《英美概况》名词解释
《英美概况》名词解释
1.backbone of England : It refers to the Pennines in England. The Pennines extend from north to south, from upland to Derbyshire.
2.the act of 1801: In the year of 1801, the parliament passed the act to agree that Ireland joined the kingdom. From then on, Britain got the name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and Britain includes England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland.
3.the Bank of England: It is the center of the British financial system. It was founded in 1694 and nationalized in 1946.
4.Black country: It refers to the industrial area in the west midland and Birmingham is the center. The area is very rich but is heavily polluted.
5.Hadrian’s Wall: In 122AD, the Romans built a wall in order to defend Picts and Scots. The wall is very long, from Solway to Tyne; we call it Hadrian’s Wall.
6.Julius Caesar：The king of Rome. In 55-54BC, he led his army invaded Britain twice.
8. King Alfred: He is the king of Wessex in Britain. In the 8th century, he led the British people defeated the Danes and Vikings, and he was considered the first national hero. He wrote Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. (盎格鲁-撒克逊编年史)
9. William the Conqueror: One the Christmas Day of 1066, French man William defeated the British King Harold at Hastings. In Westminster Abbey, he was crowned the King of Britain, so the Norman Conquest began. He established a strong monarchy in England, and unified the country. In 1086, he and his officials made a book about the survey of Britain, which is called Doomsday Book.
10. Battle of Hastings: One the Christmas Day of 1066, at Hastings, French man William defeated the British King Harold, and Harold was killed. The battle was called Battle of Hastings. The battle of Hastings paved a way for the Norman Conquest.
11. Henry II: In the year of 1154, Henry II built the Plantagenet and when he was a king, he made the monarchy stronger than before. He made a set of reformation and in the year of 1181, he issued the Assize of Arms. He died in 1189.
12. the Assize of Arms: In the year of 1181, Henry II issued the Assize of Arms. According to the law, every freeman in England should be provided with arms, and they can only use the arms when they are called to fight for the King.
13.the Great Charter: It is also called Magna Carter. In the year of 1215, King John signed the Great Charter. According to the charter, the king can’t freely change the law, the king can’t freely tax, and if the king violates the Charter, the vassals may rebel by the civil war. It is a feudal charter, but it gave the people trade freedom and self government.
14. all estates parliament ：The parliament in 1265 is called all estates parliament, and it is considered the beginning of Parliament.
15. model parliament :. In 1295, in order to collect more money on the war again Wales, King Edward opened the “all estates parliament”. The parliament included more than 400 members and was considered the most successful parliament. In the history, it is called model parliament.
17. Black Death: It is a kind of plague in 14th century and so many people died from it. The Hundred Year’s War stopped for some time because of the Black Death.
18 the Lollards: It refers to John Wycliffe and his followers. They made some ideological(思想上的) preparation for the labour movement and peasant uprising.
19. enclosure movement：In 15th century, the industry of woolen cloth was the source of wealth and export. So more wool was needed, and more sheep were needed. So some landlords began to enclose some “common lands” into pasture, and then some nobles and business men do so. As a result, farmers lost land and went to the cities to be the cheap workers. This is called enclosure movement.
21. the East India Company: It is one of the most famous trade companies in England. It was founded in the year of 1600 and was a tool of exploiting(剥削) Indian people.
22. Henry VII : He became the King in the year of 1485. He did a lot of things to make his crown stronger, for example: he confined Edward in the London Tower, he increased the income of government, he encouraged the education, but he didn’t deal with the Church problem.
23. Charles I: The second king of Stuart. He quarreled with the Parliament and dismissed the Parliament for a long time. He killed the Puritans. In 1649, he was killed.
24. O’liver Cromwell: He is a famous man in the British history. During the civil war, he and his “New Model Army” defeated the King’s army. In 1649, he killed Charles I. In 1653, he became Lord Protector and later compressed the Diggers.
25. new model army: It is the new kind of army led by Oliver Cromwell in the civil war. The army includes farmers, craftsman, undermasters (学徒) etc.
26.the Treaty of Paris in 1763: The treaty is between England and France. It includes four points. According to the treaty, France gave up many colonies, for example, it gave up the controlling on India, and Britain became the chief/leading colonial power.
