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高级英语修辞手法

高级英语》中的修辞手法(2011-06-16 16:46:24)转载▼

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Figures of Speech

Figures of speech are forms of expression that depart from nor-mal word or sentence order or from the common literal meanings of words, for the purpose of achieving a special effect.

In everyday speech and writing and in literature the chief func-tions of figures of speech are probably to embellish, to emphasize or to clarify. They are used to give tone or atmosphere to discourse, to provide vivid examples, to stimulate thought by startling the reader or listener, to give life to inanimate objects, to amuse, or to orna-ment. Figures of speech exist in almost endless variety and many are closely related or intricately overlap, hence no completely satisfacto-ry system of classification has ever been devised. The following may be considered one of the serviceable classifications of the present

1. Figures of resemblance or relationship. These are the most important, interesting, and frequent figures of speech.

2. Figures of emphasis or understatement. The chief function of these is to draw attention to an idea.

3. Figures of sound.

4. Verbal games and gymnastics. Some of these are rare and minor figures. 1.

Figures of resemblance or relationship

1) Simile: a figure that involves an expressed comparison, almost always introduced by the word "like" or "as". The two things compared must be dissimilar and the basis of resemblance is usually an abstract quality.

a) As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far county. (Proverb)

b) The water lay gray and wrinkled like an elephant' s skin. (Nancy Hale)

c) My very thoughts were like the ghostly rustle of dead leaves. (Joseph Conrad)

2) Metaphor: The substitution of one thing for another, or the identification of two things from different ranges of thought. It is often loosely defined as "an implied compari-son," "a simile without 'like' or 'as'". Metaphor is con-sidered by many the most important and basic poetic figure and also the commonest and the most beautiful.

a) Boys and girls, tumbling in the streets and playing, were moving jewels.

b) The town was stormed after a long siege.

c) Snow clothes the ground.

d) He swam bravely against the tide of popular applause. A note of warning:

Avoid mixing figures of speech.

a) This is not the time to throw up the sponge, when the enemy, already weakened and divided, are on the run to a new defensive position, (mixed metaphor; a mixture of prize—ring and battlefield)

b) There is every indication that Nigeria will be a tower of strength and will forge ahead, (mixed metaphor; a mixture of a fortress and a ship)

3) Personification: a figure that endows objects, animals, ideas, or abstractions with human form, character, or sen-sibility. There are three chief kinds of personifications:

a) That produced by the use of adjectives.

the blushing rose! the thirsty ground

b) That produced by the use of verbs.

the kettle sings; the waves danced

c) That produced by the use of nouns.

the smiles of spring! the whisper of leaves

4) Metonymy: t he substitution of the name of one thing for that of another with which it is closely associated.

a) The pen is mightier than the sword. (Here you have the instrument (pen or sword) as a name for the people wielding it.)

b) Gray hairs should be respected, (the symbol (gray hair) as a name for the persons (old people) symbolized)

c) He is too fond of the bottle. ( = He is too fond of drink-ing! the container (wine bottle) as a name for the thing (wine) contained)

d)I have never read Li Bai. (the poet (Li Bai) as a name for the thing made (poems written by Li Bai))

5) Synecdoche:commonly, the naming of a part to mean the whole, as in "hands" for "men who do manual labour", "a fleet of 50 sails" for "a fleet of 50 ships". But various other such substitutions are also included in the term.

a) Have you any coppers? ( = Have you any money?) (coppers stand for coins of low value made of copper or bronze (here it is the naming of the material (copper) for the thing made (coin))

b) He is a poor creature, (the naming of the genus for the species)

c) He is the Newton of this century, (the naming of an individual for a class)

Note: Synecdoche can easily be mistaken for metonymy.

6) Antonomasia: the term for some common figurative uses of names

a) the use of an epithet or title in place of a name

his majesty for a king or the name of the king

his honor for a judge or the name of the judge

the Boss for the name of the employer

b) the use of a proper name instead of a common noun a Judas (Judas was one of the twelve disciples of Jesus Christ who betrayed Jesus) for a traitor a Quisling (Norwegian fascist politician who led a puppet regime during the German occupation of Norway, later ex-ecuted for treason) for a traitor.

c) He is our Gorky. Gorky, (famous Russian writer) for a famous writer.

Note: cf. synecdoche. There is a certain degree of overlap-ping here.

