2019考研英语终极命题人思路讲解讲义一四

［B］handing one’s historical records.

［C］scanning one’s correspondences.

［D］going through one’s wallet.

29.In Paragraph 5 and 6，the author shows his concern that

［A］principles are hard to be clearly expressed.

［B］the court is giving police less room for action.

［C］phones are used to store sensitive information.

［D］citizens’ privacy is not effective protected.

30.Orin Kerr’s comparison is quoted to indicate that

（A）the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.

（B）New technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.

（C）California’s argument violates principles of the Constitution.

（D）Principles of the Constitution should never be altered.

Text 3

The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks at Peer-review process ，editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today.The policy follows similar efforts from other journals ，after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.

“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal，”writes McNutt in an editorial.Working with the American Statistical Association，the Journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors （SBoRE ）.Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the Journal’s editors ，or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers.The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.

Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change，McNutt said，“The creation of thestatistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”

Giovanni Parmigianino，a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health，a member of the SBoRE group，says he expects the board to “play primarily on advisory role.”He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel，unique and likely to have a lasting impact.This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself ，but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”

John Ioannidis，a physician who studies research methodology，says that the policy is“a most welcome step forward”and“long overdue，”“Most journals are weak in statistical review，and this damages the quality of what they publish.I think that ，for the majority of scientific papers nowadays，statistical review is more essential than expert review，”he says.But he noted that

biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine ，the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.

Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data ，but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research，according to David Vaux，a cell biologist.Researchers should improve their standards，he wrote in 2012，but journals should also take a tougher line，“engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process.”Vaux says that Science’s idea to pass some papers to statisticians“has some merit，but a weakness is that

it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ‘the papers that need scrutiny’ in the first place.”

31.It can be learned from Paragraph I that

［A］Science intends to simplify its peer-review process.

［B］journals are strengthening their statistical checks.

［C］few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.

［D］lack of data analysis is common in research projects.

32.The phrase“flagged up”（Para.2）is the closest in meaning to

［A］found. ［B］revised.

［C］marked ［D］stored

33.Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may

［A］pose a threat to all its peers

［B］meet with strong opposition

［C］increase Science’s circulation.

［D］set an example for other journals

34.David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now

［A］adds to researchers’ worklosd.

［B］diminishes the role of reviewers.

［C］has room for further improvement.

［D］is to fail in the foreseeable future.

35.Which of the following is the best title of the text?

［A］Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers

［B］Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect

［C］Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors’ Desks

［D］Statisticians Are Coming Back withScience

Text 4

Two years ago，Rupert Murdoch’s daughter，Elisabeth，spoke of the “unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions".Integrity had collapsed ，she argued ，because of a collective acceptance that the mechanism in society should be profit and the market.But "it's us，human beings，we the people who create the society we want，not profit.”

Driving her point home ，she continued: “It’s increasingly apparent that the absence of

［C］Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge. ［D］phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions.

38.The author believes that Rebekah Brooks’s d efence

［A］revealed a cunning personality. ［C］was hardly convincing. ［B］centered on trivial issues. ［D］was part of a conspiracy.

purpose，of a moral language within government，media or business could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom.”This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies，such as News International，she thought，making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking.

As the hacking trial concludes-finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World，Andy Coulson，for conspiring to hack phones，and finding the predecessor，Rebekah Brooks，innocent of the same charge-the wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands.Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5 ，500 people.This is hacking on an industrial scale ，as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire，the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking.Others await trial.This long story still unfolds.

In many respects ，the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place.One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom，how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived.The core of her successful defense was that she knew nothing.

In today’s world，it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organizations that they run.Perhaps we should not be so surprised.For a generation ，the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit.The words that have mattered are efficiency ，flexibility ，shareholder value ，business-friendly，wealth generation，sales，impact and，in newspapers，circulation.Words degraded to the margin have been justice，fairness，tolerance，proportionality and accountability.

The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding，to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity.It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact.Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories，but she asked no questions，gave no instructions-nor received traceable，recorded answers.

36.According to the first two paragraphs，Elisabeth was upset by

［A］the consequences of the current sorting mechanism.

［B］companies’ financial loss due to immoral practices

［C］governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues.

［D］the wide misuse of integrity among institutions.

37.It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that

［A］Glenn Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime.

［C］Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge. ［D］phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions.

38.The author believes that Rebekah Brooks’s d efence

［A］revealed a cunning personality. ［C］was hardly convincing. ［B］centered on trivial issues. ［D］was part of a conspiracy.

［B］more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking.

39.The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows

［A］generally distorted values. ［B］unfair wealth distribution.

［C］a marginalized lifestyle. ［D］a rigid moral code.