27. the House of Hanover: George began the House of Hanover in the year of 1714, and the Cabinet System was established and monarch was controlled by the Parliament.28.
28. the Treaty of Paris in 1783 : The treaty is between Britain and America. In the treaty the Britain admitted the independence of America.
29. the Corn Laws: It refers to a set of laws to regulate the corn trade, for example: to increase the price of corn imported in 1815. The Corn Laws were cancelled in 1848.
31. the Reform Bill: The Bill was brought up by Whig in 1832. It made 3 changes in election system. (1) many “rotten boroughs” are cancelled （2）many new seats (席位) were given to the most populous (人口稠密的) countries. (3) the total electorates increased to 217000. But working class still didn’t have to right to vote. 32. the Chartist Movement: 1839-1848, the working class in Britain had a movement to realize the “people’s charter” , in fact , they wanted to have the universal suffrage. The chartist had two groups : moral force and physical force. At last, the Chartist Movement failed, but the working class entered the history stage for the first as an independent political force.
35.the Statute of Westminster: It was passed in 1931 and it gave the legislative recognition to the relation between British Kingdom her dominions. The dominions are independent in all aspects except the name.
45.Westminster Abbey: It is a national shrine. Many famous literary persons or scientific persons are buried here. In 1066, William the Conqueror crowned himself in the Westminster Abbey.
46. Christmas Day: It is on 25th, Dec to celebrate the birth of Jesus. On Christmas Day, people will go home from far places, eat Turkey with families, and children will get the present from Christmas Father.
49. Protestantism: a main group of Christianity, separated from the Roman Catholic Church by the Reformation in 1534.
51. Parliament : It refers to the legislature(立法机构) in Britain. The parliament has 3 parts: the Crown, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.
52. House of Lords: It is the oldest part in Parliament which comes from the Great Council. The House of Lords doesn’t have real power. Normally speaking, the House of Lords can stop the law passing into the
legislation, but after 1949, the House of Lords can not can stop the law passing into the legislation.
53. the House of Commons: The House of Commons has 650 seats. The members of it are not pointed but are elected.. It has the real power. Strong part of the House Commons forms the government, the weak part of the House Commons forms the Opposition. The leader of the House of Commons is called Speaker/President of Chamber.
54. Opposition: The weak part of the House Commons forms the Opposition. They criticize the government or government’s policy, and give their new policies.
55.the Mississippi River :It is the longest and most important river in the USA, and one of the greatest river in the world. It has two branches: Missouri and Ohio. It is 6262 km long.
56.the five Great Lakes: the five Great Lakes are in the place between America and Canada. They are: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, and Superior.
57.the Niagara Falls: It refers to the Falls between Erie and Ontario in North America, 1240m wide, and 49m deep. Every year, thousands of visitors come here to enjoy it.
58.Yellow Stone National Park: It is located in the northwest of Wyoming. It is the oldest national park in the world. A great number of wildlife live there.
59.Grand Canyon: Grand Canyon lies in Arizonan, it is the one of the wonders（奇迹）in the world. Its wall has many layers, which tells you the story of the earth formation.
60.Old Faithful: It is the most famous geyser（火山）in Yellow Stone National Park. It erupts more than 100 feet in the air every 73min.
61. Pearl Harbor: It is the base of the Pacific Fleet of the USA, near the city Honolulu in Hawaii.
64. The Stamp Act: When Britain controlled the America, it issued a law: the stamp paper must be used for
legal documents. It was passed in 1765 and stopped in 1766.
65. the Boston Massacre: In 1770, a little boy in Boston threw a small stone to the British soldiers, and British
soldiers fired at the people, with 4 died and many wounded. After it, the American people united together to fight against the British army.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/431563484.html,mittees of Correspondence: In 1772, the Boston town meeting appointed “Committees of
Correspondence”to call people to unite together to fight against the British army.
67. the Boston Tea Act: When Britain controlled America, according to the“Tea Act”, East Indian Company
exported tea to America to make money. In 1773, some Boston men got on the English ship and poured the tea into the sea. The Boston Tea Act showed the fighting spirit of Americans.
