英语本科语言学复习资料.docx

英语本科语言学复习资料

L Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the blanks. (1% x 20 = 20%)

1.When a sentence changes from a statement lo a general/ special question, which movement is structurally required?

A.NP 一movcmcnt/WH ? movement

B. NP 一movement/ Aux ? movement

C. AUX ? movcmcn(/WH 一movement

D. WH 一movement/ AUX - movement

2.The fact that children acquire spoken language before they can read or write indicates that language is primary

A.vocal

B. arbitrary C? human—specific D. written

3.The naming theory seems applicable to _______ only?

A.verbs

B. adjectives C? adverbs D. nouns

4.Which of the following statements is NOT used by the speaker to perform certain acts?

A.'T name this ship Elizabeth/'

B.“I visited my uncle last Sunday."

C?"I give and bequeath my watch to my brother/9

D. “I bet you sit pence it will rain tomorrow/'

5.Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?

A.photo ? copy

B. cackle

C. book

D. rumble

6.According to its ______ in the new word, affixes are divided into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes?

A meaning B. function C. position D. sound

7.By saying "You have left the door wide open,” a speaker might be performing the three acts: locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary _______ ?

A. at the same time

B. one after another

C? two first and then the other D? one first and then the other two

& Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker?This is what”_____________ H means.

A. displacement

B. cultural transmission

C? duality D? productivity

9.The basic unit in phonology is called _____ ; it is a unit that is of distinctive value.

A. phone phoneme

C? allophone D? phonetic transcription

10.______ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word?

A. Affixes

B. Prefixes

C? Suffixes D. Inflectional morphemes

11.The two words11 collaborator11 and "accomplice** arc examples given to illustrate that synonyms may differ

A.in style

B.in their emotive or evaluative meaning

C.in their collocation

D.slightly in what they mean

12.A: Would you like to come to our party tonight?

B: I'm afraid I'm not feeling so well today.

The implicature produced here is _______ ??

A.FII be glad to go to your party.

B.Probably Fll be a little late because Fm not feeling well.

C.I do not want to go to your party.

D.I'll go there even though I am noi feeling well today.

13.A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare^ time is oftered as an example of ________ study.

A. diachronic

B. synchronic C? prescriptive D. descriptive

14.Speech act theory was originated with _______ in the 50's of the 20th century ?

A.the American linguist Noam Chomsky

B.the British philosopher John Austin

C? the Swiss linguist F. de Saussure

D. the American philosopher -linguist John Searle

15.People speaking the same language _________ ?

A.always share the same world views

B.may have different world views

C? can not describe different world views

D. find it impossible to share the same world views

16.When a speech sound changes and becomes more like anther sound which following it, it is said to be

A. nasalized

B. deleted

C. assimilated

D. aspirated

17.Inflectional morphemes convey _________ meaning.

A. Lexical

B. no C? associated D. grammatical

18.Hyponyms of the superordinate 紋flower" do not include “________ "

A. wardrobe

B. tulip

C. lily

D. rose

19.Tf Aristotle had spoken Chinese, his logic would have been different/? This statement may typically represent _________ .

A.the critical period hypothesis

B.Sapir—Wltorf hypothesis

C.X一bar theory

D? general principles of universal grammtir

20._____ are those which can be used independently without combining with other morphemes.

A. Free morphemes B?Bound morphemes

C.Roots

D. Affixes

21 ?Minor lexical categories are closed” categories which do not include

A. detenniner B?auxiliiiry

C. adverb

D. conjunction

22.According to Stephen Krashcn, language acquisition and language learning

A.mean the same and thus they can be used interchangeably

B.involve different processes and thus should be distinguished

C? are both unnecessary in the process of learning one's native language

D? are both unnecessary in the process of learning a second language

23.The consonant |f] in English can be correctly described as having the following phonetic features: __________

A. voiceless, bilabial, stop

B. voiceless^ labiodental^ fricative

C ? voiced? bilabial, stop D. voiced, labiodental, fricative

24. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix H ed H in the word M learned H is known as a(n)

A. derivational morpheme

B. free morpheme

C. inflectional morpheme

D. free form

25. Y°s utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of ________ ?

X: Who was that you were with last night?

Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?

A. quality B ? quantity

C. relation

D. manner 26. The famous quotation from Shakespeare's play "Romeo and Juliet" 'A rose by any other name would smell as sweef well illustrates _______ .(

) A. the conventional nature of

B. the creative nature of language

C ? the universality of language

D. the big difference between human language and animal communication

27. The term _______ l inguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of lime and at various historical stages ? A. synchronic B ? diachronic C ? comparative D. historical comparative

2& The significance of Grice's Cooperative Principle lies in that ________ ?

