英文翻译参考
毕业设计（论文）外文参考
资料及译文
译文题目： Relational database
关系数据库
学生姓名：周书湘学号： 0705110526 专业：计算机科学与技术
所在学院：信息技术学院
指导教师：李鸿珍
职称：讲师/工程师
2010年 12 月 25 日
说明：
要求学生结合毕业设计（论文）课题参阅一篇以上的外文资料，并翻译至少一万印刷符（或译出3千汉字）以上的译文。译文原则上要求打印（如手写，一律用400字方格稿纸书写），连同学校提供的统一封面及英文原文装订，于毕业设计（论文）工作开始后2周内完成，作为成绩考核的一部分。
Relational database
---from https://www.wendangku.net/doc/428257349.html,/ Structure of the Relational database
The relational model is the basis for any relational database management system (RDBMS).A relational model has three core components: a collection of objects or relations, operators that act on the objects or relations, and data integrity methods. In other words, it has a place to store the data, a way to create and retrieve the data, and a way to make sure that the data is logically consistent.
A relational database uses relations, or two-dimensional tables, to store the information needed to support a business. Let's go over the basic components of a traditional relational database system and look at how a relational database is designed. Once you have a solid understanding of what rows, columns, tables, and relationships are, you'll be well on your way to leveraging the power of a relational database.
Tables, Row, and Columns
A table in a relational database, alternatively known as a relation, is a two-dimensional structure used to hold related information. A database consists of one or more related tables.
Note: Don't confuse a relation with relationships. A relation is essentially a table, and a relationship is a way to correlate, join, or associate two tables.
A row in a table is a collection or instance of one thing, such as one employee or one line item on an invoice. A column contains all the information of a single type, and the piece of data at the intersection of a row and a column, a field, is the smallest piece of information that can be retrieved with the database's query language. For example, a table with information about employees might have a column called LAST_NAME that contains all of the employees' last names. Data is retrieved from a table by filtering on both the row and the column.
Primary Keys, Data types, and Foreign Keys
The examples throughout this article will focus on the hypothetical work of Scott Smith, database developer and entrepreneur. He just started a new widget company and wants to implement a few of the basic business functions using the relational database to manage his Human Resources (HR) department.
Relation: A two-dimensional structure used to hold related information, also known as a table.
Note: Most of Scott's employees were hired away from one of his previous employers, some of whom have over 20 years of experience in the field. As a hiring incentive, Scott has agreed to keep the new employees' original hire date in the new database.
Row: A group of one or more data elements in a database table that describes a person, place, or thing.
Column: The component of a database table that contains all of the data of the same name and type across all rows.
You'll learn about database design in the following sections, but let's assume for the moment that the majority of the database design is completed and some tables need to be implemented. Scott creates the EMP table to hold the basic employee information, and it looks something like this:
Notice that some fields in the Commission (COMM) and Manager (MGR) columns does not contain a value; they are blank. A relational database can enforce the rule that fields in a column may or may not be empty. In this case, it makes sense for an employee who is not in the Sales department to have a blank Commission field. It also makes sense for the president of the company to have a blank Manager Field, since that employee doesn't report to anyone.
Field: The smallest piece of information that can be retrieved by the database query language. A field is found at the intersection of a row and a column in a database table.
On the other hand, none of the fields in the Employee Number (EMPNO) column are blank. The company always wants to assign an employee number to an employee, and that number must be different for each employee. One of the features of a relational database is that it can ensure that a value is entered into this column and that it is unique. The EMPNO column, in this case, is the primary key of the table.
Primary Key: A column (or columns) in a table that makes the row in the table distinguishable from every other row in the same table.
Notice the different data types that are stored in the EMP table: numeric values, character or alphabetic values, and date values.
As you might suspect, the DEPTNO column contains the department number for the employee. But how do you know what department name is associated with what number? Scott created the DEPT table to hold the descriptions for the department codes in the EMP table.
The DEPTNO column in the EMP table contains the same values as the DEPTNO column in the DEPT table. In this case, the DEPTNO column in the EMP table is considered a foreign key to the same column in the DEPT table.
A foreign key enforces the concept of referential integrity in a relational database. The concept of referential integrity not only prevents an invalid department number from being inserted into the EMP table, but it also prevents a row in the DEPT table from being deleted if there are employees still assigned to that department.
Foreign Key: A column (or columns) in a table that draws its values from a primary or unique key column in another table. A foreign key assists in ensuring the data integrity of a table. Referential Integrity A method employed by a relational database system that enforces one-to-many relationships between tables.
Data Modeling
Before Scott created the actual tables in the database, he went through a design process known as data modeling. In this process, the developer conceptualizes and documents all the tables for the database. One of the common methods for modeling a database is called ERA, which stands for entities, relationships, and attributes. The database designer uses an application that can maintain entities, their attributes, and their relationships. In general, an entity corresponds to a table in the database, and the attributes of the entity correspond to columns of the table.
Data Modeling: A process of defining the entities, attributes, and relationships between the entities in preparation for creating the physical database.
The data-modeling process involves defining the entities, defining the relationships between those entities, and then defining the attributes for each of the entities. Once a cycle is complete, it is repeated as many times as necessary to ensure that the designer is capturing what is important enough to go into the database. Let's take a closer look at each step in the data-modeling process.
Defining the Entities
First, the designer identifies all of the entities within the scope of the database application. The entities are the persons, places, or things that are important to the organization and need to be tracked in the database. Entities will most likely translate neatly to database tables. For example, for the first version of Scott's widget company database, he identifies four entities: employees, departments, salary grades, and bonuses. These will become the EMP, DEPT, SALGRADE, and BONUS tables. Defining the Relationships between Entities
Once the entities are defined, the designer can proceed with defining how each of the entities is related. Often, the designer will pair each entity with every other entity
and ask, "Is there a relationship between these two entities?" Some relationships are obvious; some are not.
