美国文学史整理
美国文学
简答题
1.Moby-dick is regarded as the Great American Novel, the first American prose epic(散文史诗：
a long narrative poem telling of heroic deeds of reflecting the values of the society from which it originated), though it is presented in the form of a novel.
①its surface meaning:It is a whaling tale or sea adventure, dealing with Ahab, a man with an overwhelming obsession to kill the whale which has crippled him, on board his ship Pequod in the chase of the big whale. The dramatic description of the hazards of whaling makes the book a very exciting sea narrative and builds a literary monument to an era of whaling industry in the nineteenth century.
②The deep symbolic theme: Moby-Dick is not merely a whaling tale or sea adventure, considering that Melville is a great symbolist. It turns out to be a symbolic voyage of the mind in quest of the truth and knowledge of the universe, a spiritual exploration into man's deep reality and psychology.This is shown in Captain Ahab's rebellious struggle against the overwhelming mysterious vastness of the universe and its awesome sometimes merciless forces.
The Peduod is the miscrocosm of human society and the voyage becomes a search for truth; Moby Dick symbolizes nature for the author, evil for the character Ahab;
2. 《the adventure of huckleberry finn》
（1）Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is Mark Twain’s masterpiece. tells the story of a teenaged misfit，Huck，who finds himself floating on a raft down the Mississippi River with an escaping slave, Jim. In the course of their perilous journey, Huck and Jim meet adventure, danger, and a cast of characters who are sometimes menacing and often hilarious.
3. The Great Gatsby
（1）The theme of the novel: The Great Gatsby, by summarizing the experiences and attitudes of the glamorous and wild 1920s, deals with the bankruptcy of the American Dream, which is high1ighted by the disillusionment of the protagonist's personal dream due to the clashes between his romantic vision of life and the relentless reality.
（2）Chapter Ⅲof the novel, a vivid description of one of Gatsby's fabulous parties, presents a vivid atmosphere of paradox. Gatsby's party, characteristic of the roaring twenties in the U.S. evokes both the romance and the sadness of the Jazz Age. On the surface, the party is crowded, yet empty of warmth or friendship, with people coming to the party eagerly but appearing indifferent and contemptuous of their host. Gatsby himself as the host is a paradox -- exceedingly courteous but keeps himself detached from the noisy and confusing crowd, because he, though fascinated with the wealth, was fully aware of the corruptive nature of the society and the Vanity Fair. The charm and sweetness of the youth is spoiled by triviality and tawdriness; The splendid house and garden is purchased not for enjoyment but for impression. There is every sign of merriment, with guests eating, drinking, laughing, moving about and dancing, but people get dead drunk, break down in tears or quarrel over trivialities. So beneath the wealthy people's masks of relaxation and joviality there was only sterility, meaninglessness and futi1ity, and amid the grandeur and extravagance a spiritual waste1and and a hint of decadence and moral decay. This undeniable juxtaposition of appearance with reality, of the pretense of gaiety with the tension underneath, is easily recognizable in Fitzgerald's novels and stories.
4.Ezra Pound
The poem was first published in 1913 and is considered one of the leading poems of the Imagist tradition. Pound's process of deletion from thirty lines to only fourteen words typifies Imagism's focus on economy of language, precision of imagery and experimenting with non-traditional verse forms. The poem is Pound’s written equivalent for the moment of revelation and intense emotion he felt at the Metro at La Concorde, Paris.
By linking human faces, a synecdoche for people themselves, with petals on a damp bough, the poet calls attention to both the elegance and beauty of human life, as well as its transience. A dark, wet bough implies that it has just rained, and the petals stuck to the bough were shortly before attached to flowers from the tree. They may still be living, but they will not be for long. In this way, Pound calls attention to human mortality as a whole - we are all dying.
The word "apparition" is considered crucial as it implies both presence and absence –and thus transience as mentioned previously.
The plosive word "Petals" conjures ideas of delicate, feminine beauty which contrasts with the bleakness of the "wet, black bough".
5.William Wordsworth
赏析
6.Ode to the West Wind 第一段
Stanza 1 Addressing the west wind as a human, the poet describes its activities: It drives dead leaves away as if they were ghosts fleeing a wizard. The leaves are yellow and black, pale and red, as if they had died of an infectious disease. The west wind carries seeds in its chariot and deposits them in the earth, where they lie until the spring wind awakens them by blowing on a trumpet (clarion). When they form buds, the spring wind spreads them over plains and on hills. In a paradox, the poet addresses the west wind as a destroyer and a preserver, then asks it to listen to what he says.
