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四六级翻译

民间艺术：

中国是茶的故乡。早在唐朝，中国茶远销海内外，先到日本、韩国，然后至印度中亚。明清时期，远销阿拉伯国家。在17世纪初期，中国茶叶又远销至欧洲各国，很多上层社会的贵族、绅士都养成了喝茶的习惯。中国的共和中国的丝绸及磁器一样，已经成为了中国在全世界的代名词。追溯中国的茶文化不得不提到茶圣—陆羽，他生活在唐代，是中国最早撰写《茶全》的人，这本著作中包含了做茶的全过程，包括茶的品种、茶室、茶的传说、茶的工艺品以及茶的文化。中国是一个礼仪之邦。当有客人来访时，一定会用茶水招待客人。上茶之前，他们会询问客人的爱好。如果你有机会来中国，一定不要忘了喝上一杯中国茶。China is the home country of tea. Before the Tang Dynasty, Chinese tea was exported by land and sea, first to Japan and Korea, then to India and Central Asia and, in the Ming and Qing dynasties, to the Arabian Peninsula. In the early period of the 17th century, Chinese tea was exported to Europe, where the upper class adopted the fashion of drinking tea. Chinese tea—like Chinese silk and china—has become synonymous worldwide with refined culture. China traces the development of tea as an art form to Lu Yu, known as "the Saint of Tea" in Chinese history, who lived during the Tang Dynasty and who wrote The Book of Tea, the first ever treatise on tea and tea culture. The spirit of tea permeates(渗透) Chinese culture, and throughout the country there are many kinds of teas, teahouses, tea legends, tea artifacts and tea customs. China is a country with a time-honored civilization and a land of ceremony and decorum. Whenever guests visit, it is necessary to make and serve tea to them. Before serving tea, you may ask them for their preferences as to what kind of tea they fancy and serve them the tea in the most appropriate teacups. If one day you come to China, remember to drink a cup of tea.

旗袍是具有中国特色的女性服饰，如同一种语言一样为全世界众所周知，它表达了东方女性的美。旗袍的美是因为它由不同的材料和不同长度制作，在任何场合，无论是休闲或正式场合都可以穿。它给人创造了简单和安静的印象，优雅整洁。旗袍不仅是一种具有代表性的传统服装，也是一种只属于中国女性的表达和风味的特殊语言，基于以上原因，现在的旗袍在世界高级时装中日益普及。

Cheongsam, a female dress with distinctive Chinese features, is known to the whole world as a language that expresses the beauty of oriental women. The beauty of cheongsam is that, made of different materials and to varying lengths, they can be worn either on casual or formal occasions. In either case, it creates an impression of simple and quiet charm, elegance and neatness. Cheongsam is not only a kind of representative traditional costume, but also a special language that only belongs to the Chinese women and a kind of expression and flavor. For all the reasons above, now cheongsam enjoys a growing popularity in the international world of high fashion.

中国龙是由地球上的许多不同类型的动物组成的。龙据据说是由骆驼的头，有11片鳞鱼的鲤鱼，鹿的角，兔子的眼睛，牛的耳朵，蛇的脖子，蛤的胃，老虎的爪子，也像鹰的爪子等组成的。这里有四种类型的中国龙。这些包括天体，精神，地球，和地狱的龙。中国龙被认为是当今最流行的灵性的动物。它是对中国文化至关重要。龙往往象征着力量和权力，它是一个象征，中国的皇帝把龙用在他们的服装和家具上。The Chinese dragon is made up of many different types of animals on Earth. The dragon is said to have the head of a camel, 117 fish scales of the carp, deer horns, rabbit eyes, ears of a bull, the neck of a snake, stomach of a clam, paws of a tiger, and claws like an eagle. There are four types of Chinese Dragons. These include the Celestial, Spiritual, Earth, and Underworld dragons. The Chinese Dragon is considered to be the most popular spiritual animals today. It is essential to Chinese culture. The Dragon often symbolizes strength and power and is a symbol the emperors of China used in their clothing and furniture.

中国玉石雕刻玉器从新石器时代起，在中国生产，为形成更广泛的硬石雕刻类做出了中国的主要贡献。中国人认为玉石雕刻对象具有内在价值。他们比喻玉与人类美德等同，因为它的硬度，耐久性和美好道德.除此之外，玉被表扬还因其音乐品质，其微妙的半透明的颜色，其保卫的力量—玉被认为能防止衰老和延缓

人体的分解。中国古玉不但历史悠久，而且影响深远，玉和中国民族的历史、政治、文化和艺术的产生和发展都有着密切的关联，它影响着中华民族世世代代的观念和习俗，影响着中国历史上各朝各代的典章制度，影响着一大批文人墨客及他们笔下的辉煌巨作。

Chinese jade is any of the carved-jade objects produced in China from the Neolithic Period onward, forming the main Chinese contribution to the wider category of hardstone carvings. The Chinese regarded carved-jade objects as intrinsically valuable. They metaphorically equated jade with human virtues because of its hardness, durability, and (moral) beauty. In addition, Jade was prized by the Chinese for its musical qualities, its subtle, translucent colors, and its alleged protective powers - it was thought to prevent fatigue and delay the decomposition of the body. Chinese jade is not only historic, but also far-reaching. Closely linked with Chinese nation's history, politics, culture and the arts and development, it affects generations of Chinese beliefs and practices, affects Chinese History on the various dynasties of laws and institutions, and affects a large number of men of letters and their brilliant masterpiece.

中国书法具有悠久的历史和广泛的群众基础。它采用独特的线条和汉字书写规则，反映人的性格、兴趣和审美理想。中国书法就象绘画一样，具有特别的魅力。通常被认为是书法家与他的内心世界的一种交流和表达方式。每个人都有自己的字体，许多人也会花很多年的时间来完善他们自己的书法风格。传统的中国书法通常会用到笔墨纸砚这四件“文房四宝”。同时，在历史上，中国书法有其独特的形式和风格，其中有篆书、隶书、楷书、行书和草书。中国书法是世界文化遗产，它不仅属于中国人，更属于全人类。Chinese Calligraphy has a long history and the most extensive mass basis. It uses unique lines and the rules for writing Chinese characters, reflecting people's temperament, interest and aesthetic ideal. Chinese calligraphy is very much like painting. It's often viewed as a way for the artist to communicate with his or her spiritual world using Chinese characters. Like handwriting, it's very individual and people spend years perfecting their own styles. Traditional Chinese calligraphy uses the Four Treasures of the Study: The ink brush, ink, paper, and inkstone, known as the Four Friends of the Study. At the same time, Chinese calligraphy in history had its particular forms and styles, among which there are Zhuanshu, Lishu, Kaishu, Xingshu and Caoshu. Chinese calligraphy is a cultural treasure of the world. It not only belongs to Chinese people but also to all humankind.

皮影戏是一种古老的表演艺术，用不透光的剪影形象在一个照亮的背景布上形成投影，用来表演一个故事。老一辈皮影艺人说，在清末，台南至少有100家皮影剧团。传统台湾皮影中8-12寸大小的人物剪影、舞台道具包括家具、自然景观、宝塔。殿堂和树木花草等都是用皮革做成的。皮影戏是十八世纪中期传到欧洲的，法国传教士在1767年将皮影戏带回法国，在巴黎和马赛举办表演，引起一阵轰动。马上，“中国影戏”被改造，加入了法国特色元素，成为“法国影戏”，并在法国长期流传下来。

Shadow play or shadow puppetry is an ancient form of storytelling and entertainment using opaque figures in front of an illuminated backdrop to create the illusion of moving images. Older puppeteers estimate that there were at least a hundred shadow puppet troupes in southern Taiwan in the closing years of the Qing. Traditionally, the eight to 12-inch puppet figures, and the stage scenery and props such as furniture, natural scenery, pagodas, halls, and plants are all cut from leather. The show began to spread to Europe in the mid-18th century, when French missionaries in China took it back to France in 1767 and put on performances in Paris and Marseilles, causing quite a stir. In time, the Ombres chinoises (French for "Chinese Shadows") with local modification and embellishment, became the Ombres fran?aises and struck root in the country。

中国水墨画是一种古老的艺术形式，在中国发展了几百年的历史，并已在世界各地的艺术家获得了新的欢迎。中国水墨画有其独特的作画元素：墨，宣纸和毛笔。它是画在丝绸或宣纸上，这是非常薄而又细腻的纸张，很容易吸收涂料。中国画的典型图案包括花，鸟，动物和山水。但更重要的不是视觉形象，而是

隐含在画中的内蕴：它着重表达的是一幅画的意境和艺术家的内在精神。大多数水墨画都会用书法在上面题字，比如会题一些谚语，一首美妙的诗，或者对画作进行诗意的描述。画家还会在画上加入自己的独特记号，也就是红色的印章。

Chinese brush painting is an ancient art form that developed in China hundreds of years ago and has recently gained new popularity among artists all over the world. Chinese brush painting has its unique elements - the ink, paper and brush. Chinese paintings are done on silk or rice paper, which is very thin and delicate and absorbs paint easily. Typical motifs in Chinese brush painting include flowers, birds, animals and landscapes. But even more important than the visual image is the message behind the painting: it expresses the inner spirit of the subject or the feelings of the artist. Most Chinese paintings have a calligraphic inscription, such as a saying, beautiful poem, or poetic description of the subject. The painter "signs" the painting by adding a red seal.