68. the First Continental Congress: It was held in 1714 in Philadelphia. The leaders in the Congress agreed that
they wouldn’t buy any goods from England until the objectional law was stopped.
69. the Second Continental Congress: It was held in 1715 in Philadelphia. The leaders in the Congress agreed
to sent army around Boston and made George Washington as the commander.
70. the Articles of the Confederation: At the end of the Independent War, the people meet a question. How the
United States should be governed? So a constitution（the Articles of the Confederation）was made. In 1781, it was accepted by all the states.
71. the Sedition Act: It was made by John Adam, any one shouldn’t stir up the hatred to the government. It was
opposed by Republican Party, and was stopped by Jefferson in 1800.
72. Monroe Doctrine: It was made by President Monroe in 1823. “America is American’s America”.
According to the doctrine, European countries shouldn’t open any colony in North America or South America, and shouldn’t interfere the everything in America. And America shouldn’t open any colony in Europe, and shouldn’t interfere the everything in Europe.
73. Westward Movement: In the early time of 19th century, more Europeans immigrated to America to find a
better life, but in the northeast, they found themselves still poor. So the farmers without land and workers without work went to the west part. Now, the west part is developed and wild land is farmed.
75. Republican Party: The Party was founded in 1854; the members of this party were against the slavery.
Lincoln is the famous leader from this party.
76. Abraham Lincoln: In 1860, Lincoln was elected president. He played an important role in the Civil War
and made two important documents: Homestead Bill, and Emancipation Proclamation. In 1864, he was elected for the second time. He was killed in 1865.
77. the Confederate Union: After Lincoln was elected as president in 1860, the seven southern states, set up a
country “the Confederate Union”. They wanted to keep the slavery in it.
78. Homestead Bill: It is one of the documents by Lincoln, according to the bill, the farmers and settlers got
enough land. So Lincoln got their support and the agriculture in the South developed.
80. the American Federation of Labor : the first national union in America .
81. the League of Nations: According to Wilson’s Fourteen Points, the League of Nations is set up to keep the
world peace. But it is controlled by England and France.
83. the Great Depression: It happened 1929-1933. In 1929, the New York Stock Market failed, many factories
closed down, many workers lost jobs, many products found no markets. Many extra goods were destroyed.
91.the Eisenhower Doctrine(重点) : It was the foreign policy carried by the Eisenhower Government. The doctrine contains the point of instant and massive retaliation(迅速的大量的复仇), and avoid the frustrating war(阻碍发展的战争)，such as the Korean War.
92. the Marshall Plan (此题去年考过): The plan was suggested by Secretary of State George Marshall in 1947.
The plan offered a great deal of money and machines to European countries to help them to recover their economy.
93. the Cold War: It refers to the severe struggle between the America and other opposed political systems. The
Cold War is not friendly, but didn’t use weapon.
96. the Civil Right Movement : In 1950s-1960s, the American black men made the Civil Right Movement to
fight against segregation. Martin Luther King was a famous leader in the Civil Right Movement in America in 1950s-1960s. He was a clergyman. He organized the Montgomery blacks and changed it into Montgomery Improvement Association. He led the famous Civil Right Movement in 1960s. Under his leading, in 1964 the Civil Right Act was passed, in 1965 the Voting Right Act was passed. In 1968, he was killed.
110. The Republican Party: It came into being in 1854. It is made up of northern capitalists who opposed the slavery.
111.The Democratic Party: It came out of “Anti-Federalists”in 1787. It was founded in 1828, and the leader is Thomas Jefferson.
112.St.V alentine’s Day: It is on 14th, Feb. On the day, the boys and girls in love will come out to have a date, send red roses or chocolate. The symbol of St.Valentine’s Day is a picture of a Heart and Cupid, Cupid has
a bow and arrow.
113.Easter Day : It is on the first Sunday after the full moon, in March.. People , in this day , will celebrate the rebirth of Jesus. Children will dye the eggs and adults will kill lamb to eat.
114 Halloween Day: It is on 31st, Oct. It is a night-time festival, which is held by children. On the Halloween Day children will wear a mask to frighten the parents and ask money from their parents. In 1950s, child sent the money to the poor countries’ children. The Halloween Day got Noble Peace Prize in 1965.
115.Independence Day : It is the national day of the USA，on 4th, July.
