跨文化交际案例case study 6
Chapter 5 Verbal and Non-verbal Communication
Case 1
Two strangers have been chatting.
A: So you’re been here for a year?
B: Yes. One more year to go, then I’ll go back to china.
A: What will you do back home?
B: It’s hard to know. There’s a lot change at the moment.
A: Yeah.Everything’s changing, everythere. Sometimes it’s difficult to keep up.
B: That’s true. Maybe I’ll…
(A’s mobile phone rings.)
A: Excuse me, I’d better answer this. It’s probably work.
B: Sure. Take your time.
分析：有时在与人交谈中，难免要有什么原因要离开一会儿，或是去接一个电话，或要去洗手间。礼貌再此被提出来。出于礼貌起见，要记住做一些恰当解释再离开。不管理由是什么，即便是要接一个手机电话，在打开电话回话前，向对方说声对不起。
如果只离开几分钟，没有必要找一个理由。你说了对不起，就表明你确实是有事要离开一会儿。
Case 2
One cold winter day in a Chinese city, Wang Lin on his way to the library met an American pro fessor who knew very little about China. After greeting him, Wang said: “It’s rather cold. You’d better put on more clothes.” But the professor didn’t appear happy on hearing this.
分析：美国人以及大部分西方国家的人们不喜欢被告知要怎么做怎么做，他们比较喜欢独立，然而中国人则习惯关心别人，这个案例中王林的建议表达的就是一种对他人的关心，可是美国教授却不习惯这样的表达。
Case 3
Li Ping is calling his colleague and friend Tony. Tony lives in the student dormitory. Someone else answers the phone.
Student: Hi, Student Dormitory.
Li: Hello. I’d like to speak to Tony please.
Student: Okay, just a moment. I’ll see if he’s in.
Li: Thanks.
Student: He’s on his way. Won’t be long.
Li: Thanks for your help.
Tony: Hello? Tony is here.
Li: Hello, it’s Li Ping.
Tony: Hi. Is everything okay?
Li: Yes, fine. I wanted to call you to see if you’d like to come over for dinner tonight. I’m cooking a Chinese meal.
Tony: That’s fine. By the way, how is your major essay coming along? Have you finished all the reading?
Li: Almost. I have to finish the reading by next Sunday. Then I can start writing the
essay. What about you?
Tony: Still plowing my way through.
Li: Well maybe we can share some ideas over dinner.
Tony: Good idea.
Li: Well, I’d better go. I’ve got lots to do.
Tony: Okay. I’ll see you tonight at 6. I’ll bring something to drink.
Li: See you then. Bye.
Tony: See you.
分析：拿起话筒给朋友，同事，家人拨一个电话，有什么规矩可言哪？不要马虎，还是遵照以下规矩行事为好：简单打招呼语问候对方，对对方的信息做恰当的答复，开门见山说明要谈的事，结束电话。由于身体语言的被排除，最大程度地使用或理解一些暗示语，即通过声音线索去抓住对方的支持、赞同或反对的态度、感情很重要。用好电话能帮助你保持与人的联系，建立新的友谊，是涉外生活、学习和工作不可多得的法宝。
Case 4
Liu Huang is calling his friend Steven at his home.
Person: Hello. John is speaking.
Liu: Hello? I’m looking for Steven.
Person: Sorry, there’s no one here called Steven.
Liu: Is that 6577 8868?
Person: No. I think you’ve got the wrong number. This is 6578 8868.
Liu: Oh, I’m sorry.
Person: No problem. Good luck.
Liu: Thanks.
分析：失手拨错号码是常有的事。如果在国外，即便有语言障碍，害怕说英语，也还是要先与对方核对是不是拨错了，然后再道歉。如果发现拨错了号码就马上挂电话，是不礼貌的行为。
Case 5
Practicing English
One night a Chinese student majoring in English sat on the steps of the foreign students’ residence and talked with two young male foreign students, one German and one American. They did not speak a word to her on their own initiative, but she asked many questions to get a conversation started. Every time they answered her with only one or two words. But she was determined to practice her English so she tried to keep the conversation going.