瓷器起源于中国。因为中国是瓷制的发源地，所以在英语国家瓷可以被非正式地称为“中国”或“好中国”。原始瓷器出现在商朝，东汉时期玻璃陶瓷发展成瓷。瓷制在唐朝出口到伊斯兰世界，在那它是非常珍贵的。在隋朝和唐朝，瓷器最常见的用途是功利性的商品和艺术品。瓷器也被用来做家庭用品，装饰物品和其它的东西。

Porcelain originated in China. Porcelain can informally be referred to as "china" or "fine china" in some English-speaking countries, as China was the birthplace of porcelain making. Although proto-porcelain wares exist dating from the Shang Dynasty, by the Eastern Han Dynasty period glazed ceramic wares had developed into porcelain. Porcelain manufactured during the Tang Dynasty was exported to the Islamic world, where it was highly prized. By the Sui Dynasty and Tang Dynasty, porcelain had become widely produced. The most common uses of porcelain are for utilitarian wares and artistic objects. Porcelain is also used to make household wares, decorative items and other things.

刺绣（embroidery）是一种具有悠久传统的民间艺术，在中国艺术和手工艺品史上占有重要地位。刺绣的发展离不开蚕的饲养和纺丝技术的发展。中国是世界上第一个发现和使用丝绸的国家。早在5000年前，中国就已经开始饲养蚕。丝线和丝制品的生产促进了刺绣艺术的诞生。时至今日，丝绣几乎已经传遍整个中国。最好的绣品通常被认为来源于下面四省：江苏（尤其是苏州）、湖南、四川和广东，各省绣品各具特色。Embroidery, a folk art with a long tradition, occupies an important position in the history of Chinese arts and crafts. It is, in its long developing, inseparable from silkworm-raising and silk-reeling and weaving. China is the first country in the world that discovered the use of silk. Silkworms were domesticated as early as 5000 years ago. The production of silk thread and fabrics gave rise to the art of embroidery. Today, silk embroidery is practised nearly all over China. It is generally agreed that the best commercial products come from four provinces: Jiangsu (notably Suzhou) ,Hunan, Sichuan and Guangzhou, each with its distinctive features.

年画是最有影响力的中国传统的民间艺术形式之一。在中国，中国人有一个粘贴年画，被称为“拈花”，以庆祝农历新年。这种习俗在农村特别受欢迎。在农村，丰富多彩的图片一年到头装饰门着窗，墙壁，甚至是衣柜和火炉。它的主题涉及广泛的题材，从丰满的婴儿到长寿佛，从风景到花鸟，从春天耕种到秋天的丰收，象征着和平，财富和好运。

New Year pictures are one of the most influential forms of traditional Chinese folk art. Chinese people have a custom of pasting New Year pictures, called "nianhua" in Chinese, to celebrate the Lunar New Year. The custom is particularly popular in the countryside, where colorful pictures remain dominant decor on doors, windows, walls, even wardrobes and stoves, throughout the year. The themes cover a wide range of subjects, from plump babies to the Buddha of Longevity, from landscapes to birds and flowers, from the ploughing cattle in spring to bumper harvests in autumn to symbolize peace, fortune and good luck.

狮舞（Lion Dance）是中国最广为流传的民间舞蹈之一。狮为百兽之首，在中国传统中，狮子被视为是能带来好运的吉祥物（mascot）。古人将狮子视作是勇敢和力量的化身，能驱赶邪恶、保护人类。据记载，狮舞已有2,000多年的历史。在唐代（the Tang Dynasty），狮舞就已经被引入了皇室。因此，舞狮成为元宵节（the Lantern Festival）和其他节日的习俗，人们以此来祈祷好运、平安和幸福。

The Lion Dance is one of the most widespread folk dances in China. The lion is the king of animals. In Chinese tradition, the lion is regarded as a mascot, which can bring good luck. Ancient people regarded the lion as a symbol of braveness and strength, which could drive away evil and protect humans. The dance has a recorded history of more than 2,000 years. During the Tang Dynasty, the Lion Dance was already introduced into the royal family of the dynasty. Therefore, performing the lion dance at the Lantern Festival and other festive occasions became a custom where people could pray for good luck, safety and happiness.

节日时令及民俗:

中国的阴阳学说有一个十二年循环，每年都是以一种动物来命名，并由此传达出这一年的独特特征。很多中国人相信一个人出生的那一年将决定这个人的个性，身体和精神上的特征以及这个人一生中幸福和成功的可能性。中国古代的阴阳学说建立起一套十天干和十二地支的奇妙体系。十二地支就对应十二种动物。每一种动物都和十二年循环中的一年联系到一起；并且代表一天中的十二分之一，也就是两个小时。一个人的未来就被这种让人琢磨不透的体系决定了。这十二种动物是：鼠、牛、虎、兔、龙、蛇、马、羊、猴、鸡、狗和猪。

The Chinese Yinyang principle consists of a 12-year cycle, each year of which is named after a different animal that imparts distinct characteristics to its year. Many Chinese believe that the year of a person's birth is the primary factor in determining that person's personality traits, physical and mental attributes and degree of success and happiness throughout one's lifetime. The ancient Yinyang principle constructed a fantastic system of 10 heavenly stems and 12 mundane branches. The latter correspond to 12 animals with two symbolic functions. Each animal is mystically related to one year in a 12-year cycle. Each animal also represents two hours or one-twelfth of every day.

A person's future is determined by this intriguing system. These twelve animals are: rat, ox, tiger, rabbit, dragon, snake, horse, sheep, monkey, cock, dog and pig.

中国的新年一个久远的历史。在过去，人们生活在农业社会并且工作一整年。他们只在收获后或者播种前休息一段时间。这恰好是农历新年的开始。农历新年的起源本身是久远的。事实上，由于起源太早了，普遍公认的春节庆祝活动持续15天。准备工作通常在中国新年前的一个月开始（类似于西方的圣诞节）。这个时候，人们开始购买礼物，装饰材料，食物和衣服。大扫除会在新年前的几天完成，人们会彻底去清理房子。这个仪式是为了扫除所有的坏运气的痕迹。

The Chinese New Year has a great history. In our past, people lived in an agricultural society and worked all year long. They only took a break after the harvest and before the planting of seeds. This happens to coincide with the beginning of the lunar New Year. The origin of the Chinese New Year itself is centuries old - in fact, too old to actually be traced. It is popularly recognized as the Spring Festival and celebrations last 15 days. Preparations tend to begin a month before the date of the Chinese New Year (similar to a Western Christmas). During this time people start buying presents, decoration materials, food and clothing. A huge clean-up gets underway days before the New Year, when Chinese houses are cleaned from top to bottom. This ritual is supposed to sweep away all traces of bad luck.

端午节是在农历五月五日，这个节日开始是纪念屈原，楚王朝一个明智的大夫，诗人，因为对国家的绝望，遭到不公平的对待和诽谤，在农历五月五日跳进汨罗江。在中国，人们在端午节吃粽子。从名字上，我们就可以直接知道这个节日的活动是龙舟，显示中国的强大的精神。在这天，人们用艾条来清洁自己，用五

色线穿越小孩子的手臂和手指寓意他们远离疾病。

The Dragon Boat Festival is in May 5th on the lunar calendar. The beginning of this festival is in memory of Qu Yuan, a wise minister and poet in Chu dynasty, who jumped into Mi Luo River in lunar May 5th for despair of country, unfair treat and defamation. In China, people eat rice dumplings in Dragon Boat Festival. From the name, we can directly know the campaign of this festival is Dragon Boating，showing Chinese strongest spirits. On this day, people use moxa to clean themselves and use five-color threa d crossing small children’s arms and fingers to keep illness far away.

中秋节是中国传统节日之一，适逢阴历8月的第15天，它被认为是月亮最亮最圆的时候。在这天，每个家庭都团聚在一起，一家人共同观赏象征丰裕、和谐和幸运的圆月。这一天也被认为是一个丰收的节日，这个时候，因为水果，蔬菜和谷物已收获。在14世纪，中秋节吃月饼又被赋予了一层特殊的含义。传说在朱元璋密谋推翻元朝时，将士们曾把联络信藏在月饼里。因此，中秋节也成为汉人推翻蒙古人的纪念日。今天，人们吃月饼纪念此事。

Mid-Autumn Festival, one of Chinese traditional festivals, falls on the 15th day of the 8th lunar month. It is the time when the moon is said to be at its brightest and fullest. On this day, every family reunite together and enjoy the full moon ——an symbol of abundance, harmony and luck. This day is also considered as a harvest festival, since fruits, vegetables and grain had been harvested by this time. In the 14th century, the eating of moon cakes at Mid-Autumn Festival was given a special significance. The story goes that when Zhu Yuanzhang was plotting to overthrow the Yuan Dynasty, the soldiers hid their messages in the moon cakes. Therefore, Mid-Autumn Festival is also a commemoration of the overthrow of the Mongolians by the Han people. Today, moon cakes are eaten to commemorate this event.

在农历的九月九庆祝重阳节。这个节日开始于很早时间，大概在战国时期。根据形成中国世界观基础的阴阳二分法，阴代表黑暗的元素，阳代表着生命和光明。数字九被视为九阳，而第九个月的第九日被视为双阳天，故名“重阳节”。在重阳节，人们习惯去爬山，欣赏菊花，和菊花酒，吃双九蛋糕。重阳节又叫“老人节”，老人们期望通过参加节日当天的活动来提高自己的身体健康。

The Double Ninth Festival is celebrated on the ninth day of the ninth lunar month. The festival begins as early as the Warring States Period. According to the yin/yang dichotomy that forms a basis to the Chinese world view, yin represents the elements of darkness and yang represents life and brightness. The number nine is regarded as yang. The ninth day of the ninth month is a double yang day, hence the name "Chong Yang Festival". On the Double Ninth Festival, people customarily climb mountains, appreciate chrysanthemum flowers, drink chrysanthemum wine, and eat double-ninth cakes. The Double Ninth Festival is also called the "Old Men Festival". Old people are meant to improve their health by taking part in the activities on the day of the festival.