7) Euphemism: the substitution of an inoffensive expression for one that may be disagreeable, as in the use of " pass away or pass on" for "die", "misinform" for "lie" in "the gentleman is misinformed", " remains" for a "corpse' , "visiting the necessary" for "going to the toilet", etc.

2. Figures of emphasis or understatement

1) Hyperbole: a conscious exaggeration for the sake of empha-sis, not intended to be understood literally.

a) The wave ran mountain high.

b) America laughed with Mark Twain.

c) His speech brought the house down.

d) All the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand.

2) litotes: a form of understatement which gains its particular effect by phrasing in the negative what it wishes to say positively.

a) This in no small accomplishment. (It means this is an accomplishment of considerable magnitude.)

b) The German fleet was not an unworthy opponent. (It means the German fleet was a formidable opponent.)

c) This is not at all unpleasant. (It means it is quite pleasant.)

3) Antithesis:the setting of contrasting phrases opposite each other for emphasis. In true antithesis the

a) The quest for righteousness is Oriental, the quest for knowledge, Occidental. (Sir William Osier)

b) Good breeding consists in concealing how much we think of ourselves and how little we think of the other person. (Mark Twain)

c) A friend exaggerates a man's virtues, an enemy his crimes.

d) The convention bought time! it could not bring settle-ment.

e) Its failures became a part of history but its successes held the clue to a better international order.

4) Paradox: a statement that appears to be logically con-tradictory and yet may be true, the purpose of which is to provoke fresh thought.

a) One man' s terrorist is another man' s freedom fighter.

b) A lover of peace emerged as a magnificent leader of war.

c) My life closed twice before its close. (Emily Dickinson) (meaning two truly eventful things occurred in her life before that life ceased)

5) Oxymoron: a kind of paradox or antithesis that links to-gether two sharply contrasting terms, as "cheerful pes-simist", "the wisest fool in Christendom", "living deaths", "freezing fires", "glorious defeat", etc.

6) Epigram: a short, pithy statement in verse or prose, usually with a touch of wit, often antithetical

a) Conscience is the inner voice that warns us that some- one may be looking. (H. L. Mencken)

b) Necessity is the mother of invention.

c) The child is father of the man. (Wordsworth)

(the intended meaning is that the actions of a boy in-dicate what kind of a man he is likely to become)

d)Experience is the name everyone gives to his mistakes.

Note: There may be some overlapping of an epigram and a paradox.

7) Apostroph: the turning away from the subject and the addressing of an absent person or a personified object or abstraction. The shift is both emotional and dignified, therefore most appropriate in serious and stately contexts.

a) "You Heavens, give me that patience, patience I need!" ( Shakespeare, King Lear)

b) "Envy, be silent and attend! " (Pope)

c) "Milton, thou shouldst be living at this hour' Eng-land hath need of thee."(Wordsworth)

(Milton, famous English revolutionary and poet, who wrote "Paradise Lost . John Milton lived and wrote in the 17th century and the English romantic poet, William Wordsworth in the 18th and 19th cen-turies. )

8) Rhetorical Question: a question neither requiring nor in-tended to produce a reply but asked for emphasis. The assumption is that only one answer is possible.

a) Was I not at the scene of the crime? (Lesson 2)

b) O Wind

If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind? (Shelley: Ode to the West Wind.)

9)Irony: the expression of actual intent in words that car-ry the opposite meaning. It is an effective literary device because it gives the impression of great restraint.

a) ... until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth century (Lesson 10)

b) He was my friend, faithful and just to me:

But Brutus says he was ambitious!

And Brutus is an honourable man .

(Shakespeare: Julius Caesar)

(Antony here is saying just the opposite. He means that Brutus is not honourable, he is a murderer. )

10) Sarcasm: a cutting remark, a verbal sneer. Sarcasm pretends to disguise its meaning, but does not intend to be misunderstood.

a) "Oh, you're really a great friend, aren't you?" (addressed to one who won' t lend the speaker 5 Yuan)

c) Where's y' go for it, man—Jamaica? (Lesson 16) (Hopkins's cutting remark to McNair, the custodian, for not being quick enough with the rum. Jamaica is an island in the Caribbean, world famous for its rum.)

11) Satire: It generally refers to a piece of literary work— prose, poetry or drama—and generally not to a single sentence. It uses ridicule to expose and to judge be- haviour or ideas that the satirist finds foolish, or wicked, or both; Swift's "A Modest Proposal" is a piece of satire.