40.Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?

［A］The quality of writings is of primary importance.

［B］Common humanity is central to news reporting.

［C］Moral awareness matters in editing a newspaper.

［D］Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.

2016 年阅读真题

Text1

France，which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion，has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for woman.Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways.The parliament also agreed to ban websites that “incite excessive thinness”by promoting extreme dieting.

Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives.They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up impinging on health.That’s a start.And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving themselves to death–as some have done.It tells the fashion industry that it must take responsibility for the signal it sends women，especially teenage girls，about the social tape–measure they must use to determine their individual worth.

The bans，if fully enforced，would suggest to woman （and many men）that they should not let others be arbiters of their beauty.And perhaps faintly ，they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques.

The French measures，however，rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep and bone-showing.Under the law，using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mass could result in a $85，000 fine and six months in prison.

The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types.In Denmark，the United States，and a few other countries，it is trying to set voluntary standards for models and fashion images that rely more on peer pressure for enforcement.

In contrast to France’s actions，Denmark’s fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding the age，health，and other characteristics of models.The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical charter clearly states: “we are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals，especially on young people.“The charter’s main tool of

enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen Fashion Week （CFW ），which is run by the Danish Fashion Institute.But in general it relies on a name-and –shame method of compliance.

Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step.Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.

21.According to the first paragraph，what would happen in France?

［A］New runways would be constructed.

［B］Physical beauty would be redefined.

［C］Websites about dieting would t hrive.

［D］The fashion industry would decline.

22.The phrase“impinging on”（Line2Para2）is closest in meaning to

［A］heightening the value of

［B］indicating the state of

［C］losing faith in

［D］doing harm to

23.Which of the following is true of the fashion industry

［A］New standards are being set in Denmark

［B］The French measures have already failed

［C］Models are no longer under peer pressure

［D］Its inherent problems are getting worse

24.A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW for

［A］pursuing perfect physical conditions

［B］caring too much about models’ character

［C］showing little concern for health factors

［D］setting a high age threshold for models

25.Which of the following maybe the best title of the text?

［A］A challenge to the Fashion Industry’s Body Ideals

［B］A Dilemma for the starving models in France

［C］Just Another Round of struggle for beauty

［D］The Great Threats to the Fashion Industry

Text 2

For the first time in history more people live in towns than in country.In Britain this has had a curious result.While polls show Britons rate “the countryside ”alongside the royal family ，Shakespeare and the National Health Service （NHS ）as what makes them proudest of their country，this has limited political support.

A century ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save “the beauty of natural places for everyone forever.” It was specifically to provide city dwellers

with spaces for leisure where they could experience “a refreshing air.”Hill’s pressure later led to the creation of national parks and green belts.They don’t make countryside any more，and every year concrete consumes more of it.It needs constant guardianship.

At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment.The Conservatives’ planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation，even authorizing “off-plan ”building where local people might object.The concept of sustainable development has been defined as https://www.wendangku.net/doc/4e1094653.html,bour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development.The Liberal Democrats are silent.Only Ukip ，sensing its Chance ，has sided with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land.Its Campaign to Protect Rule England struck terror into many local Conservative parties.

The sensible place to build new houses，factories and offices is where people are，in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place.The London agents Stirling Ackroyd recently identified enough sites for half a million houses in the London area alone ，with no intrusion on green belt.What is true of London is even truer of the provinces.

The idea that “housing crisis ”equals ”concreted meadows”is pure lobby talk.The issue is not the need for more houses but，as always，where to put them.Under lobby pressure，George Osborne favors rural-build against urban renovation and renewal.He favors out-of-town shopping sites against high streets.This is not a free market but a biased one.Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow.They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character.We do not ruin urban conservation areas.Why ruin rural ones?

Development should be planned，not let rip.After the Netherlands，Britain is Europe’s most crowded country.Half a century of town and country planning has enabled it to retain an enviable rural coherence，while still permitting low-density urban living.There is no doubt of the alternative – the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal ，Spain or Ireland.Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.

26.Britain’s publi c sentiment about the countryside

［A］didn’t start till the Shakespearean age.

［B］has brought much benefit to the NHS.

［C］is fully backed by the royal family.

［D］is not well reflected in politics.

27.According to Paragraph 2，the achievements of the National Trust are now being

［A］gradually destroyed. ［B］effectively reinforced.

［C］largely overshadowed. ［D］properly protected.

28.Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3?

［A］Labour is under attack for opposing development.

［B］The conservatives may abandon “off-plan”building.

［C］The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence.

［D］Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation.

29.The author holds that George Osborne’s preference

［A］highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure.

［B］shows his disregard for the character of rural areas.

［C］stresses the necessity of easing the housing crisis.

