Sex education

Sex education

Dream of the bed chamber

China is in the midst of a sexual revolution. Time to start educating the young Nov 21st 2015 | BEIJING | From the print edition

“SEX, sex, sexual intercourse, penis, penis, vagina.” More than 150 undergraduates are sitting in a lecture hall at China Agricultural University in Beijing, shouting loudly. Many are sexually active, or soon will be. Yet for most it is the first sex education class they have attended.

Their instructor hopes that shouting such words will help youngsters talk more openly about sex. Lu Zhongbao, a 24-year-old forestry student, says he was told as a child that he “emerged from a rock”. When he started having sex with his university girlfriend he had little idea about contraception. This evening he arrived an hour early armed with another question: will masturbating damage his health?

It is not just China’s economy that has loosened up since 1979. The country is in the midst of a sexual revolution. A 2012 study found that more than 70% of Chinese people have sex before marriage. Other polls put that figure lower but consistently indicate that over the past 30 years, more young Chinese are doing it, with more partners, at a younger age. But a lack of sex education means that many are not protecting themselves, resulting in soaring abortion rates and a rise in sexually transmitted diseases.

The Communist Party has stuck its nose into people’s bedrooms for 30 years through its harsh family-planning policies. Yet taboos on sex before marriage prevailed, the result of paternalistic—not religious—values about female chastity, with a dose of Communist asceticism thrown in. Pre-marital sex fell foul of a range of laws, including the catch-all charge of “hooliganism”, only scrapped in 1997.

The social climate remains chilly. Most news items about sex involve scandals or crimes. Schools ban pupils from dating and many deploy “morality patrols” to root out flirting or frolicking couples. Sex outside wedlock is not illegal but children born to unmarried mothers face obstacles obtaining a hukou, or household residency, that entitles them to subsidised education and welfare. Yet with greater freedom from their parents, more money and increasing exposure to permissive influences from abroad, China’s youth a re clearly separating sex from procreation.

Education on the subject is compulsory in Japan, South Korea and Taiwan—societies that have some cultural similarities with China. But most Chinese schools teach only basic anatomy.

This is not entirely for lack of trying. Pilot campaigns in Shanghai and Beijing schools in the 1980s were incorporated into a nationwide programme in 1988 but it was never implemented. In 2008 the Ministry of Education included sex education in the national health and hygiene curriculum. The barriers are not just prudery. Like football, fashion and other teenage pastimes, sex (and learning about it) is seen as a distraction from studies. “Sex is not an exam subject,” says Sheng Yingyi, a 21-year-old student.

Where classes happen, mo st students are merely given a textbook. “Happy Middle School Students”, written for 12- to 15-year-olds in 2006 and still widely used, refers to sperm meeting egg without describing the mechanics of intercourse. A more explicit volume for primary-school pupils published in 2011, which did explain how sperm were delivered, was criticised for being pornographic.

The dominant message is to abstain. A 2013 review by UNESCO and Beijing Forestry University noted the prevalence of “terror-based” sex education, w ith content largely focused on the horrors of pregnancy, abortion and HIV. Earlier this month a university in Xi’an in central China ran a course entitled “No Regrets Youth” where students received a “commitment card”, essentially a pledge to remain a virgin until marriage.

We need to talk

There is almost no discussion in Chinese schools about love, communication or trust, how to say no or to deal with harassment or abuse. Homosexuality is not discussed, and Chinese parents rarely talk with their children about sex. Peng Xiaohui of Central China Normal University, who runs sex-education classes (including the one at China Agricultural University), had excrement thrown at him last year because of the work he does. Several Chinese and foreign NGOs have tried to fill the gap, but many are now wary after the month-long detention this year of five feminists who had launched a campaign against sexual harassment. Most Chinese youths find out about sex from the internet and online pornography.

That does not work well. Because of the mismatch between lust and learning, around a quarter of all sexually active women under 24 get pregnant by mistake. Half of them do not use prophylactics, some because they know little about them, others because of insufficient access.

The pill is not widely used in China, even by married women. The government encourages the use of intra-uterine devices which provide less chance of human error. Until last year advertising condoms on television was banned (abortion, by contrast, is widely promoted). Convenience stores sell condoms, but they are not always available near college campuses.

Those who do use prophylactics often use them wrongly: a 2014 study found that a

quarter of under-17s who got pregnant had used some form of birth control. There is also a flourishing trade in “counterfeit condoms”, shoddily made sheaths being passed off as popular name brands. As a result sexually transmitted diseases are on the rise; 91% of new HIV cases are from sexual contact.

