经贸英语

《经贸英语》讲义

UNIT 1 Leaders Today

教学目的与要求

一般了解有关管理的最新动态，了解管理专业词语的汉语和英语的正确表达方式，掌握管理的基本概念、基本知识和基本原理，重点掌握管理专业语句的英汉互译。

本章重点与难点

重要的词汇及句型，个别较长的句子，重点及难点句子分析。

教学手段与方式

教学以课堂讲授为主，讨论和练习为辅。

教学内容

Ⅰ.

1. to facilitate the establishment of a new form of leadership in today's corporations

2. to link a corporation's developing prospective to its present business performance

3. companies which forge ahead in the rather changeable world economy

4. to encourage domestic enterprises to seek out opportunities to enter foreign markets

5. to instill development strategies of new products into employees at all levels

6. to consider the promotion in the company the criteria to judge whether one is successful or not

7. corporate culture characterized by the enthusiasm for study and the individual's sense of responsibility

8. to cultivate everyone s sense of responsibility and self-management ability

9. with the visionary insight to lead the corporate reform

10. to emphasize professional cooperation and diversified management

11. talents with modern management knowledge and modern leadership skills

12. the employees' employment, assessment, training, rewards and penalties included in the personnel administration

13. to do well in encouraging and excavating the potential ability of theemployees

14. to strengthen the management and exploitation of human resources

15. to give a corporation s business performance an objective evaluation through the aunual audit

Ⅱ.

1. It is generally believed that the chief responsibilities of a general manager appointed by the board of directors are to preserve and grow business. What's more, the board of directors always evaluates him by the company's business results.

2. Along with the advent of the information age, a large numbee of high-tech enterprises have bubbled up, and they will excel other enterprises in leading world development.

3. Businesses should pay attention to the full play of employees' capabilities, creativities and wisdow potentials, trying to creat a working environment with fair competition, doing the training of employees well, arousing the employees' enthusiasm about work and making the best possible use of every employee.

4. It is known to all that leadership develepment is critical for anyone in a managerial position, but only a small number of people have realized the importance of encouraging every employee to develop leadership skills.

5. An entirely new form of leadership is critical to the recovery and growth of enterprises or institutions after their transformation or downsizing. Thus, leadership has become the focus of a myriad of books,articles and seminars.

Ⅲ.

The first major function of management is planning. It is to develop objectives for each level of the organization and determines ways to achieve those objectives. And organizing is essential when work is divided among departments and then among individuals. Managers should perform the organizing function to ensure the job is done. Also, managers must be able to create conditions that encourage employees to do a good job. Since all managers work with people, motivating others is an extremely complex process. It provides external rewards and creates conditions in which the employees can get “self administered" reward. Controlling measures the results of activities. If the result strays off its predetermined path, corrections are made. In the same way, a manager measures employees' performance against objectives. If the objectives are not being met, the manager takes corrective action.

实践环节

1．Describe in your own words the basic managerial roles.

2．To you, among the ten roles mentioned in the article, which is the

most difficult to perform?

复习思考题

1．What are the ten roles played by the manager？ Why does he have to play roles like figurehead role, spokesperson role and entrepreneur role?

2．In contacts the subordinates have with their managers, what questions do they ask themselves？ Why?

3．Is it important for managers to spend time with their peers and people outside the organization？How do you know? Why is it or isn’t it important?

4．How did President Roosevelt get information？ What does the story in paragraph suggest?

UNIT 2 Asia’s Economic Crisis and Changing

Competitiveness in the World Market

教学目的与要求

一般了解有关亚洲经济的最新动态，了解国际经济学专业词语的汉语和英语的正确表达方式，掌握国际经济学的基本概念、基本知识和基本原理，重点掌握国际经济学专业语句的英汉互译。

本章重点与难点

重要的词汇及句型，个别较长的句子，重点及难点句子分析。

教学手段与方式

教学以课堂讲授为主，讨论和练习为辅。

教学内容

Ⅰ.

1. a major engine of growth in Asian economy

2. the structural weakness in South Korea's financial system

3. to execute economic policies which adhere to IMF-aid programs

4. a sharp decline in the price competitiveness of that country's exports

5. the slump in the Japanese stock market

6. a more advantageous position than its rivals in terms of price competitiveness

7. trade disputes sparked by price distortion

8. the financial panic triggered by the devaluation of Japanese yen

9. to stabilize the recently turbulent capital flows

10. the advantageous position of industrial countries in the world trade system

11. the serious welfare losses for all nations resulted from a full scale trade war

12. a USD 58 billion bailout which South Korea was forced to seek from the IMF

13. the great expenditure caused by huge government institutions

14. technology intens ive and knowledge intensive products with high competitiveness

15. the country's economy which remains mired in recession

Ⅱ.

1. While the Asian economy regained stability, the possibility of devaluation of the HongKong dollar will be an important variable affecting the recurrence of similar economic crises in Asia.

2. In order to connect the improvement of price competitiveness brought about bythe currency depreciation to a better balance of payment, international cooperation is as essential as are internal reforms.

3. The Asian financial crisis owing to the heavily indebted banking systems, excessive government spending and over reliance on foreign loans has damaged the world economy seriously.

4. Some Japanese companies began to fall out of their over reliance on loans from the banking system, focusing on profits and cutting out wasteful spending.

