换言之 翻译教程 第四章 笔记

Chapter 4 Grammatical equivalence

Grammar is the set of rules which determine the way in which units such as words and phrases can be combined in a language and the kind of information which has to be made regularly explicit in utterances.

4.1. Grammatical VS lexical categories

Grammar is organized along two main dimensions: (1) morphology (2) syntax.

Morphology covers the structure of words, the way in which the form of a word changes to indicate specific contrasts in the grammatical system. The morphological structure of a language determines the basic information which must be expressed in that language.

Syntax covers the grammatical structure of groups, clauses, and sentences.

两者的不同点：

①Choices in language can be expressed grammatically or lexically. Choices made form closed systems are grammatical; those made from open-ended sets of items or expressions are lexical.

②The most important difference between grammatical and lexical choices is that grammatical choices are largely obligatory while lexical choices are largely optional.

The same is not true in Chinese or Japanese, where number is a lexical rather than a grammatical category.

③Grammatical structure also differs from lexical structure in that it is more resistant to change.

Grammatical changes occurs cover a much longer time scale that lexical change.

Grammatical rules are also more resistant to manipulate by speakers.

4.2. The diversity of grammatical categories across languages

A number of grammatical categories in many languages would hardly ever be expressed even by lexical means.

It is impossible to say anything to anyone without indicating the relative degree of repect to which the speaker and hearer are entitled in the community.

Differences in the grammatical structures of the source and target languages often result in some change in the information content of the message during the process of translation. This change may take the form of adding to the target text information which is not expressed in the source text.

The change in the information content of the message may be in the form of omitting information specified in the source text. If the target language lacks a grammatical category which exists in the source language, the information expressed by that category may have to be ignored.

The fact that lexical choices are optional gives them more weight than grammatical choices.

4.2.1. Number

An translator working from a language which has number of distinctions into a language with no category of number has two main options: (1) omit the relevant information (2）encode this information lexically.

Information on number can be encoded lexically.

4.2.2. Gender

Gender is a grammatical distinction according to which a noun or pronoun is classified as either masculine or feminine in some languages.

In most languages that have a gender category, the masculine term is usually the dominant or unmarked term.

Gender distinctions in the case of human referents are not arbitrary, and that is why Lyons suggests that what is important in communication is the pronominal function of gender rather than the category of gender in general. The pronominal function of gender reflects a genuine, non-arbitrary distinction between male and female.

4.2.3. Person

The category of person refers to the notion of participant roles.

In most languages, participant roles are systematically defined through a closed system of pronouns which may be organized along a variety of dimensions.

The most common distinction is that between first person, second person and third person.

In addition to the main distinction based on participant roles, the person system may be organized along a variety of other dimensions such as a gender or number dimension.

A large number of modern European languages, not including English, have a formality or politeness dimension in their person system.

All languages have modes of address which can be used to express familiarity or deference in a similar way.

The important thing is that we learn to appreciate the influence that the grammatical system of a language has on the way events are presented in that language.

The familiarity or deference dimension in the pronoun system is among the most fascinating aspects of grammar and the most problematic in translation. It reflects the tenor of discourse and can convey a whole range or rather subtle meanings.

4.2.4. T ense and aspect

The form of the verb in languages which have these categories usually indicates two types of information: time relations and aspectual differences.

Time relations have to do with locating an event in time. The usual distinction is between past. Present and future.

Aspectual differences have to do with the temporal distribution of an event, for instance its completion or non-completion, continuation or momentariness.

Although the main use of the grammatical categories of tense and aspect is to indicate time and aspectual relations, they do not necessarily perform the same function in all languages..

Tense and aspect distinctions may also take an additional, more subtle meanings in discourse.

4.2.

5. Voice

Voice is a grammatical category which defines the relationship between a verb and its subject.

In active clauses, the subject is the agent responsible for performing the action.

In passive clauses, the subject is the affected entity, and the agent may or may not be specified, depending on the structures available in each languages.

The form of the verb changes in a passive structure to indicate that its subject is the affected entity rather than the agent.