The Rhyme scheme-aba bcb cdc ded ff
Iambic metre
7.Oliver Twist 主要内容和思想主题
One of Charles Dickens most enduringly popular stories is Oliver Twist, an early work published 1837-8. Oliver was a poor orphan orphan. He had no parents. At the workhouse, his masters were very stick. So, one day, he escaped to London. In London, he met a thief and his friends, who taught him to steal from rich people. During this time, he met a kind man, Mr.Brunlow. But the thief forced Oliver to steal from Mr.Brunlow. If Oliver refused, they would kill him. But one day ,the police found the thief and they arrested him and sent him to prison. Finally , adopted Oliver. Mr.Brunlow adopted.
In Oliver Twist, Dickens mixes grim realism and merciless satire as a way to
describe the effects of industrialism on 19th-century England and to criticize the harsh new Poor Laws. Oliver, an innocent child, is trapped in a world where his only options seem to be the workhouse.
?industrial/institutional setting, however, a fairy tale also emerges. In the midst of corruption and degradation, the essentially passive Oliver remains pure-hearted; he steers away from evil when those around him give in to it, and in proper fairy-tale fashion, he eventually receives his reward — leaving for a peaceful life in the country, surrounded by kind friends. On the way to this happy ending, Dickens explores the kind of life an orphan, outcast boy could expect to lead in 1830s London.
8.My Last Duchess 最后十行赏析
The poem is written as a dramatic monologue: one speaker relates the entire poem as if to another person present with him. It uses iambic pentameter of AABB couplets.The speaker (presumably the Duke of Ferrara) is giving the emissary of his prospective second wife a tour of the artworks in his home. He stops before a portrait of the late Duchess, apparently a young and lovely girl. The Duke begins reminiscing about the portrait sessions, then about the Duchess herself. The Duke describes her happy, cheerful and flirtatious nature, which had displeased him. He wants to show himself off and show his wife’s disloyalty to him but on the contrary, the readers find out he is a savage, small-minded man. The Duke then resumes an earlier conversation regarding wedding arrangements, and in passing points out another work of art, a bronze statue of Neptune taming a sea-horse，as he wants to tame duchess.
名词解释
1.Transcendentalism was a religious and philosophical movement that developed during the late 1820s and '30s in the Eastern region of the United States as a protest against the general state of spirituality and, in particular, the state of intellectualism at Harvard University and the doctrine of the Unitarian church as taught at Harvard Divinity School.
Among the transcendentalists' core beliefs was the inherent goodness of both people and nature. They believe that society and its institutions—particularly organized religion and political parties—ultimately corrupt the purity of the individual. They have faith that people are at their best when truly "self-reliant" and independent. It is only from such real individuals that true community could be formed.
2.Free verse is an open form of poetry. It does not use consistent meter patterns, rhyme, or any other musical pattern. It thus tends to follow the rhythm of natural speech.
3.The term "Stream of Consciousness" was coined by philosopher and psychologist William James in The Principles of Psychology (1890),and in 1918 May Sinclair first applied the term stream of consciousness, in a literary context.
Stream of consciousness is a narrative device that attempts to give the written equivalent of the character's thought processes, either in a loose interior monologue , or in connection to his or her actions. In stream of consciousness the speaker's thought processes are more often depicted as overheard in the mind ; it is primarily a fictional device. 作家joyce《Ulysses》Virginia Wolf 《Mrs Dalloway》
作家及诗歌
4.Metaphysical poetry
The term “metaphysical poetry” is commonly used to designate the works of the 17th-century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.
With a rebellious spirit, the metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry.
The diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassic periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech. The imagery is drawn from the actual life. The form is frequently that of an argument with the poet's beloved, with God, or with himself.
5.Blank verse
Blank verse is a type of poetry, distinguished by having a regular meter, but no rhyme. In English, the meter most commonly used with blank verse has been iambic pentameter (like that which is used in Shakespearean plays) .This term was first brought into England by Surrey. Christopher Marlowe was the first English author to make full use of the potential of blank verse.
6.Heroic Couplet
Heroic couplet is a rhyming couplet of iambic pentameter, often containing a complete though. There is a fairly heavy at the end of the first line and a still heavier one at the end of the second. Commonly there is a parallel or an antithesis within a line, or between the two lines. It is called heroic because in England, especially in the eighteenth century, it was much used for heroic (epic) poems.