12) Ridicule: instance of being made fun of

a) They'll be wanderin' in any time now, sir,—with Old Grape'n" Guts leadin' the pack. (Lesson 16)

b) Bryan, ageing and paunchy, was assisted in his prosecution by his son ... Tom Stewart. (Lesson 10)

c) Bryan mopped his bald dome in silence. (Lesson 10)

13) Innuendo: hinting or implying a thing without plainly saying it

a) I do not consult physicians! for I hope to die without them, (meaning they are more trouble than help)

b) During the last five years my cook has several times been sober, (meaning that he is always drunk)

14) Parody:using the words, thought, or style of an au-thor, but by a slight change adapting them to a new purpose or ridiculously inappropriate subject', the imita-tion or exaggeration of traits of style so as to make them appear ludicrous

a) Britannia rues the waves (Lesson 13)(parodying a well-known line, "Britannia Rules the Waves", of the famous British navy song "Rule, Britannia" (see note 1 of Lesson 13)

b) ... or will the game be played according to the usu-al industrial rules: from each according to his ability, to each according to his investment (parodying a Marxist saying: from each according to his ability, to each according to his need).

15) Climax: arrangement of phrases or sentences in as-cending order of importance

a) Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. (Francis Bacon? Of Studies)

b) Empire offered a few men a source of profit, many men a sense of mission and, to the anonymous everyman of Europe's slums, a sense of pride.

16) Anti-climax: the sudden appearance of an absurd or trivial idea following one or more significant or elevated ideas. Anticlimax is usually comic in effect.

a) The duties of a soldier are to protect his country and peel potatoes.

b) Seldom has a city gained such world renown, and I am proud and happy to welcome you to Hiroshima, a town known throughout the world for its—oysters. (Lesson 2)

c) The Kaiser was forced to flee to Holland where he lived out his remaining 23 years, " unwept, unhonored, and unhung."

3. Figures of sound.

1) Alliteration: the use in a phrase or sentence of words beginning with the same letter or sound. Alliteration should be used only when the writer makes a strong e-motional response to his subject.

a) We felt strong, smug, secure.

(Bailey: The American Pageant )

b) Colonel Mueller neither forgives nor forgets.

( Sheldon: The other Side of Midnight)

c) They pay in taxes needed in part to finance Medi-care and Medicaid. (Time, May 28, 1979)

d) Millions depend for their bread and butter on FBI's smile or its scowl. (Cook: The FBI Nobody Knows)

e) The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free.

(Coleridge: The Rime of the Ancient Mariner )

a) a deep green stream

b) I arise from dreams of thee

In the first sweet sleep of night (Shelley: The Indian Serenade)

c) the rain in Spain falls on the plain ( My Fair Lady )

3) Onomatopoeia: the use of words that, when pro-nounced, suggest their meaning, such as " hiss or "buzz". In poetry it involves suiting sound to sense and thereby creating verses that carry their meaning in their sound.

a) The moan of doves in immemorial elms, And murmuring of innumerable bees, ( Tennyson: The Princess )

b) The ice was all around: It cracked and growled, and roared and howled. (Coleridge: The Rime of the Ancient Mariner)

4. Verbal games and gymnastics .

1) Transferred epithet: the transference of an adjec-tive to a noun to which it is not wholly appropriate,

a) Even so, the risk of discovery was beginning to cause Pettit sleepless nights,

b) throwin'g a reassuring arm round my shoulder (Lesson 10)

c) Gray peace pervaded the wilderness-ringed Argentia Bay in Newfoundland. (Lesson 14)

2) Pun: a play on words based on similarity of sound and sharp difference in meaning.

a) One shop announced: Darwin Is Right—Inside. (Les-son 10)

b) Seven days without water make one weak ( = week) .

c) If we don' t hang together, we shall assuredly hang separately. (Lesson 16)

d) Ask for me tomorrow and you shall find me a graveman. ( Shakespeare : Romeo and Juliet)

还有我搜集的一些，有些有重复的，一并发给大家，需要的自己整理一下好了！

RHETORIC

Metonymy

Metonymy is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another. This substituted name may be an attribute of that other thing or be closely associated with it. In other words, it involves a change of name.

She was a girl who excited the emotions, but I was not one to let my heart rule my head.

He took to the bottle.