Chinese verbs having no voice refers to the fact that the form of the verb in Chinese does

not change to indicate its relationship with the subject of the clause.

Languages which have a category of voice do not always use the passive with the same frequency. The frequency of use of the passive in languages which have a category of voice usually expresses a stylistic choice and , in some registers, may be a question of pure convention.

Rendering a passive structure by an active structure, or conventionally an active structure by a passive structure in translation can affect the amount of information given in the clause, the linear arrangement of semantic elements such as agent and affected entity, and the focus of the message.

The main function of the passive in English and in a number of other languages is to avoid specifying the agent and to give an impression of objectivity.

In some languages, notably Japanese, Chinese, V ietnamese, and Thai, the main function of the passive, or passive-like structure as in the case of Chinese, is to express diversity The regular association of passive structures with adversity in certain languages means that the passive can often carry connotations of unpleasantness even when the event depicted in not normally seen as unpleasant.

Chinese translators are sensitive to the difference in function of the passive in English and in their target languages and generally tend to replace a large number of English passive structures with active structures in their target texts in order to avoid negative connotations.

The most important things bears in mind as far as voice is concerned are the frequency of use of active, passive and similar structures in the source and target languages, their respective stylistic value in different text types, and --most important of all--the functions of the passive and similar structures in each language.

It is always the function of a category rather than the form it takes that is of paramount importance in translation.

使翻译产生难度的因素：

①The expression of modal meaning

②Mood, direct and indirect speech, causativity, and many others.

4.3. A brief note on word order

The syntactic structure of a language imposes restrictions on the way messages may be organized in that language.

Some languages have case inflections which indicate the relationship between the elements in a clause.

Languages which have elaborate systems of case inflections tend to have fewer restrictions on word order than languages like English which have very few case inflections.

Word order is extremely important in translation because it plays a major role in maintaining a coherent point of view and in orienting messages at text level.

4.4. Introducing text

As part of a language system , lexical items and grammatical structures have a "meaning potential", this "meaning potential" is only realized in communicative events, that is , in text.

T ext is defined here as verbal record of a communicative event; it is an instance of language in use rather than languages as an abstract system of meaning and relations.

4.4.1. T ext VS non-text

As translators, we have to operate with lexical items and grammatical structures at various stages of the translation process.

①A good translator does not begin to translate until she or he has read the text at least once and got a gist of the overall message

②Once the source text is understood, the translator then has to tackle the task of producing

a target version which can be accepted as a text in its own right

③The phraseology and the collocational and grammatical patterning of the target version must conform to the target-language norms, but even then the translation may still sound foreign or clumsy. Worse still, it may not even make sense to the target reader. Acceptable collocational patterns and grammatical structures can only enhance the readability of individual sentences, but they do not in themselves ensure that sentences and paragraphs add up to a readable or coherent text.

A text has features of organization which distinguish it from non-text, that is from a random collection of sentences.

The ultimate aim of a translator, in most cases, is to achieve a measure of equivalence at text level, rather than at word or phrase level.

It is much more straightforwatd to decide what constitutes a grammatical or acceptable sentence than what constitutes a grammatical or acceptable sentence sequence. Paragraph. Text, or discourse.

4.4.2. Features of text organization

we identify a stretch of language as a text partly because it is presented to us as a text, and we therefore do our utmost to make sense of it as a unit, partly because we perceive connections within and among its sentences.

These connections are of several kinds:

①There are connections which are established through the arrangement of information within each clause and the way this relates to the arrangement of information in preceding and following c lauses and sentences; these contribute mainly to topic development and maintenance through thematic and information structures(chapter 5).

②There are surface connections which establish interrelationships between persons and events; these allow us to trace participants in a text and to interpret the way in which different parts of the text relate to each other(cohesion, chapter 6)

③There are underlying semantic connections which allow us to make sense of a text as a unit of meaning; there are dealt with under the heading of coherence and implicature( Chapter7) Another important feature of text organization derives from the overlapping notions of genre and text type. Both relate to the way in which textual material is packaged by the writer along patterns familiar to the reader.