Dirty secrets

It is hardly surprising that the abortion rate is so high. The one-child policy has made termination a normal phenomenon. Most clinics, private or state, put a premium on speed and offer no advice on how to avoid getting pregnant again. So repeat abortions are common: a study of nearly 80,000 Chinese women who terminated pregnancies in 2013, published in October by the Lancet, a British journal, found that 37% were doing so for the second time, and 29% for a third time or more. Unmarried women account for a rising share of these—and are a significant reason why, after an extended period of decline, terminations have been increasing in number since 2003.

Although China has no national system for counting abortions (official statistics include only state facilities), a researcher from the National Health and Family Planning Commission reckons there could be 13m terminations or more a year, a figure widely quoted in state media. But Marie Stopes, an international reproductive-health agency, reckons that figure could be as high as 40m, given domestic sales for pharmaceutical companies selling drugs used in terminations. If that number is correct, around half of all abortions worldwide are in China. The high number of terminations is in marked contrast to the low birth rate. If Marie Stopes is correct, 2.5 babies are aborted in China for every one born, compared with about two live births per termination in Russia and five births to one abortion in America. Even using the widely cited 13m figure, there are nearly as many abortions as births in China each year. That, and not frank talk about sex, is China’s shame.

德国特吕茨勒TC03

德国特吕茨勒TC-03型梳棉机 主要技术特点

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立达与特吕茨勒转杯纺清梳联生产线性能对比

立达与特吕茨勒转杯纺清梳联生产线性能对比 石庚尧 (北京京棉夏都纺织有限公司,北京102100) 摘　要:叙述了立达公司与特吕茨勒公司用于转杯纺的清梳联的工艺流程,对比了两条流水线中抓包机、轴流开棉机、多包混棉机、清棉机、梳棉机的技术特征、功率消耗和质量指标,两条线的除杂效率和生产质量基本没有差异。 关键词:清梳联合机;性能;比较 中图分类号:TS103.222;TS103.223 文献标识码:A 文章编号:100122044(2006)0520020204 Perfor mance com par ison of R iter and Trutzschler chute2feed cards used i n rotor sp i n n i n g SH I Geng2yao (J ing m ian Xiadu Textile Co.,L td.,Beijing102100,China) Abstract:I n this article are described the technol ogical p r ocesses of R iter and Trutzschler chute2feed cards used in r ot or s p inning,and are compared the technical characters,power consu m ing and quality targets of the bale p luckers,axial fl ow openers,multi2bale m ixers and scutchers and carding machine in these t w o chute2feed card lines.It showns that the cleaning efficiency and sliver quality of the both lines are al m ost the sa me. Key words:bl o w ing2carding2dra w ing unit;p r operty;co mparis on 瑞士立达公司与德国特吕茨勒公司新近都推出了高效短流程的清梳联生产线,是专为转杯纺生产设计的,两条生产线的产量都高达1000kg/h以上。设备各有特点,现将这两条生产线主要特点及技术指标作简要对比介绍。 立达工艺流程: A11型抓包机→桥式磁铁→除尘装置→重物分离器→金属检测及排出装置→B11型单轴流开棉机→火星检测和排出装置→B70型八仓混棉机→B60型清棉机→A20型凝棉器→C60型梳棉机(S B连体牵伸装置) 特吕茨勒工艺流程: BDT2019型自动抓包机→LVS AB型高效凝棉器→ST B型重物分离器→MFC型双轴流开棉机→SCB型金属火星探测仪→VT2型两路配棉器→MC M型六仓混棉机→CXL3型三刺辊清棉机→DX型强力除尘器→DK903型梳棉机(I D F型集成牵伸装置) 从流程上看,开清棉工序都实现了短流程设计,每条生产线都只有4台主机,立达为A11型自动抓包机、B11型单轴流开棉机、B70型八仓混棉机、B60型清棉机。特吕茨勒为BDT2019型自动抓包机、MFC型双轴流开棉机、MC M型六仓混棉机、CXL3型三刺辊清棉机。 立达流程的主要特点是“早落防碎、多松少打、自 收稿日期:2005-10-30 作者简介:石庚尧(1953-),男,陕西西安人,高级工程师,从事纺纱工艺技术开发研究。由开松”。开清棉全部采取变清棉工艺设计,可以在不停机的状态下,根据原料的情况,对开清棉机台参数进行调整,以期达最佳工作状态,适应各种原棉的加工。整个流程较短,清梳联采用连续无级喂棉系统,利用单轴流开棉机排除大杂和部分微杂,实现自由开松与梳理。整个过程中,具有多处排微杂装置,适合于转杯纺的生产特点,该流程配有8台C60型高产梳棉机与S B 连体牵伸装置相连,配有长短片段混合环自调匀整系统,用于转杯纺生产,实际产量在1000kg/h以上,所有生产数据都由电脑控制,同时可以显示产量、质量、运转模式、输出速度等。 特吕茨勒流程的主要特点是“精细抓棉、先开后清、自由打击”。经特殊设计的抓棉机抓棉精度可达0.1mm。整个流程中只有一个凝棉器,大大减少了原料在凝棉器上扭转造成的棉结,机台全部由电脑控制,可以显示设备的运转模式、产量以及效率等各项参数,为了解决凝棉器减少而不利于排微杂的矛盾,该流程配有强力除尘器,当棉流进入该机时,尘杂在负压的作用下,从排杂板上的网眼排出进入滤尘系统,有利于减少转杯凝聚槽的尘杂积存,对减少纱疵十分有利。该流程配置10台DK903型高产梳棉机与I D F集成牵伸装置相连,配有长短片段的自调匀整装置。实际产量也在1000kg/h以上。本文就这两条生产线主要机台的特点作简要介绍。 1　立达A11与特吕茨勒BD T2019的对比两种自动抓包机的技术指标对比见表1。

