新一代大学英语(1)第一单元

Social Media and Friendship

1.To anyone paying attention these days, it’s clear that social media – whether Twitter, Facebook, LinkedIn or any of the countless other modern-day water coolers –are changing the way we live.

social media : 社交媒体modern-day water coolers：一种闲聊的工具（社交媒体的一种）

现在我们每个人都注意到，（不论是Twitter、Facebook、LinkedIn还是其它数不尽数的现代社交媒体，正在改变着我们的生活方式。）

2.Indeed, we might feel as if we are suddenly awash in friends. Yet right before our eyes, we’re also changing the way we conduct relationships. Face-to-face chatting is giving way to texting and messaging; people even prefer these electronic exchanges to, for instance, simply talking on a phone. Smaller circles of friends are being partially eclipsed by Facebook acquaintances routinely numbered in the hundreds. Amid these smaller trends, growing research suggests we could be entering a period of crisis for the entire concept of friendship. Where is all this leading modern-day society? Perhaps to a dark place, one where electronic stimuli slowly replace the joys of human contact.

awash : adj. 被浪冲打的；与水面齐平的；充斥的

conduct relationships:处理关系conduct: vi. 导电；带领vt.管理；引导；表现n. 进行；行为；face-to-face chatting: 面对面的聊天electronic exchanges:电子设备交流

eclipse:n. 日蚀，月蚀；黯然失色vt.使黯然失色；形成蚀amid:prep. 在其中，在其间，同义among

the entire concept of friendship: 友谊的全部概念

事实上，我们仿佛会突然感觉到周围都是朋友，（但恰好在我们意识到之前），（我们在改变着我们建立关系的方法）。短息和信息代替了面对面的交流；人们甚至更喜欢（这些电子交流方式），比如，用电话进行简单的交流。小的朋友圈（正在部分地消失），（相比起）（通常情况下）Facebook相识的通常就有（成百上千地交友）。在这些小的趋势（当中）、发展（越来越多地）研究表示我们（可能迈进了一个对于整个友谊概念产生危机的的时期）。（这样的危机会将现代社会引向哪里？）（或许引向一个电子诱惑缓慢取代人类交流接触乐趣的黑暗地带。）

3.Awareness of a possible problem took off just as the online world was emerging. Sociologist Robert Putnam published the book Bowling Alone, a survey of the depleting levels of ―social capital‖ in communities, from churches to bowling alleys. The pattern has been replicated elsewhere in the Western world. In the United Kingdom, the Mental Health Foundation just published The Lonely Society, which notes that about half of Brits believe they’re living in, well, a lonelier society, One in three would like to live closer to their families, though social trends are forcing them to live farther apart.

aware:adj. 意识到的；知道的；有…方面知识的；懂世故的

take off:起飞；脱下；离开deplete:vt.耗尽，用尽；使衰竭，使空虚

social capital:n. [经] 社会资本（指交通、卫生、通信等基本设施）

bowling alleys:保龄球馆replicated:重复的Brites:力量，力气

social trends:社会趋势live farther apart：生活之间的距离/不断的离开家园

当网络世界（出现）时我们也意识到了可能出现的问题。社会学家Robert Putnam出版了

（一本名为）《独自打保龄球》（的书）,（它）从社区到保龄球馆做了一个社会资本消耗水平的调查。在西方社会这种模式已经被应用到别的地方了。在英国，精神卫生基金会刚刚出版了《孤独的社会》，这本书提到大约一半的英国人（认为他们）居住在一个孤独的社会，尽管社会形势（正在）逼迫（着）他们不断的远离家园，但是三分之一的人更喜欢居住在离他们家庭更近的地方。

4.Typically, the pressures of urban life are blamed: In London, another poll had two-fifths of respondents reporting that they face a prevailing drift away from their closest friends. Witness crowded bars and restaurants after work: We have plenty of acquaintances, though perhaps few individuals we can turn to and share deep intimacies. American sociologists have tracked related trends on a broader scale, well beyond the urban jungle. According to work published in the American Sociological Review, the average American has only two close friends and a quarter don’t have any.