Text has been classified into two main ways to capture this type of packaging:(1) the first is based on the contexts in which texts occur and results in institutionalized labels such as "journal article""science textbook""newspaper edirotial""travel brochure". This classification abstracts across contexts.(2)the second is a more subjective, less institutionalized and therefore much vaguer classification which does not normally apply to a whole text but rather to parts of it. This classification abstracts across such factors as the nature of the messages involved or the addresser or addressee relationship.

第四章 翻译的技巧参考译文

第四章翻译的技巧 Skills in Translation .课堂互动2：翻译句子（参考译文） 1.The sky turned to a tender pallet of pink and blue. 【译文】天空变成了一块由粉红色和蓝色构成的色彩柔和的调色板。 2. She had never let him know—never breathed a word. 【译文】她根本就没让他知道，从未透露过真情。 3.The president now is on a poverty tour. 【译文】总统目前正在访问贫困地区。 4. She doctored in the countryside. 【译文】她在农村当医生。 5. The old man carefully doctored the split in the cane chair. 【译文】老人仔细修补藤椅上的裂口。 6. The mayor of New York City is the Time magazine’s 2001 Person of the Year. 【译文】纽约市市长是2001年《时代》杂志的风云人物。 7. The girls all like Bob because he is a football captain. Nothing succeeds like success. 【译文】所有的女孩子都喜欢鲍伯，因为他是个足球队长。有本事又有人缘。 8. An expensive failure can be made into an asset if you’ve learnt from it, but Monsanto still has some learning to do. 【译文】失败的代价虽然昂贵，然而只要你能从中汲取教训，那也是一笔财富。不过，曼山托公司仍然需要总结教训。 9．In the social production which men carry on they enter into definite relations that are indispensable and independent of their will; these relations of production correspond to a definite stage of development of their material powers of production. 【译文】人们在自己生活的社会生产中发生一定的、必然的、不以其意志为转移的关系，即同他们的物质生产力的一定发展阶段相适合的生产关系。 The sum total of these relations of production constitutes the economic structure of society —the real foundation on which rise legal and political superstructures and to which correspond definite forms of social consciousness. 【续】这些生产关系的总和构成社会的经济结构，即有法律的和政治的上层建筑建立其上，并有一定的社会意识形式与之相适应的现实基础。 The mode of production in material life determines the general character of the social, political and spiritual processes of life. It is not the consciousness of men that determines their existence, but, on the contrary, their social existence determines their consciousness. (Karl Marx: A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy) 续】物质生活的生产方式制约着整个社会生活、政治生活和精神生活的过程。不是人们的意识决定人们的存在，相反，是人们的社会存在决定人们的意识。 （卡尔·马克思《政治经济学批判》） 10. There is no month in the whole year, in which nature wears a more beautiful appearance than in the month of August. Spring has many beauties, and May is a fresh and blooming month；but the charms of this time of year are enhanced by their contrast with the winter season. August has no such advantage. It comes when we remember nothing but clear skies, green fields and sweet-smelling flowers —when the recollection of snow, and ice, and bleak winds, has faded

十二天突破英汉翻译笔记

一天突破英文中定语从句的翻译（一） 4 英文中的介词可以翻成中文里的方位副词的动词 There is a book on the desk. 桌上有本书。 The teacher came into the classroom with a book and a dog.老师带着一本书和一只狗…… 6 一般8个单词以下定语从句前置，多于8个单词后置。定语从句翻译后置方法中，需要译出关系词。 63 非限制性定语从句需要后置译法，且翻译关系词。 7 循环套用1： 中心词+定语1+定语1的定语2+定语2的定语3+…… 翻译方法看长度： 定语1+2=3 前两者放在一起翻译 定语1=2+3 后两者放在一起翻译 14 循环套用2： 中心词+定语1+定语1的定语2 翻译时：2+1+含有中心词的句子 注： 10 which有时指前面整个句子； 14 有时定语从句远离先行词； where“在那里” 11 prior to（主张多用）=before 11 “其”是中文专门用来表示第三人称的词。 13 定语从句一般不可放在句首 13 被动语态：用“为”代替“被” 英汉差异： 13 英文中多用代词；中文多用名词，不怕重复 15 英文多用长句，不注重标定符号的使用；中文多用断句且多用标点 23 英文多用名词；中文多用动词（动词的过渡） 英译汉： 9 适时断句，避免长句 12 重要的句子在后面翻译，不重要的先翻译 15 适时增加表示逻辑关系的词，使句子更具逻辑性 第二天突破英文中定语从句的翻译（二） 18 并列套用：多个并列定语修饰一个中心词 后置译法，关系词只需译一次 18 本位词&外位词