...little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers ...struggle between kimono and the miniskirt

I thought that Hiroshima still felt the impact

Metonymy can be derived from various sources:

a. Names of persons

Uncle Sam: the USA

Lu Xun: all the books written by him

I am recently reading Lu Xun.

b. Animals

the bear: the Soviet union

the dragon: the Chinese

c. Parts of the body

heart: feelings and emotions

grey hair: old age

d. Profession:

the press: newspapers, reporters etc.

He met the press yesterday evening at the Grand Hotel.

the bar: the legal profession

e. Location of government, business etc.

Downing Street: the British Government

the White House: the US president and his government

the Capital Hill: US Congress

Wall Street: US financial circles

Hollywood: American film-making industry

Just as the Industrial Revolution took over an immense range of tasks from MEN's MUSCLES and enormously expanded

productivity, so the microcomputer is rapidly assuming huge burdens of drudgery from HUMAN BRAIN and thereby expanding the minds capacities...

Synecdoche

Synecdoche (ti yu) has often been confused with Metonymy, and sometimes even treated synonymously. This is not surprising, as both figures of speech involve substitution. The distinction lies in the fact that while metonymy involves the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another, synecdoche involves the substitution of the Part for the WHOLE or

vice versa.

a. Part for the Whole:

...eat your humble BREAD and CHEESE...

All HANDS on deck.

All of a sudden, I saw a SAIL in the distance.

...eye-ball to eye-ball consultations with...on the TUBE...

The computer revolution is ...liberating LIMBS...

cf: metonymy

take over from HUMAN MUSCLES and assume burdens of drudgery from the HUMAN BRAIN

b. Whole for the Part:

China beat Japan at the game.

He cut me open and took out the appendix and stitched me up again.

c. The species for the genus or vice versa

Alas, that Spring should vanish with the ROSE! (flowers in general)

What a tricky CREATURE he is! (man)

d. Name of material for the thing made

She was dressed in silks and satins.

...eye-ball to eye-ball consultations with...on the TUBE...

The computer revolution is ...liberating LIMBS...

Antonomasia (huan cheng)

1. the substitution of another designation for a common obvious, or normal one,

a. the use of an official title or an epithet in place of a proper name

a有两种，同样是用另外一个指称来代替一个普通明白的，或标准的说法，但第一是实指，因此给了Judge Doe，即用“大人”代替“张（或王、李等）法官”，有如用“先生”、“阁下”指代“张省长”，“邱首相”等，

his honour for Judge Doe

his / her majesty: king or queen

your honour / highness / mightiness

而第二种是虚指，因此没有给姓氏，也没有大写，如用“首席行政长官”来代替“总统”，用“首长”，“中央领导”来代替“市长”，“省长”或“部长”“副总理”等。但这两种替代必须是官方正式头衔或称号(an official title or an epithet)，chief executive for the president

b: the use of a proper name to designate a member of a class

b 也有两个方面，第一点的重点在proper name两个词的理解上，冯说antonomasia与metonymy的区别在于: the proper name must denote some idea or characteristi

c of a well-known person, either history or fiction, 而王也说：The main difference between antonomasia an

d metonymy lies in that in th

e former the proper nouns have biblical, mythological, historical or literary origins Solomon a wise ruler

Daniel a wise and fair judge

Judas a traitor

Hitler a tyrant

Shylock an extortionate usurer

Romeo romantic young lover

Don Juan a lady-killer

Quisling traitor

Helen beautiful woman

Rockefeller is a Napoleon of finance.

He is the Napoleon of crime.

John / He is the Newton of our school / this century.

the latter-day Aladdin

Alice A

also the making of a common noun or verb from a proper name

b第二点涉及词性词义转换，法国科学家Pasteur（巴斯德）发明了巴氏消毒法，于是就产生了动词pasteurize，名词pasteurization，这种变换一目了然，毋庸赘言。当然，如果从词源学的视角去研究，肯定也会有另一番景色。

pasteurize from Pasteur

Wellsian fantasy

Smithsonian antic

2. the giving of proper name (as to a character in fiction) that names or suggests a leading quality

至于antonomasia的2，谢已经给了很好的说明：“…使人物的姓（名）本身就包括一个对其特点的简短说明。…如拜伦的Miss Reading，Miss Knowman；狄更斯的Mr. Murderstone，萨克莱的Becky Sharp等。”其要害仍然是proper name必需传递某种特性，有如汉语中的卜世仁，高大全等。

Squire Allworthy, Doctor Sawbones

Parallelism

...everything from automobile engines to universities and hospitals, from farms to banks and corporate offices, from outer space to a baby's nursery

Onomatopoeia

alarm clock burrs

percolator starts burbling

Parody: a literary or music work in which the style of an author or work is closely imitated for comic effects, for amusement or ridicule.

