科技英语翻译总结(刘文东 亲自整理)

科技英语翻译的原则_方法及技巧.

翻译是把一种语言里已经表达出来的事物用另一种语言准确流畅地进行重新表达的过程。与其他题材的文章相比,科技专业文章在内容、表达形式和风格上有很大的差别,具有科技性强、专业性强、逻辑严密、表达要求简练的特点,在翻译上力求准确全面、严谨明确和通顺简练。 1科技英语翻译遵循的基本原则 从科技文章的特点来看,大多具有以下几个特征:述说事理、逻辑性强、结构严密、术语繁多,语言严谨、数据精确。这就要求译文必须概念清楚、条理分明、逻辑正确、数据无误,尤其对定义、定律、公式、图表、结论等更应特别注意。科技英语作为特殊英语的一个分支,在词汇构成、遣词造句等方面都有其自身的特点,其语法结构不十分严密、语言习惯和汉语也有不少差别、词汇量大、词语繁多,因此科技英语翻译起来比较困难。另外,科技文章比较重视叙事逻辑上的连贯及表达上的明晰与畅达; 避免行文晦涩,避免表露个人感情,避免论证上的主观随意性。因此,科技英语翻译力求少用或不用描述性形容词以及具有抒情作用的副词、感叹词及疑问词,而是大量使用科技词汇、专业技术用语,译者应尊重客观事实,不能随意改动数据、回避不易翻译的文字,更不能加进自己的主观想象,进行自由翻译。 我国著名翻译家严复提出的“信、达、雅”三准则一直为不少翻译工作者所接受。 “信”指的是译文要忠实于原文,“达”是指译文的通顺达意,“雅”指的是译文的用词修辞。三准则体现了译文和原文信息等值这一基本要领。 “信、达、雅”的翻译准则对各种英语文体的翻译实践都具有指导意义,是衡量一篇译文好坏的标准,也同样适用于科技文献的翻译。由于科技文章特有的文体特征,与其他类文章相比,其“达”和“雅”的内涵不同,它要求在准确传达信息的基础上,使译文更加简洁明快,流畅通顺。2科技英语翻译的基本方法

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科技英语翻译 1.1 翻译的标准 第1节翻译练习1 The power plant is the heart of a ship. The power unit for driving the machines is a 50-hp induction motor. 动力装置是船舶的心脏。 驱动这些机器的动力装置是一台50马力的感应电动机。 第1节翻译练习2 Semiconductor devices, called transistors, are replacing tubes in many applications. Cramped conditions means that passengers’ legs cannot move around freely. All bodies are known to possess weight and occupy space. 半导体装置也称为晶体管，在许多场合替代电子管。 我们知道，所有的物体都有重量并占据空间。 空间狭窄，旅客的两腿就不能自由活动。 第1节翻译练习3 The removal of minerals from water is called softening. A typical foliage leaf of a plant belonging to the dicotyledons is composed of two principal parts: blade and petiole. 去除水中的矿物质叫做软化。 双子叶植物典型的营养叶由两个主要部分组成：叶片和叶柄。 1.2 对译者的要求 第4节翻译练习1 Einstein’s relativity theory is the only one which can explain such phenomena. All four (outer planets) probably have cores of metals, silicates, and water. 爱因斯坦的相对论是能解释这种现象的唯一理论。（直译） 这四颗外层行星的内核可能都由金属、硅酸盐和水构成。（意译） The designer must have access to stock lists of the materials he employs. Part adjustment and repair must be performed on regular basis if an acceptable printed product is to be the end product. 设计师必须备有所使用材料的储备表。（意译） 要使印刷品的质量达到要求，部件调试及修理就必须定期进行。（意译） 第4节翻译练习2 The most important of the factors affecting plant growth is that it requires the supply of water. The doctor analyzed the blood sample for anemia. The apparent change in size of the sun is caused by dust in the air near the horizon.植物生长的各因素中最重要的是水的供应。（合译） 太阳的大小看起来有变化，这是由于靠近地平线的空气中有尘粒而引起的。（分译） 医生对血样作了分析，看是不是贫血症。（分译） These fragments of rock and iron range from thousand kilometers in diameter to less than one. Manufacturing processes may be classified as unit production with small quantities being made and mass production with large numbers of identical parts being produced.这些石块和铁块的碎片大小不等，大的直径有1000公里，小的不到1公里。（分译） 制造过程可以分为单件生产和大量生产。前者指的是生产少量的零件，后者则是指生产大量相同的零件。（分译） 第4节翻译练习3 Cartography is the science of making maps. Many elements in nature are found to be mixtures of different isotopes. 制图学是研究绘制地图的科学。（增译） 人们发现，自然界里许多元素，都是各种不同的同位素的混合物。（增译） The two units used most frequently in electricity are ampere and volt: this is the unit of voltage and that of current. That like charges repel but opposite charges attract is one of the fundamental laws of electricity. 