A. it tells us what an utterance literally means

B. i( illusgtes how an utterance is syntactically composed

C ? it shows us what the deep structure of a sentence is

31 ? All the following statements concerning the nature of language change is true except ______ ?

A. language change is inevitable

B. language change is abrupt C ? language change is universal D ? language change is extensive

32. By saying H We shall know a word by the company it keeps/ John Firth, a British linguist, means that the real meaning of a word _______ .

A. is determined by a dictionary

B. is determined by a native speaker

C. is determined by its context

D. is determined by a linguist

IL Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word ，the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the

D. it explains how it is possible for the speaker to convey more than literally said

29. Which of the following can be said to be the smallest meaningful unit of language?

A. Letters

B. Morphemes 30. Depending on specific contexts, "My

C. Words

D. Sentences bag is heavy 蔦 as an utterance, can mean all of the following except _________ ?

A. n My bag is easy to carry.M

C ? “Could you help me carry the B. "My bag is not easy to carry ? H D. H My bag is too heavy for you to carry.M

letter given. (2%x5=10%)

I. A c _____ sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as H and H, M but,\ n or,\

2.1 Merlanguage_______ is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of SLA?

3.Words that are close in meaning are called s_ nonyms _______ ??

4.There are four maxims under the Cooperative Principle, namely, the maxim of quantity, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of m __ anner ______ ?

5.Affixes arc of tow types: i?_nflectional ____ a nd derivational.

6.The notion of c_ ontext ________ is particularly iniportant in pragmatics because it contributes a lot to the meaning of an utterance?

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/439709362.html,nguage is a system of two sets of structures or levels: one of s ___ ound _______ at the lower or basic level, and the other of meaning at the higher level.

& Paul Grice's idea is that in making conversation , the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate ; otherwise , it would not be possible for them to carry on the talk. This general principle is known as the C

_______ o operative __ principle.

9.The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the a ______ llophone ___ of that phoneme?

10.B_ound ______ morphemes arc those that must be combined with other morphemes to form words to be used independentl y.

II.Modern linguistics, which refers to linguistic study carried out in last century, is mostly d _ escriptive _____ ?

12.Linguistic forms having the same s__ ense ____ may have different references in different situations.

13.The way of forming new words in English by the combination of two or sometimes more than two words is called c _____ ompounding __ ?

III Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. (2% x 10 = 20%)

1.In the diagram of the classic semantic triangle, the word11 symbol'1 refers to the object in the world of experience.(F.) ''Symbol" in this context refers to the linguistic elements like words or phrases.

2.In view of language as an effective means of communication, we can say that standard language is purer, more correct, or more logical, than any other dialect of the language(.F)

3.Most prefixes modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.( F.) Prefixes modify the meaning of the original word (stem), but usually do not change the part of speech.

4.When the same one word has more than one mcaning, wc call it a polysemic word.(T)

5.All utterances are complete sentences in terms of syntax. ( F)

6.English is a language which has fixed word stress.( E)

English is a language in which stress is free in that it is not fixed on any particular syllable of a word; its position varies from word to word.

7.Affixes belong to the type of bound morphemes?(T)

8.Antonyms refer to words that are opposite in meaning. ( T)

Speech act theory is mainly studied in the field of pragmatics.

9.Speech act theory is an important theory in the semantic study of language. (F) ?

10.The meaning of an utterance, unlike that of a sentence, is dccontcxtualizcd (.F)

11.Speech variety includes not only dialect, pidgin, Creole etc, but also standard language (T)

12.In modern linguistics, synchronic study seems to enjoy priority over diachronic study. (T)

13.English, like Chinese, is a typical tone language?(F?)

In English, tones can not distinguish meanings and therefore it is not a tone language.

14.According to its function in the new word, affixes arc divided into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes.(F). According to its position^ not function^ in the new word, affixes are divided into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word and suffixes at the end.

15.The locutionary act performed by the speaker refers to the effect of the utlerance.(? F.)

The locutionary performed by the speaker is that he has uttered all the words and expressed what the words literally mean.

16.The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions.?

17.Locutionary act expresses the intention of the speaker.(F/ Illocutionary act expresses the intention of the speaker, while locutionary act refers to the effect of the utterance J 8. Children do not acquire their native language through formal instruction of grammatical rules.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/439709362.html,nguage is the only nleans of expressing thought.( F).

20.In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form.(F)

2L A compo und is the combination of only two words.(F)

22.In classifying the English consonants and vowels, the same criteria can be applied. (F)

23.We can always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of a compound is always the sum of the meanings of its parts?(F)

24.Of the views conccming the study of semantics, the contextual view, which places the study of n leaning in the context in which language is used, is often considered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense?(T)

25.Modern linguistics aims to lay down rules for 44correcf? linguistic behavior.