体育：

太极是一种柔软连绵的内家拳术,人们认为它与坚硬有力的外家拳术——功夫有着相似的根源。它的站姿和动作都很注重呼吸方法和姿势。人们认为它可以加强中国人称之为“气”的体内生命力的流动,促进血液循环,提高免疫力。但它同时也是一种修炼形式,通过对体格健康的追求,在精神和心灵上寻求更高平衡。

尽管太极有多种流派,但是它们都离不开“阴”、“阳”两极这个东方哲学与科学的思想理念。“阴”代表冷、阴性和冬天,“阳”则代表暖、阳性和夏天。“阴”和“阳”是一个整体的两半,这个整体就是“太极”。一千多年以来,这种保持明与暗、强与弱、古与今之间相互平衡的思想一直是中国社会的支柱。在中国步入世界舞台的同时,这种对完美平衡的追求将发挥更为重要的作用。

A soft, or internal, martial art, Tai Chi is thought to have developed from a similar root to the hard, or external, martial art of kung fu. Its stances and moves place an emphasis on breathing exercises and posture. It’s thought to

enhance the flow of the vital life force the Chinese call “Chi,” improve blood circulation and boost the immune system. But it’s also a form of exercise that combines the quest for physical health with the search for greater mental and spiritual balance.

Despite there being many different styles of Tai Chi, they all adhere to the concept of Yin and Yang, the two great polarities of eastern philosophy and science. Yin is cool, negative and winter, while Yang is warm, positive and summer. The Yin and Yang are two halves of one great whole, and this is called the Tai Chi. This idea of balance between light and dark, strength and weakness, ancient and modern, has underpinned Chinese society for more than a thousand years. And as China finds its feet on the world stage, this search for a perfect balance will become ever more important.

太极是一种中国古代内部武术系统相结合,深刻的原则、理论和武术技术。缓慢的,柔软的,不断流动的动作出现神秘的表面上。然而,它是培养一个人的内在能量,心灵和身体,让它如此独特和具有挑战性的。产生松弛、太极实践需要一个深程度的浓度和敏锐的头脑,从而使思想引领身体的能量。

太极拳不仅是一种武术,但也被公认为是一个有效的健康运动。太极是练了是否健康,作为竞技体育或武术它需要时间,耐心和定性实践发展太极的内部属性。达到一个高的标准在太极训练是一个高度复杂的过程。Tai Chi is an ancient Chinese internal martial art system, which combines profound principles, theories and martial art techniques. The slow, soft and continuously flowing movements appear mysterious on the surface. However, it is the cultivation of one's internal energy, mind and the physical body that make it so unique and challenging. To generate relaxation, Tai Chi practice requires a deep level of concentration and a focused mind, thus allowing the mind to lead and guide the body's energy.

Tai Chi is not only a martial art, but has also been widely acknowledged as being an effective health exercise. Whether Tai Chi is practiced for health, as athletic sport or martial art it takes time, patience and qualitative practice to develop Tai Chi's internal properties. To achieve a high standard in Tai Chi training is a highly complex process.

蹴鞠被看作古代足球得起源。这个球是用皮革做的，里面塞满了皮毛。这个大概重500g.在汉代蹴鞠是用训练士兵的一种方法。这有益于强健士兵的体格。蹴鞠在唐宋达到了顶峰。这个游戏有许多的玩法。甚至是女性也喜欢踢蹴鞠在那个时代。在明代的时候，蹴鞠在军队中被禁止了。原因是皇帝认为蹴鞠是不得体的，一些官员沉溺与女性一块玩着个游戏。但是蹴鞠仍然流行在民间。在清代的时候，蹴鞠就被政府的全面禁止了。政府是害怕人民浪费太多的时间在蹴鞠上，就像明朝的那样。自从那是，蹴鞠就衰落了，不久之后现代足球就被传入到中国了。

CUJU is regarded as the origin of ancient football. The ball was made of leather, filled with hair. Its weight was about 500g. In the Han Dynasty CUJU is a means of training soldiers. It’s helpful to build soldiers’ body.CUJU culminated in the Tang and Song Dynasties. The game had several different ways to play. Even women loved to play CUJU at that time. CUJU was forbidden in the army during the Ming dynasty, because the emperor thought it was indecent that some officers indulged in playing this game with women. But CUJU was still popular among the people. In the Qing dynasty, CUJU was totally banned by the government. The government was afraid that people wasted too much time on CUJU as they did in the Ming dynasty. Since then, the Cuju declined and soon afterwards the modern football was introduced into China.

乒乓球是一项强调耐力和反应能力的运动，尽管乒乓球本身比较小，运动强度不大。不论男女老少都可以同台公平竞争。由于是室内运动，所以可以常年举行比赛或进行练习。自从乒乓球运动诞生以来，它已经经历了巨大的演变。比赛规则经过了很多次的修改，并且随着技术的进步和打球方式的改变，运动器材也发生了变化。这些改良只是证明了乒乓球运动已经发展为一项非常完美的运动，可以与我们所崇尚的任何

一种经典运动相媲美。

Despite its small size and moderate intensity, ping-pong is a sport that emphasizes endurance and reflexes. People of all ages and genders can play it on an equal ground. The sport is played indoors, so year-round competition and practice are possible. Ping-pong has undergone enormous evolution since it came into being, which has experienced many revisions of rules and seen an improvement of equipment as technology and playing styles changed. Such refinement only serves as evidence that ping-pong is indeed a full-fledged sport, comparable to any of the other classics we behold with reverence.

有近代围棋泰斗认为，围棋盘象征着宇宙，由三百六十个天体组成，而围棋盘纵十九乘横十九，共三百六十一个棋点，多余的中心一点天元即为太极，代表宇宙的中心。三百六十的目数在旧历中为一年的日数，将此一分为四，四隅就是春夏秋冬，白子和黑子为昼和夜，如此这般便把天地象征化了。

Some of today's masters of Weiqi believe it symbolizes the universe, which is composed of 360 celestial bodies. There are 19 vertical lines and 19 horizontal lines on the board and 361 points altogether. An extra point in the middle, called Tianyuan, reflects the Taiji, which represents the center of the universe. The number 360 is the number of days in a lunar year, which is divided by four. The four corners are spring, summer, autumn and winter. The white and black chess pieces represent day and night, and signify heaven and earth.

哲学：

风水是一种古老的艺术和科学，3000年前起源于中国。这是一个复杂的知识，揭示了在某一空间内如何平衡能量，以保证健康和好运聚居在人身边。风是自然界的风，水是自然界的水。在中国文化风和水具有良好的健康相关，因此，风水好又意味着好运，而风水不好意味着坏运气，或不幸。

Geomantic omen is an ancient art and science developed over 3,000 years ago in China. It is a complex body of knowledge that reveals how to balance the energies of any given space to assure the health and good fortune for people inhabiting it. Feng means wind and shui means water. In Chinese culture wind and water are associated with good health, thus good geomantic omen came to mean good fortune, while bad geomantic omen means bad luck, or misfortune.

孔子是中国历史上春秋时代的一个思想家，政治家和教育家，也是中国儒家思想的创始人。他的教育思想被保存在《论语》一书中。儒学这一道德和宗教哲学体系就是在孔圣人教学的基础上发展而来的。冯友兰，中国思想史上20世纪伟大的权威之一，把孔子在中国历史上的影响比作西方的苏格拉底。

Confucius was a thinker, political figure, educator of the Spring and Autumn period of Chinese history, and founder of the Ru School of Chinese thought. His ideas of teachings were preserved in the Lunyu or Analects. Confucianism, the great system of moral and religious philosophy was built upon the teachings of Master Kung. Fung Yu-lan, one of the great 20th century authorities on the history of Chinese thought, compares Confucius' influence in Chinese history with that of Socrates in the West.

老子是中国历史上一个带有神秘色彩的哲学家，由于撰写《道德经》而被人熟知，而由此也一直被认为是道教思想的创始人。在道教这一宗教中，老子经常被尊称为“太上老君”。汉语中“老子”的字面意思是“老太师”或“年长的人”，被普遍认为是尊称。

Lao Tzu was a mystic philosopher of ancient China, best known as the author of the Tao Te Ching. His association with the Tao Te Ching has led him to be traditionally considered the founder of Taoism. He is also revered as a deity in most religious forms of the Taoist religion, which often refers to Laozi as Taishang Laojun, or "One of the Three Pure Ones". Lao Tzu translated literally from Chinese means "old master" or "old one", and is generally considered honorific.

孟子，或孟轲，出生于邹国，是中国哲学家和圣人，也是儒学的主要诠释者之一。根据传说，他和孔子一样，周游列国四十载，为统治者改革提供意见。在战国时期，公元前319到312年，孟子曾在齐国稷下学宫任职。他离职三年来悼念他母亲的去世，以示孝心。但是他的游说对他生活的时代没有产生任何改革，这令他非常失望，从而从官职中隐退。

Mencius, also known by his birth name Meng Ke, was born in the State of Zou. He was a Chinese philosopher and sage, and one of the principal interpreters of Confucianism. Like Confucius, according to legend, he travelled China for forty years to offer advice to rulers for reform. During the Warring States period, Mencius served as an official and scholar at the Jixia Academy in the State of Qi from 319 to 312 BC. He expressed his filial devotion when he took an absence of three years from his official duties for Qi to mourn his mother's death. Disappointed at his failure to effect changes in his contemporary world, he retired from public life.

