英国诺丁汉大学环境科学专业介绍(英文)
UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM
PROGRAMME SPECIFICATION
A.Basic Information
1. Title Bachelor of Science with Honours Environmental Science
2. Course code TBA
3. School managing the course
School of Geography, University of Nottingham (UK) 50% and Division of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Ningbo, China (50%).
N.B. The School of Geography and the Division of Engineering at UNNC will be equal partners in terms of programme delivery. However, the School of Geography at UoN will have full ownership of and responsibility for m aintaining and updating the programme specification, including the foundation and qualifying year at UNNC. Of course, the common foundation year and autumn sem ester in the qualifying year for all courses at UNNC makes it necessary to work in partnership and consultation with the whole faculty and UNNC.
4. Type of course
?Single subject
5. Mode of delivery
?Full-tim e
?International cam pus (Ningbo) and Nottingham (2+2)
6. Accrediting body
Not applicable
7. Relevant QAA subject benchmark(s)
Environmental Sciences (2007), Geography (2007)
B: General Information
Educational Aims
The aim of the Environmental Science degree is to m otivate students through the provision of a research-led teaching and learning programm e within a high quality, stim ulating and flexible yet structured course employing both traditional and modern teaching methods. The objective degree is to enable students: ?To engage in the study of Environmental Science, environmental management and environmental sustainability issues,
?To develop personal and inter-personal skill and the technical skills to synthesise descriptive and numeric al information in Environmental
Science
?To develop the intellectual capacity to com e to sound and practi cal conclusions
?To prepare for and to develop a career in environmental management and sustainability.
In addition the Environmental Science degree aim s to:
?To enhance lifelong learning skills and personal development to contribute to Society at large
?To provide a structured yet flexible programme reflected in optional pathways that allow students to tailor their programme of study to their
own specific interests and career aspirations
?To provide a learning environment in which students are encouraged to engage in a reflective evaluation of their academic and personal progress
and development.
Outline Description of the Course
The Environmental Science programme is a full-tim e degree studied over four years leading to the award of a BA single honours degree.
The first year programm e is designed to provide a common foundation for all undergraduate degree courses offered by the University of Nottingham at Ningbo for students who have com pleted 11 or 12 years of secondary education in China. The developm ent of a common year 1 is a response to the particular characteristics of the m arket for higher education in China, where four year undergraduate programmes are the norm, and to the need for an initial intensive immersion in the English language in order to com pensate for the absence of the natural linguistic and cultural environment that they would encounter in daily life on an equivalent programme in the UK.
Year 1 consists of three teaching blocks of 10 weeks each. It is assum ed at the beginning of the year that:
?Students will have a reasonable passive knowledge of the language system of English but not necessarily know how to apply it.
?Students’ knowledge of the language system will be of a general rather than academic nature.
?Students will be new to studying at HE level.
?Students will be unfamiliar with British cultural and academ ic norms and expectations.
?Students will be new to the academ ic subjects they will study at UNNC.
Year 1 aim s to take into account all of the above to provide a broad practical introduction and grounding to study for all students.
The non-credit bearing Block 1 is principally designed to develop language skills, activating knowledge of the English language that students m ay already have in a passive form, with particular focus on introducing them to tasks that will be of
use in later academic m odules. There are no academic modules in this block and no formal assessment. This is to allow students to overcom e any initial difficulties and settle into the new learning environment. Nevertheless, students will be asked to carry out similar activities to those that will be assessed in future modules, and formative feedback will be given. Student performance will be monitored informally by the tutors with the aim of offering further language
and/or academ ic support in Blocks 2 and 3 for students who need it.
Block 1 will begin with a one week orientation programme for students, followed by a nine week programme consisting of 18 - 20 hours of taught classes per week. The students will be tested for English language ability at the beginning of the block and grouped in class accordingly.