Use of the heroic couplet was pioneered by Geoffrey Chaucer in the Legend of Good Women and the Canterbury Tales, and was perfected by John Dryden in the Restoration Age.
7. Romanticism VS Neoclasssisim
1)a movement in literature, philosophy, music and art from late 18th century to early 19th century in Europe.
2) imagination, emotion and freedom are certainly the focal points of romanticism. The particular characteristics of the literature of romanticism include: subjectivity and an emphasis on individualism; freedom from rules; solitary life rather then life in society; the beliefs that imagination is superior to reason; and love of and worship of nature.
3)Representative writers(代表作家）: France:Hugo, Lamartine, George Sand Germany: Geothe, Schiller Russia:Pushkin, Lemontove America (30 years later): Irving, Cooper, Emerson, Thoreau
(2)Neoclassicism: the Enlightenment brought about a revival of interest in Greek and Roman works. The Enlightenment brought about a revival of interest in Greek and
Roman works. A revival in literature in the late 17th and 18th centuries, characterized by a regard for the classical ideals of reason, form, and restraint.
8.Dramatic Monologue: a kind of narrative poem in which one character speaks to one or more listeners whose replies are not given in the poem.
作家与作品连线
Edgar Allan Poe ：To Helen致海轮，Tamerlane and Other Poems贴木耳，Tales of The Grotesque and Arabesque，Tales，The Fall of The House of Usher,Ligeia, Annabel Lee Ralph Waldo Emerson：Nature-新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书，The American Scholar，The Divinity School Address, Divinity; The Oversouls, Self-reliance,The Transcendentalist, Representative Men, The Humble Bee, Days
Nathaniel Hawthorne：The Scarlet Lette红字r，Twice-told Tales，Mosses from an Old Manse
Henry David Thoreau：Walden瓦尔登湖，On the Duty of Civil Disobedience，A week on the Concord and Merrimack River
Walt Whitman：Leaves of Grass草叶集，song of myself,Song of the Broad-Axe, I hear America Singing
Emily Dickinson：The Poems of Emily Dickinson，Tell all the truth and tell it slant William Faulkner：the sound and the fury喧嚣与骚动，The Marble Faun,Soldiers’Pay,
Ernest Hemingway:The Sun Also Rises太阳照样升起;Farewell to Arms永别了，武器;For Whom the Bell Tolls丧钟为谁而鸣,The old man and the sea 老人与海
Robert Frost（连线）
< A Boy’s will>
(Fire and Ice) (Stopping by woods on a Snowy Evening) (The Road Not Taken)
Eugene Glastone O’Neill
*Beyond the Horizon
Tennessee Williams P221
A Streetcar Named Desire 主要内容P222
Geoffrey Chaucer P1
The Canterbury Tales 内容提要P1
William Shakespeare
(Hamlet): To be, or not to be—that is the question P8
(Sonnet 18): Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? P14
Francis Bacon
(Of studies): Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.
Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtile; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.
Abeunt studia in morse. P20
John Milton
Paradise lost 内容提要P27
Daniel Defoe
The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson 内容提要P34
Jonathan Swift
Gulliver’s Travels 内容提要P41
A Modest Proposal 他建议爱尔兰的穷人把刚满一周岁的孩子卖给富人，富人可将孩子做成美餐，这样有很多好处：一，穷人可以获得收入，改变贫穷；二，富人有充足的肉食来源；三，社会上的人口减少，可以解决食物短缺问题。Swift suggests that the impoverished Irish might ease their economic troubles by selling their children as food for rich gentlemen and ladies.