26.Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology ?(F)

27.Tree diagrams of constituent structures can best illustrate the hierarchical order of sentences?(T)

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/439709362.html,plete synonyms, i. e. synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances, are rare in English. (T)

29.All languages change with time?(F)

30.Black English is as syntactically complex and logical as Standard English?(T)

IV ? Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3% x 10 = 30%)

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/439709362.html,nguage : Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. To give the barest definition^ language is a means of verbal communication. It is instrumental, social and conventional.

2.linguistics .Linguistics is usually defined as the science of language or, alternatively y as the scientific study of language. It concerns with the systematic study of language or, a discipline that describes all aspects of language and formulates theories as to how language works.

3.design features : The features that distinguish human language from animal systems of communication are called design features. The features that define our human languages are called design features. They are arbitrariness^ duality, creativity, displacement^ etc..

4.arbitrariness :Arbitrariness^ one of the design features which distinguish human language from animal systems of communication^ refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning? Language is arbitrary. There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds^ even with o/iow?/opoeic words

5 displacement : Displacement^ one of the design features which distinguish human language from animal

systems of communication^ refers to the fact that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present^ real or imagined matters in the past9 present^ or future^ or in far-away places. It means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.

6.phonetics .Phonetics 语音学is the study of the phonic medium of language. It is concerned with all the speech sounds that occur in all human languages. It studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived. It is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world " s languages.

7.phonology :Phonology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of language. It aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. It is a branch of linguistics which studies how sound are put together and used to convey meaning in communication.

8.morphology :Morphology形态学is a branch of grammar/linguistics which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. Or simply it is the study of word structure and word formation. 9.syntax Syntax 句法学Is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language. It is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language^ or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structures. It consists of a set of rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences. Or simply, it is the study of the structure and the formation of sentences.

10.Semantics: Semantics 语义学is a technical term used to refer to the study of the communication of meaning through language^ or simply to the study of meaning. More specifically^ semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic units y words and sentences in particular.

11? pragmatics : Pragmatics 语用学studies how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. It is the study of language in use. Pragmatics is the study of speaker' s meaning, contextual meaning how more gets communicated than is said y the expression of relative distance.

12.consonant .Consonants are produced a by a closure in the vocal tract or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction There is obstruction of air in the production of consonants.

13.vowel : A vowel^^ is produced without such "stricture " so that "air escapes in a relatively unimpeded way through the mouth or nose " ? There is no obstruction of air in the production of vowels.

14.inflection : Inflection indicates grammatical relations by adding inflectional affixes^ such as number^ person^ finiteness^ aspect and case; and when inflectional affixes are added, the grammatical class of the stems (to which they are attached) will not change.

15.Derivation: Derivation refers to the process by which new words are formed by the addition of affixes to the roots or words. It can make the word class of the original word either changed or unchanged. It shows a relationship between roots and affixes.

16.constituent : Constituent^^ 构成is a term used in structural sentence analysis for every linguistic unity which is a part of a larger linguistic unit. It refers to component element in a construction?

17.reference : Reference参照is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality. For example^ if we say^ n The dog is barking," we must be talking about a certain dog known to both the speaker and the hearer in the situation. The actual dog the word n dog n refers to in this particular situation is the reference of the word "dog”.

18.Sense: Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form; it is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and decontextualized. In other word* it does not refer to any particular thing that exists in the real world.

V. Directions: Answer the following questions. (10% x 2 = 20%)

Chapter 7:

Ex.3y Why do we need to teach culture in our language classsroom?? (P169)

To get the students familiar with cultural differences?;

To help the students transcend their own culture and see things as the members of the target culture will?; To emphasize the inseparability of understanding language and understanding culture through various classroom practices

Ex.8 Why should language instructors look to sociolinguistics?? (Pl 75)

Sociolinguistics has contributed to a change of emphasis in the content of language teaching

It has also contributed to innovations in materials and activities for the classroom ?

It has contributed to a fresh look at the nature of language development and use

It has contributed to a more fruitful research in this field.