Using the words, thoughts, or style of an author, but by a slight change so as to adapt them to a new purpose or ridiculously inappropriate subject, bitter irony, biting sarcasm

繁荣必然娼盛。

革命不是请客就是吃饭。咱们共产党人是吃喝不垮的。

一个人做一件坏事并不难，难就难在一辈子只做坏事，不做好事。

去年今日此门中，人面桃花相映红，（人面麻花相对搓）

人面不知何处去，桃花依旧笑春风。（麻花依旧下油锅）

Never ventured, never gained (lost).

...and that government of (off) the people, by (buy) the people, for (foe) the people shall not perish from the earth.

Twinkle, twinkle, little bat,

How I wonder what you’re at,

Up above the world you fly,

Like a tea tray in the sky.

A judge to a witness: "Do you swear that you will tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth? A dentist to a patient: "... pull the tooth, the whole tooth, and nothing but the tooth?"

Never put off till tomorrow what can be done today (can be put off till day after tomorrow just as well).

Never put off till tomorrow what can be (done today) put off till the day after tomorrow just as well. (Mark Twain)

the ultimate applications ...are still around the bend of a silicon circuit.

Alliteration

Next to health, heart and home, happiness for mobile Americans depends upon the automobile.

还有这个：

The transference of an adjective to a noun to which it is not wholly appropriate

?Even so, the risk of discovery was beginning to cause Pettit sleepless nights. (Pettit was sleepless ) ?Throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder (in a reassuring manner)

?The tall buildings of the martyred city flashed by. (the buildings were martyred)

Rhetorical questions are usually asked only for effect , as to emphasize a point, no answer being expected.

Was I not at the scene of the crime?

Figure of speech: a nti-climax （渐降法、突降法）

Anti-climax is a common literary device to achieve humor, surprise, satire etc. the sudden appearance of an absurd or trivial idea following one or more significant or elevated ideas. ? This device is usu. aimed at creating comic or humorous effects.

e.g.… a town known throughout the world for its--oysters.

The duties of a soldier are to protect his country and peel potatoes.

I lost my bag and with it my wallet, my ID Cards and my dirty socks.

Figures of speech: Climax

Climax is an arrangement of phrases or sentences in ascending order of importance. (层递修辞法) e.g. ?Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. ?Craft men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them.

?She was neat, pleasant, and honest.

?The audience smiled, chuckled and finally bowled. What is the implication of the sentence?

Figures of speech: alliteration

Alliteration is the use in a phrase or sentence of words beginning with the same letter or sound. Alliteration should be used only when the writer makes a strong emotional response to his subject. E.g.

The sun sank slowly.

We felt as fiddle as fit.

Master of Mystery and Murder

slip to a stop

tested and treated

Let us learn the lessons …..

Very fancy , very fast .

We felt strong , smug , secure .

Master of Mystery and Murder

Hanging File Folder and Frame System

Protestants Protest

$ Million Mission

Rhetoric

?Irony:a figure of speech in which the meaning literally expressed is the opposite of the meaning intended and which aims at ridicule, humour or sarcasm. e.g.

?Hiroshima---the “Liveliest” City in Japan

?Each day of suffering that helps to free me from earthly cares

?congratulate myself on the good fortune that my illness has brought me

Euphemism: a figure which speaks of disagreeable thing in an agreeable manner. (figures of resemblance or relationship); use of other , usu. less exact but milder or less blunt, words or phrases in place of words required by truth or accuracy.

the substitution of an agreeable or in-offensive expression for one that may offend or suggest sth. unpleasant

?He was sentenced to prison---He is now living at the government's expenses.

?The boy is a bit slow for his age.

?to go to heaven，pass away --dead

?to go to the bathroom, do one's business, answer the nature's call, put an end to my life. “visiting the necessary” for “going to the toilet”

?“Remains” for a “corpse”

?“Misinform” for “lie”

queer is a modern euphemism for homosexual

final release from earthly struggles: This is an euphemism for death.

Metonymy: 转喻、借代、借喻

?...little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers ...struggle between kimono and the miniskirt ?I thought that Hiroshima still felt the impact.

Metonymy: a figure of speech that consists in using the name of one thing for that of something else with which it is associated.