In the widget company database, there is most likely a relationship between EMP and DEPT, but depending on the business rules, it is unlikely that the DEPT and SALGRADE entities are related. If the business rules were to restrict certain salary grades to certain departments, there would most likely be a new entity that defines the relationship between salary grades and departments. This entity would be known as an associative or intersection table and would contain the valid combinations of salary grades and departments.
Associative Table: A database table that stores the valid combinations of rows from two other tables and usually enforces a business rule. An associative table resolves a many-to-many relationship.
In general, there are three types of relationships in a relational database:
One-to-many the most common type of relationship is one-to-many. This means that for each occurrence in a given entity, the parent entity, there may be one or more occurrences in a second entity, the child entity, to which it is related. For example, in the widget company database, the DEPT entity is a parent entity, and for each department, there could be one or more employees associated with that department. The relationship between DEPT and EMP is one-to-many.
One-to-one In a one-to-one relationship, a row in a table is related to only one or none of the rows in a second table. This relationship type is often used for sub typing. For example, an EMPLOYEE table may hold the information common to all employees, while the FULLTIME, PARTTIME, and CONTRACTOR tables hold information unique to full-time employees, part-time employees, and contractors, respectively. These entities would be considered subtypes of an EMPLOYEE and maintain a one-to-one relationship with the EMPLOYEE table. These relationships are not as common as one-to-many relationships, because if one entity has an occurrence for a corresponding row in another entity, in most cases, the attributes from both entities should be in a single entity.
Many-to-many in a many-to-many relationship, one row of a table may be related to many rows of another table, and vice versa. Usually, when this relationship is implemented in the database, a third entity is defined as an intersection table to contain the associations between the two entities in the relationship. For example, in a database used for school class enrollment, the STUDENT table has a many-to-many relationship with the CLASS table—one student may take one or more classes, and a given class may have one or more students. The intersection table STUDENT_CLASS would contain the combinations of STUDENT and CLASS to track which students are in which classes.
Assigning Attributes to Entities
Once the designer has defined the entity relationships, the next step is to assign the attributes to each entity. This is physically implemented using columns, as shown here for the SALGRADE table as derived from the salary grade entity.
After the entities, relationships, and attributes have been defined, the designer may iterate the data modeling many more times. When reviewing relationships, new entities may be discovered. For example, when discussing the widget inventory table and its relationship to a customer order, the need for a shipping restrictions table may arise.
Once the design process is complete, the physical database tables may be created. Logical database design sessions should not involve physical implementation issues, but once the design has gone through iteration or two, its job to bring the designers "down to earth." As a result, the design may need to be revisited to balance the ideal database implementation versus the realities of budgets and schedules.
A database management system is an important type of programming system, used today on the biggest and the smallest computers. As for other major forms of system software, such as compiles and operating systems, a well-understood set of principles for database management systems has developed over the years, and these concepts are useful both for understanding how to use these systems effectively and for designing and implementing database management system. DBMS is a collection of programs that enables you to store, modify, and extract information from a database. There are many different types of management systems, ranging from small systems that run on personal computers to huge systems that run on main frames.