5. Erupted in July 1997, the Asian financial crisis reflected the defectsin the fragile financial systems of Asian countries.

Ⅲ.

Like death and taxes, international economic crises cannot be avoided. They will continue to occur as they have for centuries past. But the alarmingly rapid spread of the 1997 Asian crisis showed these economies' vulnerability to investor skittishness. Unfortunately, there is no international“911" that emerging markets can dial when facing economic collapse. Neither the IMF nor a new global financial architecture will make the world less dangerous. Instead, countries that want toavoid a rerun of the devastating 1997—98 crisis must learn to protect themselves. And liquidity is the key

to financial self help. A country that has substantial international liquidity—large foreign currency reserves and a ready source of foreign currency loans—is less likely to be the object of a currency attack. Substantial liquidity also enables a country already under a speculative siege to defend itself better and make more orderly financial adjustments. The challenge is to find ways to increase liquidity at reasonable cost.

实践环节

1.尽管亚洲经济重获稳定，港币贬值的可能性将是涉及到类似经济危机是否会在亚洲再度发生的重要变量。(while)

2.要使由货币贬值带来的价格竞争力的提高变为国际收支的改善，国际间的合作和国内改革同样重要。(connect...to)

3.由于负债累累的银行体系、政府的过度支出和对外债的过分依赖而引起的亚洲金融危机严重破坏了世界经济。(owing to)

4.一些日本公司开始摒弃对银行体系贷款过分依赖的习惯，更加注重利润和削减支出以免浪费。(fall out of)

5.1997年7月爆发的亚洲金融危机反映了亚洲各国脆弱的金融体系的弊端。(erupt)复习思考题

1.Summarize the key elements which are of great importance to world economy.

2.Discuss the solutions to the economic difficulties the world is facing.

UNIT 3 Reforming Government in Industrial Countries 教学目的与要求

一般了解有关政府改革的最新动态，了解政府改革专业词语的汉语和英语的正确表达方式，掌握政府改革的基本概念、基本知识和基本原理，重点掌握政府改革专业语句的英汉互译。

本章重点与难点

重要的词汇及句型，个别较长的句子，重点及难点句子分析。

教学手段与方式

教学以课堂讲授为主，讨论和练习为辅。

教学内容

Ⅰ.

1. government reforms compatible with a country's development program

2. lay emphasis on the resolution of government involvement

3. the state induced transfer of wealth from the rich to the less fortunate

4. to finance the development of public sectors

5. a sharp decrease in the subsidy expenditure of a welfare state

6. to minimize the public expenditure of this country

7. the growth rate of gross fixed asset formation

8. heavy interest obligations resulting from huge interest payments

9. a certain share of shadow economy in the government performance

10. to avoid increasing government spending and lowering the economic growth rates

11. the benchmark to assess the scope for reducing the size of government

12. be of growing importance in government reforms

13. to facilitate adjustment to the new economic environment

14. the detrimental short-run effects of reforms on some groups

15. the protectionist and competitive devaluation policies administered by some industrial countries

Ⅱ.

1. Over the years, opinions about the role of state have been changing, and political institutions have been changing as well, to accommodate the demand for more state involvement in the economy.

2. It's generally believed that even if welfare states cut down the hugewelfare expenditures, they can't necessarily solve their serious economic problems such as large budget deficits and hyperinflation.

3. The government carried out the expansionary fiscal policy, which resulted in the increase of budget deficits. To compensate the deficits, it should take certain measures, such as issuing bonds or increasing the money supply.

4. Many industrial countries face the dilemma during their reforms between high inflation rates and low unemployment rates, so they must consider all around to minimize the losses.

5. Radical reforms must aim at maintaining public sector objectives while reducing spending. In this process, the role of the government will change from the provider to the overseer or the regulator of activities.

Ⅲ.

Modern societies have accepted the view that governments must play a larger role in the economy and must pursue objectives such as income redistribution andincome maintenance. The clock cannot be set back and, in fact, it should not be. For the majority of citizens, the world is certainly a more welcoming place now than it was a century ago. However, we argue that most of the important social and economic gains can be achieved with a drastically lower level of public spending than that which prevails today. Perhaps the level of public spending does not needto be much higher than, say, 30 percent of GDP to achieve most of the importantsocial and economic objectives that justify government intervention. Achieving this expenditure level would require radical reforms, a well-functioning private market, and an efficient regulatory role for the government.

实践环节

1．多年来，为了适应在经济中出现的更多的国家财政困难的需要，人们对于国家任务的看法已发生了改变，政治制度也发生了变化。(accommodate)2．人们普遍认为，即使福利国家削减巨额福利支出，也未必能解决诸如预算赤字庞大、恶性通货膨胀之类的严重经济问题。(cut down)3．政府实行扩张性财政政策，导致了预算赤字的增加。为了弥补赤字，政府就必须采用某种手段，如举债或增加货币供应。(result in)

4.在高通货膨胀率与低失业率之间，许多工业国家的政府在改革中面临着两难的选择。因此，政府应考虑充分，将损失降低到最低限度。(minimize)

5.在降低支出的同时，激进的改革必须瞄准坚持国营部门的目标。在这个过程中，政府的角色将从提供者变为监督者或是行为的规定者。(aim at)

复习思考题

1．Why did the government must reform themselves?