William Blake
(Songs of Innocence)里面的一首(Tha Lamb) p51
(Songs of Experience)里面的一首(Tha Tyger) p52
Robert Burns
(A Red, Red Rose) (Auld Lang Syne)
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
(Kubla Khan)
Jane Austin
(Pride and Prejudice)
George Gordon Byron 乔治·戈登·拜伦–Romantic Poets
1)Hours of Idleness 闲暇的时刻（first volume of poems）
2)English Bards and Scotch Reviewers 英格兰诗人和苏格兰评论家
3) Childe Harold Pilgrimage恰尔德.哈罗尔德游记
4) Don Juan 唐璜（Byron?s greatest work, satiric masterpiece讽刺名作）
5) The Giaour 异教徒
6) The Corsair 海盗
7) Lara 莱拉
8) Childe Harold Pilgrimage 恰尔德哈罗尔游记
9) Manfred曼弗雷德
10) Cain 该隐
11) When We Two Parted
12) She Walks in Beauty
13) Sonnet on Chillon
Percy Bysshe Shelley 雪莱–Romantic Poets p79
1)The Necessity of Atheism 无神论的必要性
2)To a Sky Lark致云雀
3)The Cloud
John Keats约翰·济慈–Romantic Poets
1) On First Looking into Chapman’s Homer
2) Endymion 恩底弥翁(“feverish attempt rather than a deed accomplished”)
3) Lamia, Isabella, The Eve of St.Agnes, and other Poems
4) On Melancholy 哀感
5) Ode On a Greeian Urn 希腊古翁颂
6) To Psyche 心灵
7) To a Nightingale 夜莺颂
8) To Autumn 秋颂
9) Hyperion
Charlotte Bronte 夏洛蒂·勃朗特
1) Jane Eyre 简爱
2) The Professor 教授
3) Shirley 雪莉
4) Villette 维莱特
Charles Dickens 查尔斯·狄更斯p102
1)Oliver Twist 雾都孤儿
2) A Christmas Carlo 圣诞欢歌
3)David Copperfield大卫科波菲尔
4)Bleak House 荒凉山庄
5)Hard Times艰难时刻
6)Little Dorrit 小杜丽
7) A Tale of Two Cities 双城记
8)Great Expectations 远大进程
9)Our Mutual Friend 我们共同的朋友
Alfred Lord Tennyson 艾尔弗雷德丁尼生-Victorian Poet
1) Ulysses 尤利西斯
Robert Browning 罗伯特·布朗宁-Victorian Poet /dramatic monologue(手法) p117
1) My Last Duchess 我已故的公爵夫人
2) The Ring and the Book 指环和书
William Makepeace Thackeray-Victorian Poet
Vanity Fair 《名利场》
Vanity Fair
Time and place: 19th century of England
Circumstance: the story happens in the middle-upper class. At that time, the industry and business are booming and the war between Britain and France breaks.
Plot: two plots
One is about the deceased poor painter's daughter Rebecca Sharp, who ends up as a “respected”
member of society after many vicissitudes.
The other clue writes the pure girl Amelia Sedley who is deeply in love with the officer George Osborne.
Character:
?Thackeray presented his characters as they are real in life. He recorded the failings of his characters, as well as their merits and capacities. ? He also described his characters through contrast, like Amelia vs Becky.
?Becky: an orphan trying so hard to climb up into the upper class. Amelia: a kind-hearted , weakly sentimental girl who wholeheartedly loved her husband.
? Rawdon Crawley: Thackeray describes him as a “heavy dragoon with strong desires and small brains, who had never controlled a pass ion in his life”.
?George Osborne: a hypostatical young man, a son of a trader.
-? Rebecca Sharp: the leading character, wife of Rawdon (Becky is short for Rebecca)
?Amelia Sedley: Becky’s schoolmate and dear friend
?Rawdon: Becky’s husband, a soldier
?Ge orge: Amelia’s husband
?Willian Dobbin: George’s friend, loved Amelia
?Joseph Sedley: Amelia’s brother, liked Becky
Theme:
The title suggests the theme: vanity fair. The treasures of vanity fair, that is money and position, are desirable but transient. ? Thackeray’s idea, then, is that although one may live in vanity fair, one need not be a slave to its values, which eventually turn into emptiness.