孙子是春秋时期周朝的将军和哲学家。他创作了《孙子兵法》，一本非常具有影响力的中国古代军略书籍。孙子已经对中国和亚洲的历史和文化有着显著的影响，无论是因为他创作了《孙子兵法》，还是因为他作为一个传奇的历史人物。孙子的历史性是不确定的。司马迁和其他传统的历史学家认为他的生卒为公元前544年–公元前496年。自从东亚地区形成，孙子的思想一直为人称道并借鉴。在第二十世纪，《孙子兵法》逐渐普及并且其理论在西方社会实际应用。它将继续在文化、政治、商业、体育以及现代战争方面影响亚洲、欧洲和美洲。

Sun Tzu was a Chinese military general and philosopher during the Zhou dynasty's Spring and Autumn Period. He is traditionally credited as the author of The Art of War, an extremely influential ancient Chinese book on military strategy. Sun Tzu has had a significant impact on Chinese and Asian history and culture, both as the author of The Art of War and as a legendary historical figure.Sun Tzu's historicity is uncertain. Si ma Qian and other traditional historians dated his lifetime to 544–496 BC. Sun Tzu's work has been praised and employed throughout East Asia since its composition. During the twentieth century, The Art of War grew in popularity and saw practical use in Western society as well. It continues to influence many competitive endeavors in Asia, Europe, and America including culture, politics, business and sports as well as modern warfare.

旅游：

丝绸之路，是东西方贸易和文化交流的线路。这些线路途经亚洲大陆地区，是文化交流的中心。不同时期从中国到地中海之间往来的商人,朝圣者,僧侣,士兵,游牧民族和城市居民，成为连接东西方的桥梁。丝绸之路上的贸易往来成为中国、印度次大陆、波斯、欧洲和阿拉伯文明发展的一个重要因素。丝绸无疑是中国出口贸易的主要产品，但很多其他商品也经此进行交易，各种技术、宗教、哲学以及淋巴腺鼠疫(黑死病)也经过丝绸之路进行传播。

The Silk Road, or Silk Route, is a series of trade and cultural transmission routes that were central to cultural interaction through regions of the Asian continent connecting the West and East by linking traders, merchants, pilgrims, monks, soldiers, nomads and urban dwellers from China to the Mediterranean Sea during various periods of time.

Trade on the Silk Road was a significant factor in the development of the civilizations of China, the Indian subcontinent, Persia, Europe and Arabia. Though silk was certainly the major trade item from China, many other goods were traded, and various technologies, religions and philosophies, as well as the bubonic plague (the "Black Death"), also traveled along the Silk Routes.

北京有无数的胡同(hutong)。平民百姓在胡同里的生活给古都北京带来了无穷的魅力。北京的胡同不仅仅是平民百姓的生活环境，而且还是一门建筑艺术。通常，胡同内有一个大杂院，房间够4到10个家庭的差不

多20 口人住。所以，胡同里的生活充满了友善和人情味。如今，随着社会和经济的飞速发展，很多胡同被新的高楼大厦所取代。但愿胡同可以保留下来。

In Beijing, there are numerous hutongs. The life of common people in hutongs brings endless charm to the ancient capital, Beijing. The hutong in Beijing is not only the living environment of common people but also a kind of architecture. Usually, there is a courtyard complex inside hutong, with rooms shared by 4 to 10 families of about 20 people. Therefore, life in hutongs is full of friendliness and genuine humanity. Nowadays, with rapid social and economic development, many hutongs are replaced by new tall buildings. I hope hutongs can be preserved.

北京有时也作Peking,是中华人民共和国的首都和世界上人口最多的城市之一。2012年的人口是20693000。北京是中国第二大城市,城市人口仅次于上海,是全国的政治、文化和教育中心。北京是一个有着悠久历史的古城。早在3000多年前的周朝,北京,此时叫做叫“霁”。此后,辽、金、元、明、清王朝都是北京首都。因此,北京以千年古都著称。作为最后的中国四大古都, 在过去的八个世纪里,北京一直是国家的政治中心。Beijing, sometimes romanized as Peking, is the capital of the People's Republic of China and one of the most populous cities in the world. The population of 2012 was 20,693,000.Beijing is the second largest Chinese city by urban population after Shanghai and is the nation's political, cultural, and educational center. Beijing is an ancient city with a long history. Back in 3000 years ago in Zhou dynasty, Beijing was called Ji at the moment. Thereafter, Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties all made Beijing their capital. Therefore, Beijing was famous for "Capital of a thousand years". As the last of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China, Beijing has been the political center of the country for the past eight centuries.

黄河是中国第二大河和世界第六长5464公里。发源于巴颜喀拉山在中国西部的青海省，流经中国的九个省和流入渤海。黄河盆地东西范围1900公里，南北1100公里范围。总流域面积742443平方公里。

黄河被称为“中国文明的摇篮”，为盆地是中国北方文明的发源地，是中国早期历史上最繁荣的地区。但频繁的洪涝灾害主要是由于其较低的过程中升高的河床，也获得了这一名为“中国的悲哀”。

The Yellow River or Huang He / Hwang Ho is the second-longest river in China and the sixth-longest in the world at 5,464 kilometers .Originating in the Bayan Har Mountains in Qinghai Province in western China, it flows through nine provinces of China and empties into the Bohai Sea. The Yellow River basin has an east-west extent of 1900 km and a north-south extent of 1100 km .Total basin area is 742,443 km2.

The Yellow River is called "the cradle of Chinese civilization", as its basin is the birthplace of the northern Chinese civilizations and was the most prosperous region in early Chinese history. But frequent devastating flooding largely due to the elevated river bed in its lower course, has also earned it the unenviable name "China's Sorrow".

长江是中国乃至全亚洲的第一大河流，是世界上的第三大河流，排名仅仅在非洲的尼罗河和南美国的亚马逊河之后。长江全长有6380千米，起源于青海省，向东浩浩荡荡流去，最终在上海流入东海。虽然地理学家普遍认为，秦岭淮河一线才是中国南北方的分界限，但是它仍被一些人误认为。作为该地区最大的河流，长江的历史意义，文化意义，和所带来的经济意义都对中国很重要。依靠它而建造起来了许多水坝，而其中一个，三峡大坝，是世界上最大的水力发电站。像许多河流一样，在长江的整个流程过程中被冠以许多不同的名字。在它的源头，它被叫做宕渠。在下游的时候，又被沱沱河和通天河。等它穿过平行于湄公河和萨尔温江的峡谷后，就会出现在四川的平原上，而那个时候，它又以金沙江这个名字而熟知。

The Yangtze River is the longest river in China and Asia, and the third-longest in the world, after the Nile in Africa and the Amazon in South America.The river is about 6,380 km long and flows from its source in Qinghai Province, eastwards into the East China Sea at Shanghai. It is considered by some people as a dividing line between North and South China, although geographers generally consider the Qinling-Huai River line to be the official line of

geographical division. As the largest river in the region, the Yangtze is historically, culturally, and economically important to China. One of the dams on the river, the Three Gorges Dam, is the largest hydro-electric power station in the world.Like many rivers, the river is known by different names over its course. At its source, it is called in Chinese the Dangqu. Downstream, it is called the Tuotuo River and then the Tongtian River. Where it runs through deep gorges parallel to the Mekong and the Salween before emerging onto the plains of Sichuan, it is known as the Jinsha River.

苏州古典园林的花园是一组在江苏省苏州地区，已加入联合国教科文组织世界遗产名录的园林。根据联合国教科文组织，苏州园林“代表超过两千余年的发展，中国的风景园林设计，”他们是“最精致的园林艺术形式”。这些山水园林兴盛于明代中期到清初的朝代，造成高达200私人花园。今天，有69个保存完好的苏州园林，和所有的人被指定为受保护的“国家遗产。“在1997年和2000年，在苏州最优秀的花园八一起在附近的古镇同里选择被联合国教科文组织列为世界遗产的苏州风格的古典园林艺术代表。

The Classical Gardens of Suzhou are a group of gardens in Suzhou region, Jiangsu province which have been added to the UNESCO World Heritage List. According to UNESCO, the gardens of Suzhou "represent the development of Chinese landscape garden design over more than two thousan d years,” and they are the "most refined form" of garden art. These landscape gardens flourished in the mid-Ming to early-Qing dynasties, resulting in as much as 200 private gardens. Today, there are 69 preserved gardens in Suzhou, and all of them are designated as protected "National Heritage Sites." In 1997 and 2000, eight of the finest gardens in Suzhou along with one in the nearby ancient town of Tongli were selected by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site to represent the art of Suzhou-style classical gardens.

敦煌是中国历史文化名城和著名的旅游城市。它坐落在甘肃省，青海省和新疆的共同边界。一直与中国的历史有着千丝万缕的联系，它是连接中国与西方的罗马帝国的帝王东的古丝绸之路的一个代名词。在现代，这个城市以惊人的速度不断发展，赋予给这个名字新的意义，这意味着它的蓬勃发展和繁荣。如今，敦煌是一个典型的旅游城市，干净而美丽。由于其出色的石窟，旅游已成为敦煌市一个不可或缺的行业。敦煌的城市地标是一个富有吸引力的雕像，这个想法来自莫高窟壁画，莫高窟是敦煌文化艺术的一个圣地。The national, historical city of Dunhuang is a renowned tourist city. It is situated in the common boundary of Gansu Province, Qinghai Province and Xinjiang Province .It has been inextricably linked with the history of China, a name synonymous with the ancient Silk Road that connected the Chinese imperial East with the Roman empire of the West. The city has continued to develop at an impressive pace in modern times, giving renewed significance to its name, which means to flourish and prosper. Today, Dunhuang is a typical tourist city, clean and beautiful. Because of its splendid stone caves, tourism has become an indispensable industry to Dunhuang City.