“How do you spend your weekend?” she asked.
The German boy answered immediately, “Fishing,” and the two boys looked at each other meaningfully.
“Fishing?” She was really confused. “But where do you fish?” she ask ed.
“Fishing has two meaning. One is the literal meaning. The other is just sitting here or walking on the street and waiting for some girls to come up to us.” Then they both burst out laughing.
She was annoyed. She sat there silently and then suddenly stood up and walked away without saying goodbye.
分析：某些英语词汇在英美国家有特殊的含义，如本案列中，“fishing” 一词除钓鱼
之外，还有在街头物色漂亮女孩的意思。如果不理解两个含义，在交际中容易发生误解。
Case 6
Wang Bing, a Chinese tour guide, is talking to an American tourist, Luke Baines, who has no knowledge of Chinese at all. They are having dinner in a restaurant.
Wang: This is Beijing duck, one of China’s most famous dishes. You’ll love it.
Luke: No, thanks. I don’t like duck. I prefer chicken.
分析：在中国就餐时，直接拒绝对方的推荐是不礼貌的，特别是对对方引以为豪的东西。再此，Luke至少应该小尝一口，以免让对方尴尬。
Case 7
Xie Li and Tom have been working on a scientific experiment at a British university for some months. It has not been totally successful. They are discussing the situation in the laboratory. Xie Li: I don’t know where it went wrong!
Tom: Don’t feel so bad. Cheer up; you’ve done your job.
Xie Li: But our experiment has turned out to be a failure.
Tom: Relax for a couple of days. I’ll face the music.
Xie Li: Tom, we are not playing children’s games here. This is a scientific experiment.
Tom: I’ve never taken the experiment as child’s play, and I’m playing the game.
Xie Li: You say you’re playing the game! It’s a rather important experiment!
Xie Li walks out of the laboratory angrily. Tom is puzzled.
分析：俗语、成语等具有很强的文化内涵，经常会让非母语者产生困扰。在本案例中，谢力错解了Tom使用的两个俗语（face the music 和playing the game），导致交际失败。
Case 8
In a Chinese classroom a girl was asked to answer a question. She stood up and smiled, without making any sound.
When an American is parking his bicycle and the bicycle accidentally falls over, he feels embarrassed at his awkwardness, and his quite angered and humiliated when Chinese onlookers laugh.
In the dining room, when an American drops a plate quite by accident and feels bad, and Chinese onlookers laugh, compounding his discomfort and causing anger and bad feeling.
分析：微笑通常表达的是友好，支持，满意，快乐等等。但很多西方人对于亚洲人的笑有时候感到很困惑。在案例A中，女孩处于无法回答这个问题想通过微笑来掩饰自己的尴尬局面。在案例B和C中，这时的笑显然并不是针对这个人或者是他的遭遇本身。它可表达很多意思：不要这么在意，笑笑就过了，没什么的，这样的事情在我们每个人的身上都有可能发生等等。
Case 9
One Japanese student in America said: “On my way to school, a girl whom I don’t know smiled at me several times. I was a little surprised.”
An Arab student in America said: “When I was walking on the campus the first day, many people smiled at me, which made me quite ashamed. I hurried to the bathroom to see if anything was wrong with my clothes. Now I’m used to all smiles.
分析：在日本学生这个例子中，因为在日本文化中，女孩一般不和陌生人微笑，更
不用说陌生男子了。但是在美国微笑并没有什么特别的含义，他所表达的纯粹就是一种友好的意思。人们也通常会对陌生人微笑以表示他们的友好。
Case 10
In India, there are elaborate rules about how closely members of each caste may approach other castes, and Arabs of the same sex do stand much closer than North Americans. North Americans in an elevator maintain personal space if the physical space permits it. An Arab entering an elevator may stand right next to another person and be touching even though no one else is in the elevator.