无纺布(非织造布)常识

无纺布（非织造布）常识 一、无纺布（非织造布）的概念以及用途： 无纺布（非织造布）是一种不需要纺纱织布而形成的织物，只是将纺织短纤维或者长丝进行定向或随机撑列，形成纤网结构，然后采用机械、热粘或化学等方法加固而成。简单的讲就是：它不是由一根一根的纱线交织、编结在一起的，而是将纤维直接通过物理的方法粘合在一起的，所以，当你拿到你衣服里的粘称时，就会发现，是抽不出一根根的线头的。非织造布突破了传统的纺织原理，并具有工艺流程短、生产速度快，产量高、成本低、用途广、原料来源多等特点。 它的主要用途大致可分为： （1）医疗卫生用布：手术衣、防护服、消毒包布、口罩、尿片、妇女卫生巾等； （2）家庭装饰用布：贴墙布、台布、床单、床罩等； （3）跟装用布：衬里、粘合衬、絮片、定型棉、各种合成革底布等； （4）工业用布：过滤材料、绝缘材料、水泥包装袋、土工布、包覆布等； （5）农业用布：作物保护布、育秧布、灌溉布、保温幕帘等； （6）其它：太空棉、保温隔音材料、吸油毡、烟过滤嘴、袋包茶叶袋等。 二、无纺布（非织造布）的技术特点与分类： （一）无纺布（非织造布）的技术特点： 1，多学科交叉 2，工艺流程短程化，劳动生产率高 3，生产速度高，产量高 4，可应用纤维原料范围广 5，工艺变化多，技术纺织品特征明显 6，资金规模大，技术设计要求高 在此，我们将各种设备的生产速度做了一个比较，大家对无纺布（非织造）的生产速度有一个对比了解：

（二）无纺布（非织造布）分类 1，按照生产工艺性质不同，可分为三大类：干法、聚合物挤压成网法、湿法，目前国内外最多的生产工艺是干法、聚合物挤压成网法。 2，按照加固技术来分 （1）水刺加固：水刺布； （2）针刺加固：针刺布； （3）热轧机粘合：纺粘布，热轧布； （4）热风粘合：热风布； （5）汽刺固结：汽刺布； （6）化学方法粘合，其中还具体分为：浸渍法，喷胶法，泡沫 下图为东华大学对无纺布（非织造布）的分类，供大家参考：

德国纺机业的发展经验对我国装备制造业竞争力提升的意义

德国纺机业的发展经验对我国装备制造业竞争 力提升的意义 一、德国纺机业发展历程回顾与基本现状 在第一次工业革命浪潮中英国毫无争议地成为了世界纺机业的霸主。德国纺机业的全面起步开始于19世纪中期主要集中在莱茵河低地和Swabian地区的Sa_ony-Thuringen。受当时的工业基础和技术水平的限制民族纺机工业还主要依靠英国和法国等纺机强国的技术输出。20世纪初英法等纺机强国逐渐感到了来自德国的竞争压力开始有意识地控制向德国输出先进的纺机制造技术。在这种情况下德国开始寻找模仿基础上的自主创新之路并形成了以原东德的德累斯顿地区为中心的纺机生产基地。到20世纪二、三十年代德国纺机业的国际竞争力已经显著提高可以和英国、法国等纺机强国进行面对面的较量。由于德国在劳动力、工业基础、制造业体系等方面具有一定的竞争优势因此德国生产的纺机设备开始在国际市场上崭露头角到30年代后期全国45%左右的纺机设备出口到世界各地。 战后初期受到战争重创的德国纺机业又不得不面临东、西德分离的困境英、法、美等老牌纺机强国重新登上了国际纺机市场的领先位置。与原东德相比战后初期的西德纺机业基础十分薄弱。不过值得庆幸的是原东德累斯顿地区的工程师、技术骨干和

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