blame:责备respondent:n. 回答者，调查对象

prevailing adj. 流行的；一般的，最普通的；占优势的；盛行很广的

v. 盛行，流行（prevail的现在分词形式）；获胜

turn to and share deep intimacies:可以掏心掏肺的tracked to：跟踪/经……调查

broader scale:在很大的范围内

典型的，城市生活的压力应该招到批判：在伦敦，（另一个）民意测评是有五分之二参与者反映他们面临渐渐远离他们亲密朋友的形势。在下班后拥挤的酒吧和餐厅就能证实，我们有大量的熟人，但是却没有我们能推心置腹的人。美国社会学家在很大范围中做调查，（不仅仅局限于城市）。根据美国社会研究出版的著作表明，平均每个美国人仅有两个关系密切的朋友，（并且）有四分之一（的人）一个都没有。

Shallow friendships

5.It should be noted that other social scientists contest these conclusions. Hua Wang and Barry Wellman, of the universities of Southern California and Toronto respectively, refer to ―some panic in the United States about a possible decline in social connectivity.‖ But notice their language: ―social connectivity.‖ That is not the same as intimate friendship. While social networking sites and the like have grown exponentially, the element that is crucial, and harder to investigate, is the quality of the connections they nurture.

contest:vt.争辩；提出质疑vi. 竞争；争辩n. 竞赛；争夺；争论

respectively:adv. 分别地；各自地，独自地

panic:n. 恐慌，惊慌大恐慌adj.恐慌的;没有理由的vt.使恐慌vi.十分惊慌

social connectivity:社会的联系intimate friendship:亲密的友情

exponentially:以指数的方式element:n. 元素；要素；原理；成分；自然环境

nurture:vt.养育；鼓励；培植n. 养育；教养；营养物

应该注意的是（其他的）社会科学家对这些结论提出了质疑。南加州大学和多伦多大学的Hua Wang和Barry Wellman分别指出：在美国对社会的连通性有一些恐慌。但是注意他们的用词“社会的连通性”，（这与亲密的友谊并不相同）。（在类似的社交网站迅猛发展的情况下），（极其重要并且难以调查的因素是他们所形成的交流的质量）。

6.Yet we know that less is more when it comes to deeper relationships. It is lonely in the crowd. A connection may lone be a click away, but cultivating a good friendship takes more. It seems common sense to conclude that ―friending‖online nurtures

shallow relationships – as the neologism ―friending‖ itself implies.

less is more:少就是多/物以稀为贵when is comes to:当提到；就……而论

cultivating:v. 培养（cultivate的现在分词）common sense:常识

neologism:n. 新词；新义；新词的使用

（然而，当涉及到更深层次的关系的时候，我们却对此知之甚少。），（在人群当中，我们是孤独的）。（交流可能只需要点击一下鼠标）（但是培养一段优质的友谊却需要付出很多）。（这似乎常识性地总结出：加好友使关系变浅，正如“加好友”本身所暗含的意思一样。）

7.It is striking that loneliness should be regarded as a mental health issue, and that seems right. At least since the ancient Greeks, it has been recognized in our political philosophies that we are social animals. Aristotle was just one thinker to remark that an individual could have everything that life can offer –career, family and money –but if a person didn’t have a good friend, his or her life would be fundamentally lacking. A society that thwarts opportunities for deeper sociality, therefore, stymies well-being.

remark:n. 注意；言辞vt.评论；觉察vi. 谈论

thwarts:vt.挫败；反对；阻碍；横过adj. 横放的；固执的n. 划手座；独木舟的横梁adv. 横过prep. 横过

stymies:n. 妨碍球；困难的境地（等于stymie）vt.完全妨碍；从中作乱

（很明显，孤独应该被视作精神健康问题，而且那似乎是对的。），至少古希腊人已经意识到（在社会形态上，我们是群居动物。）思想家亚里士多德（注意到，一个个体可以为自己提供生活所需要的一切）——事业,家庭和金钱,但如果一个人没有一个好朋友,他或她的生活（将会是不完整的）。阻碍人们深入交往的社会就是阻碍人们的健康（的社会）。

8.No single person is at fault, of course. The pressures on friendship today are broad. They arise from the demands of work, say, or a general busyness that means we have less quality time for others. How many individuals would say that friendship is the most important thing in their lives, only to move thousands of miles across the continent to take up a better-paid job?

take up:拿起；开始从事；占据(时间，地方)

当然，这不是某个人的错。（对于今天的友谊来说，压力是广泛的）。（唉，这些压力来源于工作的需要，或者是普通的商业，这就意味着我们没有高质量的时间给其他人。）有多少人总是说友情是他们生活中最重要的，但却为了工作而相隔千里。