本位词：这，这样，这些 外位词：被本位词所替代的部分 一般用定语从句的which/of来翻译本位词 ...women in novels were stereotype of lacking any features... 小说中的妇女都是这样一种模式，她们缺少…… This assumption rests on the fallacy of the ... 假设是基于这样一种谬论：…… 19 There are not a few of people. 有不少人。 There are very few people who would not like to do it. 没有多少人愿意做这件事情。 20 abnormally 不正常地；病态地；特别，尤其 21 短句翻译：剥洋葱 先次后主，有逗号 21 中文：事实+评论 英文：评论+事实 22 It is often said that...人们常说 it is believed that...人们相信 It is guessed that...人们猜测 It is thought that...人们认为 It is supposed that...人们推测 It is reported that...据报道 插入语 23 表示观点时，提到句首翻译 27 不表示观点时，保留在原来位置，用破折号连接 23 谓语动词的过渡 英译汉 keep one informed current events keep是过渡词，本身动词性很弱，它的存在是为了informed的存在，因此翻译时直接忽略keep翻译inform 汉译英 中文“副词+动词”——英文“副词变动词，动词变名词” 28 West Bejing人为划分的行政区域，西北京 Western Beijing自然地理意义上的范围，北京的西部 the West of Beijing不在北京范围内，北京的西边 29 一般英文的人名和地名都要求固定中文译法 White 怀特 Watt 瓦特 Walt 沃尔特

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英语翻译——笔记整理及单词概述

考研翻译重点词汇 Abstract n.摘要，概要，抽象 adj.抽象的，深奥的，理论的 Accelerate vt.&vi.（使）加快，（使）增速， n.接受速成教育的学生 Account (1)看法,认识 (2)解释,说明 Account for 占…(多大)比重; 解释, 说明 Achievement n.成就；成绩；功绩，达到；完成 Acquire vt.得到，养成，vt 获得；招致，学得（知识等），求得，养成（习惯等），捕获， Action n.作用，动[操]作，行动，机械装置[作用]，（小说等中的）情节 Activity n.活动，活动的事物，活动性，机能，功能 Actually adv.现实的，实际的；目前的；明确的，有效的 Additional adj.增加的，额外的，另外的 Advance vt.&vi.（使）前进，（使）发展；促进， vt.提出 Advantage n.利益，便利，有利方面，有利条件；优点；优势， （网球等）打成平手（deuce ）而延长比赛后一方先得的一分（攻方所得称 advantage in ，守方所得则称 advantage out ） Agree vi.一致；相合同意，赞成约定，允诺，答应，相宜，调和，符合，和睦相处 Almost adv.几乎，差不多，差一点；将近 Amount n.量，数量，数额，总额，总数 vi.合计，共计 An immense amount of … 大量 An amount of … 一些 A certain amount of … 某些 Analogous 与…类似, 与…相似 And 而, 然而 Apply … to … ≈ lie with 存在于,发生于 Approach vt.&vi.接近，走近，靠近； vt.接洽，交涉；着手处理； n.靠近，接近，临近 Appropriate adj.适当的，恰当的； vt.挪用；占用；盗用 Argue vt.&vi.争吵，辩论； vt.坚决主张，提出理由证明，说服，劝说 Arise vi.&link v.呈现；出现；发生； vi.起身，起来，起立 As 译为 (1) 像, 如 ; (2) 作为 As … as (比较的两者要一致) = not so … as 译成:“… 和 … 一样 ” As is mentioned above 如上所述, (如上所示,如图所示---作文可以写) Aspect n.方面，方位，朝向 Assert vt.声称，断言，维护，坚持 Assume vt.假设，认定, 臆断，猜想，假装，担，担任，就职 Attempt n.尝试，企图vt.尝试，企图 Augment vt.增加，提高，扩大； n.增加，提高，扩大 Availability n.可用性，有效性，实用性 Base n.基础，底座，基地，根据地 vt.把…建立在，以…为基础 Behavioral adj.动作的，行为方面的 Big bang 大爆炸理论 Branch n.树枝，枝条，支，分科，分系； vi.出枝，树叉 Breakthrough : 突破 Break prison (监狱)越狱 Break out v. 爆发 Out break: n. 爆发