Metonymy can be derived from various sources:

a. Names of persons Uncle Sam: the USA

b. Animals the bear: the Soviet Union

the dragon : the Chinese (a fight between the bear and the dragon)

c. Parts of the body heart: feelings and emotions

head, brain: wisdom, intelligence, reason

E.g. She was a girl who excited the emotions, but I was not one to let my heart rule my head.

grey hair: old age

d. Profession: the press: newspapers, reporters etc.

He met the press yesterday evening at the Grand Hotel.

the bar: the legal profession

e. location of government, business etc.

Downing Street: the British Government

the White House: the US president and his government

the Capitol Hill: US Congress

Wall Street: US financial circles

Hollywood: American filmmaking industry

The substitution of the name of one thing for that of another with which it is closely associated. e.g.

The pen is mightier than the sword. (Here you have the instrument “pen or sword” as a name for the people wielding it.)

Gray hairs should be respected. (the symbol “gray hair” as a name for the persons “old people” symbolized)

He is too fond of bottle. (drinking; wine bottle)

I have never read Li Bai. (the poems written by Li Bai )

What is a litotes?

It is a form of understatement which gains its particular effect by phrasing in the negative what it wishes to say positively.曲言,也叫间接肯定法。指用反对语的否定来表示肯定的一种修辞法。

Eg.1. This is no small accomplishment.

2. This is not at all unpleasant.

3. He is no fool.

4. No rare occurrence

sensibility.

There are three chief kinds of personification.

1. that produced by the use of

高级英语课文修辞总结

高级英语课文修辞总结（1-7课）第一课Face to Face With Hurricane Camille Simile: 1. The children went from adult to adult like buckets in a fire brigade. (comparing the passing of children to the passing of buckets of water in a fire brigade when fighting a fire) 2. The wind sounded like the roar of a train passing a few yards away. (comparing the sound of the wind to the roar of a passing train) Metaphor : 1. We can batten down and ride it out. (comparing the house in a hurricane to a ship fighting a storm at sea) 2. Wind and rain now whipped the house. (Strong wind and rain was lashing the house as if with a whip.) Personification : 1. A moment later, the hurricane, in one mighty swipe, lifted the entire roof off the house and skimmed it 40 feet through the air. (The hurricane acted as a very strong person lifting something heavy and throwing it through the air.)

高级英语第一册修辞手法总结

Lesson 1 1．"We can batten down and ride it out," he said. (Para. 4) metaphor 2 .Wind and rain now whipped the house. (Para. 7) personification 、metaphor 3. The children went from adult to adult like buckets in a fire brigade. (Para.11) simile 4. He held his head between his hands, and silently prayed: “Get us through this mess, will Y ou?”(Para. 17) alliteration 5. It seized a 600, 000-gallon Gulfport oil tank and dumped it 3.5 miles away. (Para.19) personification 6. Telephone poles and 20-inch-thick pines cracked like guns as the winds snapped them. (Para.19) simile、onomatopoeia(拟声) 7. Several vacationers at the luxurious Richelieu Apartments there held a hurricane party to watch the storm from their spectacular vantage point. （Para. 20）transferred epithet 8 8. Richelieu Apartments were smashed apart as if by a gigantic fist, and 26 people perished.（Para. 20）simile、personification 9. and blown down power lines coiled like black spaghetti over the roads.(Para.28) simile 10.household and medical supplies streamed in by plane, train, truck and car. (Para. 31) metaphor Lesson 4 1. Darrow had whispered throwing a reassuring arm around my shoulder as we were waiting for the court to open. (para2) Transferred epithet 2. The case had erupted round my head not long after I arrived in Dayton as science master and football coach at secondary school.(para 3) Synecdoche 3. After a while, it is the setting of man against man and creed against creed until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth century.(para14) Irony 4. '' There is some doubt about that '' Darrow snorted.(para 19) Sarcasm 5. The Christian believes that man came from above. The evolutionist believes that he must have come from below.(para 20) Antithesis 6. Gone was the fierce fervor of the days when Bryan had swept the political arena like a prairie.(para 22) Alliteration; Simile 7. The crowd seemed to feel that their champion had not scorched the infidels with the hot breadth of his oratory as he should have. (Para 22) He appealed for intellectual freedom, and accused Bryan of calling for a duel to the death between science and religion. (Para 23) The court broke into a storm of applause that surpassed that Bryan. Snowball:grow quickly; spar: fight with words; thunder: say angrily and loudly; scorch: thoroughly defeat; duel: life and death struggle; storm of applause: loud applause by many people; the oratorical duel; spring the trump card.Metaphor