It starts with childhood

9.Of course, we learn how to make friends – or not – in our most formative years, as children. Recent studies on childhood, and how the contemporary life of the child affects friendships, are illuminating. Again, the general mood is one of concern, and a central conclusion often reached relates to a lack of what is called ―unstructured time‖.

illuminating:adj. 照亮的，照明的；启蒙的，有启发性的

v. 照明，阐释（illuminate的现在分词形式）

unstructured time:松散的时间

当然，（在我们形成性格的最重要的孩童时期，我们学会了如何交朋友，或者不交朋友。）（近来关于童年时期和当代孩子的生活如何影响到友谊的研究正在阐明这个观点）。（此外，目前的风气是人们所关心的核心的结论通常涉及到缺乏“计划外的时间”。）。

10.Structured time results from the way an average day is parceled up for our kids

–time for school, time for homework, time for music practice, even time for play. Yet too often today, no period is left unstructured. After all, who these days lets his child just wander off down the street? But that is precisely the kind of fallow time so vital for deeper friendships. It’s then that we simply ―hang out‖ with no tasks, no deadlines and no pressures. It is in those moments that children and adults alike can get to know others for who they are in themselves.

structured:adj. 有结构的;有组织的v. 组织；构成（structure的过去分词）；建造

parcel up :打包wander off down the street:漫步在街上

hang out:挂出；闲逛

（有计划地时间是来源于我们把一天的时间计划好硬塞给孩子）上学的时间，做作业的时间，练习音乐的时间，甚至玩的时间。然而（一天当中），没什么时间（是）没有被安排（的）。毕竟，（在这个时代）谁（会）让自己的孩子在街上散步呢？但恰恰是这种休闲时间对于加深友谊是至关重要的）。（就是那些时候我们可以没有任务，没有界限，没有压力地“闲逛”）。（正是）在那些时候无论是孩子还是成年人都可以彼此的深入了解对方。

11.If there is a secret to close friendship, that’s it. Put down the device; engage the person.

如果有交知心朋友的秘诀，这就是了。放下你的电子设备，去（与人交往）。

12.Aristotle had an attractive expression to capture the thought: Close friends, he observed, ―share salt together.‖It’s not just that they sit together, passing the salt across the meal table. It’s that they sit with one another across the course of their lives, sharing its savor –its moments, bitter and sweet. ―The desire for friendship comes quickly: friendship does not,‖ Aristotle also remarked. It’s a key insight for an age of instant social connectivity, though one in which we paradoxically have an apparently growing need to be more deeply connected.

capture :vt.俘获；夺得；捕捉，拍摄n. 捕获；战利品，俘虏

share salt together:一起分享盐，俗语

key insight:关键的技术、重要的概念

亚里士多德有一个吸引人的表达：亲密的朋友，可以分享生活。不仅仅是他们可以坐在一个餐桌上，而是他们生活中更可以一起陪伴对方，分享人生酸甜苦辣的滋味。（亚里士多德也指出）“交朋友的（渴望）（匆匆而来），但友情却姗姗来迟。”（对于当今这个快速社会交流的时代，那是一个关键性的想法，但是我们当中的一些人却很矛盾地对于更加深入地交流有了明显增长的需求。）

大学英语第二册-第一单元

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2. Does your career fit your personality? Listening and understanding 1, imaginations 2, designs 3. patterns 4. graphic designer 5. landscape architect 6. procedures 7. instructions 8. details and data 9. routine and order 10. accountant 11. cost estimator 12. see projects though 13. doers 14. big picture 15. sales agent 16. management analyst 17. logic 18. mysteries 19. detail 20. librarian 21. software engineer 22. results-driven 23. outdoors 24. jewelry 25. electrician 26. nuclear engineer 27. human interaction 28. personal coach 29. school psychologist 3. Easy ways to be an optimist

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大一大学英语第一单元内容

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新一代大学英语综合教程英语课文翻译

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UNIT 1 Explore1: Reading comprehension: a b a b a Dealing with vocabulary: a b a a a b Application: 1.To say is easier than to do. 2.Mary wanted to make a lot of money, buy stock, and retire early. 3.She stayed up late either studying her English or going to parties. Explore 2: Reading comprehension: b a d Dealing with vocabulary: interact compatible massive contrast criticize hesitant Unit test part1: 1.prevails 2.a variety of 3.interact 4.hanging out 5.scale 6.In contrast 7.crucial 8.engage 9.in person 10.directly part2: b a c b a a part3: 1.25岁时马克?扎克伯格已经在Facebook辛勤工作了五年。那一年，也就是2009年，公司首次实现了盈利，并且吸引了3亿用户。他当时非常激动，但还是说这只是一个开始。他在Facebook上写道”我们的目标是把每个人联系起来，而我们才刚刚开始。"第二年，他就被《时代》杂志评选为"年度人物"。 2.Owned by Chinese tech giant Tencent, WeChat is a mobile messaging service that boasts over 300 million active users. Many former Weibo users join in as new members because it offers comparatively private forms of communication. Like many other Chinese social media platforms, WeChat allows its users to send voice messages, share social moments, purchase virtual goods, and meet new people via a format similar to that of chat roulette. UNIT 2 Explore 1:

大学英语第一单元

大学英语第一单元 1. Translate Into English 1）给这个词下定义To define this word (This word can be defined as…) 2) 反感这种对待To resent this treatment 3) 使学生沮丧To frustrate/depress students 4) 宣战To declare war 5) 对结果进行评估To evaluate the result 6) 履行义务To fulfill one’s obligation/to perform one’s duty 7) 缩小差距To narrow the gap 8) 扩大业务To expand business 9) 陈述事实To present facts 2. Fill in the blanks with the proper form of the appropriate word listed below. 1) occurrence occur 2) had applied, applicants, pursuit, occurring 3) involved, handled, handling, apply 4) observant, occurrence 5) observation, observed, occur 6) handle, occurs 7) observe, application 8) occurred, involvement 9) observers, handled 10) observation 3. Translate 1). He is so devoted to his research that the idea that he will soon have to retire never occurs to him. 2). Many people have observed that, without effective checks, we have a tendency to abuse our power. 3). Some countries refuse to get involved in this dispute and they resent any foreign interference. 4). The control of the sand storms involves a tremendous amount of work and money. 5). You have to take into consideration the local conditions when you apply these technologies. 6). All applicants will have to fill out this form and mail in an application fee of 50 dollars. 7). Based on his careful observation of children’s behavior he came to the conclusion that learning is a natural pleasure. 8). In a country of many nationalities, ethnic harmony requires very careful handling. 9). The government is determined to punish all the corrupt officials involved. 10). Cheating at exams does not occur very often. But when it does, the school takes a very tough position. 5. Fill in the blanks with the most appropriate word. 1)-5）CBCAC 6)-10) DABDA 1 Lesson Two How Reading Changed My Life Vocabulary 1 Translate