杨士焯《英汉翻译教程》复习笔记课后习题详解及翻译示例汇总(4-5章)【圣才出品】

第4章翻译的文采篇 4.1复习笔记 一、各家观点 1.傅雷：“神似”。“理想的译文仿佛是原作者的中文写作” 2.思果：“翻译为重写”。不会写中文而要把外文译成中文，等于没有米还要煮饭。这都说明了翻译和写作的密切关系和重要性。 3.鸠摩罗什：注重译文语言的精美，“天见人，人见天”在言过质，“人天交接，两得相见。” 4.严复：“信、达、雅”他的译文“言之无文，行之不远”，被认为“足与周秦诸子相上下”。 5.林纾：译笔精湛，颇具马、班、韩、柳的神韵和传统文学的风采。林纾具有深厚的古文素养，因此具有无与伦比的写作才华，写就了中国翻译史上精彩的译文。林纾能以自己的“文心”洞悉西方文学作品的“文心” 6.许渊冲：翻译的“优势论”、“竞赛论”。强调如何把译文写得更好，甚至可以超越原文。 7.辜正坤：强调英译汉中注重译文文采的必要性和重要性。 (1)汉语：描写性特强的语言；汉语多华丽修饰语,汉语言文字先天地就在艺术表达上更富于表现性，更具美感性。 (2)英语：逻辑性特强的语言，印欧语要少华丽修饰语。 (3)英译汉——简→繁；归化还原增色法：可近似程度地将英语的本色罩上汉语的浓妆。汉译英——繁→简；归化还原减色法：可近似程度地将汉语的华丽色彩淡化为英语本色。

“归化还原增色法”:译者根据原语作品和译语作品所处时代、区域、读者对象、翻译目的、审美需求等若干因素，灵活地采取使译入语更加生动、富于文采的译法。 二、如何达到译文的文采性 1.对原文深刻的洞察理解，要体现原文的风格。要准确、流畅地表达原文作者的思想，使读者发生兴趣，能够理解和接受。 2.文采来自译者较高的艺术修养，即译者的文才、才华。 (1)译者掌握各种表达方式、表现技巧的能力； (2)译者遣词造句、修辞达意的能力； (3)文采：译文的语言经过修饰，能切当地、艺术地表达思想感情，富有美感 (4)文采的主要特点：艺术表达力强，具有审美效应，是增强译文感染力的重要因素。 3.积累语言材料 (1)语言材料主要指词汇。词汇丰富是语言丰富的一个重要标志。有了丰富的词汇，遣词造句才能得心应手，左右逢源；提笔行文，才会随意生姿。 (2)向优秀作品学习语言。现代的、古代的、中国的、外国的经典作品。精美的成语、典故、警句、妙语，都能丰富我们的语言材料，增添我们写作、翻译的文采。 4.要善于锤炼语言 (1)分寸感：译者的语言灵敏度强，能够精细入微地辨别词义，恰如其分地运用语言。 (2)准确：准确是文采的前提，是掌握分寸感的具体表现。 ①语言准确，首先用词要求准确。准确地区分词语的感情色彩，选用词语要褒贬恰当。 ②句式准确。语言的句子形式多种多样，不同的句式有不同的表达效果。 a.长句严密、精确、细致；短句简洁、明快、有力；