Blocks 2 and 3, each of ten weeks in duration, consist of a num ber of credit-bearing modules. All modules in year 1 are com pulsory and common to all degree
programmes, except in Block 3, where Business students are separated from the others for one 10 credit m odule. There is a brief assessm ent period after each block which m ay be utilised according to the assessm ent requirements of the individual modules. Taken together, Blocks 2 and 3 give 120 credits. Each 10 credit module represents 100 hours of student learning.
It is still assumed in Blocks 2 and 3 that students will need substantial tuition and support to develop the English language and study skills needed to succeed in their chosen courses. Academic English modules therefore account for 50% of the credits in year 1. However, there is also the need to introduce students to the academic subject knowledge and approaches that will be developed more fully in ‘content’ m odules in year s 2 – 4 (the equivalent of a full programme at Nottingham, UK). The other m odules in year 1 are designed to fulfil this function and the English m odules complement them by employing directly related subject matter as a m edium through which to develop language skills.
For years 2-4, the academic year is divided into two sem esters (Autumn and Spring) that consist of appropriately 12 weeks of teaching followed by integral periods of revision and assessm ent.
The structure of the Environmental Science programme is modular, with individual modules each having a weighting of 10, 15, 20 or 40 credits. One credit represents 10 hours of student work, meaning that a 10 credit m odule represents 100 hours of study including form al teaching, independent study, revision, and the preparation of assessm ents. An Honours degree requires the successful
com pletion of 360 credits beyond the foundation level, 120 of which are taken in each subsequent year. The second year is called the Qualifying year, which m ust be passed for progression to Part I (third year) and Part II (fourth year) of the degree. Part I counts for 30% of the final degree classification, and Part II for 70%.
In the Qualifying Year students are introduced t o the underlying core disciplines of Environmental Science. Also in the Qualifying Year, students have to take core modules in Geographical Information Science and quantitative m ethods. These modules are supported by bi-weekly tutorials to support the learning process. In aggregate, the Qualifying Year thereby provides a foundation for Part I of the degree, in which core m odules are taken in data handling, field techniques and communications in Environmental Science with a wide choice of m odules organised in thematic pathways. Part II of the degree develops these them atic pathways with emphasis changing to the social and cultural and economic implications of m anagem ent of key issues in Environmental Science.
C: Supplementary regulations
1. Admissions Requirements
Direct entry
Direct Entry is for applicants from Zhejiang province only.
Applicants should have achieved at least five ‘A’ levels in their graduation exam for senior high school, and all other results should be at least ‘B’ level. For Arts students, English and Chinese must be ‘A’ while for Scienc e students,
Mathem atics and English must be ‘A’. The student can have one ‘A’ to
com pensate for a ‘C’ if he has 6‘A’s. If som e key high schools don’t provide this exam, the student should rank in the top half of his school record ranking list
during the senior high school years (by converting the results of related examinations).
Applicants will sit Nottingham entrance tests, which include written and oral tests. Students m eeting the entry requirements can be admitted subject to Direct Entry intake quotas.
Gaokao entry
Students should attain above the first division university entry score, with an English score of 115 or above.
Zhejiang province students admitted through Direct Entry m ust be referred by
one of 10 authorised high schools. Gaokao students must reach 50 plus the university’s entry score, in order to apply for the 4+1 programme.
Students m eeting the following two requirements can apply for direct entry to the second year:
1. The Gaokao score reaches the entry score of Fudan University, Zhejiang University, Renming University, Peking University, and Qinghua University, Nanjing University, Wuhan University, Nankai University, University of Science and Technology of China and Hong Kong University.
2. IELTS score 6.5 (minimu m 6.0 in writing). IELTS score is 6.5, or TOEFL score 575 (no less than 4.5 in the Test of Written English); computer based score 232 (no less than 4.5 in essay rating).
Other entries
AS Level with grades BBB graduates can apply for first year study. The typical IB offer is 32, and the typical offer for A level is BBB for direct entry to the second year.