Chapter 11

Exl Why should language teachers learn some knowledge of linguistics ? (P266-267)

Ex」0 what are the important features of a task as defined in a task-based syllabus ? (P282-284)

Chapter 12:

Ex.l、Why is Saussurc hailed as the father of modem linguistics ? (P294-296)

Ex.2,What are the three important points of the Prague School ? (P296)

Ex.l 5,What the special features of American structuralism ? (P317, P325-326)

Ex.25 What is special about TG Grammar ? (P338)

英语补考试卷及答案

七年级英语试卷 一、单项选择（共15小题，每小题1分，计15分） 从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出一个可以填入句中空白处的最佳答案。 ( )1. It is ________ amazing(难以置信的) thing that the little dog can play ______ piano very well. A. an, \ B. a, a C. an, the D. \, the ( )2. —Excuse me ,where is the nearest supermarket —Walk along the road, turn left_____ the first crossing and then you'll see it____ your right. A. at; on B. on; at C. in; on D. at; in ( )3. It’s not good for our health to sleep _______ all the windows ________. A. by, closed B. by, open C. with, closed D. keep, closed ( )4. —Why are you in such a hurry, Mike —There_______ a friendly basketball match in ten minutes. A. is going to have B. will have C. will be D. are going to ( )5.— Did you_______ your grandparents last month — No. They didn't go to school when they were young. So they can't read or write. A. heard of B. hear of C. heard from D. hear from ( )6. Tomis too shortthe leaves on the tree. A. to reaching B. to reach C. reaching D. not to reach ( )7. There is a bookshop on_______ side of the street. A. others B. other C. another D. the other ( )8.—Did you hear the news about the fire in our building —Yes. It took the firemen two hours to_______ the fire. A. put out B. put up C. put down D. put off ( )9. —Our school basketball team won the match. —_______ exciting news! A. What B. How a C. What an D. How ( )10.—Daniel, remember to turn off the lights before leaving the classroom. —________. A. Yes, please B. It's hard to say C. OK, I will D. It's my job ( )11. —Shall we go camping this weekend —_______. I will see my grandparents in my hometown. A. I think so B. I'm afraid so C. I'd like to D. I'm afraid not ( )12. Please don’t put ________ into the rubbish bin because it’s very dangerous. A. something hot B. anything hot C. hot something D. hot anything ( )13.—Could I speak to Helen, please —Sorry, she is not here at the A. Who speaks B. Who are you C. Who's that speaking D. What's that speaking ( )14. —Excuse me! You can't take photos here. Look at the sign. It says"NO PHOTOS". —Sorry, I_______ it. A. didn't see B. am going to see C. won't see D. don't see ( )15.—Could you teach me how to search the information on the Internet

英语语言学考研真题与典型题详解1

1.3考研真题与典型题详解 I. Fill in the blanks. 1. The features that define our human languages can be called ______ features. (北二外2006研) 2. Linguistics is usually defined as the ______study of language. (北二外2003研) 3. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of______ communication. 4. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences ba sed on limited rules. This feature is usually termed______ 5. Linguistics is the scientific study of______. 6. Modern linguistic is______ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rul es for people to observe. 7. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ______ over writing. 8. The branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of a language is called ______. (北二外2003研) 9. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words is called______. (北二外2004研) 10. ______mainly studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. (北二外2005研) 11. Semantics and ______investigate different aspects of linguistic meaning. (北二外2007研) 12. In linguistics, ______ refers to the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a lang uage, or simply, the study of the formation as sentence. (中山大学2008研) 13. ______can be defined as the study of language in use. Sociolinguistics, on the other hand, attempts to show the relations hip between language and society. 14. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of sentence is called _______. (北二外2008研) 15. Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utteran ces) as and . The former refers to the abstract linguistic linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and the latter is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or through writing. (人大2006研) 16. The description of a language as it changes through time is a ______ study. 17. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s______. 18. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is ______ and parole. The former is the French word for “language”, whi ch is the abstract knowledge necessary for speaking，listening， writing and reading. The latter is concerned about the actual use of language by people in speech or writing. Parole is more variable and may change according to contextual factors. 19. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is and performance. (人大2006研) 20. Chomsky initiated the distinction between ______ and performances. (北二外2007研) II. Multiple Choice 1.Which of the following is NOT a frequently discussed design feature? (大连外国语学院2008研) A. Arbitrariness B. Convention C. Duality 2.Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? (西安交大2008研) A. tree B. crash C. typewriter D. bang 3. A linguist regards the changes in language and languages use as______. A. unnatural B. something to be feared C. natural D. abnormal 4. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, d ue to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation? A. Transferability. B. Duality. C. Displacement. D. Arbitrariness: 5. The study of physical properties of the sounds produced in speech is closely connected with______. (大连外国语学院2008研) A. articulatory phonetics B. acoustic phonetics C. auditory phonetics 6. Which of the following statements is true of Jacobson’s framework of language functions? A. The referential function is to indulge in language for its own sake. B. The emotive function is to convey message and inf ormation. C. The conative function is to clear up intentions, words and meanings. D. The phatic function is to establish communion w ith others.

英语语言学试题及答案

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27037 本科自考英语语言学概论精心整理 Chapter 4 Phonology

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