关系数据库
摘自https://www.wendangku.net/doc/428257349.html,/
关系数据库的结构
关系模型是任何一种关系数据库管理系统的基础。一个关系模型有3个核心部分--对象或关系的集合，作用于对象或关系上的操作，以及数据完整性规则。也就是说，关系数据库包括一个存储数据的地方，一种创建和检索数据的方法，以及一种确认数据的逻辑一致性的方法。
关系数据库使用关系或二维表来存储信息。
表，行和列
在关系数据库中，表也被理解为是一种关系，是二维结构，用来记录信息的关系。数据库由一个或者多个相关联的表组成。
注意：不要搞混了关系和关联。关系实际上是一个表，而关联指的是连接、结合或联合两个表的方式。
表中的行是一种事物的集合或实例，比如一个员工或发票上的一项。表中的一列包含了某个特定类的所有信息；而且行列交叉点上的数据，字段，就是能够用数据库查询语言检索到的最小单位。例如，一个员工信息表可能有一个“名字”列，包含所有员工的姓。数据是通过对行、列进行过滤检索出来的。
主码、数据类型和外码
本篇文章均以假设的斯科特·史密斯的工厂为例，他是数据库的建立者和企业的主办人。他刚开办了一个饰品公司并目想要使用关系数据库的几项基本功能来管理人力资源部门。
关系：用来保存相关信息的一个二维结构（也就是表）。
注意：大多数斯科特的雇员都是雇自过去的从业者，他们中有些人在这个领域己经有20年的经验了。出于雇用的目的，斯科特同意在新数据库中保留新进员工最初的雇佣日期。
行：在一个数据库表中的一组单数据或多数据元素，用于描述一个人、地方或事物。
列：列是数据库表的组件，它包含所有行中同名和同类型的所有数据。
你将在接下来的部分学习怎样设计数据库，现在让我们假设数据库大部分己经设计完成并且有一些表需要被执行。斯科特创建了EMP表来保存基本的员工信息，就像这样：
注意到佣金列和管理人列中有一些单元格中没有值；它们是空值。一个关系数据库能够强制规定某列是否允许空值。在这种情况下，那些非销售部的员工佣金单元为空。同样老板的雇主单元为空，因为他不需要向任何人汇报工作。
单元格：是数据库查询语言所能够检索到的最小片信息。一个单元格就是一个数据库表的行和列交叉形成的。
另一方面，没有哪个员工的员工编号单元为空。公司总是为每个员工分配一个员工号，并目每个员工都不同。关系数据库的特征之一是能够保证某列的键入值不会重复。在这个例子中，员工编号就是表的主码。
主码：主码是表中的一列（或多列）的值不重复。
留意一下员工表中的不同数据类型：数值型，字符型或字母型，以及日期型。
你可能会猜测，部门成员列保存的是员工所在部门的编号。不过你怎么才能知道哪个部门名称对应哪个部门编号呢？斯科特建立了部门表来存储员工表中涉及的部门编号的信息。
员工表中的部门编号列同部门表中的部门编号列有着相同的值。在这种情况下，员工表中的部门编号列就认为是部门表中相应列外码。
外码强化了关系数据库中参考完整性的概念。参考完整性的概念不只可以阻止无效的部门编号被插入员工表中，而且在某部门仍有员工的情况下，可以阻止部门表中删除信息。
外码：表中的一列（或多列），它的值来自于其他表的主码列。外码能强化表中数据的完整性。参考完整性：是关系数据库用来加强表间一对多关系的办法之一。数据建模
在斯科特于数据库中创建真实表之前，他要做数据建模。在这个过程中，创建者定义和填写数据库中所有表。有一种为数据库建模的常用办法叫作ERA,它可以表示出实体、实体间的关联和实体的属性。设计人员使用一个程序，支持实体、实体属性和实体间关系。通常，一个实体对应数据库中的一张表，属性对应于列。
数据建模：定义实体、实体属性和实体间关系，为建立物理数据库做准备。
数据建模过程包括定义实体、定义实体间关联以及定义每个实体的属性的过程。一旦一个周期完成，就需要不断重复直到设计者抓住了重点，足以开始建立数据库。让我们进一步了解为数据库建模过程的步骤。
定义实体
首先，设计者确定数据库应用程序范围内的所有实体。实体是人、地方或事物，它们对于整个团体是重要的且需要被记录在数据库中。实体将被巧妙的转化为数据表。比如，在第一版斯科特饰品公司数据库中，他定义了四个实体：员工、部门、工资水平和奖金。它们将称为EMP（员工）表，DEPT（部门）表，SALGRADE （工资水平）表和BONUS（奖金）表。
定义实体间的关联
一旦定义了实体，设计者就能够继续定义每个实体间是如何建立关系的。通常，设计者通常将每个实体同其他实体配对，并目考虑：“两者之间是否存在关系呢？”实体间的某些关系是明显的，某些不是。
在饰品公司数据库中，员工实体和部门实体间极可能存在关系，而依据事物间的关系原则，部门实体跟工资水平实体间似乎就没有关系了。如果事物间的关系原则是用来约束某个部门的工资水平的，就可能需要一个新的实体来说明工资
水平和部门之间的关系。这个实体被称作关系表或交表，其中包含工资水平和部门之间的有效联合。
关系表：是一个数据库表，其中保存着另外两个表的行（记录）间的有效结合，并且通常强调了事物间的关系原则。关联表处理的是一个多对多关联。
通常，关系数据库间有三种关系：
一对多：最常见的关联是一对多关联。对于每个给出的现有实体（即父实体）都有一个或多个现有的另一个实体（即子实体）与之相关联。例如，在饰品公司数据库中，部门实体是一个父实体，而每个部门中，都有一个或多个员工属于该部门。这样，部门实体和员工实体间的关联就是一对多关联。
一对一：在一个一对一关联中，表中的一行只关联另一个表中的一行甚至没有。这种关联类型通常用于子类型数据中。比方说，某员工表保存了所有员工的信息，而全职表、兼职表和承包人表则分别保存全职员工、兼职员工和承包人的信息。这些实体被认为是员工表的子表，并目同员工表保留一对一关系。这种关系不像一对多关系那么常见，因为如果一个实体与另一个实体总有对应行，在大多数情况下，两个实体中的属性只在一个实体内出现就可以了。
多对多：在多对多关系中，表的一行可能对应另一个表的许多行，反过来同理。通常，当这些关系在数据库中被执行时，定义第三个实体用来保存前两个实体间的所有关系。比方说，某学籍数据库中，学生表与班级表之间有一个多对多关系——一个学生可能听一门或多门课程，并目一个班级也可能有一个或多个学生。而学生_班级关系表中就包含了学生和班级之间的关系，以表明哪个学生在哪个班。
指定实体属性
一旦设计者定义了实体间关系，接下来就是去定义每个实体的属性。这是实现列的使用，如右图所示由工资水平实体所建立的工资水平表。
重复步骤：我们仍然在原地
在定义了实体、关联以及属性之后，设计者通常要重复几次数据建模。当我们在回过头来看这些关系时，就会发现有新的实体。例如，当讨论饰品库存表和与客户订单时，就会发现需要制定送货表。
一旦设计过程完成，接下来将建立实际的数据库表。逻辑数据库的设计过程不会涉及实际执行中的问题。但是，一旦设计进入到实际的运行，管理员就会很快让设计者脚踏实地。结果，设计就可能需要重新设计以获得理想的数据库存运行与预算和进度之间的平衡。
数据库管理系统是编程系统中的重要的一种，现在可以用在最大的以及最小的电脑上。替他主要形式的系统软件，比如说汇编以及操作系统，近些年来开发出一系列容易理解的数据库管理原则，并且这些概念既有助于理解如何有效利用系统，又可以帮助设计和执行DBMS系统。DBMS是一个程序的集合，它使你能够存储修改以及从数据库提取信息。有很多种不同类型的DBMS系统。从运行在个人电脑上的小型系统到运行在大型主机上的巨型系统。
传统民俗节目英文翻译
民俗文艺节目翻译 一、民俗表演《龙狮舞》 Dragon and Lion Dance 表演单位：元潭乡“女子龙狮舞”传习所 Performed by: “Female Dragon and Lion Dance Institute” of Yuantan township 龙、狮——是中华民族文化图腾，“舞龙、耍狮”以最具东方民族文化特色跻身世界民族文化瑰宝。在我们巴山人的生活中，每逢重大节庆，人们都会舞龙、舞狮，表达喜悦的心情和美好的愿望。 Dragon and lion——the totem of the Chinese national culture. The most oriental ethnic Dragon Dance and Lion Dance are the gems of the world culcure.In our life in Bashan Mountain,people joyfully play Dragon and Lion Dance to express their happiness and good wishes especially on important festivals. 二、民俗表演《巴山出嫁》 Bashan Marriage 表演单位：光雾山文艺中心 Performed by: GuangWu Mountain Literature and Arts Center. 大巴山的传统婚礼习俗中的对歌、抬花轿、拜堂、成亲等场景，有游戏、表演、逗趣等，展现出大巴山人对美好生活的向往和对婚姻家庭的美好祝愿。 Traditional Bashan Weddings are always filled with interesting scenes：Antiphonal，Sedan chair lift，the Bows and so on.Games and funny performances at the wedding are aspirations for happy marriage and better life.