The city landmark is an attractive statue, the idea of which comes from the mural in Mogao Caves, a shrine to the culture and arts of Dunhuang.

西安是陕西省省会，位于关中平原南部。西安在历史上以及目前都被认为是中国最重要的城市之一。西安，古称长安，历史上13个朝代都在这里建都。它也一直是丝绸之路的起点，所以西安是第一个对世界打开大门的中国城市。

在西安，有许多有趣的和著名的旅游景点如：鼓楼华清池，兵马俑，大唐芙蓉花园等等。他们有不同的文化背景和历史。很多外国朋友也来这里参观。也有一些地方小吃如：肉夹馍，甑糕，葫芦头，黄金面条等。Xi'an is the capital of Shaanxi province, located in the sou thern part of the Guanzhong Plain. Xi’an is recognized as one of the most important cities in China, both historically and currently. Xi’an, called Chang'an in ancient times, has been the capital region for 13 dynastic periods. It also has been the eastern end of the Silk Road, so Xi'an was the first Chinese city to open up its doors to the ancient world.

In Xi'an, there are many interesting and well-known tourist attractions such as: Drum Tower, Huaqing Pool, Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Datang Furong Garden, and so on. They contain a different cultural background and history. You can find a lot of foreign friends here. And also some local snacks such as: Rouga Mo, Zeng Gao, Hulutou, Gold Noodles and so on.

文学曲艺：

《三国演义》为14世纪罗贯中所著。这部历史小说的故事发生在中国历史上汉末三国时代的动荡年代。这一历史时期始于公元169年，最后于公元280年的统一结束。

《三国演义》是中国四大名著之一。这是第一部章回体小说，刻画了战争年代魏、蜀、吴三个政治集团中人们所表现出来的忠诚。这部小说基于真实的历史改编而成。在那个年代，中国三国鼎立。魏国由曹操统治，力量最强大，占据着中国北方。蜀国由刘备统治，占据中国西南方。而孙权统治的吴国占据着中国东南方。

Romance of the Three Kingdoms, written by Luo Guanzhong in the 14th century, is a historical novel set amidst the turbulent years near the end of the Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms era of Chinese history, starting in 169 AD and ending with the reunification of the land in 280 AD.

Romance of the Three Kingdoms is one of the four great Chinese classic literature masterpieces. The book was the very first novel written in episode-chapter format. The book depicted the loyalty character manifested by people during the warring period between the three kingdoms "Wei", "Shu", and "Wu".

The book was written based on real history. At that time, China was divided into three parts. The Wei Kingdom governed by Cao Cao was the strongest occupying the north side of China. The Shu Kingdom governed by Liu Bei occupied the south-west part of China. The Wu Kingdom governed by Sun Quan occupied the south-east part of China.

《水浒传》是中国历史四大名著之一。它讲述了一团代表不同阶层的敢于对抗邪恶的英雄故事。一共105位男将和3位女将，迫于腐败和不公的官员而起义。这些故事发生在北宋末期，描绘了农民起义的各种生动的场景，充满了爱恨，情义，恩怨等等。英雄们做了很多善事帮助邪恶压迫下的百姓。但是后来，他们接受招安，服从为国征战。最终，他们大多数牺牲或伤重。

《水浒传》著于１４世纪并被用过很多名字，比如《Outlaws of the Marsh》《四海之内皆兄弟也》《The Marshes of Mount Liang》。它基于反叛者宋江、他的36位同伙和一组反抗者的壮举，最后被迫在1121年屈服朝廷。故事的影响深远。《水浒传》已经被翻译成许多不同的语言。有些漫画、电影和电视节目都基于《水浒传》。Water Margin is well-known as one of the four greatest Chinese novels in history. It tells stories of a group of heroes, who stand for different classes of people daring to struggle against the evil.There are 105 men and 3 women in all,who are oppressed by the corrupt and unjust official and then rise up.These stories take place at the end of the North Song period,describing various vivid pictures of farmers' uprising full of love and hatred, ties of friendship, kindness and enmity,etc.The heroes do lots of good deeds to help the poor by blundering the evil.But later,they surround themselves to the official,obeying to fight with other kingdoms.Finally, most of them die or hurt badly.

Water Margin was written in the 14th century and has been reproduced under many different names such as Outlaws of the Marsh, All Men are Brothers and. It is based on the exploits of the outlaw Song Jiang and his 36 companions, a group of rebels who were eventually forced to surrender to the government in 1121. The story's influence has spread far and wide. It has been translated into many different languages. There have been comics, movies and television shows based on Water Margin.

昆曲是中国现存最古老的戏曲形式之一。它是从昆山旋律演变而来,从16到18世纪昆曲主导中国戏剧。昆

曲起源于吴的文化区域。昆曲被联合国教科文组织在2001年列为人类口头和非物质文化遗产。它的旋律和曲调就是中国歌剧四大风格之一。昆曲的剧本是正统的中国戏曲剧本构成的形式，作者多为文学家、剧作家或知识分子；京剧是俚俗的剧本，传统剧作者多为社会中下层。昆曲被称为“百戏之祖”。

Kunqu Opera is one of the oldest extant forms of Chinese opera. It evolved from the Kunshan melody, and dominated Chinese theatre from the 16th to the 18th centuries. Kunqu originated in the Wu cultural area. Kunqu was listed as one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO in 2001. Its melody or tune is one of the Four Great Characteristic Melodies in Chinese opera. The plays of Kunqu Opera adopt the standardized and classical form of Chinese operas and their authors are mainly writers, playwrights and intellectuals. The storylines of Beijing Opera are plain, and their traditional playwrights are of mid and lower society. Kunqu Opera is considered as the "mother of Chinese operas”.

教育：

科举制度即中国科举是一种在中国古代用来评价能力和选举官员的方法。一般说来，从它成立于605年到清代光绪皇帝在1905年取消，已经持续了1300多年了。

它的目的是要确保政府官员是在他们自身优点的基础上被任命的，而不是通过偏袒或传位。从理论上说，任何在中国的成年男性，无论他的财富或社会地位，都可以通过科举考试成为一名高级政府官员。虽然只有约5％的人可以通过考试，但考试保持了文化的基本价值观和传承性，并确保了选举的国家官员的素质，而不是地方性的目标和价值观。从某种意义上说，科举制度展现了我们祖先的智慧。尽管它存在一系列缺陷，但它很有价值和很重要，而不该被轻视。

The Imperial Examination System which is also called keju in Chinese is a method to evaluate ability and select government officials in ancient china. Generally speaking, Imperial Examination System has lasted for more than 1300 years, from its founding in 605 to its abolition by Emperor Guangxu of Qing Dynasty in 1905.

It was intended to ensure that appointment as a government official was based on merit and not on favoritism or heredity. Theoretically, any male adult in China, regardless of his wealth or social status, could become a high-ranking government official by passing the imperial examination. Though only about 5 percent of those who took them passed, the examinations served to maintain cultural unity and consensus on basic values and ensured the identification of the educated elite with national, rather than regional, goals and values. In a sense, Imperial Examination System shows the wisdom of our ancestries. Though with a dozen of blemish, it is valuable and significant which should not be despised.

教育和研究是孔子思想的特点也是重点。他始终把道德作为最重要的课题。孔子的教学方法是惊人的。他总是提出问题、列举经典、或者贴切比喻，然后让学生自行探寻正确的答案。孔子的目标是去让人们成为君子：行为优雅、谈吐文明、完整地展示世间万事万物。对于孔子而言，道德教育是很重要的。这是因为它可以矫正不好的社会形态，使社会恢复良好的意义和价值。《论语》也是他主张贤者道德教育和社会改革重要的来源。

A hallmark of Confucius' thought is his emphasis on education and study. He regards morality as the most important subject. Confucius' pedagogical methods are striking. He poses questions, cites passages from the classics, or uses apt analogies, and waits for his students to arrive at the right answers. Confucius' goal is to create gentlemen who carry themselves with grace, speak correctly, and demonstrate integrity in all things. Moral education is important to Confucius because it is the means by which one can rectify this situation and restore meaning to language and values to society. The Analects is also an important source for Confucius' understanding of the role play in the moral education of gentlemen as well as in the reformation of society.

经济社会发展:

邓小平是中国共产党第二代领导核心，中华人民共和国的主要领导人之一。邓小平是中国社会主义现代化建设的总设计师，他作出把党和国家工作中心转移到经济建设上来、实行改革开放的历史性决策，成功开创了中国特色社会主义。他所倡导的“改革开放”及“一国两制”政策理念，改变了20世纪后期的中国，也影响了世界，因此在1978年和1985年，曾两次当选《时代》周刊“年度风云人物”。

Deng Xiaoping was the core of the “second generation " of Chinese leadership, one of the main leaders of the People's Republic of China. Deng Xiaoping was the chief architect of China's socialist modernization drive. He made the historic decision to shift the focus of the Party and country's work to economic development and to pursue the policy of reform and opening up. On this basis, the great initiative of building socialism with Chinese characteristics was successfully launched. The policies of "reform and opening up" and "one country, two systems" he advocated changed China in the late 20th century, and thus influenced the whole world. Therefore, in 1978 and 1985, Deng Xiaoping was twice elected Time magazine's "person of the year".

