7__ vital importance． Just how much exercise a person of a given age can safely take is a question __8__to answer． Individual variability is__ 9__ great to permit of generalization．A game of tennis may be perfectly safe for one person of forty but folly for another．The safe limit for exercise __lO__ on the condition of the heart，the condition of the muscles，the type of exercise，and the regularity with which it is taken．Two general suggestions，however，will __ll__ as sound advice for anyone．The first is that the condition of the heart and general health should be__12__ periodically by careful，．thorough physical examinations．The__13__ is that exercise should be kept below the point of physical exhaustion． What type of exercise one should __14__ depends upon one’s physical condition．Young people can safely enjoy vigorous competitive sports，but most older persons do better to limit themselves to less strenuous activities．2 Walking，swimming，skating are among the sports that one can enjoy and safely participate __15__ throughout life．Regularity is important if one is to get the most enjoyment and benefit out of exercise．3 词汇： well—being康乐 recreation n．娱乐，消遣 fatigue 疲劳 thrill 激动 exhilaration n．高兴；振奋 strenuous adj．紧张的；费力的 exhaustion n．筋疲力尽 promptly adv．迅速地 moderation n．适度，适中 variability n．变异性，可变性 generalization 乃．一般化，普遍化 folly n．愚蠢，蠢事 regularity n．规律性 periodically adv．定期地 vigorous 办精力充沛的，有力的

最新职称英语复习题

1．abide by (=be faithful to; obey) 忠于；遵守 2．be absent from.... 缺席，不在 3．absence or mind (=being absent-minded) 心不在焉 4．absorb (=take up the attention of) 吸引……的注意力（被动语态）；be absorbed in 全神注贯注于……近；be engrossed in; be lost in; be rapt in; be concentrated on; be focused on; be centered on 5．(be) abundant in (be rich in; be well supplied with) 富于，富有6．access(to) （不可数名词）能接近，进入，了解 7．by accident (=by chance, accidentally) 偶然地，意外。Without accident (=safely) 安全地 8．of one’s own accord ( =witho ut being asked; willingly; freely) 自愿地，主动地 9．in accord with 与……一致 out of one’s accord with 同……不一致 10．with one accord (=with everybody agreeing) 一致地 11．in accordance with (=in agreement with) 依照，根据 12．on one’s own account 1）为了某人的缘故，为了某人自己的利益 2）(=at one’s own risk) 自行负责 3）(=by oneself) 依靠自己 on account 赊账；on account of 因为；on no account 不论什么原因也不；of ……account 有……重要性。

职称英语考试卫生类真题与答案

很多考生在备考全国职称英语卫生类考试的时候，难免是会不知道要做一些什么样的真题的。 下文是百分网为大家准备了全国职称英语卫生类考试的一些真题与参考答案相关内容，希望能对大家有所帮助!全国职称英语卫生类考试真题及答案：补全短文US Signs GlobalTobacco Treaty1 The UnitedStates has taken the first step toward approving a global tobacco treaty thatpromises to help control the deadly effects of tobacco use throughout theworld. Health and Human Services Secretary Tommy Thompson signed the FrameworkConvention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) this week at the United Nations. (46)_____2 The FCTC wasdeveloped by the World Health Organization and approved by members of the WorldHealth Assembly，including the United States, last year.(47)_____3 For instance,cigarettes sold in those countries would have to have health warnings on atleast 30% of the front and back of every pack. (48)_____It also requires banson tobacco advertising, though there are some exceptions for countries like theUnited States, where the Constitution prohibits such an outright ban.4 (49)_____ TheWorld Health Organization estimates that tobacco use kills nearly 5 millionpeople worldwide every year. In the US alone, about 440,000 people die eachyear from tobacco-related illnesses; about one-third of all cancers in

职称英语考试卫生类A级试题答案(完整版)