电学上最常用的两个单位是安培和伏特：后者是电压的单位，前者是电流的单位。（增译） 同性电荷相斥，异性电荷相吸是电学的一个基本规律。（省译） 第4节翻译练习4 Almost any insulated body processes to some extent the ability to retain for a time an electric charge. The angular contact bearing provides a greater thrust capacity. The properties of the weld can be altered by varying the grain orientation. 几乎任何一种绝缘体都多少具有保留电荷一段时间的能力。 向心推力轴承有较大的轴向承载能力。 通过改变晶粒的方向可以改变焊缝的性能。 2.1 词义的选择 第1节翻译练习1 The spindle rotates simultaneously round two axes at right angles to each other. The earth isn’t completely round; it is slightly flattene d at the poles. In each round of operation the particle picks up energy from the oscillating electric field. 锭子同时绕两个互相垂直的轴旋转。（介词） 粒子每运转一周都从振荡电场获取新的能量。（名词） 地球并非完全是圆的，它的两极略扁平。（形容词） An electron is an extremely small corpuscle with negative charge which rounds about the nucleus of an atom. Her waist measures forty inches round. 电子是绕原子核转动且带有负电荷的极其微小的粒子。（动词） 她腰围40英寸。（副词） 第1节翻译练习2 Rate of penetration was found to be proportional to the net pressure applied by the tool. Scientists are constantly striving to find fast and convenient way of obtaining quantitative data. To find the area of a square or oblong, you merely multiply its length by its width. Certain isotopes are not found in nature. 人们发现钻孔速度与工具所受的净压力成正比。 求一正方形或长方形的面积，你只需将其长度乘以宽度。 科学家们总是力求找到快速而简便的方法获得定量数据。 有些同位素在自然界中并不存在。 New fibers find expanding applications in engineering and industry. Kangaroos are found in Australia. This plant is found in the sea near the mouth of rivers. Microcomputers have found their application in the production of genius sensors. Plastics find wide application in our daily life. 大袋鼠产于澳大利亚。 这种植物生长在近河口的海中。 新发明的纤维在工程和工业领域得到越来越广泛的应用。 微型计算机已经应用于智能传感器的生产中。 塑料在我们的日常生活中得到广泛应用。 第2节翻译练习1 The cause of rolling resistance is the deformation of mating surfaces of the rolling element and the raceway on which it rolls. Traditionally, NC programming has been performed offline with the machine commands The occurrence of large mats of floating algae may result in the death of many fish from lack of oxygen. 滚动阻力的起因在于滚动体的配合面和它滚动的滚道的变形。（技术性引申） 通常，数控机床的编程是脱机完成的，指令载于穿孔带上。（技术性引申） 大片大片漂浮的藻类的出现导致很多鱼因缺氧而死亡。（修辞引申） The splitting of the uranium or plutonium nucleus is accompanied by the release of very considerable amount of energy. The major contributors in component technology have been in the semiconductor. The distance between the two plates is small compared with their linear dimensions. Just as different solids and liquids vary in density, so do gases and vapors. 元件技术中起主要作用的是半导体元件。（具体化引申） 两板之间的距离相对于其宽度和长度而言比较小。（具体化引申） 随着铀核和钚核的裂变，会有极其巨大的能量释放处理。（修辞性引申） 正像不同的固体和液体的密度不同一样，不同的气体和蒸汽的密度也不同。（具体化引申） The Curies believed that there was something in nature that gave out radiation. Obviously, there is much room for the improvement in the structure. At present coal is the most common food of a steam plant. The facts have been set down in black and white. 显然，其结构还有较大的改进余地。（抽象化引申） 目前，煤是火电厂最常用的能源。（抽象化引申） 居里夫妇坚信，自然界中有一种物质能放出辐射能。（具体化引申） 这些事实已经清清楚楚地记录下来了。