分析：本案例反映的是非言语交际中的一个方面——空间交际学。交谈时，应注意不同文化之间，交谈者之间的距离是不同的。
Case 11
Too Close for Comfort
Bill had just arrived from the United States to study engineering at a Chinese university .He studies Chinese back at his home university and was confident that doing his graduate study at a Chinese university would give hi an edge in talking advantage of future opportunities in the growing Chinese economy .
In the first few days he met and moved in with his roommate Zemin and met several of the students who lived in nearby dormitory rooms .Most of them were also studying engineering but had little experience with Americans .He usually went to the student cafeteria with them and they were very helpful in showing him around and in gently correcting his classroom Chinese.
One evening he settled in for his first study session in his room .After a time Zemin left to visit another room where friends were listening to a radio broadcast .Bill said he would join him later .When Bill decided to take a break and see what the “guys” were up to ,he found Zemin and two other boys huddled over the radio .Bill found it quite odd ,however ,that Zemin was draped over the back of the boy seated in front of the radio .Moreover ,that boy had his fact propped up on his roommate who was seated nearby .it seemed to Bill that he had startled then ,since they jumped up and welcomed him and even offered him tea After Bill had a cup of tea and a chair to sit in ,the group returned to the radio .
Bill shrugged the incident off, but over the next few days noticed that female students on campus frequently walked arm-in-arm or even holding hands .He noticed, too, that students of both sexes, but especially the boys, would huddle around newspaper displays in a fashion of close contact similar to Zemin and others around the radio .Bill felt rather uncomfortable and wondered how he would respond if one of his classmates were to put his arms around him.
分析：在西方一些国家中，人们之间交谈时总是保持45-80cm的距离，除短暂的握手外，无其他任何身体部位的接触。而在中国，好朋友之间会有很多身体上的接触，如在一起开玩笑，打闹，手挽手，并肩或近距离交谈。中国人看到年轻的父母带着可爱的孩子时，总是愿意抚摸孩子表示喜欢，而做父母的也为自己的孩子被人喜欢而骄傲。西方人，尤其是英美人对此比较反感，他们不愿意让他人抚摸自己的孩子。他们看到朋友之间近距离聊天嬉戏打闹或有很多身体上的接触会很诧异。所以，案例中Bill难以理解他的朋友泽明及其他一些中国朋友的行为。
翻译研究的语篇分析模式及其意义(二)
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《跨文化交际学概论》第七章社会交往五、宴请招待p132 Case One: Setting Rules for a Guest – American Hospitality 案例： When Zhang Tao traveled in America, he lived in the home of his American friend, Bill. Once after he had traveled back, he found Bill was in a bad mood. When he asked what the problem was, Bill told Zhang Tao that his son Adam got furious about the noise Zhang made when walking upstairs and also because he was using too much water in the solar powered shower and Adam had to have his shower in cold water. Bill told Zhang Tao that he should walk more softly in future, and have a fast shower to save water. Zhang Tao felt uneasy. How could the host set such rules for his guest! Question: Why did Zhang Tao feel uneasy? 分析： 1) In China, when people host someone, they put the guest in the place of honor to show hospitality. They try to take care of the guest，and try to make the guest feel comfortable and at ease. 2) In America, people tend to give the guest great freedom and treat a guest more casually, naturally and truthfully. 3) Zhang Tao knew he was a guest, and thought in terms of Chinese expectations of hospitality. He thought Bill should treat him courteously instead of setting rules for him. 4) Since Zhang Tao lived in American surroundings, he should have known about the customs there sooner. Case Two: 案例： Lin had traveled 20 hours from Beijing to New York. He needed a good meal. His American friend, Mike, met him. But Mike only offered him a plate of roasted chicken and a glass of orange juice. Lin was used to having a main course, and asked Mike if he had any rice. Mike said he only had fried noodles, and Lin had to make do with it. Though Lin knew Americans didn’t care very much about what food they ate, he still felt surprised because he had taken Mike to the most famous duck restaurant in Beijing -- Quanjude -- when he arrived in Beijing. Question: Why did Lin feel surprised? Offer some advice to him about adjusting to his new environment in America.