2．How did the government reform themselves ?

UNIT 4 Should Equity Be a Goal of Economic Policy?

教学目的与要求

一般了解有关宏观经济的最新动态，了解宏观经济专业词语的汉语和英语的正确表达方式，掌握宏观经济的基本概念、基本知识和基本原理，重点掌握宏观经济专业语句的英汉互译。

本章重点与难点

重要的词汇及句型，个别较长的句子，重点及难点句子分析。

教学手段与方式

教学以课堂讲授为主，讨论和练习为辅。

教学内容

Ⅰ.

1. the most commonly used measures of income distribution

2. the shift from labour to capital markets

3. specialization in production and the dispersion of specialized production processes

4. the widening gap between the wages of skilled workers and those of unskilled workers

5. new production techniques biased toward skilled labor

6. economic inefficiency and distortions retarding growth

7. sustainable growth and a viable balance of payments policy

8. a broadly based, efficient and easily administered tax system

9. reduce disparities in human capital across income groups

10. targeted programs consistent with the macroeconomic framework

11. constitutional rules on revenue sharing

12. to promote equality of opportunities through deregulating economy

13. cash compensation in lieu of subsidies

14. stimulate the use of public resources and the overall economic growth

15. take effective measures to promote employment and equity

Ⅱ.

1. Much of the debate about income distribution has centered on wage earnings, which have been identified as an important factor in the overall distribution of incomes. But in Africa and Latin America, unequal ownership of land is a factor that cannot be ignored.

2. Globalization has linked the labor, product and capital markets of theeconomies around the world and has indirectly led to specialization in production and the dispersion of specialized production processes to geographically distant locations.

3. Although fiscal policies are usually viewed as the principal vehicle for assisting low-income groups and those affected by reform programs, quite a number of countries have adopted specific labor market policies in an effort to influence income

distribution.

4. Measures governments can take to promote equality of opportunities include deregulating the economy;setting up strong and responsible institutions, including a well functioning judicial system;reducing opportunities for corrupt practices;and providing adequate access to health and education services.

5. Another important issue is whether governments should focus on outcomes—such as decreasing the number of people living in poverty, or ensuring that all members of society have equal opportunities.

Ⅲ.

One theory on wealth distribution indicates that irrational distribution andcorruption are the major reasons for the uneven income level. According to this theory, wealth goes through four stages of distribution—the market, the government, non governmental organizations and unlawful activities, mainly corruption. Usually the first stage of distribution—the market—will result in an uneven spread of resources, which should be redressed by the second distribution stage, the government. In the third stage, the distribution of wealth is realized through contributions and donations made by non governmental organizations. The contributions are given to the poor in the form of charity activities. Then follows illegal grabbing of wealth, such as robbery, embezzlement, tax evasion andbribery. Their harm to social equality and stability is enormous and cannot really be measured.

实践环节

1关于收入分配的大部分辩论集中在工资收入上，它被认为是整体收入分配的一个重要因素。但在非洲和拉丁美洲，不平等的土地所有权是一个不可忽略的因素。(center on)2.全球化将全世界各经济体的劳动力、产品和资本市场连接起来，并间接导致生产专业化和专业化生产过程向地理位臵遥远地区扩散。(dispersion)3.尽管财政政策被视为帮助低收入人群和受改革计划影响的人们

的主要工具，许多国家采取了具体的劳动力市场政策来试图影响收入分配。(in an effort to)

4.政府所能采取的促进机会均等的措施包括：取消对经济的规定管制；建立包括运作良好的司法体系在内的强有力的，负责任的机构；减少腐败行为的机会；提供获得健康和教育服务的充足机会等。(deregulate)

5.另一个重要问题是政府是否应该关注结果，比如减少贫困人数，或保证每个人都有公平的机会。(ensure)

复习思考题

1．What are the advantages and disadvantages of equity for the Economy?

2．How to formulate the economic policy for the equity?

UNIT 5 The Return of Depression Economics

教学目的与要求

一般了解有关世界经济的最新动态，了解萧条经济学专业词语的汉语和英语的正确表达方式，掌握萧条经济学的基本概念、基本知识和基本原理，重点掌握萧条经济学专业语句的英汉互译。

本章重点与难点

重要的词汇及句型，个别较长的句子，重点及难点句子分析。

教学手段与方式

教学以课堂讲授为主，讨论和练习为辅。

教学内容

Ⅰ.

1. capital flight depleting a country’s foreign exchange reserves

2. domestic hyperinflation caused by devaluation

3. to adopt expansionary fiscal policy to increase national income

4. be faced with the danger of increasingly shrinking aggregate demand

5. capital market harassed by liquidity trap

6. to rule out the possibility of massive speculative activities

7. to drive down domestic prices at the expense of economic stagnation

8. the international gold standard system characterized by fixed exchange rates

9. the pressure of hot money flow on currencies

10. the neoclassical theory centering on the spontaneous adjustments of market

11. intelligent policy makers who will use variable means to achieve economic goals

12. flexible fiscal and financial policies that can help the economy out of depression

13. the different dilemmas that the developing countries and the mature economies are faced with

14. to sacrifice full employment to achieve high output rate

15. the increased demand for this currency that will lead to the devaluation of another currency

Ⅱ.