化学专业英语(修订版)翻译
01 THE ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE 01 元素和元素周期表 The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is referred to as the atomic number, or proton number, Z. The number of electrons in an electrically neutral atom is also equal to the atomic number, Z. The total mass of an atom is determined very nearly by the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. This total is called the mass number, A. The number of neutrons in an atom, the neutron number, is given by the quantity A-Z. 质子的数量在一个原子的核被称为原子序数,或质子数、周淑金、电子的数量在一个电中性原子也等于原子序数松山机场的总质量的原子做出很近的总数的质子和中子在它的核心。这个总数被称为大量胡逸舟、中子的数量在一个原子,中子数,给出了a - z的数量。 The term element refers to, a pure substance with atoms all of a single kind. T o the chemist the "kind" of atom is specified by its atomic number, since this is the property that determines its chemical behavior. At present all the atoms from Z = 1 to Z = 107 are known; there are 107 chemical elements. Each chemical element has been given a name and a distinctive symbol. For most elements the symbol is simply the abbreviated form of the English name consisting of one or two letters, for example: 这个术语是指元素,一个纯物质与原子组成一个单一的善良。在药房“客气”原子的原子数来确定它,因为它的性质是决定其化学行为。目前所有原子和Z = 1 a到Z = 107是知道的;有107种化学元素。每一种化学元素起了一个名字和独特的象征。对于大多数元素都仅仅是一个象征的英文名称缩写形式,一个或两个字母组成,例如: oxygen==O nitrogen == N neon==Ne magnesium == Mg
翻译报告参考
本次翻译实习有四天的时间，实习的内容很多，我在这有限的时间内，翻译了第一部分。我觉得这篇文章比较有难度，文章中很多单词都是我不了解的。但是，我通过查字典，查辅导书，请教同学，解决了绝大部分的问题。 英语的句子是通过一整套完整系统的语法结构和连接词将单词和词组组合在一起，强调结构上正确，逻辑上严密，思维上严谨。而汉语不是这样。一个汉语句子的分句与分句之间，或是短语与短语之间，在意思上有联系，但很少用关联词，是用每一个分句或是短语的意思组合成一个完整的句子的。比如，“Around the grave in the rundown cemetery were a few of his former advertising colleagues from New York, who recalled his energy and originality and told his daughter, Nancy, what a pleasure it had been to work with him.”我的译文是“在衰败的墓地周围，有几个他以前的纽约的广告公司的同事，他们使他想起了他曾经的精力和独创性，他告诉他的女儿南希过去和他们在一起工作是多么地愉快。”英语的句子是一个整句，但是翻译成汉语不需要连接词，却要把每个分句都翻译成单独的句子。我认为英语翻译就是理解和表达的结合，翻译力求做到信、达、雅。翻译的质量取决于我们应用两种语言的水平。但是，有一点不容忽视，那就是说英语的人的思维和说汉语的人的思维方式有很大差异。同样，英语和汉语本身也有很大差异。这是我感觉最困难的事情。例如，“If you gave my brother a box of envelopes, he could count them faster than anybody because his fingers were so dexterous and because he counted the envelopes by fives.”我的译文是“如果你给我弟弟一盒信封，他比谁都数得快，因为他的手指十分灵巧，数起信封都是用五个手指。”经过请教同学，我知道了“he counted the envelopes by fives”不应翻译成“数起信封都是用五个手指”而英翻译成“五个一数”。 英汉两种语言，除了一些专有名词之外，几乎没有绝对等值的词语，那是因为英语与汉语的词汇都普遍存在一词多义、一词多类的现象。就像一位语言学家所说：“在新的上下文里使用的每一个词都是新词。”正是词的这种多义性和变义性，决定了对英语词义的理解及其汉语表达是英译汉的难点所在。所以，我觉得，对于英译汉中每个词语的翻译都需要仔细斟酌，不可轻易地凭感觉而译。词的含义是复杂的，它不仅有直接的、表面的、一般的意思，还有引申的、内涵的、特定的含义。这是语言的共性，英语尤其如此。随便翻开英语字典，几乎每个词都有多种含义，有的甚至有几十个意思，错综复杂。比如标题“Everyman”,我翻译的是“每个人”，但是后来听说其他同学翻译的是“凡人”。我顿时恍然大悟，还是自己之前思考地不周全，没有像到引申义。
节目及节目种类名称(英文)讲课讲稿
节目及节目种类名称 (英文)
节目名称（英文） 今日说法Legal Report 道德观察Ethical Review 新闻调查News Probe 实话实说Tell it like it is 共同关注Eyes on 大家Great Masters 科技博览Science Review 科技苑Science and Technology 走近科学 Approaching Science 全球资讯榜Newslist 文化访谈录Culture Interview 探索发现Exploring 新闻30分 News 30 Min 百家讲坛Lecture Room 挑战主持人Challenge Anchor 名将之约Winner’s Circle 让世界了解你Meet China 中国电影报道China Movie Repor(拼写错误) 今日影视Movie Today 世界电影之旅World Film Report
世界影视博览World Cinema 影视同期声Movie & TV Express 周日影院Sunday Movie Zone 佳片有约 the Best 天天饮食I can cook so do you 搜寻天下Exploring High & Low 乡村大世界the World of Country 子午书简Diary Read Speedy Digest 当代工人contemporary labourer 讲述Story 人物People 影响100 Influence 100 健康之路Meet on the Road of Health 焦点访谈 Topics in Focus 新闻调查 News Probe 新闻30分 News in 30 Minutes 东方时空 Oriental Horizon 社会经纬 Net of Justice 夕阳红 Sunset Glow 商业电视 Business TV 市场热线 Market Hotline 世界经济报道 World Economic Report