International school graduates with non-standard qualifications will normally be asked to attend an interview.
English as a second langua ge students must apply with either an IELTS or TOEFL score. The minimu m requirement for university entry is 5.5 and 525, with a
com puter based score of 195 (no less than 4.0 in essay rating). For second-year direct entry students, the m inimum requirement is 6.5 and 575 (no less than 4.5 in the Test of Written English) and a com puter based score of 232 (no less than 4.5 in essay rating).
2. Course Structure
First Year Programme (Year 1)
Compulsory Modules
Students must take all modules in this group
Qualifying Year (Year 2)
Compulsory Modules
Students must take all modules in this group
Part 1 (Year 3)
Compulsory Modules
Students must take all modules in this group
Restricted Groups
Students must take 20 credits from this group
And
Students must take a minimum of 40 credits from this group
Optional Modules
Students can take up to 20 credits from this group
Part 2 (Year 4)
Compulsory Modules
Students must take all modules in this group
Restricted Groups
Students must take a minimum of 20 credits from this group
And
Students must take 40 credits from this group
Optional Modules
Students can take up to 20 credits from this group
3. Assessment criteria
Progression Information:
This programme will comply with the University Undergraduate taught
assessm ent regulations which can be found at:
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/4d5000332.html,/qualit y-manual/study-regulations/ undergraduat e-regulations.htm Students must pass the Qualifying Year module Interpreting Environm ental Data to progress to Part I of the degree.
Degree Information:
Assessm ents are marked in line with the School of Geography Undergraduate Marking Criteria, as contained in our Undergraduate Student Handbook.
The primary criterion for the award of a degree is the student's rounded, credit-weighted arithm etic m ean over Part I and Part II of their degree, weighted 30% and 70% respectively. The credit-weighted arithmetic m ean determines the degree classification and boundaries as follows:
70+ 1st
68-69 Borderline II-1
60-67 II-1
59 Borderline II-1
50-58 II-2
49 Borderline II-2
40-48 III
39 Borderline IIIl
38- Fail
Borderline Degree Classes:
The following profile algorithm is applied to candidates within each borderline to determine if the degree class should be raised:
?The num ber of Part II modules in higher and lower classes than the appropriate borderline are counted. 10 credit m odules and the dissertation are given a score of 1. 20 credit m odules are given a score of 2.
?The total score equals 9
?If the score is 5 or more within the higher class or higher classes then the higher class is awarded
?If the score is 4 within the higher class or higher classes an External Examiner makes an assessm ent of the case, which might include a viva voce
examination. The External Examiner will recommend either promotion to the higher degree class or retention of the lower degree class.
?If the score is <4 in higher class or higher classes then the lower degree class is awarded.
In the event of a degree class being raised the transcript of m arks for the final degree will show the original (borderline) mark but will have an endorsement explaining why the classification was raised.
Course Weightings %
Part I: 30.0
Part II: 70.0
D: Learning Outcomes
T he programme provides opportunities for students to achieve knowledge and understanding together with generic and discipline-specific skills for:
?the successful com pletion of a Honours degree in Environmental Science,
?to enhance em ployment prospects and
?to facilitate and sustain life-long learning
as specified in the following QAA national benchm arks for Environmental Science and Geography:
a.Knowledge and understanding
? a systems approach to understanding the present and past interactions between the processes operating in the lithosphere, cryosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and
biosphere, and the perturbations of these systems by extraterrestrial influences ?problem-solving and modelling related to environmental phenomena
?the monitoring and management of natural and human-induced environmental changes and the implications for sustainability and
sustainable development.
Teaching/learning methods and strategies:
Core knowledge and understanding is gained via lectures, tutorials, practicals, seminars (both student and teacher led), fieldwork and a significant proportion of guided independent study. In later sections of the programme the above are supplemented by group team work, laboratory classes and pathway-specific residential field courses.