英语考研英美概况模拟题
Political System 1. The British Monarchy is hereditary 2. The Constitutional Monarchy started at the end of the __17th __ century. 3. The __ Crown _ is used as a symbol of the whole nation and is described as the representative of the people. 4. The oldest part of British Parliament is _ the House of Lords ___. 5. The decision making organ in British Parliament is __ the Cabinet __. 6. The life of Parliament is fixed at ___ five _ years. 7. The House of Commons consists of _651___ members who are elected from the _651____ electoral districts. 8. The titles of the lords, such as Duke, Marquis, Earl, V iscount and Baron, are __ hereditary __. 9. The quorum in the House of Commons is ___ forty _ members. 10. The _ British government _ _____ is the supreme administrative institution. 11. The __ Cabinet is the core of leadership of the British government. 12. The Privy Council was established in the 15th century when __ Henry V __ was on the throne. 13. Not until ___1937 _ could the cabinet have a legal basis. 14. The number of the cabinet members varies, being generally about ___20 __. 15. The president (or head) of the House of Lords in Britain is __ Lord Chancellor __. 16. ___ The Labour Party _ was formed by the trade unions, cooperatives, the Social Democratic Federation, the Independent Labour Party and the Fabian Society in 1900. 17. It is the _ Prime Minister __ who organizes the Cabinet and presides over its meetings. 18. The Shadow Cabinet is organized by the _ Opposition ___. 19. London, because of its special location, is divided into _32____ boroughs and the city of London. 20. “The Morning Star” is the official paper of the ___ Communist Party __. 21. The following persons except ___ criminals _ have no right to vote. 22. In England and Wales, the jury consists of ___ twelve _ people in criminal and civil cases. 23. Legally any citizen aged from ___18__ to __65___ who has never been sent to prison can be a member of the jury. 24. The head of the police force of a county, etc. is called _ Chief Constable __. 25. A __ barrister ___ appointed to act for the State is called Queen’s Counsel. 26. Now the House of Lords can prevent a bill from passing into a law for __ one year _. 27. The High Court of Justice includes the following divisions except _ the Criminal Division _. 28. During the Civil War, the supporters of the King and the Church were known as _ Loyalists _. I. Fill in the Blanks 1. The present sovereign is __ Queen Elizabeth II ___ _____. 2. Elizabeth II came to the throne on Feb. 6th, _ 1952 3. The vital power lies in the ___ Prime Minister __ _____, and his/her cabinet. 4. The __ Crown ___ is the only legal and constitutional link binding the members of the Commonwealth to the home country and to one another. 5. The British Parliament consists of three elements – the _ Crown ____, the House of __ Lords ___, and the House of _ Commons ____. 6. The British legislature is _ Parliament ____.
美国文学名词解释
1. Transcendentalism The origin of it is a philosophical and literary movement centered in Concord and Boston, which marks the summit of American Transcendentalism. 19th-century movement of writers and philosophers in New England who were loosely bound together by adherence to an idealistic system of thought based on a belief in the essential unity of all creation, the innate goodness of man, and the supremacy of insight over logic and experience for the revelation of the deepest truths. The major features of American Transcendentalism are:It emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe. It stressed the importance of the individual. To them the individual was the most important element of society. It offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. 2.Romanticism The Romanticism period stretches from the end of the 18th century through the outbreak of the Civil War. It is a term associate with imagination boundlessness, and in critical usage is contrasted with classicism which is commonly associated with reason and restriction. The features of Romanticism are: American Romanticism was in a way derivative: American romantic writing was some of them modeled on English and European works. American romanticism was in essence the expression of "a real new experience "and contained"an alien quality".Representatives:William Cullen Bryant; Henry Longfellow and James Cooper, Washington Irving. 3.Realism: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.The representatives are Howells, James, and Mark Twain. 