化学专业英语翻译1
01.THE ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE 01元素和元素周期 表。 The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is referred to as the atomic number, or proton number, Z. The number of electrons in an electrically neutral atom is also equal to the atomic number, Z. The total mass of an atom is determined very nearly by the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. This total is called the mass number, A. The number of neutrons in an atom, the neutron number, is given by the quantity A-Z. 原子核中的质子数的原子称为原子序数，或质子数，卓电子数的电中性的原子也等于原子序数Z，总质量的原子是非常接近的总数量的质子和中子在原子核。这被称为质量数，这个数的原子中的中子，中子数，给出了所有的数量 The term element refers to, a pure substance with atoms all of a single kind. To the chemist the "kind" of atom is specified by its atomic number, since this is the property that determines its chemical behavior. At present all the atoms from Z = 1 to Z = 107 are known; there are 107 chemical elements. Each chemical element has been given a name and a distinctive symbol. For most elements the symbol is simply the abbreviated form of
05 英文翻译模板 供参考
毕业设计（论文） 外文翻译 题目一种配电网小电流故障 选线新方法 专业电气工程及其自动化 班级 学生 指导教师 年
一种配电网小电流故障选线的新方法 I. Zamora, Member, IEEE, A. J. Mazón, Member, IEEE, K. J. Sagastabeitia, and J. J. Zamora 摘要：在配电网系统中，故障点经经高阻接地或者中性点经消弧线圈接地使得故障电流比较小。以前高的故障电阻主要由于非有效接地或者绝缘降低引起。到后来，中性点就不接地或者经消弧线圈接地，然而，由于这样使得故障电流很小，无法使传统的过流继电器动作或者熔断熔断。本文提出了一种适用于辐射状配电网的基于特定频率电压信号叠加原理的单相接地故障选线新方法，计算机仿真和实验室试验都证明这种方法对于任何形式的接地故障选线都比较准确。 关键词：配电网，故障诊断，小电流接地，信号叠加 符号说明 R fbi馈线i单相对地电阻 Iresi 馈线i残余电流 VNG中性点电压 VpG相电压 Vh参考电压 Ki 馈线i的不对称度 △Kri 馈线i对称度的相对变化率 (a) Prefault situation 故障前 (b) Superposition situation叠加信号时
1简介 配电网的维护和运行里面两个必须要考虑的关键问题是公网安全和电能质量。在最大限度内输送电能必须协调好电能质量和苛刻的安全极限之间的矛盾。所有这些实现都要以新的立法形势和把握好技术改进和经济维护为前提。 然而，设计一种完全可靠的电力系统是不可能的，所以就要发展在最短时间内找到故障点并恢复供电的各种技术，短路故障情况下，短路电流变化比较明显，所以很容易找出故障线路。但是，由于故障的特殊性，配电网中的小电流接地不能被通常的保护监测到。 小电流接地故障通常发生在于高阻接地或有中性点有补偿装置的系统中。在第一种情况下，间接接地或弧光接地使得故障电阻很大，从而限制了故障电流。在第二种情况下，独立的系统或者中性点经电抗接地的系统在发生单相接地故障时，允许系统急需运行相负荷供电一段时间。 无论如何，如果对小电流接地不进行监控，有可能使巨大的电能危及人身安全和设备安全，即使短路电路很小，对设备来说是安全的，但是故障时刻的高电压已经威胁到人身的安全。因此，研究小电流接地选线装置对公众安全是必要的。 目前，有很多人从事这方面的研究工作，期望找出最好的办法来解决这个问题。利用神经网络，小波变换和人工智能的方法已经越来越重要了。低频信号分析也已经被用来分析故障特征，在中性点经消弧线圈接地系统中，利用改变消弧线圈的档位或者在中性点向系统注入工频电流信号，通过检测其对地的流通回路，但是，大部分这种技术只是用于一些小电流接地故障或者仅仅用于特定的情况下和特定类型的配电网中。 本文提出了一种基于电压信号叠加原理来监测小电流故障的的新方法，该方法适用配电网中的任何接地故障类型。
英语阅读理解带翻译：电视节目
英语阅读理解带翻译：电视节目 Television gives the American people a wide variety of programs from early morning until late at night. Operas, orchestral performances, chamber music and jazz concerts are often presented on television. So most of the leisure at home is used for watching television. Many Americans are so fond of their TV programs that they often have cold luncheon in front of their receiving sets. Television has given people newer and deeper understanding of history, art, music, literature, the ballet, the theater, the discoveries of modern science and the wonders of the universe. Television viewers pay no tax or charges for receiving programs on their sets. The cost of the programs is paid chiefly by those who are given the opportunity to advertise their goods or services during the commercial breaks. 美国人从清晨直到深夜都能看到形形色色的电视节目。电视屏幕 上经常播放歌剧、管弦乐、室内音乐和爵士音乐演奏。所以家庭中绝 大部分空闲时间都花在看电视上。很多美国人酷爱电视节目，经常在 电视机前边看电视边吃冷餐。电视使人们对历史、艺术、音乐、文学、舞剧、戏剧、现代科学的新发现和宇宙的奥妙有较新和较深切的了解。电视观众看电视节目既不用缴税，也不必付款，节目费用主要是由那 些借此为其商品和服务做插播广告的人支付的。
《化学工程与工艺专业英语》课文翻译 完整版