1978年我国召开了十一届三中全会。由于中国长期的封闭保守导致了我国的落后，所以在此次大会上，以邓小平为核心的中央第二代领导集体采取了一系列措施。也由此拉开了中国改革开放的序幕。改革开放三十年来在许多领域都有了巨大改观。比如，我们建立经济特区，使那里的人民生活有了大幅提高。除此之外，在科技领域也有进步。2003年，中国第一次发射载人飞船，而且在2008年实现第一次太空漫步。如今，人们为了更加进步和谐的社会继续坚持改革开放政策，中国将会有更加光明的未来。

The third plenary session of the 11th central committee was held in December of 1978. Due to China’s conservatism for a long period, we had been fallen behind. So at the plenary, th e Party’s second generation of central collective leadership with Comrade Deng Xiaoping at the core adopted a series of measures. It unveiled the prologue to socialist reform and opening up policy. China’s three decades of this policy has resulted in great changes taking place in various fields. For example, we set up Special Economic Zones in which people’s life has been improved a lot. In addition, China has made great progress in science and technology. In 2003, China launched its first manned spaceship and fulfilled its first space walk in 2008. Nowadays, people stick to this policy for a more advanced and harmonious society. China will have a brighter future.

毛泽东是中国马克思主义者和政治领导人。在国内战争中领导了中国共产党打败国民党取得了胜利。在中国，毛泽东也被视为诗人，书法家和作家。

作为现代历史上最重要的人物之一，毛泽东自从他去世30多年一直是一个有争议的人物。国内外都有他的支持者。支持者们把他称作革命的领导者，也是马克思主义思想的最好诠释者。国内的支持者认为中国能够重新站起来也是因为毛泽东的领导。

Mao Zedong was a Chinese Marxist military and political leader, who led the Communist Party of China (CPC) to victory against the Kuomintang (KMT) in the Chinese Civil War. In China, Mao is also recognized as a poet, calligrapher and writer.

Regarded as one of the most important figures in modern world history, Mao is still a controversial figure today, over thirty years since his death. He has supporters both inside and outside China, who regard Mao as a great revolutionary leader whose thought is the highest expression of Marxism. Supporters within China believe that the rise of China can be attributed to Mao's leadership

中国将进一步发展经济、扩大开放，这对海外企业（enterprises）意味着更多的商机。改革开放以来，中国企业与海外企业一直积极开展经济技术合作，并取得了巨大成就。海外企业不仅帮助了中国企业的成长，而且也在合作中获得了收益。中国政府将继续提供有利的政策和条件，推动中国企业与国外企业进一步开展合作。

China will develop its economy further and open itself wider to the outside world, which offers more business

opportunities to overseas enterprises. Since China’s reform and opening up, Chinese enterprises have been cooperating with overseas enterprises in terms of economy and technology, and have scored great achievement. Overseas enterprises have not only helped Chinese enterprises with their growth, but also benefited from the cooperation. Chinese government will continue to offer favorable policies and conditions to promote the further cooperation between Chinese and overseas enterprises.

假日经济的现象表明：中国消费者的消费观正在发生巨大变化。根据统计数据，中国消费者的消费需求正在从基本生活必需品转向对休闲、舒适和个人发展的需求。同时，中国人的消费观在蓬勃发展的假日经济中正变得成熟。因此产品结构应做相应调整，来适应社会的发展。另一方面，服务质量要改善，以满足人们提高生活质量的要求。

The phenomenon of holiday economy shows that Chinese people’s consumption concept is undertaking great changes. According to statistics, the demands of Chinese consumers are shifting from the basic necessities of life to leisure, comfort and personal development. Therefore, the structure of products should be adjusted accordingly to adapt to social development. On the other hand, services should be improved to satisfy people’s demand for an improved quality of life.

2013年6月20日在中国各地，估计60万儿童和他们的老师观看了有宇航员（astronaut）王亚平在距离地球300公里的上空所讲授的科学课。王亚平与两个同事乘坐天宫一号实验舱(theTiangon-1 laboratory module) 执行为期两周的任务。她在课上进行了一系列太空的物理演示。在有些演示中还对比了在地球上重力（one-gravity）环境下同样的实验。这堂物理课不仅让孩子们享受了一堂知识与乐趣兼具的物理课，也显示了我国通信科技的前进。

On June 20, 2013, an estimated 600 thousand school children and their teachers across China watched a science lesson taught from 300km above the Earth by astronaut Wang Yaping. Wang is aboard theTiangong-1 laboratory module with two crewmates, for a two-week mission. Her lessons were a series of physics demonstrations in the space. In some demonstrations, she compared with the same experiment under the one-gravity environment on Earth. The lesson has not only offered children a physics lesson with knowledge and interest, but also shows the advance in communication technology of China.

我赞同许多东亚学者的观点，东方文明可以医治盛行于西方世界的一些顽疾。西方世界个人自由主义泛滥导致了极端个人主义、性关系混乱以及过度暴力行为，对此我们不能视而不见。相反，东方社会的自我约束力，集体责任感以及温厚儒雅的传统倒可以消除西方社会的许多恶疾。在这个信息时代，世界已缩小成一个地球村。这个地球村里，不再有什么泾渭分明的东方世界和西方世界，我们是生活在同一个社区里的邻里。因此，我们彼此之间无须冲突。我们之间的关系应该是一种友好合作，平等互补的关系。我们应该相互理解，相互学习，和睦共处。

I share the same view with many East Asian scholars that the Oriental civilization can heal some of the prevailing, stubborn Western ills. We should not turn a blind eye to the fact that individual freedom has gone overboard in the West, resulting in extreme individualism, sexual promiscuity and excessive use of violence. By contrast, self-discipline, corporate responsibility and the pacific tradition of East Asia can offset many Western vices. At this age of information, the world has shrunk as a global village in which there will be no clear-cut worlds of the East and the West any more, but a world of one community with neighboring families. Therefore, we do not necessarily have to come into clash with each other. Our relationships one of friendly cooperation, equality and mutual complementarity and therefore, we should understand and learn from each other, and live in harmony.

去10年，海平面升高和森林看法的速度都是前所未有的；生态恶化、物种灭绝、臭氧层被破坏、温室效应、

酸雨等一系列环境问题已经严重影响到人类的生存环境。// 环境恶化造成的问题之一就是缺水。目前全世界40%以上的人口，即20 多亿人，面临缺水问题。据预测，未来25 年全球人口将有60 亿增长到80 亿，环境保护面临更大的压力。// 中国作为一个发展中国家，面临着发展经济和保护环境的双重任务。从国情出发，中国在全面推进现代化的过程中，将环境保护视为一项基本国策。// 众所周知，对生态环境和生物多样性的保护是环保工作的重点。我国野生动植物物种丰富，仅脊椎动物就有6000 多种左右，高等植物3 万多种。//

Sea level rose and forest were destroyed at an unprecedented rate during the last decade. A series of environmental problems such s the deterioration of ecosystem, the extinction of bio-species, damage to the ozone layer, the green-house effect, acid rain, have posed a serious threat to human living conditions.// Environmental crisis leads to one of the serious problems, namely, water shortage. Presently, more than 40% of the world’s population, more than 2 billion people, now face water shortage. It is predicted hat with the global population expected to increase from six billion to eight billion over the next 25 years, more pressure on environmental protection stress is expected.// As a developing country, china is confronted with the dual task of developing the economy and protecting the environment. Proceeding from its national conditions, china has, in the process of promoting its overall modernization program, made environmental protection one of its basic state policies.// It is known to all that protection of the ecological environment and biodiversity is the focal point of environmental protection work. China is rich in wildlife species. There are about 6,000 vertebrates alone and 30,000species of higher plants.//

2020年四六级英语翻译和作文预测押题

2020年四六级英语翻译和作文预测押题 PART ONE——Translation 【翻译第1篇】【共享经济】共享经济（the Sharing Economy）是一个围绕共享人力、物力和智力资源建立起来的社会经济生态系统（a socio-economic ecosystem）。在中国，以滴滴出行和摩拜单车为代表的共享经济正在成为主流趋势。自行车、房屋、日常衣物、篮球、雨伞，都可以使用神奇的共享模式。报告显示，到2020年，中国的共享经济交易量预计将大幅增长，占国内生产总值比重10%以上。甚至有人推测，只要道德和法律允许，最终所有能共享的都可以共享。更重要的是，中国庞大的人口也是一个巨大机遇。参考译文： The Sharing Economy is a socio-economic ecosystem built around the sharing of human, physical and intellectual resources. Represented by companies like Didi Chuxing and Mobike, it’s becoming a major tr end in China. Bicycles, houses, daily clothing, basketballs, umbrellas all can use the magical sharing model. According to a report, China’s sharing economy transactions is expected to grow substantially, accounting for more than 10 percent of China’s gros s domestic product by 2020. Some people even speculated that everything that can be shared will be shared eventually, as long as it is ethically and legally feasible. More importantly, China’s large population is also a huge opportunity. 【翻译第2篇】【中美贸易】