英汉翻译课堂笔记梳理及扩展

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笔译笔记整理

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自考《英汉翻译教程》第一章习题答案以及考试重点

《英汉翻译教程》第一章习题答案 一、Bill Morrow's Birthday Party 比尔?莫罗的寿宴 比尔作为中国政府的客人访问中国，好几次者赶上在北京过生日。每次，主人总要为他举行宴会，周恩来总理也出席。他还记得第一次生日宴会的情景： 我在饭店吃饭，最后总是吃冰激凌。我吃得津津有味，惹得那些女服务员发笑。这次生日宴会，周恩来在场。快到结束的时候，他站起来，走到柜台前，要了一杯冰激凌，放在我面前——别忘了，他可是总理呀！他对我说：“这是为您准备的。”我说：“没想到您会说英语呀。”他笑了起来，接着说：“一点点。”一面说着，一面用食指和拇指比划着。后来有时候我们单独在一起，他就跟我说英语。 “这是为您准备的。”这句话，比尔?莫罗在许多难忘的场合听到过——比如在他乘般沿大运河南下的时候，从旁边驶过的每一条般都拉响汽笛，表示敬意。再比如参观南京长江大桥；在修这座桥以前，要靠渡般在这里运送火车过江。参观大桥的时候，天快黑了，人家给了他一把椅子，请他坐下等一会儿。忽然电灯全亮了，照出了整个大桥的轮廓。“这是为您准备的。”他不满地说道：“你们不应该费这么多电，就为了让我高兴。”人家对他说：“全南京也都可以欣赏嘛。” 比尔?莫罗想了解一些新的情况，周恩来就安排北京大学的专家向他作介绍。比尔说：“我在国内不过是个流浪汉，而你们在这里却把我当成一位要人。”周恩来却说：“您做过些什么，我们是知道的。” 二、The Story of My Life (Excerpt 2) 我的生活（摘录2） 海伦?凯勒 我感到有人走近，于是伸出了手，以为是把手伸向母亲。不知是谁抓住了我的手，把我拉过去，紧紧地搂在她的怀里。就是她教我认识了世上的各种事物，而且不仅如此，她还疼爱我。

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实用汉英翻译教程 参考答案

Beidaihe Seaside Resort The Beidaihe Seaside Resort, a famous summer resort in China, lies 15 kilometers southwest of Qinghuangdao. With the Bohai Sea to its south and the Lianfeng Mountains to its north, the resort enjoys a long coastline, fine beaches and a calm sea, ideal for bathing. Moreover, the weather at the seaside is mild all the year round with the temperature in the hottest month averaging only 23°C. The sea wind by day and the land breeze by night make the place a best summer vacationland. The natural charm of Beidaihe is breathtaking. The East and West Lianfeng Mountains with their luxurious pines and cypresses and grotesque rocks extend far into the distance. In front of the mountains lies a vast expense of ocean stretching to the horizon while beautiful villas and buildings dot the green landscape. On the East Lianfeng Mountain, a rock looks just like a lotus flower, and two other rocks on the West Lianfeng Mountain, standing face to face, resemble two persons having a conversation. Meng Jiangnu Temple Meng Jiangnu Temple, 6.5 kilometers to the east of Shanhaiguan Pass, was first built in 1594, the 22nd year of the reign of Emperor Wanli of the Ming Dynasty. Legend has it that the husband of a women named Meng Jiangnu was sent to work on the Great Wall. To bring him winter clothes, Meng Jiangnu came to Shanghaiguan Pass from thousands of miles away. When she was told that her husband had died at work, she cried her heart out. Her tears of anguish bust the Great Wall and she jumped into the sea and died. Later, a temple was built in memory of her. It stands on the top of a hill, with stone steps leading to it. There are two halls in the temple. In the front hall stands the clay statue of Meng Jiangnu in plain white clothes, facing the sea with a sorrow look. In the rear hall is the statue of the Goddess of Mercy. Behind the hall is the “Rock of Waiting for the Husband”, the marks on which are said to be Meng Jiangnu’s footp rints. Nearby stands her Dressing Pavilion. Beijing-Toronto Hotel/Jinglun Hotel Beijing-Toronto is located on Jiangguomenwai Avenue, downtown Beijing, in the vicinity of the embassy quarters, Friendship Store and a number of major commercial buildings, with the world-famous Tian An Men Square only ten minutes away. Beijing-Toronto has 659 spacious rooms and suites, with wide comfortable beds. They are all equipped with modern facilities such as central air-conditioning, color TV with satellite transmitted programs, IDD and DDD calls and mini-bars, meeting international standards. In our room, one cannot help but feel cozy, comfortable and satisfied.

