美国文学
名词解释
American romanticism:romanticism was rebellious in spirit, stand in reaction against the neoclassical spirit then the prevailing in American literary life. The romantic emphasized freedom and individualism, believing that imagination was superior to rationalism. The romantic preferred the innate or intuitive perception by the heart of man. Such characteristic as pursuit of freedom, emphasis of individualism, a reliance upon the good of nature and natural man, and an abiding faith in the boundless resources of the human spirit and imagination persisted in the works of many romantic writers.
American Transcendentalism:was an important movement in philosophy and literature that flourished during the early to middles years of the 19th century. It is one who believes in and seeks for a higher, deeper truth than that which is revealed through the sense or by logical analysis. Among transcendentalists’beliefs was the belief in an ideal spiritual state that transcends the physical and empirical and is realized only through the individuals intuition, rather than through the doctrines of established religions.
Free verse:is a form of poetry without a regular rhyme scheme or meter. Instead, it relies on alliteration, assonance, imagery and parallel structure.
Local color literature:local color or regional literature is fiction and poetry that focuses on the characters, dialect, customs, topography and other features particular to a specific region. This mode of writing become dominant in American literature between the civil war and the end of the 19th century. Its weakness may include nostalgia or sentimentality.
American naturalism:it refers to the theory that literature should arrive at a detached, scientific objectivity in the treatment of natural man. It is a more advanced stage of realism toward the close of the 19th century. The author’s tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic, but more detached , ironic and more pessimistic.
The lost generation: a term that used by Gertrude Stein to describe the post-world war 1 generation of American writers, man and woman haunted by the destructiveness of the war. The term is commonly applied to Ernest Hemingway ,F.Scott Fitzgerald and others.
Black humor:black humor is a kind of humor caused by great anger. Black humorists often describe gruesome events in their writings that are normally associated with pleasant situations. It is a kind of desperate humor and laughter at tragic things, laughter that is inevitable followed by the acute awareness that it is based on the sufferings and misfortunes of their fellow creatures.
The beat generation: it is a term used to describe a group of American writers who came to prominence in the 1950s. Central elements of beat culture include a rejection of materialism, experimentation with drugs and an interest in eastern religion. In the 1960s, the beat generation gradually gave way to the counterculture.
The first of American literature was not written by an American, but by John Smith,a British solider of soldier.New England Trials, The General History of Virginia published in 1620 and 1624
Thomas Paine: Common Sense
Thomas Jefferson:principal author of the Declaration of Independence
Benjamin Franklin: Autobiography ;Poor Richards’ Almanac
Philip Freneau: poet ,Father of American Poetry, the poet of American Revolution,the most significant poet of the 18th century of American, The Wild Honey Suckle
James Fenimore Coope r: first American novelist. The Spy, The Leather-Stocking Tales, The pathfinder, The Deer-slayer , The Pilot, The Red Rover, The Water-Witch, The Two Admirals ,The Wing-and Wing
Washington Irving: the first great stylists of American romanticism, short story writer, essayist , father of American imaginative literature, the first American author to achieve international distinction. Rip Van Winkle from The Sketch Book, a collection of essays, sketches, and stories,The Legend of Sleepy Hollow
William Cullen Bryant: the first American lyric poet of distinction. To a Waterfowl, Thanatopsis, The Yellow Violet . The Flood of Years. Nature was the chief theme of Bryant’s poetry. Nature was the symbol of the Marker, the mighty Cause, and the infinite Sources.
Thanatopsis:the poem, whose title means “ a meditation on death”, Bryant deals with the
theme of death, stoically compares death with the crumbling of the insensible clod, and describes death without any hint of the resurrection or immortality of the soul. The theme of death, the melancholy tone, and black verse in the poem resemble the poetry of graveyard school.
To a Waterfowl: “the most perfect brief poem in the language”,was called by Matthew Arnold, Bryant exhausted and lonely in the wildness .sank into self-doubt and despair. Its successful representation of the poet’s grateful sense of a divine power guiding and protecting all the existences in the universe, the beauty and value of poem also lies in the clarify of its central image and the aptness and simplify of its moral analogy. The poem also has been admire for the “gliding”effect of the stanza form, which is appropriate to the visual image of the following stanza.
Henry David Thoreau:a practical transcendentalist, Walden, his masterpiece and a great Transcendentalist work. Civil Disobedience
Edgar Allen Poe:one of the earliest writers of modern short stories. Father of the detective story; Father of the psychoanalytic criticism. Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque, To Helen,Poe called her “the first purely ideal love of my soul”, the personal element of the young poet was almost completely sublimated in the idealization of the tradition of supernal beauty in art.