Thomas Hardy-Naturalistic writer
1) My Last Duchess 我已故的公爵夫人
2) The Ring and the Book 指环和书
Oscar Wilde-Modern dramatist
1）The Picture of Dorian Gray《道林·格雷的画像》
2）The Happy Prince and Other Tale《快乐王子和其他故事》
3）A House of Pomegranates《石榴屋》
4）Poems《诗集》
George Bernard Shaw 乔治伯纳萧-Modern dramatist
1) The Quintessence of Ibsenism 易卜生主义的精华
2) The Perfect Wagnerite 完美的瓦格纳
3) Widowers’ Houses
4) The Philanderer 拉皮条者
5) Mrs. Warren’s Profession 华伦夫人的职业
Joseph Conrad
Heart of Darkness
T.S. Eliot-Nobel Prize Winner
1) The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock （poem）
2) The Waste Land
3)Ash Wednesday
4) Murder in the Cathedral (play)
William Butler Yeats
1)The Wanderings of Oisin and Other Poems
2)The Countess Kathleen and Various Legends and Lyrics
3)In the Seven Woods
4)The Wild Swans at Coole
5)Michael Robartes and the Dancer
6)The Tower (1928)
7)The Winding Stair and Other Poems (1933)
James Joyce 詹姆斯乔伊斯-Modernist Novelist
1) Dubliners 都柏林人
2) A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man 一个年轻画家的肖像
3) Ulysses 尤利西斯
Virginia Woolf-Modernist Novelist
1) Monday or Tuesday
2) Jacob’s Room
3) Mrs. Dalloway 《达洛维夫人》
4) To the Lighthouse
5) The waves 海浪
6) Between the Acts 幕间
D.H. Lawrence劳伦斯
1) Sons and Lovers 儿子和情人–Oedipus Complex 俄狄浦斯情结
2) The White Peacock 白孔雀
3) Rainbow 虹
William Golding
1)Lord of the flies
2)The Inheritors
Lord of the flies
The Theme
The theme is the dark side—or evil—of human nature. Lord of the Flies is the most adequate illustration of the point.
The Story
A group of boys ages 6 to 12 are left on a desert island as a result of a plane crash. Completely on their own in a world where there is no adult guidance and supervision, the children begin to take life into their own hands. As they differ on the issue of how to live as a group, they take different courses of action. Ralph, the leader figure, would like to establish law and order, but Jack Merridew wants to go hunting and killing.
Jack forms his own separate group and leads some boys away. Soon the two distinct notions of life and modes of behavior come to clash with one another, and things begin to happen at an amazing rapidity. First Piggy gets killed by Roger, Jack’s “executioner”. （刽子手，死刑执行者）Then Simon is murdered.
Jack gets the upper hand, and Ralph has to hide himself to run from his hot pursuit. The twins, Sam and Eric (known as Samneric) are threatened with torture if they refuse to tell on his whereabouts. Jack’s gang sets the island on fire in order to drive Ralph out in the open. The fire catches the attention of a passing ship, which then comes over to stop their barbarism and take them back to their country.
美国文学史-知识点梳理
Part I The Literature of Colonial America I．Historical Introduction The colonial period stretched roughly from the settlement of America in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th. The first permanent settlement in America was established by English in 1607. ( A group of people was sent by the English King James I to hunt for gold. They arrived at Virginia in 1607. They named the James River and build the James town.) II．The pre-revolutionary writing in the colonies was essentially of two kinds: 1) Practical matter-of-fact accounts of farming, hunting, travel, etc. designed to inform people "at home" what life was like in the new world, and, often, to induce their immigration 2) Highly theoretical, generally polemical, discussions of religious questions. III．The First American Writer The first writings that we call American were the narratives and journals of these settlements. They wrote about their voyage to the new land, their lives in the new land, their dealings with Indians. Captain John Smith is the first American writer. A True Relation of such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony (1608) A Map of Virginia: A Description of the Country (1612) General History of Virgini a (1624): the Indian princess Pocahontas Captain John Smith was one of the first early 17th-century British settlers in North America. He was one of the founders of the colony of Jamestown, Virginia. His writings about North America became the source of information about the New World for later settlers. One of the things he wrote about that has become an American legend was his capture by the Indians and his rescue by the famous Indian Princess, Pocahontas. IV．Early New England Literature William Bradford and John Winthrop John Cotton and Roger Williams Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor V．Puritan Thoughts 1. The origin of puritan In the mediaeval Europe, there was widespread religious revolution. In the 16th Century, the English King Henry VIII (At that time, the Catholics were not allowed to divorce unless they have the Pope's permission. Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife because she couldn't bear him a son. But the Pope didn't allow him to divorce, so he) broke away from the Roman Catholic Church & established the Church of