4. Naturalism American naturalism was a new and harsher realism, it had come from Europe. Naturalism was an outgrowth of realism that responded to theories in science, psychology, human behavior and social thought current in the late nineteenth century. The background of naturalism are: In the last decade of the nineteenth century, with the development of industry and modern science, intelligent minds began to see that man was no longer a free ethical being in a cold, indifferent and essentially Godless universe. In this chance world he was both helpless and hopeless.Major Features of it are:Humans are controlled by laws of heredity and environment.The universe is cold, godless, indifferent and hostile to human desires.Representatives of it such as Stephen Crane, Frank Norris and Theodore Dreiser. 5.New Criticism The New Criticism as a school of poetry and criticism established itself in the 1940s as an academic orthodoxy in the United States. The school has its beginning in the 1920s. It focus on the analysis of the text rather paying attention to external elements such as its social background, its author's intention and political attitude, and its impact on society. Then it explores the artistic structure of the work rather than its author's frame of mind or its reader's responses. It also see a literary work as an organic entity, the unity of content and form, and places emphasis on the close reading of the text. These New Critics included T.S. Eliot,I.A.Richards,John Crowe Ransom, Allen Tate and some other critics. The New Criticism has tended to divorce criticism from social and moral concerns, which was to become one salient feature of the movement. 6.Imagism: Between 1912 and 1922 there came a great poetry boom in which about 1000 poets published over 1000 volumes of poetry. Indeed ,to express the modern spirit, the sense of fragmentization and dislocation, was in large measure the aim of quite a few modern literary movements, of which Imagism was one.The first Imagist theorist, the English writer T.E.Hulme. Hulme suggests that modern art deals with expression and communication of momentary phases in the poet's mind. The most effective means to express these momentary impressions is through the use of dominant image.It is a literary movement launched American poets early in the 20th century that advocated the use of free verse, common speech patterns, and clear concrete images as a reaction to Victorian sentimentalism. The representatives are Ezra pound, William Carlos Williams and some other poets.
国际经济学之名词解释
国际经济学之名词解释 Chapter 3 1.Absolute advantage（绝对优势）:A country has an absolute advantage in a production of a good if it has a lower unit labor requirement(aLW 单位产品劳动投入) than the foreign country in this good. https://www.wendangku.net/doc/431563484.html,parative Advantage（相对优势）: A country has a comparative advantage in producing a good if the opportunity cost of producing that good in terms of other goods is lower in that country than it is in other countries. 3.Opportunity Cost（机会成本）：The opportunity cost of roses in terms of computers is the number of computers that could be produced with the same resources as a given number of roses. 4.The unit labor requirement： the number of hours of labor required to produce one unit of output, such as aLW (wine) and aLC (cheese) 5.Production Possibilities frontier（生产可能性边界）： The production possibility frontier (PPF) of an economy shows the maximum amount of a good (say wine) that can be produced for any given amount of another (say cheese). Chapter 4 1.Abundant factor: the resource of which a country has a relatively large supply(labor in home,land in foreign) 2.Biased expansion of production possibilities: when the production possibility frontier shifts out much more in one direction than in the other. 3.Equalization of factor prices: when Home and Foreign trade, the relatives prices of goods converge. This convergence, in turn, causes convergence of the relative prices of land and labor. 4.Heckscher-Ohlin theory: It shows that comparative advantage is influenced by Relative factor abundance (refers to countries) and Relative factor intensity (refers to goods)It is also referred to as the factor-proportions theory. 5.Scarce factor: in that country, and the resource of which it has a relatively small supply( land in Home, labor in foreign)
专四英美概况模拟试题
4. The 1920s in the United States has been described as a period of .在美国20世纪20年代，被描述为一个物质和精神沮丧的成功 7. When we speak of “father of waters” or “old man river”，we are referring to . 当我们说“水”或“老人河之父”，我们指的是密西西比河