大学英语四六级翻译常用词汇汇总

大学英语四六级翻译常用词汇汇总1. 中国经济发展总需求aggregate demand 总供给aggregate supply 企业文化corporate/entrepreneurial culture 企业形象corporate image (Cl); enterprise image 跨国公司cross-national corporation 创业精神enterprising spirit; pioneering spirit 外资企业foreign-funded enterprise 猎头公司head-hunter 假日经济holiday economy 人力资本human capital 航空和航天工业aerospace industry 飞机制造工业aircraft industry 电子工业electronic industry 汽车制造工业car industry 娱乐业entertainment industry 信息产业information industry 知识密集型产业knowledge-intensive industry 国有大中型企业large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises 轻工业light industry 博彩业lottery industry 制造业manufacturing industry 垄断行业monopoly industries 市场多元化market diversification 市场经济market economy 市场监管market supervision 购买力purchasing power 熊市bear market 牛市bull market 城镇化urbanization 房地产real estate 首付down-payment 业主home owner 个人购房贷款individual housing loan 经济全球化economic globalization 经济特区special economic zones (SEZ) 经济增长economic growth 泡沫经济bubble economy 关税tariff 纳税人tax payer 宏观经济macro economy

文登四六级翻译终极预测

Part IV Translation (30 minutes) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2. 1 儒家思想由孔子（Confucius）在春秋时期创立，并迅速成为中国文化的核心内容之一。儒家重视道德和人与人之间的关系，着力于关注人类社会的秩序的和谐安定；对于虚无飘渺的神灵（illusory divine）世界，尽量采取回避的态度，或按照自己的观念加以改造而得到强化。儒学对中国文化产生了巨大的影响，其价值观念渗透在中国人民的生活、思想和习俗中。Confucius established the Confucian school of thought during the Spring and Autumn Period. Confucianism quickly became one of the pillars of Chinese culture. Confucian philosophy attaches great importance to ethics and interpersonal relationships and is concerned about the harmony and stability of the order of human society. It adopts the attitude of trying as much as possible to evade the illusory divine world or intensifying the concept through the transformation of divine world according to one’s own ideology. Confucianism has had a great influence on Chinese culture with its values permeating the life, thinking and customs of the Chinese people. 2 汉语是中国汉民族使用的语言，汉语历史悠久，在3000多年前就有了相当成熟的文字。汉语有超过12亿的使用者，是使用人数最多的语言之一，除了中国，新加坡、马来西亚等国也有相当一部分人使用汉语，分布在世界各地的几千万华侨、华裔，也以汉语的各种方言为自己的母语。汉语是中国人使用的主要语言，也是联合国的工作语言。Used by the Han people in China, the Chinese language has a long history, having established a fairly mature written language more than 3000 years ago. The Chinese language has more than 1.2 billion users and can be regarded as the one spoken by the greatest number of persons. In addition to China, some people in Singapore and Malaysia also use Chinese, and millions of overseas Chinese and foreign citizens of Chinese origin distributed around the world use various Chinese dialects as native language. The Chinese language is the main language used by Chinese, also one of the working languages of the United Nations. 3 道教（Taoism），同儒家思想（Confucianism）一样，是土生土长的中国宗教。它与儒学和佛学并称“三教”，是中国哲学的重要组成部分之一。中国的古代哲学家老子是道教的创始人。道教认为“阴”和“阳”是宇宙

英语四六级考试模拟翻译题-汉语(含参考答案)

汉语是中国汉民族使用的语言，汉语历史悠久，在3000多年前就有了相当成熟的文字。汉语有超过12亿的使用者，是使用人数最多的语言之一，除了中国，新加坡、马来西亚等国家也有相当一部分人使用汉语，分布在世界各地的几千万华侨、华裔，也以汉语的各种方言为自己的母语。汉语是中国人使用的主要语言，也是联合国的工作语言。 Used by the Han people in China, the Chinese language has a long history, having established a fairly mature written language more than 3000 years ago. The Chinese language has more than 1.2 billion users and can be regarded as the one spoken by the

greatest number of persons. In addition to china, some people in Singapore and Malaysia also use Chinese, and millions of overseas Chinese and foreign citizens of Chinese origin distributed around the world use various Chinese dialect as native language. The Chinese language is the main language used by Chinese, also one of the working languages of United Nations.

四六级翻译真题及答案word版本

四六级翻译真题及答案

中国的创新正以前所未有的速度蓬勃发展。为了在科学技术上尽快赶超世界发达国家，中国近年来大幅度增加了研究开发资金。中国的大学和研究所正在积极开展创新研究，这些研究覆盖了从大数据到生物化学，从新能源到机器人等各类高科技领域。它们还与各地的科技园合作，使创新成果商业化。与此同时，无论在产品还是商业模式上，中国企业家也在努力争做创新的先锋，以适应国内外消费市场不断变化和增长的需求。译文一 China's innovation is flourishing faster than ever before. In order to surpass developed countries on progressing and technology as soon as possible, China has sharply increased research and development fund. Chinese universities and institutes are actively doing innovative researches, covering various fields of high technology, from big data to biochemistry, and from new energy to robots. They are also cooperating with science and technology parks in different places, progressing commercialize their fruits of innovation.In the meantime , to adapt to the changing foreign and domestic market, and to satisfy the growing demand, Chinese entrepreneurs are also making pioneering efforts to innovate their products and business models(模式). 译文二（文都版） Innovation is progressing in an unprecedented speed in China. In order to catch up with those developed countries in the world as fast as it can in the science and technology field, China has increased funds for development research substantially in recent years. Universities and research institutions in China are actively carrying out innovation researches, which cover high-

英语四六级--翻译

Unit 1 焚书坑儒burn books and bury Confucian scholars alive 牛郎织女the Cowherd and the Girl Weaver or the Cow Herder and the Weaver Maid 封建礼教feudal ethical codes 善有善报，恶有恶报 Good will be rewarded with good and evil repaid with evil 《山海经》Classics of Mountians and seas 精卫填海Jingwei Determines to fill up the sea Unit 2 饮食疗法dietotherapy or food therapy 色香味color, aroma and taste 美食家gourmet 南甜北咸东辣西酸 Sweet in the south, salty in the north, sour in the west and spicy in the east. 中国四大菜系Grand Four Categories of Chinese Cuisine 八大菜系eight main schools of Chineses Cuisine 点心Dim Sum 鉴别诊断differential diagnosis 礼仪之邦land of ceremony and propriety 良药苦口Good medicine tastes bitter. 控制阴阳失调to conterbalance the Yin-yang disequilibrium Unit 3 衣食住行clothing, food, shelter and transportation 曲裾curving-front robe 直裾straight-front robe 战国时期Warring States Period 男女授受不亲to avoid close contact of the male and the female 唐装Tang Costume 盘扣buttonhole loop 玉珮jade ornament Unit 4 道家四象the four Taoist quadrants 风水先生 a geomancer 皇陵the imperial mausoleum 宗庙或祠堂the ancestral temple 天坛the Temple of Heaven 塔pagoda 莫高窟the Mogao Grottoes 天人合一unity of Heaven and man 拙政园Humble Administrattor's Garden 卢沟桥的狮子数不清The lions on the Lugouqiao are uncountable Unit 5 世界遗产名录List of World Heritage

英语四级预测题作文加翻译

就业难 It’s very hard for college graduates to find a job, of course harder to get an ideal job. In fact, many factors contribute to the unfavorable situation. First, more and more students can go to college because of the being fast improved high education of China. As a result, there are more graduates every year. However, job vacancies don’t increase that fast. More people, less food, which is the exact description of the hard condition. Second, more and more people go on to pursue their master and doctor degree; more and more Chinese oversea students come back to China to hunt better working chances. It is sure that the competition is more and more fierce. Third, because of the fast development of science, technology, economy, society and the interchange of different nations, all units have higher requirement of their employees, for example, stronger ability and higher degree. In addition to the factors above, there are still more which bring hardship for graduates to find jobs. Nevertheless, how to solve the problem is more important. It is a good idea for the graduates to learn more knowledge with a higher degree and to practice and improve their capability of dealing with all kinds of situation, organization, having good terms with others and cooperative spirit. Besides, the government should try to and encourage all units to create more job vacancies for the college graduates. Of course, the graduates should have a proper attitude towards various jobs, but not always pursue those with higher payment. Volunteer teaching in the west 1. 每年，高校许多大学生受到鼓舞去贫困地区支教。 2. 支教活动的意义。

英语四六级翻译(历史文化社会)

英语四六级段落翻译常用词汇：中国社会多元文化论 cultural pluralism 文化适应 acculturation 社会保障 social security 班车 shuttle bus 相定迁户 a relocated unit or household 大龄青年 single youth above the normal matrimonial age 独生子女 the only child in a family 单亲 single parent 福利彩票 welfare lotteries 家政服务 household management service 民工 migrant laborers 名人 celebrity 农村剩余劳动力 surplus rural labor/laborers 青春期 puberty 全民健身运动 nationwide fitness campaign 全国人口普查 nationwide census 社会保险 social insurance 暂住证 temporary residence permit/card 青少年犯罪 juvenile delinquency 性骚扰 sexual harassment 走私 smuggling 性别歧视 gender/sexual discrimination 年龄歧视 age discrimination 工作歧视 job discrimination 享乐主义hedonism 文盲 illiteracy 贫富分化 disparity between the rich and the poor 盗版 pirated/illegal copies 一国两制 One Country, Two Systems 三个代表 the Three Represents Theory 两会（人大、政协）Two Conferences (NPC and CPPCC) 南南合作 South-South Cooperation 南北对话 North-South Dialog 人大常委会 People’s Congress Standing Committee 法制观念 awareness of law 法制国家 a country with an adequate legal system 改革开放 reform and opening-up 公务员 civil servants 官僚主义作风 the bureaucratic style of work 和谐并存 harmonious coexistence 计划生育 family planning 计划生育基本国策 the basic state policy of family planning