跨文化交际案例
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跨文化交际案例分析
跨文化交际案例分析 LEKIBM standardization office【IBM5AB- LEKIBMK08- LEKIBM2C】
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汉硕案例分析答题技巧 最近很多人问关于汉语国际教育考试中的案例分析题该怎样答，我根据自己的粗浅经验，现总结如下： 1.答题思路：按照发现问题-- 分析问题-- 解决问题的思路。具体如下：（1）发现问题：也就是提出问题。在所给的案例中，某个出国教汉语的志愿者教师或来中国教外语的外教等，遇到了什么样的困难。遇到的困难可能是课堂教学时的，比如学生上课都不积极回答问题，不愿意参与老师精心设计的课堂活动，或者问老师一些可能涉及到“隐私”的问题；也可以是这位老师在生活上遇到的问题，比如无法与当地人沟通或交流（语言障碍，文化障碍），无法适应当地人的生活，或不理解当地人做某事时为什么会采取那样的方式，等等。注意：遇到的问题可能是多方面的，要从多角度分析，一般情况下，也不只是一个问题，所以，要按条来答。 （2）分析问题：要求你具体分析一下这位老师或某人遇到这种困难是什么原因引起的，主要是文化方面的原因，可能还涉及到一些他所采用的文化策略等。比如，他由于对对方国家文化不了解，对方国家可能很注重“隐私”，而在我们国家这不被看做是“隐私”。同时要求你分析出我们的母语文化具有什么样的特点，最主要的是和对方国家有什么不一样，哪里不一样，因此造成了他在文化方面的不适应，以至于教学和生活中都出现了问题或遇到了困难。关于他所使用的文化策略，主要就是他自身有没有做到尊重当地的文化，有没有试着去融入这种文化，接受这种文化，还是一味的采取排斥策略，认为自己的一切都好，别人的一切都不好。这就是分析问题了。 （3）解决问题：这是最关键的部分了。怎么解决他遇到的问题或困难？你自己提出个对策就行了，当然，要根据一些你所知道的文化常识和应对策略。比如首先尊重当地文化，多和当地人交流，努力让自己适应当地人的文化和生活方式，做到求同存异，等等。这里需要注意的就是，有些文化的知识是很灵活的，比如中国人的谦虚、中庸的思想等等，都是我们日常生活就知道的，就是稍微总结一下，理顺一下，就能答题了。关于这个，如果时间还来得及，就看一下程裕祯的《中国文化要略》，看一下中国文化的特点等，很多东西是很细致的，自己要稍加总结。如果时间不是很充分了，就把刘珣的《对外汉语教育学引论》上的关于“跨文化交际”的那个章节仔细看一下，我觉得应对这道题应该够用了。 2.答题方法：其实思路清晰了就很好弄了，老师会看你的逻辑分析能力。强烈建议大家一定要分条论述，千万别想到哪说到哪，写出一大片，阅卷老师还得自己去给你找点，这样，老师会很疲劳的，老师最不喜欢的就是这种思维混乱的。所以说，大家答题时我觉得可以按两种方法来写： 第一种：按发现问题---分析问题---解决问题来写，一共三条，然后在每条的下边分几个小点，因为发现的问题肯定不止一个，相应的分析问题和解决问题也会不止一条。 第二种：按一共出现了几个问题分条，第一条，问题1：发现问题--分析问题--解决问题；问题2：发现问题--分析问题--解决问题；问题3--以此类推。 总结一下，以上两种方法都各有利弊，因为有时不同的问题是由同一个原因产生的，或者需要同一种解决策略。所以，大家可以根据自己的喜好来选择其中一种。按以上的问题全部分析完以后，最好再来个综述，大致总结一下，字数不用太多，就是有个小结尾。 最后，要跟大家说的是，字数和字迹的问题。这个案例分析要求是1000字以上
跨文化交际案例
跨文化交际案例 IMB standardization office【IMB 5AB- IMBK 08- IMB 2C】
日本 中日称谓方式 如中国人对成年男士的称呼多为“先生”,这是一种社交场合对对方的尊称 事实上,日本人使用“先生”这一称呼的范围比中国人小得多,一般只用于学校的教师、医生、议员和艺术家。此外,中国人很少称女士为“先生”,而日本人则不分性别,只要属于这一范围的均可称作“先生”。 另外,日本人在称呼对方时习惯于拉近上下辈的距离以表示亲密,而中国人则正好相反,往往要抬高对方的辈份以示尊敬。因此,在日本,小学生对20多岁的人称作“哥哥”、“姐姐”,而在中国则称作“叔叔”、“阿姨”;再比如,小学生对50多岁的人称作“叔叔”、“阿姨”,而在中国就要称作“爷爷”、“奶奶”了。 寒暄 日本人每日初次见面除了互道一声“早上好”之外,必定要围绕天气寒暄一番,例如:“今天天气真好啊!”“今天真冷啊!”“今天真热啊!”“连日阴雨,真叫人烦闷”等等。而中国人除彼此问好外,最常用的寒暄问候语也就是“饭吃了吗?”“你上哪去?” 中国人之间初次见面为表示亲密,喜欢打听一些与对方生活、家庭、工作有关的事。以示看重和关心对方。日本人则不会。 敬意表达 1自谦 2自责经常在社交场合用自责言语以求的人际关系的和睦。踩脚（中国人：踩的人道歉；日本人：被踩的道歉。）迟到（中国人：来晚的道歉；日本人：来早的道歉） 3致谢致谢必须铭记在心，感恩要求极为严格。
4否定表达中国人直接日本人会绕很大的弯子，只为缓和气氛（是非观的差异）思维方式 中国人：论辩为主 日本人：体察为主 德国 德国人重视法律：中国人重视道德 这是我的权力，我有权这样做；你有权这样做但这样做不道德 德国人靠大脑来感觉；中国人靠心 德国人理性，有严格的纪律；中国人感性，会随心所欲，会冲动。 德国贝多芬伟大令人倾倒不浪漫，要求音乐的精准和完美，对音乐严肃认真。 肖邦诗意又浪漫 德国人不灵活，中国人应变能力强 请客请两个人就只准备两个人；中国人则无所谓会准备很多 德国人冷静中国人客套 不喜欢恭维，恭维是一种谦虚的表达 德国人喜欢喝中国人喜欢吃 数小时喝酒；数小时吃饭。 德国人慢中国人快 井井有条；粗枝大叶 德国人喜欢喝啤酒中国人喜欢喝茶 坐在公园里喝酒，坐在公园茶馆里喝茶 德国人靠耳朵享受中国人靠舌头享受