8. Celts were different groups of ancient people who came originally from . 凯尔特人是不同群体的古代人来自德国 13. The ， the backbone of the North American continent， is also known as the Continental Divide.落基山脉，北美大陆的脊梁，也被称为大陆分水岭。
14. To help the British East India Company out of difficulty，the British government allowed the company to sell at a lower price in the colonies through its own people. 为了帮助不列颠东印度公司摆脱困境，英国政府允许公司以较低的价格向殖民地通过自己的人卖茶 21. The first Puritans came to America were on the ship_______. A. Codpeed B. Susan Constant C. May Flower 五月花 D. Discovery
美国文学名词解释
Allegory is a narrative that serves as an extended metaphor. Allegories are written in the form of fables, parables, poems, stories, and almost any other style or genre. The main purpose of an allegory is to tell a story that has characters, a setting, as well as other types of symbols, that have both literal and figurative meanings. One well-known example of an allegory is Dante’s The Divine Comedy.In Inferno, Dante is on a pilgrimage to try to understand his own life, but his character also represents every man who is in search of his purpose in the world. Alliteration is a pattern of sound that includes the repetition of consonant sounds. The repetition can be located at the beginning of successive words or inside the words. Poets often use alliteration to audibly represent the action that is taking place. Aside is an actor’s speech, directed to the audience, that is not supposed to be heard by other actors on stage. An aside is usually used to let the audience know what a character is about to do or what he or she is thinking. Asides are important because they increase an audience's involvement in a play by giving them vital information pertaining what is happening, both inside of a character's mind and in the plot of the play. Gothic is a literary style popular during the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th. This style usually portrayed fantastic tales dealing with horror, despair, the grotesque and other “dark” subjects. Gothic literature was named for the apparent influence of the dark gothic architecture of the period on the genre. Also, many of these Gothic tales took places in such “gothic” surroundings. Other times, this story of darkness may occur in a more everyday setting, such as the quaint house where the man goes mad fro m the "beating" of his guilt in Edgar Allan Poe's “The Tell-Tale Heart.”In essence, these stories were romances, largely due to their love of the imaginary over the logical, and were told from many different points of view. CATHARSIS is an emotional discharge that brings about a moral or spiritual renewal or welcome relief from tension and anxiety. According to Aristotle, catharsis is the marking feature and ultimate end of any tragic artistic work. IMAGERY: A common term of variable meaning, imagery includes the "mental pictures" that readers experience with a passage of literature. It signifies all the sensory perceptions referred to in a poem, whether by literal description, allusion, simile, or metaphor. Surrealism is an artistic movement doing away with the restrictions of realism and verisimilitude that might be imposed on an artist. In this movement, the artist sought to do away with conscious control and instead respond to the irrational urges of the subconscious mind. From this results the hallucinatory, bizarre, often nightmarish quality of surrealistic paintings and writings. Sample surrealist writers include Frank O'Hara, John Ashberry, and Franz Kafka.
国际经济学名词解释
名词解释 2、罗伯津斯基定理：指在商品相对价格不变的前提下，某一要素的增加会导致密集使用该要素部门的生产增加，而另一部门的生产则下降。 3、产品生命周期：是指产品从进入市场开始，直到最终退出市场为止所经历的市场生命循环过程。 4、购买力平价：货币的价值在于其具有的购买力，因此不同货币之间的兑换比率取决于它们各自具有的购买力的对比，也就是汇率与各国的价格水平之间具有直接的联系。 6、贸易条件：指该国出口商品和进口商品价格的比。 7、幼稚产业理论：对于某些产业，当其还处于最适度规模的初创时期时，可能经不起外国的竞争。如果通过对该产业采取适当的保护政策，提高其竞争能力，将来可以具有比较优势，能够出口并对国民经济发展作出贡献的，就应采取过渡性的保护、扶植政策。 9、跨国银行：也称为多国银行。一般是指拥有广泛的国外分行或附属机构，在一些不同的国家和地区经营存放款及其他业务的国际性银行。 10、国际收支：国际收支是一个国家在一定时期全部对外经济往来的系统记录。 11、单一价格定律：完全竞争市场均衡存在价格歧视前提是很少或几乎不存在套利 12、倾销：是指一国出口商以低于该国国内价格或成本向外国销售商品的行为 13、重商主义 :一国药使财富的绝对量增加，必须进行国际贸易，并且在这种对外贸易中保持出口大于进口。 14、进口配额：是指政府在特定时期内对特定商品的进口数量或者金额给予直接限制的政策措施。 15、最惠国待遇：它通常指的是缔约国双方在通商、航海、关税、公民法律地位等方面相互给予的不低于现时或将来给予任何第三国的优惠、特权或豁免待遇。 16、里昂惕夫之迷：根据H-O理论，里昂惕夫用美国1947年200个行业的统计数据对其进出口贸易结构进行验证时，结果却得出了与H-O理论完全相反的结论。 17、关税壁垒：是指用征收高额进口税和各种进口附加税的办法，以限制和阻止外国商品进口的一种手段。 18、非关税壁垒：指一国政府采取除关税以外的各种办法，来对本国的对外贸易活动进行调节、管理和控制的一切政策与手段的总和，其目的就是试图在一定程度上限制进口，以保护国内市场和国内产业的发展。
英美概况模拟试题