职称英语考试卫生类A级试题答案(完整版) 2011年职称英语考试已于3月26日结束，2011年职称英语考试卫生类A级试题答案(完整版) 一.2011年职称英语考试卫生类A级试题答案(完整版)：词汇选项 1. urging (pushing) 2. tolerate (stand ) 3.obsecure ( unclear) 4. trembling (shaking) 5. steady (continious) 6. grasp ( undestasnd) 7. provoked (caused) 8. finds faults with (criticizes) 9. approach (handle ) 10. remarking (saying ) 11. hailed (praised ) 12. asserted (maintained) 13. considerabaly (greatly) 14. scared (afraid) 15. vigorous (energetic ) 二.2011年职称英语考试卫生类A级试题答案(完整版)：阅读判断 16-22参考答案BCABACB 标题：Relieving the Pain 主旨大意：运动对于治疗各种痛疼有益处 16. To treat pain, patients should stop moving around

答案：B（wrong：错） 17. Headaches are partly caused by lack of excecise 答案：C（not mentioned：未提及） 18. Exercise helps to take the pressure off the site of pain 答案：A（right：正确） 19. Doctors often use drugs such as endprphins to treat patients 答案：B（wrong：错） 20. Backache sufferers often end up taking more than one drug to kill pain 答案：A（right：正确） 21. Excercises helps pain sufferers to recover more quickly than traditional treatment 答案：C（not mentioned：未提及） 22. New pain clinc ask patients to give up drugs completely 答案：B（wrong：错） 三.2011年职称英语考试卫生类A级试题答案(完整版)：概括大意与完成句子 23-26参考答案DECA 标题：Owls and Larks 主旨大意：早起的人和晚起的人的差别及形成原因 23. 答案：D （why do we need sleep?） 24. 答案：E (what makes paople owls or larks ?) 25. 答案：C ( which is better,being an owl or a lark?) 26. 答案：A (What should we avoid ?) 完成句子 27-30参考答案：FDAB

中级职称英语考试备考

---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ 中级职称英语考试备考 中级职称英语考试怎么考如何考好应对备考实际上职称英语考试三分考你的心理素质，七分考你的知识，好多同学很久没有动英语了，很多人觉得自己忘得差不多了，从内心恐惧和排斥，其实只要以正确态度对待职称英语考试，那么你已经有三分通过的把握了。 我们在考试的时候，并不是说真正在考你知识水平。 你的单词认识很多。 当然做起来就比较容易一些了。 但是他最主要的考的是解题技巧和方法，只要平常多练肯学，那么通过职称英语考试对你来说是一件志在必得的事情了。 1) 应该如何安排自己的职称英语复习考试呢？这个问题比较大，一般有几个问题，第一个问题购买国家指定的教材，这是职称英语考试的特色所在。 对于其他考试而言基本上不在教材上出题目，而职称英语有近40%的题目出自辽宁出版社出版的这本指定教材。 第二希望广大考生安排一个正确的复习步骤，把职称英语复习分为三个阶段，第一个阶段是 12 月初到 1 月底，这个阶段重点是复习职称英语这本教材。 二月初到三月中旬这个阶段是冲刺阶段，一方面要在前一阶段复习的基础上，多做一些模拟试题。 再丰富一下自己的解题技巧，树立正确的解题思想，熟练的运用 1/ 16

到考试当中。 第三，是三月中旬到明年的 4 月 9 日，同学们这段要进行全面的总复习，一方面复习教材还要复习自己做过的题，还要整理自己复习的笔记。 不管怎么样相信同学们通过这三阶段的复习应该得到比较满意的分数。 考试的时候应该建立正确的复习步骤。 第三希望广大考生带一本合适的字典，国家职称英语具有中国特色，它考虑到很多考生的现状，很多考生放弃英语很多年了，国家为了适应职称英语考生的特点规定职称英语考生可以带字典的。 字典国家是有正式规定的，必须是国家正式出版物，第二职称英语字典这本书不能有职称字样，不能说是什么什么职称英语字典，第三，电子出版物不能带，我看预先提问里面有些考生想带电子辞典，电子辞典不准带入考场。 总而言之只有一本国家正式出版的字典才能带不能有职称字样。 带字典有什么技巧呢？第一点生词量不宜过大，第二这个字典最好有同义词，不管是补全短文、概括大意、都会涉及到同义词替换的题型。 这是我提出的三点建议。 2) 考试指定用书是否有分级呢？