汉英翻译教程

汉英翻译教程

第一章 汉英语言对比 相关参考： 翻译教学和研究的经验表明：翻译理论和技巧必须建立在不同语言和文化的对比分析基础上。英汉互译的几项基本原则和技巧，如选词（Diction）、转换（Conversion）、增补（Amplification）、省略（Omission）、重复（Repetition）、替代（Substitution）、变换（Variation）、倒臵（Inversion）、拆离（Division）、缀合（Combination）、阐释（Annotation）、浓缩（Condensation）、重组（Reconstruction），以及时态、语态、语气、习语、术语等的译法，都集中地体现了英汉的不同特点。机器翻译是让计算机按照人们所制定的程序和指令进行不同语言的对比转换，也离不开对比分析。翻译之所以困难，归根结底是因为语言差异和文化差异。因此，对比、分析和归纳这些差异，便是翻译学的重要任务。 不同语言的对比分析不仅有利于教学和翻译，也有助于语言交际。通过对比分析，人们可以进一步认识外语和母语的特性，在进行交际时，能够有意识地注意不同语言各自的表现方法，以顺应这些差异，防止表达错误，避免运用失当，从而达到交际的目的。 ——连淑能，《英汉对比研究》 纪德是最理解莎士比亚的法国作家之一。在他看来，“没有任何作家比莎士比亚更值得翻译”，但同时，“也没有任何作家比他更难翻译，译文更容易走样”。纪德对莎士比亚的理解是双重的，既是精神的，也是语言的。他在与莎士比亚的相遇与相识中，经历了一系列的考验。对他在翻译中经历的这番历史奇遇，他曾在为七星文库出版的《莎士比亚戏剧集》撰写的前言中作了详尽的描述：描述了两种文化与两种语言之间的遭遇，也揭示了翻译中译者所面临的种种障碍。 纪德首先看到的，是语言与文化层面的逻辑性，这涉及到不同语言的思维方法。他说：“莎士比亚很少考虑逻辑性，而我们拉丁文化缺了逻辑性就踉踉跄跄。莎士比亚笔下的形象相互重现，相互推倒。面对如此丰富的形象，我们可怜的译者目瞪口呆。他不愿意对这种绚丽多彩有丝毫遗漏，因此不得不将英文原本中用仅仅一个词表示的暗喻译成一个句子。原来像蛇一样紧紧盘成一团的诗意，如今成了松开的弹簧。翻译成了解释。逻辑倒是很满意，但魅力不再起作用。莎士比亚的诗句飞跃而过的空间，迟缓的熊虫一瘸一拐才能走完。”在紧密的逻辑与丰富的形象之间，英语与法语的天平有所侧重，在两者的遭遇中，译者的无奈与局限源于文化与语言的巨大差异。 头脑清醒的纪德没有丝毫责备英语或莎士比亚的语言的意思，相反，在翻译莎士比亚的戏剧中，他充分意识到了母语的缺陷。他说：“只有在接触外语时，我们才意识到本国语言的缺陷，因此，只会法语的法国人是看不到缺陷的。”他的这一观点与德国作家歌德的观点几乎是一致的。异之于我，可作一明镜，从异中更清楚地照清自身。在这个意义上，与异语文化的接触，有助于认识母语与母语文化的不足。看清了自身的不足，便有可能从异语异文化中去摄取营养，弥补自身，丰富自身。 在艰难的翻译中，纪德亲历了种种障碍，他结合翻译中的具体例证，作了某