Unit 1 Chemical Industry 化学工业 1.Origins of the Chemical Industry Although the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries. Examples are alkali for soapmaking, bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking. It will be noted that these are all inorganic chemicals. The organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with the exploitation of William Henry Perkin‘s discovery if the first synthetic dyestuff—mauve. At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. This was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia. The later required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first time. The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in good stead, particularly with the rapidly increased demand for nitrogen-based compounds (ammonium salts for fertilizers and nitric acid for explosives manufacture) with the outbreak of world warⅠin 1914. This initiated profound changes which continued during the inter-war years (1918-1939). 1．化学工业的起源 尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代（才开始的）。可以认为它起源于工业革命其间，大约在1800年，并发展成为为其它工业部门提供化学原料的产业。比如制肥皂所用的碱，棉布生产所用的漂白粉，玻璃制造业所用的硅及Na2CO3. 我们会注意到所有这些都是无机物。有机化学工业的开始是在十九世纪六十年代以William Henry Perkin 发现第一种合成染料—苯胺紫并加以开发利用为标志的。20世纪初，德国花费大量资金用于实用化学方面的重点研究，到1914年，德国的化学工业在世界化学产品市场上占有75%的份额。这要归因于新染料的发现以及硫酸的接触法生产和氨的哈伯生产工艺的发展。而后者需要较大的技术突破使得化学反应第一次可以在非常高的压力条件下进行。这方面所取得的成绩对德国很有帮助。特别是由于1914年第一次世界大仗的爆发，对以氮为基础的化合物的需求飞速增长。这种深刻的改变一直持续到战后（1918-1939）。 date bake to/from: 回溯到 dated: 过时的，陈旧的 stand sb. in good stead: 对。。。很有帮助
学士学位证书及毕业证英文翻译模板
学士学位证书及毕业证英文翻译模板 附录：今天老师给我们留了个作业，让我们把本科毕业证书翻译成英文的，怎么翻译啊~所以请大家帮帮忙吧~谁能给我提供一个毕业证书的英文模版啊~本科毕业证书的啊~越快越好，如果老师满意，多少钱我都不在乎~包括专升本证书，能有工商管理硕士的最好！学士学位证书英语翻译与毕业证英文翻译模板，为爱大学本科生及研究生提供英文毕业证翻译样本。首先请看《办理中英文成绩单、英文毕业证学位证书的须知》。涉及中文或英文成绩单翻译，含英文毕业证书学位证书的证明。学生学位证书英文翻译模板BACHELOR’S DEGREE CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Ms. Wang Danli, born in October 1977, has studied in the Department of Law, xxx University with a specialty of Law from September 1996 to June 2000. Upon completing and passing all the required courses of the 4-year undergraduate program, she is granted graduation. In accordance with the academic degree act of the People’s Republic of China, the aforesaid student is awarded the Bachelor’s Degree in Law. xxx Chairman of Degree Appraising Committee of xx University June 30, 2000 Certificate No.: 103354003888 本科毕业证书翻译模板DIPLOMA This is to certify that Ms. Wang Lan, born on February 29, 1980, has studied in the Department of Foreign Languages,xxxUniversity with a specialty of English from September 1997 to June 2000. Upon completing and passing all the required
英语翻译专业必翻经典文章英文原文参考译文
文档简介 一，英语翻译经典文章之英文原稿二，中文翻译：这篇英语文章的最好翻译版本！不是俺说的，是俺老师说哒！！ 英文原稿Brian It seems my only request (“please, let me sleep”) is not clear enough, so I made this simple table that can help you when you’re in doubt. Especially during the night
中文翻译小子： 我只想好好地睡觉，你不明白吗？！所以，我做了这个简表。当你不知道怎么办时，特 别是在晚上的时候，你可以看看它。 具体情况行动指南 1，我正在睡觉禁止进入 2，你不确定我是否睡觉，你想搞清楚管你“鸟”事；禁止进入 3，你嗑了药，想奔向我的床你他妈的滚远点 4，你在youtube上看了一个超赞的视频，禁止进入；在脸书上把链接发给我想让我看看 5，就算第三次世界大战开始了管我屁事，他妈的别进来 6，你和你的基友们想和我“玩玩”抱歉，直男一枚。不要碰我的任何东西，门都别碰 7，你想整理我的房间我谢谢你了！我自己会打扫 8，普京宣布同性婚姻合法化终于等到“它”！还好你没放弃！还是不要来我房里！ 9，我不在家进我房间，想都别想 10，白天，我在家。你敲了门，我说“请进” 你可以进来了 福利放送！！
如果你已经看到了这里，那么说明你应该是英文爱好者哦。 下面有一些非常实用，我精心整理的英文资料，你一定用得到！快去看看吧！ 一，最常用英语翻译政治文体句型总结大全完美版 二，英文合同翻译最常用句型总结专业版 三，英语毕业论文提纲模板优秀完整详细无敌版
央视节目英文翻译