《英语国家社会与文化入门》模拟试题及参考答案 Part one Fill in the blanks ( 10 points ) 1.The full name of the United Kingdom is . 2.The Good Friday Agreement, known also as , emerged on 10 April 1998. 3., the ancestor of the present queen, Elizabeth II, united England under his rule in 829. 4.written by Geoffrey Chaucer is often studied by middle school and college students today. 5.The Bonfire Night, which is celebrated in November, sometimes is also called . 6.Columbus discovered the New World in the year of . 7.The Three Faiths in the US refer to Protestant, and Jewish. 8.In 1852, a New England woman named Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote a novel titled , which intensified the political debate on slavery. 9.1968 was known in US history as a violent and tragic year in which the great leader of The Civil Rights Movement: was assassinated. 10.The Grand Canyon is carved away for nearly 6 million years by the River. Part two Read the following unfinished statements or questions carefully. For each unfinished statement or question four suggested answers A, B, C and D are given. Choose the one you think best completes the statement or answers the question: ( 20 points ) 1.Franklin Roosevelt’s program for the depression was called . a. Progressivism b. laissez faire c. New Freedom d. New Deal 2. The United States did not join the Second World War directly until in December, 1941. a. Great Depression b. Pearl Harbor incident c. the Japanese attack on China d. the German attack on Poland 3. From 1649 to 1658 England was called a Commonwealth. It was ruled first by Oliver Cromwell as . a. Lord Protector b. Lieutenant General c. Commander of the New Model Army d. President 4. Ireland is in the of Great Britain. a. east b. south c. west d. north 5. WASPs referred to . a. the mainstream Americans b. Hispanics c. Asian-Americans d. Blacks 6. Lincoln's Emancipation proclamation and the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution formally ended . a. the immigration movement b. the Civil War
美国文学名词解释复习
1.Imagism（意象派）: It’s a poetic movement of England and the U.S. flourished from 1909 to 1917.The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording. The leaders of this movement were Ezra P ound and Amy Lowell. 2.Local colorism: as a trend became dominant in American literature in the 1860s and early 1870s，it is defined by Hamlin Garland as having such quality of texture and background that it could not have been written in any other place or by anyone else than a native stories of local colorism have a quality of circumstantial(详细的) authenticity(确实性), as local colorists tried to immortalize(使不朽) the distinctive natural, social and linguistic features. It is characteristic of vernacular(本国语) language and satirical(讽刺的) humor 3.Psychological Realism: James’s realism is characterized by his psychological a pproach to his subject matter. His fictional world is concerned more with the inner l ife of human beings than with overt human actions. His best and most mature wor ks will render the drama of individual consciousness and convey the moment-to-mo ment sense of human experience as bewilderment and discovery. And we observe people and events filtering through the individual consciousness and participate in h is experience. This emphasis on psychology and on the human consciousness prov es to be a big breakthrough in novel writing and has great influence on the comin g generations. James is generally regarded as the forerunner of the 20th century " stream-of-consciousness" novels and the founder of psychological realism. 4.International theme:Henry James’s fame generally rests on his novels and stories with the international theme. These novels are always set against a large international background, usually between Europe and America, and centered on the confrontation of the two different cultures with two different groups of people representing two different value systems.The treatment of the international theme is characterized by the richness of syntax and characterization and the originality in point of view, symbolism, metaphoric texture, and organizing rhyme. James is now more mature as an artist, more at home in the craft of fiction. 5. Modernism：It was a complex and diverse （复杂多样的）international movement in all the creative arts （创造性艺术），originating about the end of the 19th century. It provided （出现）the greatest creative renaissance of the 20th century. It was made up of many facets （方面），such as symbolism，surrealism （超现实主义），cubism （立体主义），expressionism，futurism （未来主义），ect