四六级翻译练习

世界上一些国家发生问题，从根本上来说，都是因为经济上不去，没有饭吃，没有衣穿，没有房住。工资增长被通货膨胀抵消，生活水平下降，大批人下岗和失业，长期过紧日子。如果经济发展老是停留在低速度，生活水平就很难提高。参考译文（65） 1) Basically the root cause for social unrest in some countries lies in their failure to boost their economy. Consequently they lack food clothing and shelter and their wage increases are offset by inflation. With a decline in living standards widespread layoffs and unemployment people have to suffer chronic hardship.2) If economic growth remains at the low rate it is difficult for any governm ent to raise people’s living standards. 四十年多来，中国在发展经济的过程中，逐步改善了人民的生存条件，提高了人民的生活水平。经过多年的努力，我们国家已能用仅占世界百分之七的耕地，养活了占世界百分之二十二的人口，使十一亿人民基本解决了温饱问题。参考译文（69） 1）After more than four decades of efforts to develop economy China has gradually raised the standard of living.2) Now it has solved the problem ;of food and clothing to a point where it has managed to feed its l. l billion people 22 percent of the world’s total population with only 7 percent of the world’s cultivated land. 到中国来旅游观光的人很少不会注意到中国人学习英语的劲头。公园里有专门的英语角，老老少少会定期聚在一起操练。马路上外国游客常常被学习英语的人围住交谈，从天气到政治，无所不谈。各种英语班如雨后春笋在到处出现。参考译文（73） 1) Few visitors to China will fail to notice the eagerness of the Chinese to learn English.2) In public parks there are special corners where English learners old and young gather at regular time to practise their spoken English.3) Foreign visitors are often besieged on streets by English learners who want to talk with them in English abut anything from weather to politics.4) English classes are mushrooming across the land. 上大学给人们提供了在无边无际的知识海洋里遨游探索的机会。为了丰富多彩的人生，大学生应该充分利用目前读大学的大好时光。他们应该意识到上大学决不仅仅意味着得到一个学位，得到一个好的工作。他们如果不满足于专业课内容，就会终生受益。参考译文（99） 1）College provides a chance to explore the vast areas of unlimited knowledge.2) To have a rich full life a college student should make the most of the opportunities at hand.3) He should realize that going to college means a lot more than earning a degree and securing a good job.4) If he can explore beyond his immediate career objectives he will enjoy the rest of his life.

2018,12月四六级翻译终极预测

2018年12月大学英语四六级翻译终极预测中国历史文化农历腊月初八是腊八节（the Laba Festival），在这一天，人们会喝腊八粥。喝腊八粥这一传统起源于印度佛教，在中国已有1 000多年的历史。在那天，许多寺庙都会以大米、花生、胡萝卜、红枣等为原料做腊八粥。腊八粥被认为具有吉祥和长寿的寓意，因此人们也称其为“福寿粥”或“福德粥”。在古代，腊八节时每个家庭都会煮腊八粥，并祭祀他们的祖先。然后，所有的家庭成员聚在一起喝粥。 The Laba Festival is on the eighth day ofthe twelfth lunar month. People will eat Laba porridge on this day. This tradition of eating Laba porridge, originating from Indian Buddhism, has ahistory of over one thousand years in China. On that day, Laba porridge would be cooked in many temples, with ingredients such as rice, peanuts, carrots and dates. Since Laba porridge was believed to be blessed with good fortune and longevity, it was also called “Longevity Blessing Porridge” or “Virtue Blessing Porridge”. In ancient times, every famil y would make Laba porridge and offer sacrifice to their ancestors on the Laba Festival. Then all family members would get together to eat the porridge. 农历正月十五是元宵节，紧随春节之后。“元”是第一的意思，“宵”指夜晚。“元宵”就是新年首个月圆之夜，元宵节是家庭团聚的传统佳节。元宵节的起源之说多种多样，有一种传说认为元宵节与道教有关。天官是道教的神，专管人间祥运。他出生于农历正月十五。相传天官喜乐，所以他的信徒们就准备了各种各样的活动，祈求好运。元宵节最隆重的活动就是展挂各种各样美丽的灯笼，因此元宵节又叫“灯节”。 The Yuanxiao Festival occurs on the 15 thday of the first month in the Chinese calendar, immediately after the Spring Festival. Yuan literally means the first, while Xiao refers to the night. Yuanxiao is the first night of full moon of the New year. The Yuanxiao Festival is a traditional festival for family reunion. There are many beliefs about the origin of the Yuanxiao Festival and one legend associates the Yuanxiao Festival with Taoism. Tianguan is the Taoist god responsible for good fortune in the human world. His birthday falls on the 15th day of the first lunar month. It issaid that Tianguan likes entertainment, so his followers prepare various kinds of activities during which they pray for good fortune. The most prominent activity during the Yuanxiao Festival is the display of all types of beautiful lanterns, so the Yuanxiao Festival is also called the Lantern Festival. 中国社会发展远程教育（distance education）与传统教育相比有两大区别，即远程教育具有灵活性和开放性，不受时空和学习进度的限制。教师在一处授课，而学生在另一处学习，打破了地域限制。

2015年6月四六级翻译预测押题10篇

四六级翻译预测押题各5篇一、六级四大文明古国：中国位于亚洲东部，是世界上人口最多的国家。中国是世界四大文明古国之一，拥有大量的中华文化光辉的古迹，此外，中国地大物博，拥有茂密的森林、雄伟壮丽的瀑布、秀丽的湖泊以及如利剑直插云霄的山峰，所有这些都令世界各国人民神往。但是，更重要的是，中国以拥有五千多年的历史而自豪，遗留下无数的历史文物，其中包括珍贵珠宝、古迹名胜、宫殿及数不尽的雄伟建筑，令人惊叹不已。这种种原因都促使中国成为许多人梦寐以求的旅游胜地。 China lies in the east of Asia and it has the largest populationin the world. China is also one of the four countries in the world that have anancient civilization, Besides, it has a vast territory with such abundantnatural resources as dense forests, magnificent waterfalls, majestic and beautifulrivers and lakes, and mountains whose peaks reach high into the sky likeswords. All these make China a singularly attractive place to tourists aroundthe world. But, most importantly, China boasts a history of over five thousandyears with innumerable historical relics left over from the long past, such aspriceless pearls and jewels, historic sites and scenic spots, palaces andedifices of architectural richness, all of which have won people’s admiration.You are sure to find great enjoyment from all these attractions in China, amuch-admired dream land.

四六级翻译练习文档

香港坐落在中国南端的一个弹丸小岛上。在日趋全球化的经济中，香港正起着一个非常重要的角色。香港的战略位置、面向国际的商业氛围和优越的通讯条件使她成为世界贸易的活动中心和亚太地区的神经枢纽。香港已和世界上170个国家和地区的公司有业务往来，与亚洲其他国家和地区的贸易大幅度增长。 Hong Kong, a tiny island perched on the tip of Southern China, plays a pivotal role in an increasingly globalized economy. Given its strategic location, internationally oriented business culture and excellent communications, Hong Kong has become a crossroad of world trade and the nerve center of the Asia---Pacific region. Hong Kong’s commercial links reach out to corporations in over 170 countries and regions and its trade with the rest of Asia has increased substantially. 柯灵，生于1909年，浙江省绍兴人，中国著名的现代作家。柯灵在1926年发表第一篇作品，叙事诗《织布的妇人》， 1930年任《儿童时代》编辑，1949年以前一直在上海从事报纸的编辑工作，并积极投入电影、话剧运动，解放后，他曾任《文汇报》副总编辑，现任上海电影局顾问。 Ke Ling is a distinguished modern Chinese writer who was born in Shaoxing ,Zhejiang Province in 1909. His first writing, a narrative poem, “The Woman Weaver”appeared in 1926. He was one of the editors of “Children Times”from 1930 onwards. Before 1949, he was all along engaged in editorial work in newspaper offices and took an active part in activities of film and modern drama in Shanghai. After liberation he filled the post of deputy editor-in-chief of “Wenhuibao”for a period. He is at present an adviser of Shanghai Film Bureau. 中国家庭一向尊老爱幼。在大家庭里(extended family)，老一辈人的意见受到尊重，小一辈的人得到全家的爱护。赡养父母是成年子女义不容辞的责任。在城市里，不和家里老人一起住的年轻夫妇给老人生活费(living allowances)并帮助他们干家务活儿。在农村，尽管大家庭解体(dissolve)了，许多结了婚的儿子和他的家人还和父母住在同一个院子里。还有的往往把房子盖在父母家附近，这样父母和子女互相帮助、探望都和过去一样方便。 In the extended families, older member’s opinion was respected, and the youngest members are loved and taken good care of by all. Grown-up children are duty-bound to support their parents. In the cities, young couples who do not live with their aged parents give the latter living allowances and help them with the house chores. In the countryside, though quite a number of extended families have dissolved, many married sons and their families continue to live in the same courtyard with their parents. Some have their houses built near their parents’ home, making it convenient for parents and children to help and visit each other as before. 公元前278年，屈原听到秦国军队攻破了楚国的国都，便投汨罗江(the Miluo River)自杀了。那天正好是农历( lunar calendar)五月五日。听到这个消息，附近的老百姓纷纷赶来，四处打捞(retrieve)屈原的遗体，结果什么也没打捞到。他们担心屈原的遗体被江里的鱼虾（ shrimp）吃掉，就把粽子(zongzi/rice dumpling）扔到江里去。以后，每到这一天，中国人家家户户包粽子、吃粽子，表示对伟大诗人屈原的纪念。这就是中国人民的传统节日“端午节”（the Double Fifth Festival /the Dragon Boat Festival）。