Assessments:
Knowledge and understanding is assessed through examinations, coursework essays, project reports, fieldwork reports, web pages, posters and group and individual presentations.
b. Discipline-specific skills.
?Evaluate the diversity of specialised techniques and approaches involved in formulating research design and collecting environmental information (e.g.
instrumentation, remote sensing, observation and the use of textual and
archival sources)
?Evaluate the diversity of specialised techniques and approaches involved in analysing environmental information (e.g. field based research and special techniques for the analysis of spatial information, GIS, laboratory
techniques, qualitative and quantitative tec hniques for the analysis of
environmental information)
?Evaluate the diversity of specialised techniques and approaches involved in presenting environmental information (e.g. GIS, cartography and different textual strategies)
Teaching/learning methods and strategies:
Discipline specific skills are promoted through field classes (both teacher and student led), practical laboratory and com puter classes and lectures. Most of these skills are addressed by a programme of core lectures and practical classes which are compulsory for all students. From the beginning of the programme students are m ade aware of the safety and ethical aspects of fieldwork and data gathering exercises. A significant proportion of the degree is derived from the dissertation that encourages the student to independently practice m any of the discipline specific skills acquired during the programme, after appropriate consultation with an advisor with regarding to m ethodologies to be em ployed. Assessments:
Discipline specific skills are assessed via portfolios of m aps, fieldwork, project and laboratory reports, field notebooks, web pages, posters, presentations and the dissertation, part of the m ark for which is specifically related to the level of
com petence in these skills.
c. Intellectual skills
?Illustrate and discuss the contested and provisional nature of knowledge and understanding
?Identify, formulate and evaluate questions or problems
?Develop a sustained and reasoned argument
?Articulate and communicate personal views about environmental issues including the weaknesses in the arguments of others
?Apply ideas to new situations
Teaching/learning methods and strategies:
Intellectual skills are promoted through lectures, tutorials, seminars and group discussions. The application of these skills is encouraged through project based field courses and case studies within modules.
Assessments:
Intellectual skills are assessed through tutorial and coursework essays and examinations. The dissertation allows the student to dem onstrate these skills to the highest level.
d. Key skills
?Communicate environmental ideas, principles and theories effectively and fluently by written, oral and visual m eans
?Effectively and appropriately interpret and use nume rical statistical information
?Undertake independent/self-directed study/learning (including tim e management) to achieve consistent, proficient and sustained attainm ent ?Work as a participant or leader of a group and contribute effectively to the achievem ent of objectives
Teaching/learning methods and strategies:
Key skills are promoted through tutorials and core m odules within the degree programme which are com pulsory for all students. Virtually all Part II, and many Part I, optional modules involve the development of these skills through
team work and/or role-play and seminar presentations.
Assessments:
Key skills are assessed through both teacher and peer evaluation of seminar presentations, coursework essays, posters, web pages, examinations and the dissertation.