［D］reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas.

30.In the last paragraph，the author shows his appreciation of

［A］the size of population in Britain.

［B］the political life in today’s Britain

［C］the enviable urban lifestyle in Britain.

［D］the town-and-country planning in Britain.

Text 3

“There is one and only one social responsibility of business，”wrote Milton Friedman，a Nobel Prize-winning economist “That is，to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits. ”But even if you accept Friedman’s premise and regard corporate social responsibility（CSR）policies as a waste of shareholder’s money，things may not be absolutely clear-act.New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies-at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.

The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on CSR，according to an estimate by EPG，a consulting firm.This could add value to their businesses in three ways.First，consumers may take CSR spending as a “signal”that a company’s products are of high quality.Second，customers may be willing to buy a company’s products as an indirect way to donate to the good causes it helps.And third，through a more diffuse“halo effect，”whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.

Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three.A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under American’s Foreign Corrupt Practices Act（FCPA）.It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company’s products as part of their investigations，they could be influenced only by the halo effect.

The study found that ，among prosecuted firms ，those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties.Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firm’s political influence，rather than their CSR stand，that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.

In all，the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits ，they do seem to be influenced by a company’s record in CSR. “We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern，such as child labour，or increasing corporate giving by about20% results in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials.”says one researcher.

Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question of how much businesses ought

to spend on CSR.Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect，rather than the other possible benefits，when they decide their do-gooding policies.But at least they have demonstrated that when companies get into trouble with the law，evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.

31.The author views Milton Friedman’s statement about CSR with

［A］tolerance ［B］skepticism

［C］uncertainty ［D］approval

32.According to Paragraph 2，CSR helps a company by

［A］winning trust from consumers.

［B］guarding it against malpractices

［C］protecting it from consumers

［D］raising the quality of its products

33.The expression “more lenient’ （Line 2，Para.4）is closest in meaning to

［A］more effective ［B］less controversial

［C］less severe ［D］more lasting

34.When prosecutors evaluate a case，a company’s CSR r ecord

［A］has an impact on their decision

［B］comes across as reliable evidence

［C］increases the chance of being penalized

［D］constitutes part of the investigation

35.Which of the following is true of CSR according to the last paragraph?

［A］Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked

［B］The necessary amount of companies spending on it is unknown

［C］Companies’ financial capacity for it has been overestimated

［D］It has brought much benefit to the banking industry

Text 4

There will eventually come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint.Exactly when that day will be is a matter of debate.“Sometime in the future，”the paper’s publisher said back in 2010.

Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside，there’s plenty of incentive to ditch print.The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper-printing presses ，delivery trucks-isn’t just expensive；it’s excessive at a time when online-only competitors don’t have the same set of financial constraints.Readers are migrating away from print anyway.And though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts，revenue from print is still declining.

Overhead may be high and circulation lower，but rushing to eliminate its print edition would be a mistake，says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah Peretti.

Peretti says the Times shouldn’t waste time getting of the print business，but only if they go about doing it the right way.“Fighting out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for

them，”he said，“but if you discontinue it，you’re going to have your most loyal customers really upset with you.”

Sometimes that’s worth making a change anyway.Peretti gives the example of Netflix discontinuing its DVD-mailing service to focus on streaming“.It was seen as blunter，”he said.The move turned out to be foresighted.And if Peretti would raise prices and make it into more of a legacy product.”

The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor，the idea goes，and they’d feel like they were helping sustain the quality of something they helping.“So if you’re overpaying for print，you could feel like you were helping，”Peretti said.“Then increase it at a higher rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue.”In other words，if you’re going to make a print product ，make it for the people who are already obsessed with it.Which may be what the Times is doing already.Getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly $500 a year- more than twice as much as a digital-only subscription.

“It’s a really hard thing to do and it’s a tremendous luxury that Buzzfeed doesn’t have a legacy business，”Peretti remarked.“But we’re going to have questions like that where we have things we’re doing that don’t make sense when the market changes and the world changes.In those situations，it’s better to be more aggressive than less aggressive.”

36.The New York Times is considering ending its print edition partly due to

［A］the high cost of operation.

［B］the pressure from its investors.

［C］the complaints from its readers.

［D］the increasing online ad sales.

37.Peretti suggests that，in face of the present situation，the Times s hould

［A］seek new sources of readership.

［B］end the print edition for good.

［C］aim for efficient management.

［D］make strategic adjustments.

38.It can be inferred from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that a “legacy product”

［A］helps restore the glory of former times.

［B］is meant for the most loyal customers.

［C］will have the cost of printing reduced.

［D］expands the popularity of the paper.

39.Peretti believes that，in a changing world，

［A］legacy businesses are becoming outdated.