Raiph Waido Emerson: The American Scholar,this address having been considered American’s intellectual declaration of independence. Nature , 1836, which later xame to known as Transcendentalism. The Rhodora, the poem proceed from the rhodora, a common natural object,to the transcendental idea it suggests. The significance of the poem lies in such a masterly combination of the description of nature and the revelation of a philosophical idea. 1,the transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit or the over-soul,as the most important thing in the universe.2,they offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the spirit or God.3,believe in self-trust and self-reliance.5,dignity of manual labor.
Nathaniel Hawthorne: poet, naturalist, tax resister,his work: The Scarlet Letter, Mosses from an Old Manse. The Scarlet Letter, the theme of the novel is depicting sin and its consequences, around which the moods created are those of remorse, sorrow,and despair. It is notable for its allegory and symbolism,and it has been considered the first American symbolic novel. “A”,which stood for adultery,alienation, able,angle,amour. Hester ,beauty,strong will and enduranc3 kindness. Arthur ,weak and coward. Roger ,chill cool,heartless and merciless,his miss happen body reflects or symbolizes the evil in his soul. Pearl ,symbol of the ardent love,serves as moral in the novel,symbolizes the revolt against Puritanism.
Walt Whitman:end of American romantic. Leaves of Grass,1855,1867. Song of Myself, “I”or “Myself”,if in its largest and most frequent sense,it is generic and representative of all men,if in its universal meaning, it,as Whitman soul, is only a fragment of the World Soul,or the Oversoul.transcend both time to time,the imagery of the poem tends to be panoramic,flowing and expanding without end. When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d , this elegy on the death of Abraham Lincoln.1865.the meaning of the poem lies in the symbolism that is centered on three major symbols:the lilacs,stand for death of Lincoln;the fallen western star;the song of the hermit thrush.
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: Voice of the Night A Mystery: The Golden Legend ,The New England Tragedies ,The Divine Tragedy. A Psalm of Life, it is about nature and mankind ,although man may leave his footprints in the world ,nature will change it back states that mankind is temporary and nature is forever,nature goes on without mankind.
Harriet Beecher Stowe:Uncle Tom’s Cabin,1851,anti-slavery movement,Lincoln praised her”the little women who wrote the book that made this great war”,and the first well-know sociological novel in American literature.
Emily Dickinson :The Poetry of Emily Dickinson.
Mark Twain: first realist and humorist, Tom Sawyer ,Huckleberry Finn.,Life on the Mississippi. Henry James:psychological realism, “stream-of-consciousness”. The American, The Portrait of Lady. The Art of Fiction. Watch and Ward. First real novel is Roderick Hudson
Charles Darwin’s The Origin of Species.1859
Edwin Arlington Robinson:the first major poet of the 20th century. The Torrent and the Night Before. Children of the Night ,Capital Craig and other Poems. The Town Down the River. Eros Turannos. Richard Cory:abab,cdcd,efef,gcgc. Money can not buy happiness,you can’t juge people by what they have, but only by what they are. Appearance and deceiving.
Stephen Crane:first American naturalist. Maggie, A Girl of the Street. The Red Badge of Courage. Short story: The Open Boat . The Blue Hotel
Theodore Dreiser:Sister Carrie, An American Tragedy
Robert Lee Frost:was the unofficial laureate of America. Mending Wall. The Road Not Taken. Stopping By Woods On A Snowy Evening.
William James :stream-of-consciousness. Cal Jung,collective unconscious and archetypal symbol.
Ernest Hemingway: The Sun Also Rise. The lost generation. A Farewell to Arms. The Old Man and the Sea. His typical hero is one who,wounded but strong,enjoys the pleasures of life in face of ruin and death and maintains through some notion of a code and ideal of himself.
Francis Scott Fitzgerald:jazz age ,The Great Gatsby.
J ohn Ernst Steinbeck:The Grapes of Wrath,visionary. The Long Valley. Cup of Gold.
Thomas Stearns Eliot:poet,critic,dramatist. The Waste Land,is modern spiritual barrenness, the despair and depression that followed the first world war ,the sterility and trubulence of the modern world ,and the decline and break down of Western culture.
William Faulkner:Soldier’s Pay. The Sound and the Fury. As I Lay Dying,an original stream-of consciousness short novel. The Hamlet. Dry September. 1959 Nobel prize. Yoknapatawpha County
Eugene O’Neill:dramatist,1936,Nobel prize. Beyond the Horizon. The Emperor Jones. Long Day’s Journey Into Night. A Touch of the Poet. A Moon for the Misbegotten.
Jewish novelists Saul Bellow , Humboldt’s gift , Seize the Day. Issac Singer,1976,1978,Nobel prize.
Joseph Heller,Cat-22,a most typical work of black humor.