（抽象化引申） 2.3 词类的转换 第3节翻译练习1 Each time a sample was drawn for color determination. What is certain is that the oil spill has delivered a devastating blow to the ecology of the Persian Gulf. We should get familiar with different systems of units. 每次取一个标本测定颜色。 可以肯定，这场石油泄漏事件对波斯湾的生态是个惨重的打击。 我们应该熟悉各种（计量）单位制。 These decision-making processes are applicable to the entire field of engineering design--- not just to mechanical engineering design. Hydrogen instead of air is frequently used for cooling large turbogenerators. When the war was over, it was discovered that the Germans were nowhere near success in developing nuclear weapons. 常以氢气代替空气来冷却大型汽轮发电机。 第二次世界大战结束后，人们发现德国人在研制核武器方面离成功还很远。 这些判定过程可以应用于工程设计的整个领域，而不仅仅限于机械工程设计。 Various precautions have been taken against leakage. Once inside the oven, panels are subjected to a temperature of 365°F. Value is defined as a numerical ratio, the ratio of the function, or performance, to the cost. This new model should appeal to potential buyers. 一旦进入烘干炉，板材就处于365华氏度的温度条件下。 价值的定义是功能或性能与成本的数值比。 已采取了各种措施防止渗漏。 这种新式样对潜在的买主肯定有吸引力。 Galileo’s experiments are not difficul t, nor is there any evidence that he performed them with exceptional skill. Sometimes a scientist observes an object and its features, for example a star or a bird; sometimes he observes an event, which is something that happens at a particular time. Earthquakes are generally more destructive of life than volcanic eruptions. 有时科学家观察一物体及其特征，例如一颗星或一只鸟；有时科学家观察某一事件，即在一特定时间所发生的事。 地震对于生命的破坏通常大于火山爆发。 伽利略的实验并不难，也没有证据表明他是以非凡的技能来做实验的。 Heat should be applied slowly to avoid localized overheating. How rapidly a fuel burns depends on how thoroughly it is mixed with oxygen or air. This is why a coil is often referred to as an inductor. 一种燃料燃烧的速度有多快，取决于它与氧气或空气混合的均匀程度。 这就是线圈常被叫做电感器的原因。 应当慢慢加热，以避免发生局部过热现象。 第3节翻译练习2 Practically all of the useful properties of materials are strongly dependent on their internal structure. The metal casts well. A wire for conducting electric current is covered with plastic; the plastic is insulation round the wire. 几乎材料的一切有用特性都与其内部的结构有密切的关系。 这种金属有良好的铸造性能。 传导电流的导线包有塑料，该塑料便是导线周围的绝缘材料。 There are many ways of determining the distribution of the magnetism about a magnet. Good lubrication keeps the bearings from being damaged. Safety in a power plant is of great importance. Most modern transmitters employ solid state circuits. 安全在电厂是非常重要的。 现代发报机大多采用固体电路。 有许多方法来确定磁场周围的磁力分布状况。 润滑良好可保护轴承不受损伤。 E-Chemmerce now offers two main levels of online business intelligence on chemical, plastic and energy e-commerce. These images tend to exaggerate the robot’s similarity to human anatomy and behavior. Aluminum remained an expensive rarity till the discovery of the electrolytic process for reducing aluminum in 1886. 这些概念常常夸大了机器人与人类在形体和行为方面的相似之处。 《电子化工商务》目前主要提供两个层次的有关化学、塑料和能源电子商务的在线商务信息服务。 直到1886年人们发现电解法还原铝之前，铝一直是一种昂贵的珍品。 Since some materials are not damaged easily as others, the possibility exists of developing radiation-resistant parts. 由于有些材料不像另一些那样容易被损坏，所以有可能研制出防辐射的零件。 2.4 词的增译 第4节翻译练习2 第4节翻译练习1 This action externally appears like the discharge of a capacitor. Once out of the earth’s gravity, an astronaut is affec ted by still another problem--- weightlessness.