1. The economic turmoil in that country made the central bank and the treasury department take each other to task, which reflected the importance of the collaboration of a country s monetary and fiscal policies.

2. The government has now slipped into such a dilemma that if it wants toimprove its balance of payment, it will need to lower the exchange rate, but to lower the exchange rate will lead to inflation.

3. Although devaluation will magnify exports, it can also lead to the increasing foreign curren cy denominated debt;it can even cause the collapse of people's confidence in the government. Therefore, the government did not dare to adopt the devaluation policy without careful consideration.

4. The increase of foreign currency denominated debt is not n e cessarilythe indispensable cost of economic development. Because, although it may promote economic growth in the short run, it will increase the burden of domestic enterprises and lead to imbalanced balance of payment in the long run.

5. Major capitalist countries had been seeing gold standard as a symbol of strong economic power, but they were forced to give it up for good during the Great Depression.

Ⅲ.

Troubled Asian Economies have turned out to have many policy and institutional weaknesses. But if America or Europe should get into trouble next year or the year after, we can be sure that in retrospect analysts will find equally damning things to say about Western values and institutions. And it is very hard to make the case that Asian policies were any worse in the 1990s than they had been in previous decades, so why did so much go so wrong so recently?

The answer is that the world became vulnerable to its current travails not because economic policies had not been reformed, but because they had. Around the worldcountries responded to the very real flaws in post Depression policy regimes bymoving back toward a regime with many of the virtues of pre-Depression free-market capitalism. However, in bringing back the virtues of old fashioned capitalism, we also brought back some of its vices, most notably a vulnerability both to instability and sustained economic slumps.

实践环节

1.该国出现的这场经济混乱引起了中央银行和财政部的互相指责，该事件反映了一国的货币政策和财政政策相互配合的重要性。(take...to task)

2.如今，政府陷入了这样的两难境地：要改善国际收支就要降低汇率，而汇率的降低又会导致国内的通货臌胀。(dilemma)

3.虽然贬值能扩大出口，但它也能导致外债的增加，甚至导致政府信用的崩溃。所以，该国政府不敢贸然采取货币贬值政策。(magnify)

4.外债的增加并非是经济发展的必不可少的成本，因为外债的增加虽然会在短期内提高经济增长速度，但从长期来看，它会加重国内企业负担，导致国际收支不平衡。(in the short/long run)

5.主要资本主义国家曾一直将金本位视作经济实力强大的象征，但在大萧条时期，他们都被迫彻底放弃了金本位。(see...as; for good)

复习思考题

1．What is “The Return of Depression Economics”？

2．How to deal with the “The Return of Depression Economics”？

UNIT 6 Knowledge and Economic Growth

教学目的与要求

一般了解有关经济增长的最新动态，了解经济增长专业词语的汉语和英语的正确表达方式，掌握经济增长的基本概念、基本知识和基本原理，重点掌握经济增长专业语句的英汉互译。

本章重点与难点

重要的词汇及句型，个别较长的句子，重点及难点句子分析。

教学手段与方式

教学以课堂讲授为主，讨论和练习为辅。

教学内容

Ⅰ.

1. the accumulation of physical capital indispensable to economic growth

2. to import advanced equipment and know-how from abroad

3. license trade accounting for 90 per cent of the total volume

of the world’s trade of technology

4. lack of human capital reflected in economic development

5. the great impact of high technology on the adjustment of industries

6. key factors driving economic growth

7. the transformation from an agricultural nation into an industrial one

8. the tangible and intangible factors making up the total factor productivity growth

9. the improvement of educational systems lurking in technological progress

10. the ratio of capital to labour in this industry

11. expand the labour force and increase its education and training

12. the role of the R&D department in the operations of multinational corporations

13. a study report analyzing variations in technical progress across a large number of countries

14. to incorporate quantity and models into economic analysis

15. great gap in incomes between developed and developing nations

Ⅱ.

1. Many economists attributed the rapid economic growth rate of some land desiring areas, such as HongKong and Singapore, to the enhancement of educational levels of their population. Based on this, they drew their conclusion that knowledge is the key to their economic development.

2. In the 1960s, on the basis of importing much sophisticated technology and know how from developed countries, Japan expanded its economy in large scales, enabling its economy to keep up with the most advanced level of the world in 20 years.

3. The development of new economic theories has raised many subjects to statistics. For example, high rates of school enrollment may not translate into high rates of economic growth if the quality of education is poor, or if educated people are not employed at their potential because of distortion in the labor market.

4. In 1994, after a long period of investigation and research, the famous economist Krugman presented a study report analyzing variations in technical progress across a large number of countries. He said in the report that the economic development of Asia was not based on the progress of technology, so the economy contained much foam in it. Three years later, the sudden break out of southeast Asian Economic Crisis verified his conclusion.

5. People haven't hitherto come up with an ideal method to put a value on science and technology, for it is intangible to some degree.

Ⅲ.

In the information age, knowledge, rather than physical assets or resources, is the key to competitiveness. This is as true for the obviously konwledge intensive sectors,

such as software or biotechnology, as it is for industrial age manufacturing companies or utilities.

For the knowledge intensive sectors, knowledge which feeds through from res earch and development to innovative products and processes is the critical element. Butwith industrial age manufacturing companies or utilities, using knowledge aboutcustomers to improve service is what counts.