美国文学史总结
ⅠColonial America(17th century)殖民主义时期文学 1.In 1492, Christopher Columbus discovered America and he mistook the native people on the new continent for Indians. Character of colonial literature: a.content: religious, political b.form: diary, journal, letters, travel books, sermons, history (personal literature) c.Style: simple. direct, concise d.out of humble origins Early in the 17th century, the English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts began the main stream of what we recognize as the American national history. The earliest settlers in America included Dutch, Swedes, Germans, French, Spaniards, Italians and Portuguese. The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿) 2.Captain Town Smith, the first American writer 3.Puritan Thoughts: hard work, thrift(节俭), piety(虔诚), sobriety(节制), 这些也成了早期 美国作品主导思想. 典型的清教徒：John Cotton & Roger William, John Cotton was called “the Patriarch of New England(新英格兰教父)” 清教徒采用的文学体裁：narratives(日记) and journals(游记) 清教徒在美国的写作内容： 1）Their voyage to the new land 2）Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops 3）About dealing with Indians 4）Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit 4.Private literature: theological, moral, historical, political 5.The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor, rose to the level of real poetry. Anne Bradstreet is one of the most interesting of the early poets, 英国最早移民到美国的诗人. The best of the Puritan poets was Edward Taylor. ⅡReason and Revolution(18th century)理性和革命时期文学 1.The War for Independence (1776-1783) ended in the formation of a Federative bourgeois democratic republic - the United States of America. 2.Bourgeois Enlightenment 3.Benjamin Franklin: Poor Richard’s Almanac(穷人理查德的年鉴), an annual collection of proverbs. The Autobiography, 18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传 ?The Autobiography is, first of all, a Puritan document. It is Puritan because it is a record of self-examination and self-improvement. The Puritans, as a type, were very much given to self-analysis. ?The Autobiography shows Franklin was spokesman for the new order of 18th-century Enlightenment, and that he represented in America all its ideas, that man is basically good and free, by nature endowed by God with certain inalienable rights of liberty and the pursuit of happiness.
美国文学史复习资料
美国文学史复习（colonialism) 第一部分殖民主义时期的文学 一、时期综述 1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记b、journals 游记 2、清教徒在美国的写作内容： 1）their voyage to the new land 2) Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops 3) About dealing with Indians 4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit 3、清教徒的思想： 1）puritan want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices 净化信仰和行为方式 2) Wish to restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible to the theology. 重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位 3）look upon themselves as chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God's will and is not to be accepted. 认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝 4）puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated. 反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步5）religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God.强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面。 4、典型的清教徒：John Cotton & Roger William 他们的不同：John Cotton was much more concerned with authority than with democracy; William begins the history of religious toleration in America. 5、William的宗教观点：Toleration did not stem from a lack of religious convictions. Instead, it sprang from the idea that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others. He also felt that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with God. 行为上的德，信仰上的诚，并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权利。没有任何政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨。 6、英国最早移民到美国的诗人：Anne Bradstreet 7、在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人：the best of Puritan poets is Edward Tayor. 学习指南： 1、Could you give a description of American Puritans? 关于美国清教徒的描绘 Like their brothers back in England, were idealists, believing that the church should be restored to the "purity" of the first-century church as established by Jesus Christ himself. To them religion was a matter of primary importance. They made it their chief business to see that man lived and thought and acted in a way which tended to the glory of God. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God, all that John Calvin, the great French theologian who lived in Geneva had preached. It was this kind of religious belief that they brought with them into the wildness. There they meaant to prove that were God's chosen people enjoying his blessings on this earth as in Heaven. 2、Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing. 3、The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet & Edward Taylor, rose to the level of real poetry.