高级英语修辞手法和各课举例

常用修辞手法： 1. 比喻比喻就是打比方。可分为明喻和暗喻：明喻(simile)：用like, as, as...as, as if(though) 或用其他词语指出两个不同事物的相似之处。例如： O my love's like a red, red rose. 我的爱人像一朵红红的玫瑰花。 The man can't be trusted. He is as slippery as an eel. 那个人不可信赖。他像鳗鱼一样狡猾。暗喻(metaphor)：用一个词来指代与该词所指事物有相似特点的另外一个事物。例如： He has a heart of stone. 他有一颗铁石心肠。 The world is a stage. 世界是一个大舞台。 2. 换喻(metonymy) 用一事物的名称代替另外一个与它关系密切的事物的名称，只要一提到其中一种事物，就会使人联想到另一种。如the White House 代美国政府或总统，用the bottle来代替wine 或者alcohol。 His purse would not allow him that luxury. 他的经济条件不允许他享受那种奢华。 The mother did her best to take care of the cradle. 母亲尽最大努力照看孩子。 He succeeded to the crown in 1848. 他在1848年继承了王位。 3. 提喻(synecdoche) 指用部分代表整体或者用整体代表部分，以特殊代表一般或者用一般代表特殊。例如： He earns his bread by writing. 他靠写作挣钱谋生。 The farms were short of hands during the harvest season. 在收获季节农场缺乏劳动力。 Australia beat Canada at cricket. 澳大利亚队在板球比赛中击败了加拿大队。 4. 拟人(personification) 把事物或者概念当作人或者具备人的品质的写法叫拟人。例如： My heart was singing. 我的心在歌唱。 This time fate was smiling to him. 这一次命运朝他微笑了。 The flowers nodded to her while she passed. 当她经过的时候花儿向她点头致意。 5. 委婉(euphemism) 用温和的、间接的词语代替生硬的、粗俗的词语，以免直接说出不愉快的事实冒犯别人或者造成令人窘迫、沮丧的局面。例如：用to fall asleep; to cease thinking; to pass away; to go to heaven; to leave us 代to die 用senior citizens代替old people 用a slow learner或者an under achiever代替a stupid pupil 用weight watcher代替fat people 6. 双关(pun) 用同音异义或者一词二义来达到诙谐幽默的效果：表面上是一个意思，而实际上却暗含另一个意思，这种暗含的意思才是句子真正的目的所在。例如： A cannonball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms. (arms可指手臂或者武器) 一发炮弹打断了他的腿，所以他缴械投降了。 “Can I try on that gown in the window?” asked a would-be customer. “Certainly not, madam!” replied the salesman. 我可以试穿一下橱窗里的那件睡袍吗？ Seven days without water make one weak (week). 七天没有水使一个人虚弱。或者：七天没有水就是一周没有水。 7. 反语(irony) 使用与真正意义相反的词，正话反说或者反话正说，从对立的角度运用词义来产生特殊的效果。 8. 头韵(alliteration) 两个或者更多的词以相同的音韵或者字母开头就构成头韵。例如： proud as a peacock

(完整word版)高级英语第一册修辞总结1--11

Unit 1 Middle Eastern Bazaar 1. Onomatopoeia: is the formation of words in imitation o the sounds associated with the thing concerned. e.g. 1) tinkling bells (Para. 1) 2) the squeaking and rumbling (Para. 9) 2. Metaphor: is the use of a word or phrase which describes one thing by stating another comparable thing without using “as” or “like”. e.g. 1) the heat and glare of a big open square (Para. 1) 2) …in the maze of vaulted streets which honeycomb this bazaar (Para. 7) 3. alliteration: is the use of several words in close proximity beginning with the same letter or letters. e.g. 1) …thread their way among the throngs of people (Para. 1) 2)…make a point of protesting 4. Hyperbole: is the use of a form of words to make sth sound big, small, loud and so on by saying that it is like something even bigger, smaller, louder, etc. e.g. a tiny restaurant (Para. 7) a flood of glistening linseed oil (Para. 9) 5．Antithesis: is the setting, often in parallel structure, of contrasting words or phrases opposite each other for emphasis. e.g. 1) …a tiny apprentice blows a big charcoal fire with a huge leather bellows…(Para. 5) 2) …which towers to the vaulted ceiling and dwarfs the camels and their stone wheels. (Para. 5) 6. Personification: a figure of speech in which inanimate objects are endowed with human qualities or are represented as possessing human form. e.g. …as the burnished copper catches the light of …(Para.5) Unit 9 Mark Twain—Mirror of America V. Rhetorical devices 1. Simile: Please refer to Lesson 2. e.g. 1) Indeed, this nation’s best-loved author was every bit as adventurous, patriotic, romantic, and humorous as anyone has ever imagined. (Para. 1) 2) Tom’s mischievous daring, ingenuity, and the sweet innocence of his affection for Becky Thatcher are almost as sure to be studied in American schools today as is the Declaration of Independence. (Para. 15)