What is new about attitudes to knowledge today is the recognition of the need to harness, manage and use it like any other asset. This raises issues not only of appropriate processes and systems, but also of how to account for knowledge in the balance sheet.

In future, the value of intellectual capital will be more widely measured and reported. The measurement and reporting of key performance indicators related to intellectual capital will become a more widespread practice among major organizations, completing the financial accounts.

实践环节

1.不少经济学家认为，像香港、新加坡这样土地稀少的地区，其经济的快速发展应该主要归功于教育程度的提高。在此基础上，经济学家们得出了结论：知识是这些国家或地区经济发展的主要因素。 (attribute to)

2. 60年代，日本在从发达国家大量引进尖端技术和技术诀窍的基础上，进行了大规模的经济扩张活动，使日本的经济在短短的20年间迅速赶上了世界先进水平。(know-how)

3.新经济理论的发展给统计学提出了许多课题，例如，高就学率并不意味着经济的高增长率，如果教育质量很差，或受过教育的人们在一个扭曲的劳动力市场上不能人尽其用的话。(be employed at one’s potential; translate into)

4. 1994年，在经过长期研究之后，著名经济学家克鲁格曼发表了一份对多国技术进步情况调查的报告。他指出，亚洲的经济不是建立在技术进步的基础上，所以含有很多泡沫。3年后爆发的东南亚经济危机证实了他的猜想。(variations in technical progress)

5.由于科学技术在一定程度上是无形的，所以，到目前为止，人们还未想出确定其价值大小的理想方法。(put a value on)复习思考题

1．What is the relationship between knowledge and economic growth？

2．How to take advantage of the knowledge in the economic growth？

UNIT 7 United We Stand?

教学目的与要求

一般了解有关欧元区的最新动态，了解欧元区专业词语的汉语和英语的正确表达方式，掌握欧元区的基本概念、基本知识和基本原理，重点掌握欧元区专业语句的英汉互译。

本章重点与难点

重要的词汇及句型，个别较长的句子，重点及难点句子分析。

教学手段与方式

教学以课堂讲授为主，讨论和练习为辅。

教学内容

Ⅰ.

1. to rely heavily on monetary flexibility to reign in inflation

2. to execute tight monetary policy

3. to implement fiscal policy in the form of social insurance and national taxes

4. to pour into economically expanding regions

5. to replace their individual currencies with a single currency

6. to bode well for the future of the EMU

7. to control government deficits to meet Maastricht conditions

8. the overvalued currency as a main barrier to export

9. to refrain from dumping surplus goods abroad

10. the influence of integrated economy on capital flow

11. the balance-of-payments deficit warranting the devaluation policy adopted by the monetary authority

12. to eliminate the economic costs associated with holding multiple currencies

13. costs that must be taken into account when estimating profits

14. to take advantage of the small difference between the central bank's pegged rates and market rates

15. to hedge against risks coming from volatile exchange rates

Ⅱ.

1. Ironically, Europe will see an increase in economic specialization along with the European unification process.

2. The European Central Bank will face a dilemma when two member countries both badly need certain monetary policies to regulate their economies but the policies they need are of opposite directions.

3. A person will be called an“arbitrageur"if, to gain profits, he takes advantage of the different exchange rates on different markets, or at different times on a same market.

4. The national economies of many European countries have recently been forced to fit Maastricht conditions and arbitrary deadlines, and such actions have created unnecessary economic turmoils.

5. As a central bank, the Federal Reserve System currently uses its control over the money supply to keep the national inflation rates low and to expand national economies in recession.

Ⅲ.

Even before construction of the euro is complete, governments can point to one notable success. The past year has seen extraordinary turmoil in global financial markets. Rich country stock markets and currencies have not been spared. Yet Europe has been, comparatively speaking, a safe haven, Intra-European movements in exchange rates have been tiny. This is something that the euro-11 governments had committed themselves to, but their success could not have been taken for granted a year ago. The fact is, at a time of unprecedented financial turbulence, the foreign exchange markets regarded the promise to stabilize intra-European exchange rates as credible. Currencies have held steady and interest rates have converged: it augurs well for the transition to the new system.

实践环节

1.具有讽刺意味的是，伴随着欧洲的一体化进程，欧洲将经历经济专业化的增多。(see)

2.当两个成员国都强烈需要某种货币政策来调整其经济，而其需要的政策方向又相反时，欧洲中央银行就面临着一个两难的困境。(dilemma)

3.如果一个人利用不同市场上或同一市场上不同时间点上的不同汇率来获利，他就会被称作“套汇掮客”。(take advantage of)

4.近来，许多欧洲国家的国民经济被强制要求符合马斯特里赫特条件和人为的截止日期，而这些行为已产生了不必要的经济混乱。(fit)

5.作为中央银行，联邦储备体系目前利用对货币供应量的控制来保持低的国家通货膨胀率并在衰退时扩张国民经济。(keep sth.+adj.)

复习思考题

1．What is the European unification process？

2．How did European unification process come up？

UNIT 8 New Trade Theory and Developing Countries

教学目的与要求

一般了解有关新贸易理论的最新动态，了解新贸易理论专业词语的汉语和英语的正确表达方式，掌握新贸易理论的基本概念、基本知识和基本原理，重点掌握新贸易理论专业语句的英汉互译。

本章重点与难点

重要的词汇及句型，个别较长的句子，重点及难点句子分析。

教学手段与方式

教学以课堂讲授为主，讨论和练习为辅。

教学内容

Ⅰ.