栏目名和书名、文章标题一样，是画龙点睛之笔，其翻译应遵循以下原则：1.能够反映本栏目的中心内容，突出主题。2.译名必须简洁，明白易懂，朗朗上口。 3.不用句子结构，即主谓宾或主系表结构。 4.不能望文生义。如《东方时空》译为Oriental Horizon。horizon的意思是地平线,即"向水平方向望去,天与地相交接的线"，以此作为栏目名意境深远,给人想象的空间。如果译为Eastern Tim e and Space，就失去其深邃的意义了。又如社会经纬是中央电视台最早的一个法制节目，目的是向观众普及法律知识，增强观众的法律意识，弘扬司法公正。"社会经纬"字面上并没有法律，如直译成英文，会显得莫名其妙。但如果译成N et of Justice，就会使人由法律想到公正，由经纬想到天网恢恢。再如《夕阳红》译为Sunset Glow，比较贴切，又富有诗意。因为glow的意思"throw out light and heat without flame"(The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Curren t English,p.502)。下面，笔者把收集到的栏目名称英译与大家分享： 焦点访谈 Topics in Focus 新闻调查 News Probe 新闻30分 News in 30 Minutes 商业电视 Business TV 市场热线 Market Hotline 世界经济报道 World Economic Report 股市分析 Stock Market Analysis 足球之夜 Soccer Night 健康俱乐部 Health Club 春节联欢晚会 Spring Festival Gala Evening 半边天 Half the Sky 综艺大观 Super Variety Show 戏迷园地 Garden for Opera Fans 大风车 Big Pinwheel 七巧板 Tangram 12演播室 Twelve Studio 中华民族 Chinese Ethnic Peoples 科技博览 Science and Technology Review 人与自然 Man and Nature 正大综艺 Zhengda Variety Show 书坛画苑 Gallery of Calligraphy Painting 天涯共此时 Time Together across the Strait 华夏风情 China Kaleidoscope 中国新闻 China News 中国报道 China Report 旅行家 Travelogue 中国各地 Around China 今日中国 China Today 周日话题 Sunday Topics 英语新闻 English News 东方时尚 Oriental Fashion
化工专业英语lesson4翻译汇编
仅供参考 Introduction to Organic Chemistry 1. Sources of Organic Compounds The major sources of organic chemicals are coal, petroleum, and agricultural products. Both coal and petroleum were formed through the geologic processes of changing animal and plant remains into carbon-containing residues. About one-third of all organic chemicals are derived from coal and about one-half from the petroleum industry 有机化合物的来源 有机化学药品的主要来源是煤、石油和农产品。动植物的遗体通过地质作用变成含碳残基然后形成煤和石油。三分之一的所有有机化合物品是从煤中得到的，一般来自于石油工业。 2. The Methods and Objectives of Organic Chemistry Because of the tremendous number of organic compounds known, and of the many more being synthesized daily, the study of organic chemistry is not the study of individual compounds, it is the study of groups or families of compounds all closely related to each other. Obviously, the former approach would be prohibitive[prE5hibitiv]. Once the structural relationships of certain typical members of a particular group or family of compounds are understood, these structural features are understood for any one of the many members of the family, even though some may not be known compounds. 因为已知的有机化合物的数目庞大，而且还在逐日合成更多的品种，所以有机化学不是研究单个的化合物，而是把彼此密切相关的化合物按类或族来研究。显然，以前的方法是不可取的，一旦典型的一类特殊化合物被认识，这些结构特征将适用于这类化合物，甚至是一些未知的化合物， For each group or family of compounds often called homologous series of compounds, structural features are important. In studying organic chemistry, it is not enough to know the identities of the elements and how many atoms of each element are present in a given molecule. More importantly, the order in which these atoms are linked together to form
英文参考文献翻译完结
基于反馈神经网络肘关节力矩的动态预测 R.Song K.Y.Tong 健康技术与信息学系，香港理工大学 KowIoon，香港
摘要 肌肉模型是身体部分运动分析的一个重要组成部分。尽管许多研究已经集中在静态条件下,但是肌电信号（EMG）和关节转矩在自愿动态情况下之间的关系并没有被很好的研究。本研究的目的是调查的一个反馈人工神经网络的性能（RANN）自愿动态情况下的复杂肘扭矩估计。肌电信号和运动数据，其中包括角度和角速度，被用来作为估计在运动过程中预期的扭矩输入。此外，角度和角速度的预测精度的作用进行了研究，并比较两个模型。一个模型的肌电图和关节运动的投入和其他的模型只使用肌电图无运动数据输入。六例健康体检者，和两个平均角速度（60°S 7和90°S 7）三种不同负荷（0公斤，1公斤，2公斤）在手的位置被选择来训练和测试90°屈肘、全伸肘之间的递归神经网络（0 ~）。训练结束后，根平均平方误差（RMSE）预期的扭矩和扭矩之间的模型预测，在训练数据集的肌电图和关节运动的投入和测试数据集，分别为0.17±0.03 nm和0.35 + 0.06 nm。预期的扭矩和预测模型的RMSE值之间的扭矩，在训练数据集只有肌电输入和测试集，分别为0.57 t - 0.07 nm和0.73 T 0.11 nm。结果表明，肌电信号一起运动的数据提供了更好的性能预测的关节力矩；关节角度和角速度提供了重要信息的关节力矩的估计在自愿的运动。 关键词:肌肉骨骼模型，自愿的运动，反馈人工神经网络，逆动力学模型
第一章绪论 由于希尔提出了1938肌肉的经典论文，神经生理学和神经肌肉骨骼系统的生物力学已被广泛研究，使人体运动生成的原理可以发现（希尔，1938）。 探讨中枢神经系统（CNS）激发肌肉和其后的发展力和产生不同的人体运动，许多模型来描述和定性的肌肉骨骼系统的不同层次的性能（温特斯，1990；扎杰克和温特斯，1990）。一个被普遍接受的山为基础的神经肌肉骨骼系统由以下子模型，一步一步：肌肉兴奋-收缩模型；肌腱骨骼模型；动态模型（扎耶克，1989）。 图1 肌肉骨骼模型框图 图1显示了基于hillbased模型的运动生成。图1，肌肉兴奋收缩模型是用来估计中枢神经系统指挥肌肉活动的状态。肌腱模型产生的肌肉力量不仅基于肌肉激活状态，而且基于肌腱式长度和肌腱式收缩速度，这与关节角速度和角速度（温特斯和斯塔克，1988）。前项状态的肌肉力量，它决定了肌腱的依从性，还负责肌肉力在后一阶段（扎耶克，1989）。一旦所有负责的关节运动的肌肉力量已经发现，肌肉的力量与各自的肌肉力臂和的结果求和乘法可以产生关节力矩。所有子模型的数学积分可以用来描述关节运动是中枢神经系统的命令产生哪些参数斧负责关节力矩。 肌电信号反映肌肉的活动，和许多类似的肌电力矩的关系已经在静态和动态情况的研究（张等人，1997；麦森纳和莫润，1995）。肌肉的肌电信号也常被认