西南交大科技英语翻译期末考试复习题答案

1.Here great disturbances at the heart of the earth caused mountains and volcanoes to rise above the water. 这里，由于地心的剧烈活动，使山脉和火山升出水面。 2.After the Australian Taxation Office made its taxation forms simpler, it actually received praise from taxpayers who could finally understand it. 澳大利亚税务局将其表格文字简化后，受到了纳税人的广泛称赞，因为他们终于能看懂这些表格了 3.Although people are born to win, they are also born helpless and totally dependent on their environment. Winners successfully make the transition from total helplessness to independence, and then to interdependence. Losers do not. 虽然人们生来要成功，然而，他们同样生来就是无助的，完全依靠环境。成功者成功地从完全不能自立过渡到了独立，然后过渡到相互依靠。失败者则不然。 4.Darwin was convinced that the loss of the tastes in music and drawing was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character. 达尔文认为，失去对音乐和绘画方面的兴趣，不仅失去了幸福，而且还可能损伤智力，甚至可能会伤害道德。 5.No eating tools on the Chinese dinner table are more magical and distinctive than the chopsticks. 中餐桌上最神奇,最有特色的用餐工具莫过于筷子. 6.It is not on the shores of continents, nor in the coastal islands, however, that the soul of the great Pacific is found. It lies far out where the fabled South Sea Islands are scattered over the huge ocean like stars in the sky. 然而，浩瀚的太平洋最精美之处不在其大陆海岸，也不在沿海诸岛，而是在远离陆地的海域。在那里，富有神奇色彩的南太平洋诸岛像天上的繁星一样散布在广阔的海面上。 7.Circumstances and people are constantly changing. Some friendship last “forever”; others do not. 环境与人都在不断地改变。有些友谊地久天长，有些则如昙花一现。

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《科技英语翻译》课程练习十六 一、将以下指示与说明文体译成汉语 1. Important safety instructions 1) AC extension cords are not recommended for use with this product. If an extension cord must be used, be sure it is an approved type and has sufficient current-carrying capacity to power this product. 2) NEVER operate this product with any covers removed. 3) NEVER wet the inside of this product with any liquid. 4) NEVER pour or spill liquids directly into this unit. 5) NEVER block air flow through ventilation slots or heat sinks. 6) NEVER bypass any fuse. 7) NEVER replace any fuse with a value or type other than those specified. 8) NEVER attempt to repair this product. If a problem occurs, contact your local retailer. 9) NEVER expose this product to extremely high or low temperatures. 10) NEVER operate this product in an explosive atmosphere. 11) ALWAYS keep electrical equipment out of the reach of children. 二、将以下某款前置放大器使用说明译成汉语 1) DISPLAY INTENSITY BUTTON Cycles among four levels of brightness (including “off”）for the display, allowing adjustment for various ambient lighting conditions. When “off”, the display will turn on for a few seconds whenever a setting is changed. When used in conjunction with certain compatible ABC components, this button will control the display intensity of all lin ked components. (For more information, see “Linked Functions.”) 2) MODE INDICATORS Three LEDs give visual confirmation of the Operational Mode the preamplifier is in at any moment. 3) MODE BUTTON Cycles among the three primary Operational Modes of the preamplifier: Monitor (the source being listened to); Record Select (the source being provided to the Record Outputs); and Balance (the relative volumes of the Left and Right channels). Confirmation of these operating modes is given by the Mode Indicators below the