1. countries that gain from trade liberalization

2. to protect domestic industries through instruments such as import quotas

3. in the context of market economies

4. punitive trade restrictions on China's textile products

5. the spillovers from municipal construction

6. comparative advantages which lie in labour intensive industries

7. the empirical analysis on the neoclassical trade model

8. the imperfect competition pervasive in the industrial sectors of developing countries

9. the economic model on the basis of decreasing returns to scale

10. the urgent need of developing countries for access to foreign markets

11. to endow a certain amount of export subsidy to export oriented domestic enterprises

12. to take up 10% of the world exports of primary industrial products in 1998—1999

13. the inconsistent final goals between the manager and the board

14. the import substitution policy commonly pursued by the NICs

15. to preclude the exploitation of economies of scale in the domestic market

Ⅱ.

1. An opinion against trade protectionism supposes that it will lead to the supernormal profits of domestic industries which will attract a lot of enterprises to enter the market. This, combined with the narrowness of the domestic market of most developing countries, will result in the “diseconomies of scale”.

2. During economic depressions, governments usually take measures such as raising import taxes and applying import quotas to put limits on imports and protect domestic industries.

3. As soon as each industry was able to compete securely in export markets, Japan removed its redundant protection against imports into Japan and switched from import-substitution policies to export-oriented ones.

4. In the 1930s, many Latin American countries carried out import tariffs and quotas as an urgent measure to cope with balance-of-payments problems caused by economic recessions all over the world.

5. Free from all doubts, technological innovations and changes in the supply and demand and in comparative advantages may cause different growth rates in the different industries of an economy.

Ⅲ.

Developing countries should seek to ensure that their competition laws and regulations aim at safeguarding the competitive process. Where institutional enforcement capacity is limited, it is desirable for political structures to do all they can to make conditions as favourable as possible for procompetitive behaviour, which includes sustaining free trade and avoiding the creation of monopolies through perverse regulation or by ill-conceived privatisation. This has led many specialists to recommend that developing countries pursue a broad based competition policy—defined to encompass all actions governments may take to promote competition, including trade liberalisation, measures to facilitate domestic entry into industry and services, de monopolisati o n of sectors, and imposition of hard budget constraints on public enterprises. Well managed privatisation and encouragement of foreign direct investment are additional important dimensions of competition policy. The key principle underlying an active competition policy stance is to rely on market forces to determine the allocation of productive resources, subject to the constraint of ensuring that social equity objectives are realised as efficiently as possible, and that mechanisms exist through which attempts to create monopolies and exploitation of

market power can be addressed.

实践环节

1.一种反对贸易保护主义的观点认为，它会造成国内产业的超额利润，这会吸引大量的厂商进入这一市场，再加上大多数发展中国家国内市场狭小，从而造成“规模不经济”。(result in)

2.在经济萧条时期，各国政府往往采取诸如提高关税、实施进口配额等措施来限制进口，保护国内产业。(quota)

3.当日本各个行业能够在出口市场上安全地竞争之后，日本取消了它针对进口品过多的保护，从进口替代政策转向出口导向政策。(switch)

4.在本世纪30年代，许多拉丁美洲国家实施了进口关税和配额，将它作为一种紧急措施来应付由于世界范围的经济衰退所造成的国际收支问题。(cope with)

5.毫无疑问，技术的变革、需求的变化和比较优势的改变，都会使一个经济体中的各个产业具有不同的增长率。(free from all doubts)

复习思考题

1．What is new trade theory?

2．How to take advantage of new trade theory in the developing country?

UNIT 9 Learning How to Open the Door

教学目的与要求

一般了解有关开放经济的最新动态，了解开放经济专业词语的汉语和英语的正确表达方式，掌握开放经济的基本概念、基本知识和基本原理，重点掌握开放经济专业语句的英汉互译。

本章重点与难点

重要的词汇及句型，个别较长的句子，重点及难点句子分析。

教学手段与方式

教学以课堂讲授为主，讨论和练习为辅。

教学内容

Ⅰ.

1. to take effective measures to court foreign direct investment

2. to provide foreign investors with various kinds of preferential treatments

3. to finance large scale infrastructure projects

4. to enter negotiations on the use of foreign capital with IMF and the World Bank

5. to procure US $1 million in seller's credit from western capital markets

6. to give priority to the invigoration of large- and medium-sized SOEs

7. the growth in foreign exchange and fiscal revenues arising from the expansion of trade

8. to sign a long-term preferential loan agreement with Japan

9. to eliminate export controls to promote the further development of international trade

10. to manipulate the foreign exchange market in order to court large profits

11. the two nationalization waves that deeply influenced Britain's economy

12. to fully exploit the long-term low-interest loans offered by the international finance organizations

13. to decentralize the right of independent operation in export to enterprises

14. to encourage to harness foreign capital to explore the offshore petroleum

15. to improve the competitiveness of exports in the international market

Ⅱ.

1. As early as 1971, China sought to recover its legal seat within the various United Nations financial organizations, including the IMF and the World Bank.