英文介绍英国的著名景点
1:The River Thames is the second longest river in the United Kingdom and the longest river entirely in England, rising at Thames Head in Gloucestershire[ 格洛斯特郡（英格兰）], and flowing into the North Sea at the Thames Estuary(河口). It has a special significance in flowing through London, the capital of the United Kingdom, although London only touches a short part of its course. The river is tidal in London with a rise and fall of 7 metres (23 ft) and becomes non-tidal at Teddington [特丁顿（英国国立物理研究所所在地）]Lock. The catchment area covers a large part of South Eastern and Western England and the river is fed by over 20 tributaries. The river contains over 80 islands, and having both seawater and freshwater stretches supports a variety of wildlife. the river has supported human activity from its source to its mouth for thousands of years providing habitation, water power, food and drink. It has also acted as a major highway both for international trade through the Port of London, and internally along its length and connecting to the British canal system. The river’s strategic position has seen it at the centre of many events and fashions in British history, earning it a description by John Burns as ―Liquid History‖. It has been a physical and political boundary over the centuries and generated a range of river crossings. In more recent time the river has become a major leisure area supporting tourism and pleasure outings as well as the sports of rowing, sailing, skiffing, kayaking, and punting. The river has had a special appeal to
英语介绍 英国伦敦大本钟
THE STORY OF BIG BEN At 9'-0" diameter, 7'-6" high, and weighing in at 13 tons 10 cwts 3 qtrs 15lbs (13,760 Kg), the hour bell of the Great Clock of Westminster - known worldwide as 'Big Ben' - is the most famous bell ever cast at Whitechapel. This picture, painted by William T. Kimber, the head moulder responsible for casting the bell, shows George Mears with his wife and daughter inspecting the casting prior to despatch. Big Ben was cast on Saturday 10th April 1858, but its story begins more than two decades earlier.... On 16th October 1834, fire succeeded where Guy Fawkes and his fellow plotters had failed on 5th November 1605, and destroyed the Palace of Westminster, long the seat of the British government. Those few bits of the Old Palace that survived the fire - most notably Westminster Hall, which was built between 1097 and 1099 by William Rufus - were incorporated into the new buildings we know today, along with many new features. Big Ben remains the largest bell ever cast at Whitechapel. Visitors to the foundry pass through a full size profile of the bell that frames the main entrance as they enter the building. The original moulding gauge employed to form the mould used to cast Big Ben hangs on the end wall of the foundry above the furnaces to this very day. Among the gift items available from Whitechapel Bell Foundry are a finely detailed miniature of the bell itself and an illustrated booklet about Big Ben. These can
英国名胜介绍(英文版)
London introduction London,the capital of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.Europe's largest city, one of the world's two major（主要）center city, is one of the most prosperous（繁荣的）global city. London is the center of economic（经济的）financial（财务的）and trade （贸易）in Europe and the United States of New York, tied for the world's most important financial center. The Big Ben, Tower Bridge Big Ben is Elizabeth Tower. London's famous ancient（报时）bell, the palace of Westminster clock. The British Parliament （英国国会）meeting hall clock tower, built in 1859. Tower bridge is the Tower Bridge of London. Tower Bridge of London is the first bridge the river Thames from where it begins, is a symbol （象征）of London, "London front gate", was built in 1886. The London Eye The London Eye, The London Eye, British Airways, also known as the Millennium（千禧）Wheel, is located（位于）the banks of the river Thames in London, is the world's fourth largest Ferris wheel, is one of the landmarks（标志）of London, is one of the most attractive（具有吸引力的）tourist attractions（旅游景点）in London. Thames River Thames River is a famous British mother river, rising in southwest Coates Ward Hills（科茨沃特丘陵）of England, 338 kilometers in length. Buckingham Palace Buckingham Palace is the Royal Palace（王宫）, built in 1703 and named for the Duke of Buckingham（以白金汉公爵命名）. Westminster Cathedral Westminster Cathedral（威斯敏斯特大教堂）is located in the North Bank of the Thames River, was a Benedictine monastery（修道院）, founded（成立）in the year 960 ad（公元960年）, was expanded（扩建）in 1045, built in 1065. Tate Museum of Contemporary Art The Tate Museum of Contemporary Art（泰特现代美术馆）is located in the South Bank of Thames River, face each other across the river and the St.Paul's Cathedral, connecting（连接）them is the Millennium Bridge across Thames River. St.Paul's Cathedral St.Paul's Cathedral located in London, a representative（代表）of Baroque style architecture （巴洛克风格的建筑）, is the world's second largest dome（圆顶）of the church, it imitated（模仿的）Papal Basilica（教皇的教堂）of Saint Peter in Rome（整体为罗马圣彼得大教堂）, is the representative of British classical architecture. University of Oxford The University of Oxford is a public university located in the city of Oxford, founded in 1167, is the oldest university in the English speaking world. Stratford Evan upon Avon Ford （埃文的斯特拉特福德）(Stratford) is located on the banks of the Evan River, a beautiful city is the greatest playwright（剧作家）of England, the hometown of Shakespeare（莎士比亚）.