(完整版)美国文学史复习资料
美国文学史复习1（colonialism) 第一部分殖民主义时期的文学 一、时期综述 1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记b、journals 游记 2、清教徒在美国的写作内容： 1）their voyage to the new land 2) Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops 3) About dealing with Indians 4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit 3、清教徒的思想： 1）puritan want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices 净化信仰和行为方式 2) Wish to restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible to the theology. 重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位 3）look upon themselves as chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God's will and is not to be accepted. 认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝 4）puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated. 反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步5）religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God.强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面。 4、典型的清教徒：John Cotton & Roger William 他们的不同：John Cotton was much more concerned with authority than with democracy; William begins the history of religious toleration in America. 5、William的宗教观点：Toleration did not stem from a lack of religious convictions. Instead, it sprang from the idea that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others. He also felt that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with God. 行为上的德，信仰上的诚，并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权利。没有任何政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨。 6、英国最早移民到美国的诗人：Anne Bradstreet 7、在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人：the best of Puritan poets is Edward Tayor. 学习指南： 1、Could you give a description of American Puritans? 关于美国清教徒的描绘 Like their brothers back in England, were idealists, believing that the church should be restored to the "purity" of the first-century church as established by Jesus Christ himself. To them religion was a matter of primary importance. They made it their chief business to see that man lived and thought and acted in a way which tended to the glory of God. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God, all that John Calvin, the great French theologian who lived in Geneva had preached. It was this kind of religious belief that they brought with them into the wildness. There they meaant to prove that were God's chosen people enjoying his blessings on this earth as in Heaven. 2、Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing. 3、The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet & Edward Taylor, rose to the level of real poetry. 4、The earliest settlers included Dutch, Swedes, Germans, French, Spaniards Italian, and Portuguese. 美国文学史复习2（reasoning and revolution) (2009-01-17 15:54:25) 一、美国的性质： The war for Independence ended in the formation of a Federative bourgeois democratic republic - the United States of America. 联邦的资产阶级民主共和国--美利坚合众国。 二、代表作家： 1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林1706-1790 1）"Poor Richard's Almanac" 穷人查理德的年鉴annual collection of proverbs 流行谚语集 It soon became the most popular book of its kind, largely because of Franklin's shrewd humor, and first spread his reputation 2) Founded the Junto, a club for informal discussion of scientific, economic and political ideas. 建立了一个秘密俱乐部，讨论的主题是政治、经济和科学等时事方面的问题 3）established America's first circulating library, founded the college--University of Pennsylvania. 建立了美国第一个可租借的图书馆，还创办了一所大学——就是现在的宾夕法尼亚大学。 4）first applied the terms "positive" and "negative" to electrical charges. 5)As a representative of the Colonies, he tried in vain to counsel the British toward policies that would let America grow and flourish in association with England. He conducted the difficulty negotiations with France that brought financial and military support for America in the war. 作为殖民地的代表，他不断建议英国改变政策，使美国可以和英国一起发展、繁荣。他说服法国支持美国的独立战争。 6）As an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor, sarcastic.作为作家具有非凡的才能，表达简洁明了，幽默，讽刺天才、 7）The Way to Wealth致富之道The Autobiography自传18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传
美国文学史期末总结
美国文学史美国文学
全书的焦点集中于南太平洋一条名叫莫比·迪克的白鲸,以及捕鲸船皮廓德(Pequod)号的船长阿哈(Ahab)如何对它有不共戴天的仇恨.阿哈在一次航行中被莫比·迪克咬掉一条腿,立志报仇,指挥皮廓德号环航全球追踪,终于发现了它.经过三天放下小艇紧追.虽然刺中了这条白鲸,但它十分顽强狡猾,咬碎了小艇,也撞沉了大船.它拖着捕鲸船游开时,绳子套住阿哈,把他绞死了.全船人尽皆灭顶.只有一个水手借着由棺材改制的救生浮子而逃得性命.整个故事以这个水手伊希梅尔(Ishmael)自述的方式展开. The book focuses on a whale named Moby Dick lived in south pacific and the captain of whaler Pequod—Ahab. Ahab was once bite by Moby Dick and lost a leg, determined to revenge,he commanded whaler pequod do global tracking, and finally found it. After three days of hot pursuit with the skiff,while they stabbed this white whale, but it was very tenacious and cunning, eventually chewed the skiff, also sank the ship. It dragged whaler swimming away, the rope was around Ahab, he was hanged. Almost all of people on the boat drowned, only a sailor called Ishmael survived .