(完整版)美国文学课后答案
1.Why did Franklin write his Autobiography? Franklin says that because his son may wish to know about his life, he is taking his one week vacation in the English countryside to record his past. He also says that he has enjoyed his life and would like to repeat it 2.What made Franklin decide to leave the brother to whom he had been apprenticed? His brother was passionate, and had often beaten him. The aversion to arbitrary power that has stuck to him through his whole life .After a brush with the law, Franklin left his brother. 3.How did he arrive in Philadephia? First he set out in a boat for Amboy, the boat dropped him off about 50 miles from Burlington, the next day he reached Burlington on foot, in Burlington he found a boat which was going towards Philadelphia, he arrived there about eight or nine o’clock, on the Sunday morning and landed at the Market Street wharf. 4.What features do you find in the style of the above selection? It is the pattern of Puritan simplicity, directness, and concision(言简意赅). The narrative is lucid(易懂的), the structure is simple, the imagery is homely(朴素的). 二、Questions 1.How many characters does Poe include in The Cask of Amontillado? What are these names? Montresor, Fortunato and Luchesi 2. What drink are the French most famous for? Wine 3.Does Montresor have something of great value to him which we might consider to be his treasure? His pride and the pride of his French family heritage. Perhaps his devious plot of revenge. 4.Does Montresor seem to have much respect for Italians? Montresor does not have much respect for Italians. He feels the French are superior, especially with respect to wine. 5.What was Fortunato's insult? Poe does not tell us directly, but only implies it in the third paragraph 6.Which wine does Montresor use to lure Fortunato into the catacombs? "Amontillado" (the Spanish wine; Montresor's ruse to lead Fortunato down into the catacombs. 7.Why does Montresor entertain Fortunato with wines from his collection? Montresor wants to get Fortunato drunk enough to be able to trap him in his plan of vengeance. 8.In what two ways does Montresor imprison Fortunato? He fetters (chains and locks) Fortunato to the wall of the catacombs. He builds a wall to close Fortunato off in a small corner of the catacombs, where Montresor will leave him to die. 9.In what ways is The Cask of Amontillado grotesque? First, which of Montresor's actions are abnormal? The whole obsessive plot of vengeance. The fettering and entombment of Fortunato. Montresor's sick sense of humor. 10.Is there anything grotesque about Fortunato? His obsession with alcohol. His drunkenness. His tendency to berate Luchesi (he may have been drunk and may have insulted Montresor in a similar
华裔美国文学中的翻译问题
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美国文学题_答案
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华裔美国小说的成长主题分析
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美国文学复习大纲
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华裔美国文学作品中的中国文化
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美国文学选读课后题答案
1、Do you think Gatsby deserves to be called “the great”? Why? -------from F、Scoot、Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby Gatsby pursuit “a universe of ineffable gorgeous” in his young age、In fact, Gatsby from West Egg insists his Platonic fantasy、He fell in love with the blonde and his ineffable gorgeous ideal is bined with Daisy’s breathing and desire、Daisy bees the image of ideal in his mind; though she marries Tom and may does not love him, though he can realize her soul full of money and desire, he cannot change his mind which back his love and be together as before、Maybe that is the shining and great part of his soul、Maybe that is the American dream which can show to us、But through the novel, we can have the clear idea that Daisy’s desire was not his drea m, it is not Daisy’s fault but his dream has giant vitality and energy、His dream is far behind Daisy and everything exists、He does his best to build the perfect world and aim in his mind、So his spirit which pursuits on ideal and dedication is