大学英语跨文化交际案例分析.docx
大学英语跨文化交际案例分析 Case 2 (P8) White Dress 女王的白色长裙:Case analysis: The Indian women might think the wedding ceremony is a funeral if they see the western bride in white gown. The case reflects the similes and metaphors in the text. 案例分析:印度女人可能觉得婚礼是一个葬礼,如果他们看到西方的新娘的白色礼服。这个案例反映了明喻和隐喻在文本。 Culture is like an iceberg: we can identify the color of the dress worn by women in different cultures, but we do not know the values underneath. Culture is like the water a fish swims in: people wear dress of different colors for different context but they usually take it for granted and never ask why . 文化是 像冰山:我们可以辨认颜色衣服的妇女所穿不同的文化,但我们不知道下面的值。文化是像水鱼游 在: 人们穿不同颜色的衣服为不同的上下文, 但他们通常是理所当然的,从不问为什么。 Case 4 (P18) Coconut-skating 椰子-溜冰:Case analysis: The case reflects the characteristics of culture. We Can tell from the CaSe that CUItUre is PerVaSiVe and it 案例分析Ie 这个e事件反映了文化 的特点。我们可以告诉从案件,文化是普遍的,这是学习。 People may invent different ways for things even as simple as the issue of floor moping. The Philippine woman must have learned this way of mopping from her own culture. 人们可能发明东西 甚至不同的方式为这样简单的问题的地板闷闷不乐。菲律宾女人必须学习这种方式从她自己的文化的拖地。 Case 7 (P30) Clean UP the Bathroom! 清理浴室!:CaSe analySiS: CUltUral differenCeS deCide the two StUdentS are going to CommUniCate in different wayS. 案例分析:文化差异决定这两个学生要沟通的方式不同。 The Chinese student wants the American student to understand the underlying means of his words, but the American student is used to the direct style of communication. This is decided by culture. In Chinese culture, people want to save face of both themselves and others, so they would not express their ideas directly. However, in the United States, unless you express yourself clearly and directly, the OtherS CannOt Understand you.中国学生想要美国学生理解底层的手段，他的话,但是美国学生用来 直接的交流方式。这是由文化决定的。在中国文化中,人们想要挽回面子的两个自己和他人,所以 他们不会直接表达自己的想法。然而,在美国,除非你清楚地表达自己,别人不能直接理解你。 Case 8 (P34) She HaS Three HandS 她有三个指针:ThiS CaSe Can refleCt the different CommUniCation StyleS between ChineSe and CanadianS. In weStern CUltUreS, CommUniCation iS the meanS of tranSmitting ideaS. WeStern PeoPle USUally CommUniCate direCtly with eaCh other. 这种情况下可以反映出不同的沟通方式在中国和加拿大人。在西方文化中,沟通是传播方式的想法。西方的人们通常直接彼此通信。 