美国文学史作品作家汇总 全
美国文学史作品作家汇总 美国文学 Part 1. Colonial America Thomas Paine托马斯?潘恩1737-1809 The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题；Common Sense常识；American Crisis美国危机；Rights of Man人的权利：Downfall of Despotism专制体制的崩溃；The Age of Reason理性时代 Philip Freneau菲利普?弗伦诺1752-1832 The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle 野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地 .Jonathan Edwards The Freedom of the Will 论意志自由The Great Doctrine of Original Sin defended论原罪The Nature of True Virtue论真是德行的本原 Benjamin Franklin本杰明?富兰克林1706-1790 A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Money; Poor Richard’s Almanac穷查理历书；The Way to Wealth致富之道；The Autobiography自传 Part 2. American Romanticism Washington Irving华盛顿?欧文1783-1859 A History of New York纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；Brace bridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田庄；Talks of Travelers旅客谈；The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉 Jamie Fennimore Cooper詹姆斯?费尼莫尔?库珀1789-1851 The Spy间谍;The Pilot领航者;The Little page Manuscripts利特佩奇的手稿;Leather stocking Tales皮裹腿故事集:The Pioneer拓荒者；The Last of Mohicans最后的莫希干人;The Prairie大草原;The Pathfinder探路者;The Deer slayer杀鹿者 Part 3.New England Transcendentalism Ralf Waldo Emerson拉尔夫?沃尔多?爱默生1803-1882 Essays散文集:Nature论自然-----新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书;The American Scholar 论美国学者;Divinity; The Over soul论超灵;Self-reliance论自立;The Transcendentalist超验主义者;Representative Men代表人物;English Traits 英国人的特征;School Address神学院演说 Concord Hymn康考德颂;The Rhoda杜鹃花;The Humble Bee野蜂;Days日
美国文学史名词解释
1.American Puritanism清教 2.It comes from the American puritans, who were the first immigrants moved to American continent in the 17th century. Original sin, predestination（预言）and salvation（拯救）were the basic ideas of American Puritanism. And, hard-working, piousness（虔诚,尽职），thrift and sobriety（清醒）were praised. Characteristics: 特点 1. Idealistic: Puritans pursue the purity and simplicity in worship. They focuse the glory of God, and the angry believe in the doctrine of destiny, original sin, limited atonement 2. Practical: Puritans come to Amrican to do business and make profits with the desire of chasing wealth and status. They have to struggle for survival under the severity of the western frontier. 3 .The struggle between the spiritual and the material is the basics of the Puritan mind. On the one hand, Puritans chase the purity of the early the other hand, they come to America to earn money. This contradictory will be reflected by their thoughts. 4. In a word, it rests on purity, ambition, harding work, and an intense struggling for success. Romanticism浪漫主义: the literature term was first applied to the writers of the 18th century in Europe who broke away from the formal rules of classical writing. When it was used in American literature it referred to the writers of the middle of the 19th century who stimulated（刺激）the sentimental emotions of their readers. They wrote of the mysterious of life, love, birth and death. The Romantic writers expressed themselves freely and without restraint. They wrote all kinds of materials, poetry, essays, plays, fictions, history, works of travel, and biography. Transcendentalism先验说,超越论: is a philosophic and literary movement that flourished in New England, particular at Concord, as a reaction against Rationalism and Calvinism (理性主义and喀尔文主义). Mainly it stressed intuitive understanding of God, without the help of the church, and advocated independence of the mind. The representative writers are Emerson and Thoreau. American Realism现实主义: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience Local colorism乡土文学: as a trend became dominant in American literature in the 1860s and early 1870s，it is defined by Hamlin Garland as having such quality of texture and background that it could not have been written in any other place or by anyone else than a native stories of local colorism have a quality of circumstantial(详细的) authenticity(确实性), as local colorists tried to immortalize(使不朽) the distinctive natural, social and linguistic features. It is characteristic of vernacular(本国语) language and satirical(讽刺的) humor Naturalism自然主义: American naturalism was a new and harsher realism. American naturalism had been shaped by the war; by the social upheavals（剧变）that undermined the comforting faith of an earlier age. America’s literary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths. They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and heredity. Although naturalist literature described the world with sometimes brutal realism, it sometimes also aimed at bettering the world through social reform. Stream of consciousness意识流：It is one of the modern literary techniques. It is the style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character’s thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the character experiences them. It was first used in 1922 by the Irish novelist James Joyce. Those novels broke
美国文学史复习资料要点汇总整编【手动】
美国文学史整理 一、Colonial America 殖民时期 1、New England：Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. 2、Doctrines of Puritanism清教 American Puritanism stressed predestination（命运神定), original sin（原罪）, total depravity (彻底的堕落), and limited atonement (有限的赎罪)from God’s grace. 3、Writing style：fresh, simple and direct and with a touch of nobility；the rhetoric is plain and honest. 4、Life style：hard work, thrift, piety, and sobriety. 5、Main writer:①Thomas Paine 托马斯·潘恩 work：Common Sense (1776) 《常识》 American Crisis (1776-1783)《美国危机》 The Rights of Man《人权》 The Age of Reason《理性时代》 ②Benjamin Franklin（本杰明·富兰克林） Poor Richard’s Almanac《穷查理历书》 Autobiography 《富兰克林自传》