also far behind secular frolicking in the bed、For realizing his dream, he donated himself to mud of money in New York; he showed no interests in wealth itself and the life of debauchery、Just like the lotus lives in the pound around with mud but not be polluted、His soul no doubt is suffering in the social life but without any plain、3、What do “petals” and “bough” stands for? -----from Ezra Pound In A Station of the Metro、 First of all, this poem stands the points of economy by Imagism、Every word in this poem has its own unique meaning、For example, the color of black in this poem may represent the train’s color, the railway’s color, the pillar’s color or the dim light of the metro station、Ezra Pound was very sensitive to the color and usually used their different meanings in his poetry、He used the skill of painting in his process of creating the poem、In this poem, every word is used as the pigment、Petals stand for the meaning of color from their unique image、The word “wet” brings the feeling of fresh and bright to the people、And the word “apparition” gives the dim color of pale and weak to the “faces” and “petals”、And the author put the petals and faces together let the faces have the feeling of tender and red、Several pretty faces appear in the metro station from the dimly lit, and they bee the shining petals in the black bough which was wet by the rain、This transformation is based on our vision, but it also shows that the same point between the quiet nature scenery and the noisy industrial environment、Ezra Pound wants tell us that we can find the beauty everywhere in our daily life、And it also shows the metaphor of Imagism、 1、Do you think Gatsby deserves to be called “the great”? Why? (1)I think it is too plicated to simply say Gatsby deserves to be “great” or not、For one thing, Gatsby was ambitious, hardworking, generous and passionate、He was so extremely loyal to his love and Daisy that he could do anything to get Daisy back: he did shady business to earn money and social position; he threw luxurious parties just to draw Daisy’s attention; he could take the blame for a death that he did not cause、(2)In this respect, he is much “greater” than his contemporaries、For another thing, Gatsby never realized that Daisy wasn’t the girl he loved anymore、Gatsby was so innocent that he staked everything on his dreams, not realizing that his dreams are unworthy of him、He wasn’t sober enough to be great、
“美国华裔文学”的概念界定
一 美国华裔文学研究从20世纪60年代起，至今已经有五十年的历史。 回顾2010年以前国内的学术论文和专著，中国学者们(包括台湾、香港等地区)对"chinese ameri―can literature"的中文翻译，可归纳为六种：‘华裔美国人文学、华裔美国文学、美国华裔文?’，“’美国华裔英语文学”’，美国华人文学”’和华美文学”’。这些译名之争的焦点多集中在讨论中英文词语之间涵义的准确对应，以及翻译过程中所应遵循的语序等问题上。 “华裔美国人文学”这种译法存在的争议是，当‘'chinese american"与“literature"组合在一起进行翻译时，是将"chineseamerican"仍然看做一个词组来修饰literature，还是拆分后重新确定词性及修饰关系?“华裔美国文学”和‘美国华裔文?’的译法存在的争议是，是考虑汉语语序的原则将‘失国”提到前面。还是遵照英语原文的语序直译?“美国华裔文学”、“美国华裔英语文?’两者之间的差异在于，是否有必要为了区分‘哗文文学”而特别在中文译名中突出该研究对象的写作语言为英语?‘?国华裔文学”和‘裳国华人文学”之间的问题在于。chineseamerican literature中的chinese在英语中指代的内容，与中文的‘华裔”、‘华人’是何种对应关系?至于‘案国华人文学”和’哗美文学”分别是吴冰教授和张子清教授为了化解前三种译法产生的分歧而提出的不同建议。早在2001年王理行教授和郭英剑教授，就曾对前三种译法做过讨沦。他们指出，‘在chineseameri―earl literature这一专有名词中，chinese~american已经不是用来指涉‘华裔美国人’，而是分别修饰l卜erature 这个中心词的两个相对独立的修饰词”；而从英语语义所强调的信息和汉语的表达习惯考虑，两位学者将chineseamericanliterature视为‘美国文学的一部分’，认为它的中文译名‘痖该将‘美国’放在前，译为‘美国华裔文学’最为恰当”。”’而对突出‘英语”特?的泽法，郭英剑认为是多余之举：‘考虑到国内早已为‘海外华文文学’设立学科，并专门研究‘海外华人用华文进行的文学创作’……‘海外’对应‘海内’。语种是华文”，自然就不包含‘实国华裔的英语作品”。 二 “chineseamerican"应该指所有的在美华人，还是单指土生土长的、在美华人的后代呢?新近到达的移民算不算chineseamerican呢?‘'chineseameri―canliterature"和"chineseamerican'’在国内外学界的界定存在哪些差异呢? (一)宽泛化的原则在‘美国亚裔／华裔文?’的各类界定中，对创作语言的‘去英语化”现象非常明显。 在美国学界，以韩裔学者金惠经(elaine h，kim)、华裔学者林英敏(amy ling，1939，1999)和尹晓煌(xiao-huang yin)为代表的学者们，对‘哑?华裔美国文学”的界定‘越来越趋向包容性和开放性”。”’金惠经建议，‘把用亚洲语言创作的作品以及来自越南、印度和其他社群的作家的作品包括进去””’；林英敏则把美国华裔文学定义为，‘包括她自己在内受双重民族属性和文化传统影响，努力争取平等，怀着自豪感描写在美经历的华人及其后十c”“所创作的文学作品。美国教授罗杰，丹尼尔斯(rogerdaniels)在为尹晓煌的《美国华裔文学史》(chineseamerican literature since the 1 850s，2000澌作序言中，借用挪威裔美国人?莱，e，罗尔瓦格(1837，1931)对美国族裔文学的界定。来指明‘美国族裔文学一些重要的 ““这种观点意在说明：只要是美国族裔作家所写的作品，著作也使用了英语之外的其他语言”。 都可以纳入美国族裔文学的范畴之中，至于用什么语言创作则不必过多考虑。至于]9岁赴美的华人学者张敬珏(king-kok cheung)，则企图把‘包括所有定居北美的、有亚洲血统的作家，