That is why the Canadian in this Case says what is in his mind direCtly in frOnt Of the Chinese wOman withOut hiding anything. While Chinese Culture stresses harmOny and emphasizes the relatiOnships between the COmmuniCatOrs. Chinese peOple view COmmuniCatiOn as a prOCess where all parties are searChing tO develOp and maintain a sOCial relatiOnship. SO the Chinese wOman in this Case tries nOt tO argue With the Can adia n face to face to keep the “ harm OnioUS relati On Sh这就是为什betwee n them. 么加拿大在这种情况下说什么是在他的脑海里的正前方的中国女人没有隐瞒任何事。虽然中国 文化强调和谐,强调了沟通者之间的关系。中国人民视图通信作为一个过程,各方正在寻求开发和维护一个社会关系。所以中国女人在这种情况下努力不认为与加拿大面对面保持“和谐关系”他们。 Case 12 (P57) Why Don‘ tYou Eat the Pizza? 你为什么不吃比萨饼?: This case can reflect the problems appearing during intercultural communication and how ignoring cultural differences can affect communication. 种情况下可以反映
新编跨文化交际案例分析
Unit 5 Culture and Verbal Communication Case 17 When these two men separate, they may leave each other with very different impressions. Mr Richardson is very pleased to have made the acquaintance of Mr Chu and feels they have gotten off to a very good start. They have established their relationship on a first-name basis and Mr Chu‘s smile seemed to indicate that he will be friendly and easy to do business with. Mr Richardson is particularly pleased that he had treated Mr Chu with respect for his Chinese background by calling him Hon-fai rather than using the western name, David, which seemed to him an unnecessary imposition of western culture. In contrast, Mr Chu feels quite uncomfortable with Mr Richardson. He feels it will be difficult to work with him, and that Mr Richardson might be rather insensitive to cultural differences. He is particularly bothered that, instead of calling him David or Mr Chu, Mr Richardson used his given name, Hon-fai, the name rarely used by anyone, in fact. It was this embarrassment which caused him to smile. He would feel more comfortable if they called each other Mr Chu and Mr Richardson. Nevertheless, when he was away at school in North America he learned that Americans feel uncomfortable calling people Mr for any extended period of time. His solution was to adopt a western name. He chose David for use in such situations. Case 18 Even if the American knew Urdu, the language spoken in Pakistan, he would also have to understand the culture of communication in that country to respond appropriately. In this case, he had to say ―No at least three times. In some countries, for instance, the Ukraine, it may happen that a guest is pressed as