CCTV节目单 英文翻译
1. Topics in Focus 焦点访谈 2. News Probe 新闻调查 3. News in 30 Minutes 新闻30分 4. Business TV 商业电视 5. Market Hotline 市场热线 6. World Economic Report 世界经济报道 7. Stock Market Analysis 股市分析 8. Soccer Night 足球之夜 9. Health Club 健康俱乐部 10. Spring Festival Gala Evening春节联欢晚会 11. Half the Sky 半边天 12. Super Variety Show 综艺大观 13. Garden for Opera Fans 戏迷园地 14. Big Pinwheel大风车 15. Tangram 七巧板 16. Twelve Studio 12演播市 17. Chinese Ethnic Peoples 中华民族 18. Science and Technology Review 科技博览 19. Human and Nature 人与自然 20. Zhengda Variety Show 正大综艺
21. Gallery of Calligraphy Painting 书坛画苑 22. Time Together across the Strait 天涯共此时 23. China Kaleidoscope 华夏风情 24. China News 中国新闻 25. China Report 中国报道 26. Travelogue 旅行家 27. Around China 中国各地 28. China Today 今日中国 29. Sunday Topics 周日话题 30. English News 英语新闻 31. Oriental Fashion 东方时尚 32. Chinese Cooking 厨艺 33. Traditional Chinese Medicine 中华医药 34. Total Soccer 天下足球 35. Hoop Park 篮球公园 36. Weather Report 天气预报 37. English News 英语新闻 38. Sports World 体育世界 39. Lecture Room 百家讲坛 40. People 人物 41. Sports News 体育新闻 42. Mystery All Star 全明星猜想
英文签证申请翻译参考
在职及准假证明 致：签证官 XX女士/先生在XXX公司工作，职位是XXXX。她/他自XXXX年X月进入我公司。我公司批准XX女士/先生XXXX年XX月赴意大利旅游，所有费用包括：机票费，运输费，住宿费和医疗保险等均由她/他本人承担。她/他将会按时回国并继续在我公司工作。 姓名出生日期护照号职位月薪 XXXXXX.XX.XXGXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.XX 在此我们担保她/他会在当地遵守意大利的法律。旅游后她/他会回到中国并继续在我单位上班。所有的旅游费用均由她/他本人承担。 希望您能够予以签证 领导人签名 领导人职位XXXXXXX 单位盖章 单位电话：XXXX XXXX 单位地址：北京市XXXXX 单位名称：XXXXXXXXXX
CERTIFICATION Dear Visa Officer: Hereby we certify that Mr./Ms.XXX is the (Title)of (Company Name). He/She joined our company since (Date). We certificate Mr./Ms. XXX take his/her holiday to Italy from (date) to (date). We make sure that he/she will obey the local rules and come back to China on Time. We will also keep his/her position till his/her coming back. Name Date of Birth Passport-No .Position Salary XXXXXXX.XX.XXGXXXXXXXXXXXXRMBXXXX.XX Hereby we guarantee that he/she will abide by the laws of Italy. He/She is going to visit and will come back to China on schedule and still working in our units. All the cost of the travel will be borne by him/herself. Your kind approval of this application will be highly appreciated. Name of leader: Position of leader Company stamp: Best Regards, Signature: Title: XXXX Tel: XXXXXXXX
3000字英文参考文献及其翻译范例
3000字英文参考文献及其翻译 【注意：选用的英文一定要与自己的论文题目相关。 如果文章太长，可以节选（用省略号省略一些段略）。如果字数不够，可以选2至3篇，但要逐一注明详细出处。英文集中在一起放前面，对应的中文翻译放后面。中文翻译也要将出处翻译，除非是网页。 对文献的翻译一定要认真！对英文文献及其翻译的排版也要和论文正文一样！ 特别注意：英文文献应该放在你的参考文献中。】 TOY RECALLS——IS CHINA THE PROBLEM Hari. Bapuji Paul W. Beamish China exports about 20 billion toys per year and they are the second most commonly imported item by U.S. and Canada. It is estimated that about 10,000 factories in China manufacture toys for export. Considering this mutual dependence, it is important that the problems resulting in recalls are addressed carefully. Although the largest portion of recalls by Mattel involved design flaws, the CEO of Mattel blamed the Chinese manufacturers by saying that the problem resulted ‘in this case （because） one of our manufacturers did not follow the rules’. Several analysts too blamed the Chinese manufacturers. By placing blame where it did not belong, there is a danger of losing the opportunity to learn from the errors that have occurred. The first step to learn from errors is to know why and where the error occurred. Further, the most critical step in preventing the recurrence of errors is to find out what and who can prevent it. ……