科技英语翻译

第三单元 三种感情。单纯而极为强烈。支配了我的一生：对爱情的渴望。对知识的探索。以及对人类苦难忍无可忍的同情。这些激情。犹如飓风。吹得我忽东忽西。飘忽不定。越过茫茫的苦海。坠落绝望的边缘。我追求爱。原因有三。首先。是因为它使我心醉神迷——爱的魔力是如此的诱人。以至于我常常宁愿牺牲一切来换取哪怕片刻的愉悦。其次。是因为可以排遣孤寂——那种可怕的孤寂使身历其中的人胆战心惊。目及世界的尽头。直至冷酷肃杀的地狱深渊。最后。是因为在爱的结合中。我看到了古今圣贤以及诗人们所梦想的天堂的神秘缩影。这正是我想所追寻的。虽然它对人类生活来说也许过于美好。但最终我还是找到它了我曾怀着同样的激情去追求知识。我渴望了解人们的内心世界。渴望知道星星为什么发光。我还试图领悟毕达哥拉斯的学说的力量。凭借它。数字能掌控潮起潮落。我有所收获。但还不是很多。爱和知识引领我到天堂。但是对人类苦难的同情又常常把我拉回人世。人类痛苦的呼唤在我的心灵深处回响。嗷嗷待哺的儿童。惨遭蹂躏的受难者。儿女嫌弃的无助老人。以及满世界的孤独．贫困和痛苦。所有这些都是对人类理想生活的嘲讽。我希望能减缓人们的苦难。但却有心无力。我也因此受苦。这就是我的生活。我觉得不枉此生。倘若上帝赐我机会。我将欣然再活一次 Situated in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and blessed with a mild climate ,fertile soil and numerous lakes and waterways across the region.Suzhou has enjoyed the reputation of ‘an area of fish and rice’ever since the Tang Dynasty (618A.D.-907A.D.).Historical records show that early in the Spring and Autumn Period(770B.C.-474B.C.)and the Warring States Period (475B.C.-221B.C.)the region was fairly advanced in fishery and farming.As a city of tourist attraction.Suzhou is dotted with bridges and waterways.Local residents’ houses always face the streets in the front and their backdoors are often built at water’s edge.Wherever waterways and streets cross.bridges are built to serve the purpose.The Map of PingjiangDistrict,a well-preserved city map carved on a stone plate in the Song Dynasty(960-1297).indicated that there were 304 bridges in those days. 第四单元 A．英译汉 如今。中同的经济繁荣已经成为一种得到充分证实的现象了。谁没有听说过这个泱泱大国令人眩目的经济发展速度(年增长率高达8％)．颇具魅力的消费市场(拥有12亿消费者)和外国投资者的投资热情(仅去年一年外国直接投资就高达400亿美元)?中国的经济力量已经势不可挡。华盛顿一家智囊机构——布鲁金斯学会的尼古拉斯·拉迪说：“在过去20年中。世界上没有哪个国家的外贸发展速度有中国那么快。日本用了20多年时间才将其外贸总额翻了一番。而中国却翻了5倍。他们已经成为世界上劳动密集型产品的主要生产商。”不过。在这个令人眩目的中国发展故事中似乎缺少了一种什么东西。即中国跨国公司所扮演的角色。中国还没有一家大型公司在全球舞台上确立了自己的地位或品牌。但是。正如海尔公司所显示的那样。这种情况正在开始发生变化。经受了长达100年的贫穷．动乱以及长期笼罩在外国及其跨国公司的阴影下之后。中国的产业公司开始对世界产生影响了。 B．汉译英 Every struggle that the Chinese people fought during the 100 years from the mid-19th to the mid一20th century was for the sake of achieving independence of our country and liberation of our nation and putting an end to the history of national humiliation once and for a11．This great historic cause has already been accomplished．All endeavors by the Chinese people for the 100 years from the mid--20th to the mid-21st century are for the purpose of making our mother land strong，the people prosperous and the nation immensely rejuvenated．Our Party has led the entire Chinese people in carrying forward this historic cause for 50 years and made tremendous progress，and it will successfully attain the objective through hard work in the coming 50 years． 第五单元 翻译练习 A．英译汉硅谷犹如一块磁铁。把许许多多天资聪颖的工程师．科学家．企业家从世界各地聚集到这里。一起追求成名致富。并投身于技术革命的大潮。其影响及于人类。必将远远超过昔日划时代的欧洲文艺复兴和产业革命。随着互联网的急速普及。以及通过它所带来的无情的技术创新。信息时代真正来临了。它不但深刻地影响着我们的生活方式。而且正在改变我们的工作．贸易．思维以及彼此沟通的方式。值得注意的是。硅谷地区的专业人力资源。包括工程师．科学家和企业家。有将近一半来自亚洲。其中的精英是印度人和中国人。也有为数不少的人来自新加坡。除了知识上的挑战之外。新创企业为了延揽人才。还往往慷慨地给予员工们股票选购权。