many as seven or eight times to take more food, whereas in the UK it would be unusual to do so more than twice. For a Ukrainian, to do it the British way would suggest the person is not actually generous. Indeed, British recipients of such hospitality sometimes feel that their host is behaving impolitely by forcing them into a bind, since they run out of polite refusal strategies long before the Ukrainian host has exhausted his/her repertoire of polite insistence strategies. Case 19 Talking about what‘s wrong is not easy for people in any culture, but people in high-context countries like China put high priority on keeping harmony, preventing anyone from losing face, and nurturing the relationship. It seems that Ron Kelly had to learn a different way of sending message when he was in China. At home in Canada he would have gone directly to the point. But in China, going directly to the problem with someone may suggest that he or she has failed to live up to his or her responsibility and the honor of his or her organization is in question. In high-context cultures like China, such a message is serious and damaging. In low-context cultures, however, the tendency is just to ―spit it out, to get it into words and worry about the result later. Senders of unwelcome messages use objective facts, assuming, as with persuasion, that facts are neutral, instrumental, and impersonal. Indirectness is often the way members of high-context cultures choose to communicate about a problem. Case 20 It seems that the letters of request written in English as well as in Chinese by Chinese people are likely to preface the request with extended face-work. To Chinese people, the normal and polite way to form a request requires providing reasons that are usually placed before the requests. Of course, this is just the inverse of English conventions in which requests are fronted without much face-work. In the view of the English-speaking people, the opening lines of Chinese requests and some other speech acts do not usually provide a thesis or topic statement which will orient the listener to the overall direction of the communication. Worst of all, the lack of precision and the failure to address the point directly may lead to suspicions that the Chinese speakers are beating around the bush. To them, the presence of a clear and concise statement of what is to be talked about will make the speech more precise, more dramatic, and more eloquent. However, the Chinese learning and using English in communication may find it difficult to