2. The Chinese leadership adopted the methods of attracting foreign direct investment, medium- and long-term loans with low interest rates from foreign governments and international financial organizations, and the common commercial loans to procure foreign capital.

3. Since 1978, China has been attracting foreign capital, which promoted the development of domestic economy to a great extent. Since 1990, however, because of the double trade surplus, in both the current account and the capital account, China’s foreign exchange reserves have increased dramatically, leading to the high inflation in 1995.

4. China should seek to seize the opportunity in using foreign capital to invest as quickly as possible on those projects that need little investment and yield quick returns and that are up to the world standards, for this will contribute to the creation of new jobs.

5. In accordance with China s Joint Venture Law, a joint venture shall take the form of a limited liability company, with the profits and losses being shared by the respective parties of the venture in proportion to their contributions to the registered

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译者更应该明白的是，经济贸易翻译的准确性标准，是指一种中英文经济贸易语言真实含义之间的等同，而不是一种表面上的一种意思对等。即使中英文经济贸易语言之间的表面意思完全一样，但如果真实意思不完全等同；则对于这样的翻译，译者应当完全予以舍弃，而应寻求表达其中的真实含义。 5、经济贸易翻译要做到经济贸易特点与含义 在全球经济一体化的今天，经贸英语在世界经济交往中的使用越来越广泛。了解经贸翻译的特点，熟练掌握经贸英语翻译的基本原则和翻译技巧，并在实践中不断总结经验，必将大大提高经贸英语翻译质量。在经济贸易翻译过程中，译员要特别注意英文经济贸易文件中的一些介词。虽然英语介词的数量不多，但介词是英语语言中最为活跃的词汇，不同的用法能够体现不同含义，译员必须要把其中所隐含的意思给表达出来。

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我坚信作为一位适应社会需要的复合型人才，走入社会汲取养分是必备的。在××年××月到××月，我在××公司驻长办事处做了三个月的促销小姐，初步感受到商家的激烈竞争，也以微见巨地了解了中国企业的现状。同年期间，我还兼职市场咨询公司调查员，对市场调查做了全面、专业、深刻的了解。这些经验为我走入社会，参与商业经营运作奠定了良好的基础。 四载匆匆，我深深懂得： 昨天的一切已成为历史，未来的辉煌要靠今天脚踏实地坚持不懈地努力去实现。做事踏实、投入，但不盲目，这是我工作、学习和生活的一个重要准则。 现在的我并不满足于现有的知识水平 ,渴望在更加广阔的天地里展露自己的才能 ,在实践中得到锻炼和提高 ,因此我希望能够加入你们的单位 .我会踏踏实实的做好属于自己的一份工作 ,竭尽全力的在工作中取得好的成绩 .我相信经过自己的勤奋和努力 ,一定会做出应有的贡献 ! 第二篇： 经贸英语专业学生面试的自我介绍我是好范文，是 ***大学经贸英语专业的毕业生 .在大学四年里我很注重培养自学。下面就是本人的自我介绍： 此外，我更注重自己综合能力的培养。在校期间，我担任班级宣传委员，受到了全校师生的广泛好评。我深知作为经济

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1.Our company is willing to establish business relations with your company (愿意与贵公司建立业务关系). (be willing to do sth.) 2.I wrote to the manager for the purpose of expanding our business (为了扩展我们公司的业务). (for the purpose of, expand） 3.I enclose in the letter our latest catalog (随信寄去我公司最新的产品目录). (enclose, catalog） 4.His intention of writing the letter is to persuade us to invest in their company (劝说我们投资给他们公司). (persuade sb. to do sth., invest) 5.He is interested in our high-quality fabrics and other related products (优质的布料及其他相关产品). (fabric) 6.It is desirable to conduct an in-depth enquiry (最好进行深度调查) when it comes to significant business. (be desirable to do) 7.In addition to the activities of the company (除了公司活动之外), those of its principals should also be investigated.(In addition to) 8.It is imperative to conduct business background checks before embarking on a new business relationship (在开始业务关系之前，必须进行商业背景调查). (imperative, embark on) 9.Boasting a 40% of the market share, the company ranks No. 1 in Chinese textile industry (在中国纺织行业排名第一). (rank) 10.The reputation will improve further,so will the market share (市场分额也将增加). (market share)

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第六届外贸英语笔译大赛试题 I.Translate vocabulary from English to Chinese or vice versa.（0.5’* 20 = 10’） 1. 自愿出口限制voluntary export restraints 2. 出口创汇型产业export-oriented industry 3. 要素禀赋factor endowment 4. 第一生产力primary productive force 5. 销售渠道distribution channels 6. 技术性贸易壁垒Technical Barriers to Trade 7. 试销trial sale, test sale, test market 8. 知识密集型产业knowledge-intensive industry 9. 第三产业tertiary industry 10.关贸总协定General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 11. intellectual property rights知识产权 12. countervailing duty反补贴税 13. chamber of import and export trade进出口商会 13. income disparity 贫困悬殊 14. trade sanction贸易制裁 15. certificate of origin原产地证书 16. dumpling price倾销价格 17. turnover tax营业税 18. on-the-job training岗位培训 19. unfavorable balance of trade国际贸易逆差 20. seaworthy packing适合海运包装 II Translate short sentences from English to Chinese or vise versa.（3’* 20 = 60’） 1. Oriental silk Company is operated autonomously and accounted independently, to assume responsibility for own profits and losses the system of ownership by the whole people economic entity, has the independent status of legal person. 东方丝绸公司是自主经营独立核算，自负盈亏的全民所有制经济实体,具有独立法人地位。 2. We are sure that you can sell more this year according to the marketing conditions at your end. 根据你地的市场情况，我们确信今年你们有望销得更好。 3. If your price is competitive, we will place an order with you. 如果你方价格有竞争力的话，我们将向你方发出订单。