［B］cautiousness facilitates problem-solving.

［C］aggressiveness better meets challenges.

［D］traditional luxuries can stay unaffected.

40.Which of the following would be the best title of the text?

［A］Shift to Online Newspapers All at Once

［B］Cherish the Newspaper Still in Your Hand

［C］Make Your Print Newspaper a Luxury Good

［D］Keep Your Newspapers Forever in Fashion

2017 年阅读真题

Text 1

First two hours，now three hours—this is how far in advance authorities are recommending people show up to catch a domestic flight，at least at some major U.S. airports with increasingly massive security lines.

Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security protocols in return for increased safety. The crash of EgyptAir Flight 804 ，which terrorists may have downed over the Mediterranean Sea ，provides another tragic reminder of why. But demanding too much of air travelers or providing too little security in return undermines public support for the process. And it should: Wasted time is a drag on Americans economic and private lives ，not to mention infuriating.

Last year，the Transportation Security Administration （TSA）found in a secret check that undercover investigators were able to sneak weapons—both fake and real—past airport security nearly every time they tried. Enhanced security measures since then，combined with a rise in airline travel due to the improving economy and low oil prices ，have resulted in long waits at major airports such as Chicago’s O’Hare International. It is not yet clear how much more effective airline security has become—but the lines are obvious.

Part of the issue is that the government did not anticipate the steep increase in airline travel，so the TSA is now rushing to get new screeners on the line. Part of the issue is that airports have only so much room for screening lanes. Another factor may be that more people are trying to overpack their carry-on bags to avoid checked baggage fees，though the airlines strongly dispute this.

There is one step the TSA could take that would not require remodeling airports or rushing to hire: Enroll more people in the PreCheck program. PreCheck is supposed to be a win-win for travelers and the TSA. Passengers who pass a background check are eligible to use expedited screening lanes. This allows the TSA to focus on travelers who are higher risks，saving time for everyone involved. TSA wants to enroll 25 million people in PreCheck.

It has not gotten anywhere close to that，and one big reason is sticker shock. Passengers must pay $85 every five years to process their background checks. Since the beginning，this price tag has been PreCheck’s fatal flaw. Upcoming reforms might bring the price to a more reasonable level. But Congress should look into doing so directly，by helping to finance PreCheck enrollment or to cut costs in other ways.

The TSA cannot continue diverting resources into underused PreCheck lanes while most of the

2019考研英语必背5500词汇表(R)

2019考研英语必背5500词汇表（R） 1rabbit n.兔子 2race n.赛跑;人种,种族;属,种 v.赛跑 3racial a.种的,种族的 4rack n.挂物架,搁物架 v.使痛苦,折磨 5racket n.球拍 6radar n.雷达 7radiant a.发光的,辐射的,容光焕发的 8radiate v.放射,辐射;散布,传播 9radical a.差不多的,重要的;激进的,极端的;全然的 10r adioactive a.放射性,放射引起的 11r adius n.半径,半径范围,有效航程,范围,界限 12r ag n.抹布,破布,碎布 13r age n.愤慨 14r aid n/v..袭击,搜查 15r ail n.栏杆,围栏;(pl.)铁路;铁轨;横杆,栏杆 16r ailroad n.(railway)铁路 v.由铁道运输 17r ain n.雨；雨天；下雨 vi.下雨 vt.使大量落下 18r ainbow n.虹 19r aise v.举起,提升;增加;饲养;引起;竖起;提出 20r ake n.耙子,耙机 v.耙;搜索,探究 21r ally v.重整,恢复,振作 n.聚集,集会,拉力赛 22r andom a.随机的,随意的 n.随机,随意 23r ange n.范围,领域;排列,连续;(山)脉v.排列成行 24r ank n.军衔,社会阶层;排 v.分等级,把…分类 25r ap n.叩击,轻拍,斥责 v.敲,拍,打,斥责,使着迷 26r ape n./vt.掠夺,蹂躏,强奸 27r apid a.快,急速的 n.(pl.)急流,湍滩 28r are a.稀有的,难得的,珍奇的;稀薄的,稀疏的 29r arely ad.很少,难得,特别地 30r ash a.轻率的,鲁莽的 n.皮疹 31r at n.鼠 32r ate n.速率;等级;价格,费用 v.估价;评级,评价 33r ather ad.相当,有一点儿;宁愿,宁可 34r atio n.比,比率 35r ational a.理性的,合理的 36r aw a.未煮过的,生的;未加工过的,未经训练的 37r ay n.光线,射线 38r azor n.剃刀 39r each v.抵达;(out)伸手,够到 n.能达到的范围 40r eact v.反应,起作用;(against)反对,起反作用

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