跨文化交际笔记
第一章跨文化交际 一、什么是跨文化交际——具有不同文化背景的人从事交际的过程 跨文化交际之所以在今天日益引起人们的注意，主要原因是由于交通工具的进步与通讯手段的发展，使得不同国家、不同种族、不同民族的人能够频繁地接触和交往。 L.S.Harms认为，在世界范围内的交际经历了五个阶段：语言的产生；文字的使用；印刷技术的发明；近百年交通工具的进步和通讯手段的迅速发展；跨文化交际。近二十年来的交际是以跨文化为特征的。 二、对跨文化交际的不同理解 有的人认为每个人在文化上都是独特的，所以任何两个人之间的交际都是跨文化交际。 有的人认为，不同国籍人们之间的文化差异与不同职业的人们之间的文化差异并没有什么本质上的区别，只是程度上的差异。 有的人认为，跨文化交际研究应该把重点放在亚文化系统的语篇系统方面。 有的人认为，作大范围的国与国之间的对比对于改进跨文化交际益处不大，应该把眼光放在更具体的文化差异上。跨文化交际研究的范围应该也包括地区、职业、年龄、性别等方面的文化差异的探讨。 文化通常不是指个人的行为，而是指一个群体的生活方式和习惯。作者认为作跨国、跨种族、跨民族研究不仅应该是跨文化交际研究包括的内容，而且应该是放在首位的。至于地区、阶级、阶层、职业、性别、年龄等不同层次的差异也应该给予关注。至于个人之间的差异的研究只是在我们把他们当做群体的代表时才有意义。在研究一个国家的文化特点时，我们的眼光首先应集中在它的主流文化上，其次才注意它的亚文化和地区文化的特点。 主流文化亚文化地区文化小群体文化 （不同年龄、职业、性别群体的文化）第二章跨文化交际学 一、跨文化交际学在美国Intercultural Communication 与人类学、心理学、传播学关系密切 1.首先在美国兴起。美国有来自各个国家的移民，有各自的文化系统和风俗习惯，逐渐在美国社会形成了多元文化的格局；美国与各国交往频繁。 2.Edwar Hall 《无声的语言》跨文化交际学的奠基之作。认为不同文化背景的人们在使用时间、空间表达意义方面表现出明显的差异。（对时间、空间、交际的关系作了深入探讨） 3.1970年是具有重要意义的一年，在这一年，国际传播学会承认跨文化交际学是传播学的一个分支，成立了跨文化交际学分会。1972年，第一届跨文化交际学国际会议，日本东京。 4.70年代，影响最大的书籍。《跨文化交际学选读》 5.跨文化交际学内容：
外国留学生在中国的跨文化交际案例研究
外国留学生在中国的跨文化交际案例研究由于全球一体化和经济全球化的发展，各国之间的经济合作与往来日益增强。不同文化背景的人们之间的经济合作及国际商务活动也日趋频繁，增强文化理解、克服文化冲突、增强文化沟通与合作就显得尤为重要。近些年来，中国经济与科技的蓬勃发展，中国文化的博大精深，吸引了越来越多的外国留学生来华求学。据我国教育部统计，2008年全国来华留学生总数首次突破了20万。越来越多的各国留学生来中国学习汉语，以便尽快的实现与中国人的交际进而实现与中国人在各个领域实现交流、沟通、合作、共赢。但通过一段时间的学习和交流之后，即使学生有了一定的词汇基础，掌握了基本的语法知识，但仍然常常在交际中遇到难题，有时候甚至搞出很多笑话和严重的文化上的不妥行为，究其根源，是因为留学生们或多或少地存在跨文化交际障碍。其实，对于学习汉语的外留学生来讲，学习汉语不光是只要明白发音，认识汉字，语法等。如果留学生在学习汉语的过程中能对于中国的历史，价值观，风土人情，宗教信仰等因素有适当的了解，就能在很大程度上帮助其学习好汉语并应用于交际。因此，必须加强对来华留学生的跨文化交流研究。 关键词：外国留学生跨文化交际 一、文化和文化差异 跨文化交流，来自不同文化的交流才可以是跨文化交流。不同的文化显然是有差异的，即文化差异的存在。于是，我们应当首先理解“文化”和“文化差异”的意义何在。“文化”一词源远流长，古往
今来，不同的学者从不同的角度和层次对文化进行定义和阐述，反映了文化涵盖内容的广泛和深入，以及人类对于文化研究的重视。英国人类学家泰勒（Edward Burnett Tylor）在其著作《原始文化》一书给文化这样定义：所谓文化或文明乃是包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习惯以及其他人类作为社会的成员而获得的种种能力、习性在内的一种复合整体。这主要是从思想和行为层面对文化进行定义，而不少学者认为，文化除了精神文化、方式文化外，还包括物质文化。文化的冰山比喻有助于对文化的全面理解。文化是由显性部分和隐性部分组成的，显性部分即冰山浮出水面的可视部分，是外在直观的事物，隐性部分即冰山水下的不可视部分，例如社会规范、价值观、信念等。本人认为，文化是由人类创造的，特定群体所表现的具有显隐双重性的物质与精神成果及行为方式的总和。显性文化反映和体现了隐性文化，隐性文化驱动和支配着显性文化，两者相互联系和影响，构成有机的统一体。 所谓文化差异，简要地说，即不同国家、民族在文化上的差别。文化差异是复杂多样的，我认为应当从文化显隐性的特点出发，将文化差异分为显性差异与隐性差异。显性差异通过人类改造自然与社会的物质成果表现出来。需要说明的是，语言的不同亦属于显性差异。语言不可视、不可触，却可以听到，它是一个客观存在。隐性差异通过人类改造自然与社会的行为方式、创造的精神成果表现出来。不同文化背景的人在跨文化交流的过程中避免不了文化差异的问题，而文化差异的更深层次会导致文化冲突。