新一代大学英语综合教程1 期末考试答案 打印版

新一代大学英语综合教程 1 期末考试答案打印版 UNIT 1 .2、Indeed, we might feel as if we are suddenly awash in friends. Yet right before our eyes, we're also changing the way we conduct relationships. Face-to-face chatting is giving way to texting and messaging; people even prefer these electronic exchanges to, for instance, simply talking on a phone.Smaller circles of friends are being partially eclipsed by Facebook acquaintances routinely numbered in the hundreds. Amid these smaller trends, growing research suggests we could be entering a period of crisis for the entire concept of friendship. Where is all this leading modern-day society? Perhaps to a dark place, one where electronic stimuli slowly replace the joys of human contact.确实如此，我们似乎感到突然之间好友数量井喷。不过，我们眼前也正在改变为人处世的方式。面对面的聊天正在被短信取代；相比打个电话，人们甚至更愿意使用这些电子交流方式。脸谱网上的熟人圈儿动辄数百人，相比之下，现实生活中规模较小的朋友圈则显得黯淡少光。在这些较细微的趋势中，越来越多的研究表明友谊的整个概念正在遭受危机，而我们也许正在一步步地迈向这个危机时代。所有这一切要把现代社会引向何方？也许现代社会就此陷入黑暗深渊，在这个深渊里，人与人之间交往的乐趣慢慢地被电子诱惑所取代。 8、No single person is at fault, of course. The pressures on friendship today are broad. They arise from the demands of work, say, or a general busyness that means we have less quality time for others. How many individuals would say that friendship is the most important thing in their lives, only to move thousands of miles across the continent to take up a better-paid job?当然，这并不是某个人的错。如今，交友压力来自方方面面。比如来自工作压力，或是整天瞎忙，无法和他人享有高质量的沟通时间。有人嘴上说友谊是生命中最重要的东西，却为了一份收入颇丰的工作远赴千里之外。这样的人还少吗？ 9、Of course, we learn how to make friends —or not —in our most formative years, as children. Recent studies on childhood, and how the contemporary life of the child affects friendships, are illuminating. Again, the general mood is one of concern, and a central conclusion often reached relates to a lack of what is called "unstructured time."当然，我们是在性格成型的最重要的孩提时期学会如何结交朋友或是如何断交。最近，关于儿童期和儿时生活对交友的影响的研究很有启发性。这些研究再一次关注了风气这个问题，其主要结论都与孩子缺少―计划外时间‖有关。 10、Structured time results from the way an average day is parceled up for our kids — time for school, time for homework, time for music practice, even time for play. Yet too often today, no period is left unstructured. After all, who these days lets his child just wander off down the street? But that is precisely the kind of fallow time so vital for deeper friendships. It's then that we simply "hang out," with no tasks, no deadlines and no pressures. It is in those moments that children and adults alike can get to know others for who they are in themselves. ―计划内时间‖源自每一天的时间安排方式，何时上学，何时完成家庭作业，何时进行音乐训练，甚至何时玩耍，一股脑儿的塞给孩子。然而，再寻常不过的是，没有任何一个时段是没有安排的。毕竟，现在谁还会让自己的孩子在街上闲逛呢？但是，恰恰就是这种―无所事事‖的时间对于深厚的交情至关重要。在这个时间段，我们只是闲逛，没有任务，没有最后期限，没有任何压力。就在这些时候，孩子也罢，成人也罢，才能真正了解同行之人。 12、Aristotle had an attractive expression to capture the thought: close friends, he observed, "share salt together." It's not just that they sit together, passing the salt across the meal table. It's that they sit with one another across the course of their lives, sharing its savor — its moments, bitter and sweet. "The desire for friendship comes quickly; friendship does not," Aristotle also remarked. It's a key insight for an age of instant social connectivity, though one in which we paradoxically have an apparently growing need to be more deeply connected.亚 里士多德曾经这样表达此意，妙不可言。他 说，亲密的朋友，是―一起吃盐的朋友‖。他 并不是说朋友们坐在一起，在饭桌上把盐传 来传去。他的意思是朋友们共享人生经历， 分享各种滋味，苦的，甜的。亚里士多德还 说过―交友的想法常常匆匆而至，但是真正的 友情往往姗姗来迟。‖这对于当今这个时代来 说是一种重要的真知灼见。因为，在这个时 代里，虽然人们能迅速建立关系，不过我们 反倒越发觉得需要更深一步结识他人。 UNIT 26、With persistence and practice, such a process can lead to lasting results. I know one Wall Street executive who sought to improve his empathy –specifically his ability to read people’s reactions and their perspectives. Before beginning his quest, the executive’s subordinates were terrified of working with him. People even went so far as to hide bad news from him. Naturally, he was shocked when finally confronted with these facts. He went home and told his family – but they only confirmed what he had heard at work. When their opinions on any given subject did not mesh with his, they, too, were frightened of him.只要坚持并不断实践，这样的过程能够 带来持久的结果。我认识一位华尔街的主管， 他想方设法提高自己的同理心。具体一点就 是读懂对方的反应，了解对方的看法。在开 始努力寻求改变之前，这位主管的下属惧怕 与其一起工作。人们甚至对他隐瞒坏消息。 最终面对这些情况时，他自己自然大吃一惊。 回家后，他告诉家人——但家人更肯定了他 在单位听到的一切。无论什么话题，如果家 人的观点未能与之吻合，他们也会害怕他。 