旅游英语：伦敦介绍
旅游英语：伦敦介绍 伦敦(London)，是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国(简称英国)首都，欧洲最大的城市。与美国纽约并列世界上最大的金融中心。伦敦位于英格兰东南部的平原上，跨泰晤士河。16世纪后，随着大英帝国的快速崛起，伦敦的规模也高速扩大。伦敦是英国的政治、经济、文化、金融中心和世界著名的旅游胜地，有数量众多的名胜景点与博物馆。伦敦是多元化的大都市，居民来自世界各地，一座种族、宗教与文化的大熔炉城市。使用的语言超过300多种。下面来介绍一下伦敦。 Not much is known about the earliest London Bridge although it's location is thought to be near the present one. The second bridge a wooden one existing in Saxon times seems to have given rise to the nursery rhyme 'London Bridge is falling down' which it did in 1014. In 1176 the first stone bridge was constructed. Houses sprung up on both sides of the bridge and stood until it was pulled down in 1831, making way for a more elegant, classic structure. This bridge was replaced in 1967 as it could no longer cope with the amount of traffic. The present London Bridge is more 100 feet wide.
英国伦敦地标性建筑伦敦眼和大笨钟的英文介绍
As we all know, Britain is a developed country. It's a charming country with its history, culture and tourism what I want to introduce for you is its outstanding landmarks building in London. London is not only the capital city of Britain,but also the important political and financial center in Britain. It's a place full of art and London is working hard to reform urban landscape and the environment, with a new look to welcome tourists from all over the world. Now,let me briefly introduce some famous landmarks for you,such as the London Eye and the Big Ben. The London Eye The British Airways London Eye, also known as the Millennium Wheel, was build in 1999 and was one of the most popular Tourism resort in the London Eye have 32 cars which could accept 25 a huge data shown that million visitors from all over the world were attracted to London Eye. The mainly reason is London Eye is the best view to enjoy the most scenery in London,such as Jubilee Gardens,the River Thames,London's County Hall,the offices of the Ministry of Defence,Windsor Castle and more. It is not only a landmark , but also huge pride for London. The London Eye is as famous as the statue of liberty in the United States and the Eiffel Tower in is worthy of the name --British Landmark Building.
英国伦敦地标性建筑伦敦眼和大笨钟的英文介绍
The London Eye and The Big Ben As we all know, Britain is a developed country. It's a charming country with its history, culture and tourism resort.But what I want to introduce for you is its outstanding landmarks building in London. London is not only the capital city of Britain,but also the important political and financial center in Britain. It's a place full of art and beauty.And London is working hard to reform urban landscape and the environment, with a new look to welcome tourists from all over the world. Now,let me briefly introduce some famous landmarks for you,such as the London Eye and the Big Ben. The London Eye The British Airways London Eye, also known as the Millennium Wheel, was build in 1999 and was one of the most popular Tourism resort in the British.The London Eye have 32 cars which could accept 25 people.What a huge data shown that 3.5 million visitors from all over the world were attracted to London Eye. The mainly reason is London Eye is the best view to enjoy the most scenery in London,such as Jubilee Gardens,the River Thames,London's County Hall,the offices of the Ministry of Defence,Windsor Castle and more. It is not only a landmark , but also huge pride for London. The London Eye is as famous as the statue of liberty in the United States and the Eiffel Tower in France.It is worthy of the name --British Landmark Building.