这一措施有力地激励员工们为公司尽心竭力。如果公司达到预期目标。员工们将与公司共享繁荣。许多人认为这是企业成功的基础。 B．汉译英 Suzhou boasts along history of garden construction．Private gardens made their appearances in the period of the Six Dynasties (around 1000A．D．)．Towards the end of the Qing Dynasty (1636—1911)，gardens of different dimensions being put on record numbered over 200．They fully demonstrate the ingenuity and creativity of the ancient Chinese craftsmen and are an invaluable heritage of the Chinese culture and classical architecture．Apart from being an important base of silk production , Suzhou is also a great producer of traditional handicrafts．Silk products of every description sell well in over 100 countries and regions and the varieties of locally produced handicrafts are too numerous to mention．Among those famous at home and abroad are Suzhou embroideries , mahogany carvings,jade—ware,sandalwood fans and woodcut prints of traditional Chinese New Year pictures,to name just a few． 第六单元 翻译练习 A．英译汉约150多年前。在英国的约克郡。有一个乡村教区的牧师。他有三位聪颖可爱的女儿。但是他却把希望完全寄托在唯一的继承人——儿子布兰韦尔身上。这个年轻人在艺术和文学上都有出众的天资。布兰韦尔的父亲和姐妹们都省吃俭用。帮他凑足盘缠。打点行装。送他上了伦敦皇家艺术学院。但是要指望他在艺术上有所成就。那他可就走错了门。不到几个星期。他就弄得身无分文。灰溜溜地回了家。然而家人并不就此罢休。他们又想方设法帮布兰韦尔弄到一份私人教师的活计。希望这份差事能够使他自由施展自己的文学才华。获取应有的功名。可这一次又失败了。几年来。无私的姐妹们压抑着自己的志向。应邀去学校任教或当家庭教师。以负担那日益债台高筑的弟弟。她们深信。总有一天。弟弟的天才会得到社会的承认。然而。接踵而来的失败使布兰韦尔一蹶不振。他染上了酗酒．吸毒的恶习。最后临死时仍与生前一样：一事无成。于是寄托在全家唯一男性身上的希望也随之破灭。而那三位默默无闻的姐妹。其命运又如何呢?在布兰韦尔生前最后几年。姐妹们自己集资出版了一本诗集(因为担心编辑们对女性存有偏见。她们用了假名)。但只卖出了两本。也许连布兰韦尔都在窃笑。然而姐妹们并不气馁。她们利用空余时间继续笔耕。深夜人静时。她们秉烛而书。倾吐她们幽禁的情怀。抒写自己最熟悉的一切。她们描写

科技英语翻译试题2套

1 答案请写在答题纸上。 Part one: Sentence Translation(30%) 1.为此，必须对电路(circuit)的基本内容有一个很好的了解。 2.这个系数(coefficient)有待确定。 3.现有的教科书均没有提这一点。 4.由于反馈(feedback)在电子线路(electronic circuit)中起着重要作用，所以对它的研 究极为重要。 5.有迹象表明，计算机的价格将进一步下跌。 6.这个方法的确管用，不过到底该在什么情况下使用它尚不清楚。 7.十年前该厂的产量比现在高五倍。 8.激光(laser)是二十世纪六十年代引入的一项新技术，它能穿透(pierce)特别硬的物质。 9.为使晶体管(transistor)正常工作，必须给其电极(electrode)加(apply)上合适的电压 (voltage)。 10.代表磁场(magnetic field)的磁力线(magnetic line of force)是一些围绕该导线的同 心圆(concentric circle)。 11.我们所谓的机器人(robot)实际上是能为人类做工的一种工具。 12.这类天线(antenna)和那类天线相比的优点是结构简单，效率高。 13.半导体(semiconductor)对光和热都很敏感(sensitive)，这两者都对导电率 (conductivity)影响很大。 14.只有通过对系统性能进行研究我们才能了解其优缺点。 15.本书既讲了实际的设计方法，同时也讲述了理论问题，而重点放在一般概念上。 Part two: Mistakes Correction(30%)(Write down the corrected sentence on the answer sheet. ) 1. We are easy to determine the effect of new drug to patient. 2. The direction of an electric current was decided before electrons were not discovered. 3. Sound travel much less faster than light is. 4. The price for this instrument is expensive. 5. There are a few exceptions for this rule. 6. The hotter the body will be, the more it radiates energy. 7. The feature of this device is small in size and light in weight. 8. That professor is very interesting in this topic. 9. Our semiconductor industry comes into being at the end of 1950s. 10. The both engineers are busy to design a type of new computer. 11. Work equals to force multiplying distance. 12. The new design instrument is in good quality. 13. The ability for some elements to give off radiations is referred as the