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一、将下列商务信函翻译成汉语 1、 Dear Sirs, Our market survey informs us that you are a big buyer of Cotton Piece Goods. As this item falls within the scope of our business activities, we take this opportunity to express our wish to establish direct business relations with you at an early date. In order to give you a general idea of the various kinds of Cotton Piece Goods now available for export, we enclose a brochure and a price list. Quotations and sample books will be airmailed to you upon receipt of your specific inquiry. We look forward to your favorable reply. Yours faithfully, 敬启者， 您好！ 我方通过市场调查获悉贵方为布匹的大买家。由于该产品正好属于我方经营范围，我方愿借此机会尽早与你方建立贸易关系。 为了让你方对我方现有可供出口的各种布匹产品有个大概了解，我方现随信附上一个小册子以及价格单。一俟收到你方具体询价，我方立即使用航空邮件向你方寄送报价单与样品册。 期待你方肯定答复。 此致敬礼 2 Gentlemen, We are in receipt of your telegram of May 6, from which we understand that you have booked our order for 2000 dozens of shirts. In reply, we have the pleasure of informing you that the confirmed, irrevocable Letter of Credit No. 7634, amounting to $ 17000, has been opened this morning through the Commercial Bank, Tokyo. Upon receipt of the same, please arrange shipment of the goods booked by us with the least possible delay. We are informed that s.s. “Wuxi” is scheduled to sail from your city to our port on May 28. We wish that the shipment will be carried by that steamer. Should this trial order prove satisfactory to our customers, we can assure you that repeat orders in increased quantities will be placed. Your close cooperation in this respect will be highly appreciated. In the meantime we look forward to your shipping advice. Yours sincerely, XX公司， 我方已受到你方五月六日电报，得知你方已接受我方2000打衬衣的订单。 在回信中，我方很高兴通知你方编号为7634，金额17000美元（合同金额为壹万柒千美元）的保兑不可撤销信用证已通过位于东京的商业银行与今天上午开出。一旦收到该信用证，请尽快为我方订购产品安排货运。我方获悉“无锡号”轮船将于五月二十八日从你地驶往我

新职业英语 经贸英语教案 Unit7

Unit 7 Delivery 本单元结合国际经贸业务中的典型工作流程、工作场景概述国际货物买卖过程中商业背景调查之后的一个重要环节——“运输”： ●国际贸易术语：了解国际贸易术语的重要性和分类情况；掌握常用术语所确 定买卖双方需要承担的责任和风险。以及在不同的术语分类下，责任和风险是如何在买卖双方之间转移的，为进行实际工作奠定基础。 ●运输的基本流程：通过接待顾客的咨询，以及和客户的协商，熟悉运输的基 本流程；针对客户的不同要求，提出建议与客户达成一致意见 ●解决常见问题：熟悉运输中常见的问题，掌握对不同问题的处理方法；通过 与客户的协商，学会与客户的沟通方法；了解提单的作用 ●常见文件的写作：熟悉常见运输文件的写作，掌握如何以电子邮件就运输问 题与客户进行有效的沟通 Unit Objectives After studying this unit, you are able to: ●Understand the basic procedure of delivery ●Discuss common problems encountered during shipment ●Understand major shipping document ●Write and answer emails concerning shipment 1.Warming-up Task 1 Match the following pictures with the relevant modes of transport.

Task 2 In international trade, sea transport is the most widely-used form. The major procedures of shipment by sea are provided in the following chart. Arrange them in the correct order. 2.Reading A Background Information The purpose of Incoterms is to provide a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade terms in foreign trade. Thus the uncertainties of different interpretations of such terms in different countries can be avoided or at least reduced to a considerable degree. For the ease of understanding, the terms are grouped in four basically different categories: namely starting with the term whereby the seller only makes the goods available to the buyer at the seller’s own premises (the “E” t erm Ex Works); followed by the second group whereby the seller is called upon to deliver the goods to a carrier appointed by the buyer (the “F” terms including FCA, FAS and FOB); continuing with the “C” terms where the seller has to contract for carriage, but without assuming the risk of loss or damage to the goods or additional costs due to events occurring after the shipment and dispatch (CFR, CIF, CPT and CIP); and finally, the “D” terms whereby the seller has to bear all costs and risks needed to bring the goods to the place of destination (DAF, DES, DEQ, DDU and DDP). Task 1 Before reading the passage, see how much you know about packing by answering the following questions. 1. What is the basic use of Incoterms? They are used to specify obligations of the buyer and the seller. 2. Of all the Incoterms, which one indicates the most extensive responsibilities of the buyer? EXW. The term means the seller only makes the goods available to the buyer at the seller’s own premises. So the buyer must pay for th e goods in accordance with the