7、Enlisting the help of a coach, the executive went to work to heighten his empathy through practice and feedback. His first step was to take a vacation to a foreign country where he did not speak the language. While there, he monitored his reactions to the unfamiliar and his openness to people who were different from him. When he returned home, humbled by his week abroad, the executive asked his coach to shadow him for parts of the day, Several times a week, in order to critique how he treated people with new or different perspectives. At the same time, he consciously used on-the-job interactions as opportunities to practice ―hearing‖ ideas that differed from his. Finally, the executive had himself videotaped in meetings and asked those who worked for and with him to critique his ability to acknowledge and understand the feelings of others. It took several months, but the executive’s emotional intelligence did ultimately rise, and the improvement was reflected in his overall performance on the job.这位主管向私人教师 寻求帮助，他回到工作岗位，通过实践和别 人的反馈来提高自己的同理心。首先，他到 一个语言不通的国家去度假。在异国他乡， 他审视自己面对不熟悉事物的反应以及对异 族人群的开放性。返回家乡时，一周的国外 生活已使他丢掉了所有的高傲，这位主管让 私人教师一周跟踪自己几天，每天跟踪自己 几个时段，以此评价自己对持新观点或不同 观点人的态度。同时，他还有意识地利用工 作现场与人交往的机会来实践―倾听‖异己观 点。最后，主管还让人拍摄他开会时的表现， 让下属以及合作伙伴评价自己承认并理解他 人感情的能力。这个过程持续数月，但最终， 主管的情商确实提高了，并在他的整体工作 表现上体现了出来。 8 It’s important to emphasize that building one’s emotional intelligence cannot – will not – happen without sincere desire and concerted effort. A brief seminar won’t help; nor can one buy a how-to manual. It is much harder to learn to empathize –to internalize empathy as a natural response to people –than it is to become adept at regression analysis. But it can be done. ―Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm,‖ wrote Ralph Waldo Emerson. If your goal is to become a real leader, these words can serve as a guidepost in your efforts to develop high emotional intelligence.需要强调的是，没有真诚的愿望 和竭尽全力的付出，培养情商是不可能的， 也不会有结果。一场简短的研讨会起不了作 用，实用操作手册也无法买到。要使同理心 内化为对别人的一种自然反应，才算是获得 了同理心，这比擅于回归分析要难得多。但 获得同理心也是能做到的。拉尔夫·沃尔 多·爱默生写道：―没有热情，就不可能取得 任何伟大的业绩。‖如果你的目标是成为一位 真正的领袖，这句话可以激励你不断努力， 提高情商。 UNIT 32、First, science is practiced by special people with a specific view of the world. Scientists try to be objective, unsentimental and unemotional. They do not let their feelings get in the way of their observations of real things, facts, as they call them. They often work in laboratories or in other areas where they can carefully control what they are working on. They do not just wander out onto the dock at sunset and look at the world with wonder, as a poet might. Ideally, they are also both honest and check them out and then utilize them in their findings so others can check them out and then utilize them in their own work. They do not claim more than they can prove, and often even less. But they are very proud of their calling and prefer to talk to other scientists rather than anybody else, especially poets, who tend to make them feel uncomfortable, to put them down.(Of course poets also feel scientists return the favor.)首 先，从事科学工作的是特殊的一类人，他们 具有特定的世界观。科学家努力保持客观、 理性，不感情用事，不会让感情妨碍他们观 察他们所说的实物和事实。科学家常常在实 验室或者他们能够严格控制研究对象的场所 工作。他们不会像诗人那样，在日落时去码 头闲逛，惊奇地观赏这个世界。典型的科学 家既朴实，又谦恭。他们总是尽量客观地汇 报他们的科学发现，以便别人能够证实并在 工作中加以运用。他们不会对自己不能证明 的事物妄加断言，甚至常常连自己能够证明 的也不去多说。然而，他们对―科学家‖这一 称谓引以为傲，更喜欢彼此相互交流，而不 太愿意和其他人交流，尤其是和诗人，因为 诗人总让他们感觉不自在，且常贬低他们。 （当然了，科学家在诗人眼里也不过如此。） 3、Second, science deals almost exclusively with things, not ideas or feelings, and with the external world and its workings, not inner states and their workings, despite the effort of some psychologists to be or seem scientific. The human body is considered to be or seem scientific. The human body is considered to be a part of the external world; the soul is not. Therefore, scientists work to understand the body but not the soul. Most scientists doubt the soul exists. The solar system and the universe are also part of the external world, although we have little enough direct evidence of their mode of existence. Scientists tend to assume the basic conditions of nature on Earth are the same everywhere in the cosmos.其次，科学的 研究对象基本上仅限于事物，而非思想或者 情感，仅限于外部世界及其运作，而非内在 状态及其运作，尽管一些心理学家也试图让 自己的工作具备或者显得有科学性。人体被 认为是外部世界的一部分，而人的灵魂则不 然。因此，科学家探索的是人的肌体，而不 是灵魂。大部分科学家怀疑灵魂的存在。太 阳系和宇宙也是外部世界的一部分，虽然我 们没有充足的直接证据来证明它们的存在模 式。科学家往往认为，地球上自然界的基本 状况无论在宇宙的何处都是一样的。 4、Mankind is only questionably part of the external world in this sense. Scientists are generally reluctant to deal with the behavior of large groups of men and women. Thus economists, for example, struggle to be considered scientists, but usually in vain. The external world of scientists contains some things, like quanta, quarks and quasars, that are