伦敦旅游景点介绍 - 中英文
伦敦旅游景点介绍 1The British Museum：The British Museum(British Museum),also known as the British Museum, located in the north of the new Oxford street in London big Russell square,was founded in1753,since January15,1759officially open to the public,is the world's oldest,scale the grandest comprehensive Museum,is also one of the largest and the most famous Museum in the world.Museum has many cultural relics and books treasures from around the world,the collection of the rich,the type is various, for the world museum rare.At present,the museum has collections of more than600pieces.As a result of the limitation of space,there are still a large number of collections not on public display. Putting the huge clock inside-the Big Ben."Big Ben"from the bottom to the top of the tower has393 steps. 大英博物馆：大英博物馆（British Museum），又名不列颠博物馆，位于英国伦敦新牛津大 街北面的大罗素广场，成立于1753年，1759年1月15日起正式对公众开放，是世界上历史最悠久、规模最宏伟的综合性博物馆，也是世界上规模最大、最著名的博物馆之一。博物馆收藏 了世界各地的许多文物和图书珍品，藏品之丰富、种类之繁多，为全世界博物馆所罕见。目 前博物馆拥有藏品600多万件。由于空间的限制，目前还有大批藏品未能公开展出。置在里面的巨钟——大本钟。“大本钟”从塔底到塔顶共有393级台阶。 2Buckingham Palace：Buckingham Palace(Buckingham Palace)British royal Palace.Built in the city of Westminster,is a four floors of the square around the court building,house ceremony hall, concert hall,banquet halls,galleries,etc.More than six hundred rooms.Square in front of the house has a statue standing on a marble bench high,glittering.Outside the front door gorgeous,fence golden decoration dignified solemn,thick iron relief create with palace very harmonious atmosphere.Inside the wall,you can see the famous ss soldiers stood still.Around the vast imperial garden,for the typical British style garden.Buckingham Palace was built in1703,the first called Buckingham house,which means"others".In1762,the royal family to buy,and constantly to be modified or added,in the end formed the tonal differ,design a variety of"patch palace".When the queen live in the palace,the royal flag will be hoisted in the middle of the palace.
英语演讲介绍伦敦的
介绍伦敦的，你自己再改改吧，用别人的说起来别扭。翻译没好好弄，大体看看吧。 With a population of just under eight million, London is Europe's largest city, spreading across an area of more than 620 square miles from its core on the River Thames. Ethnically it's also Europe's most diverse metropolis: around two hundred languages are spoken within its confines, and more than thirty percent of the population is made up of first-, second- and third-generation immigrants. Despite Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish devolution, London still dominates the national horizon, too: this is where the country's news and money are made, it's where the central government resides and, as far as its inhabitants are concerned, provincial life begins beyond the circuit of the city's orbital motorway. Londoners' sense of superiority causes enormous resentment in the regions, yet it's undeniable that the capital has a unique aura of excitement and success – in most walks of British life, if you want to get on you've got to do it in London. For the visitor, too, London is a thrilling place – and in the last few years, the city has been in a relatively buoyant mood. Thanks to the national lottery and the millennium-oriented funding frenzy, virtually every one of London's world-class museums, galleries and institutions has been reinvented, from the Royal Opera House to the British Museum. In the Tate Modern and the London Eye, the city can now boast the world's largest modern art gallery and Ferris wheel, and the first new bridge to cross the Thames for over a hundred years. Furthermore, following sixteen years of being the only major city in the world not to have its own governing body, London finally acquired its own elected assembly in 2000, along with a mayor who's determined to try and solve one of London's biggest problems: transport. In the meantime, London's traditional sights – Big Ben, Westminster Abbey, Buckingham Palace, St Paul's Cathedral and the Tower of London – continue to draw in millions of tourists every year. Monuments from the capital's more glorious past are everywhere to be seen, from medieval banqueting halls and the great churches of Christopher Wren to the eclectic Victorian architecture of the triumphalist British Empire. There is also much enjoyment to be had from the city's quiet Georgian squares, the narrow alleyways of the City of London, the riverside walks, and the quirks of what is still identifiably a collection of villages. And even London's traffic problems are offset by surprisingly large expanses of greenery: Hyde Park, Green Park and St James's Park are all within a few minutes' walk of the West End, while, further afield, you can enjoy the more expansive countryside of Hampstead Heath and Richmond Park.
London 伦敦英文介绍
原味人文风情： London is situated in the southeast of England, inthe Thames Valley. Home to over eight million peopl e,the capital of the UK has been an important financial,educational, and cultural center for hundreds o fyears. Of the many gifts England has given to theworld, none has been greater than her language an dliterature. And if ever there's a city that reads like an epic saga, it's London. 伦敦位处英国东南部，泰晤士流域内。超过八百万人的家，这座英国首都数百年来一直是重要的金融、教育以及文化中心。英国带给世人的众多礼物中，没有什么比得过她的语言和文学。如果有哪座城市读起来就像一篇史诗级长篇故事，那无庸置疑是伦敦。 The story of London began in the Bronze Age, but it didn't really get going until the Romanswithdrew i n the fifth century. Growing into one of the great medieval trading cities, she trulycame of age in the 11th century, when William the Conqueror built the Tower of London, whichwas to become one of Engl and's grimmest prisons. 伦敦的故事始于青铜时代，不过真正开始是到五世纪时罗马人撤离。逐渐发展成中世纪重要的贸易城市之一，伦敦在十一世纪时真正臻于成熟，那时征服者威廉建造伦敦塔，伦敦塔后来成为英国最阴郁的监牢之一。 London is very easy to navigate around and is compact enough to explore on foot. Thisworld city is filled with iconic symbols. And one of the most easily recognizable is TowerBridge, an impressive reminder of London's rapid expansion during the Industrial Revolution.Just upriver, at the Houses of Parliament, Big Ben's reassuring chimes peal across the cityevery hour, on the hour. 伦敦逛起来很容易，而且面积够小可以用双脚探索。这座世界城市充满代表性标志。其中一个最好认的是伦敦塔桥，一座让人忆起伦敦在工业革命期间快速扩展的杰出建筑。就在上游，国会大厦那，大笨钟抚慰人心的钟声每小时准点响彻伦敦城。 Buckingham Palace, perhaps the most famous palace in the world, is the official residence ofQueen El izabeth. It's a popular London attraction, offering tours of State Rooms and gardens.Nearby, Kensing ton Palace is open to the public year-round. The palace and gardens will beremembered as the home of Princess Di and Prince Charles and have recently undergone amultimillion-pound refurbishment. 白金汉宫，或许是全世界最知名的宫殿，是伊丽莎白女王的官邸。它是热门伦敦景点，提供国事厅和花园的导览。不远处，肯辛顿宫全年开放大众参观。肯辛顿宫和花园将被忆为黛安娜王妃与查尔斯王子的家，而且最近刚经历值数百万英镑的翻修。 Another legacy of England's monarchy are the Royal Parks of London. They were once reserved as pr ivate hunting grounds for the royal family, but nowadays, they're open foreveryone to enjoy. There ar e eight Royal Parks, and many of them are in central London andclose to royal palaces and other histo ric monuments. Green Park and St. James' Park are rightnext to Buckingham Palace, Admiralty Arch, and The Mall. Hyde Park is perhaps the mostfamous, with its man-made lake, the Serpentine. And on the other side, Kensington Gardens isa beautiful, open expanse that stretches east towards Kensingto n Palace. 英国君主政体留下的另一个遗产是伦敦皇家公园。它们一度被留作皇室家族的私人狩猎场，但现在，它们开放给所有人共享。有八个皇家公园，其中有许多位在伦敦市中心，邻近皇宫和其它历史纪念馆。绿园和圣詹姆士公园就在白金汉宫、水师提督门和林荫路旁。海德公园可能是最有名的一个，有着人造湖「九曲湖」。另一边，肯辛顿花园是座美丽、开放的广阔园地，向东延伸至肯辛顿宫。