高级英语修辞手法总结归纳

英语修辞手法明喻明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性. 标志词常用like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等. 例如: 1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud. 3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale.隐喻,暗喻隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成. 例如： 1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper. 2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 借喻,转喻借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称. I.以容器代替内容,例如: 1>.The kettle boils. 水开了. 2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着. II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如: Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说.

III.以作者代替作品,例如: a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集 VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如: I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱. 提喻提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般. 例如: 1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory.(部分代整体) 他的厂里约有100名工人. 2>.He is the Newton of this century.(特殊代一般) 他是本世纪的牛顿. 3>.The fox goes very well with your cap.（整体代部分）这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配. 通感,联觉,移觉这种修辞法是以视.听.触.嗅.味等感觉直接描写事物.通感就是把不同感官的感觉沟通起来，借联想引起感觉转移，“以感觉写感觉”。通感技巧的运用，能突破语言的局限，丰富表情达意的审美情趣，起到增强文采的艺术效果。比如：欣赏建筑的重复与变化的样式会联想到音乐的重复与变化的节奏；闻到酸的东西会联想到尖锐的物体；听到飘渺轻柔的音乐会联想到薄薄的半透明的纱子；又比如朱自清《荷塘月色》里的“ 微风过处送来缕缕清香,仿佛远处高楼上渺茫的歌声似的”。

高级英语修辞总结完整版

高级英语修辞总结 HUA system office room 【HUA16H-TTMS2A-HUAS8Q8-HUAH1688】

高级英语修辞手法总结(常考)

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英语修辞手法 1.Simile 明喻明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性. 标志词常用like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等. 例如: 1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud. 3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale. 2.Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成. 例如： 1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper. 2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 3.Metonymy 借喻,转喻借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称. I.以容器代替内容,例如: 1>.The kettle boils. 水开了. 2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着. II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如: Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说. III.以作者代替作品,例如: a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集 VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如: I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱. 4.Synecdoche 提喻提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般. 例如: 1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory.(部分代整体) 他的厂里约有100名工人. 2>.He is the Newton of this century.(特殊代一般) 他是本世纪的牛顿. 3>.The fox goes very well with your cap.（整体代部分）这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配. 5.Synaesthesia 通感,联觉,移觉这种修辞法是以视.听.触.嗅.味等感觉直接描写事物.通感就是把不同感官的感觉沟通起来，借联想引起感觉转移，“以感觉写感觉”。通感技巧的运用，能突破语言的局限，丰富表情达意的审美情趣，起到增强文采的艺术效果。比如：欣赏建筑的重复与变化的样式会联想到音乐的重复与变化的节奏；闻到酸的东西会联想到尖锐的物体；听到飘渺轻柔的音乐会联想到薄薄的半透明的纱子；又比如朱自清《荷塘月色》里的“ 微风过处送来缕缕清香,仿佛远处高楼上渺茫的歌声似的”。

高级英语课文修辞总结讲课稿

高级英语课文修辞总结

高级英语1修辞手法汇总

Rhetorical Devices simile 明喻metaphor 暗喻hyperbole 夸张metonymy 转喻synecdoche 借喻euphemism 委婉语repetition 反复rhetorical question 反问句personification 拟人antithesis 对仗parallelism 排比transferred epithet 转移修饰alliteration 押头韵 anti-climax 反高潮 1. We can batten down and ride it out. （metaphor） 2. Wind and rain now whipped the house. （metaphor） 3. The group heard gun-like reports as other upstairs windows disintegrated.（simile） 4. The children went from adult to adult like buckets in a fire brigade. （simile） 5. The wind sounded like the roar of a train passing a few yards away. （simile） 6. It seized a 600,000-gallon Gulfport oil tank and dumped it 31 2 miles away.（personification） 7. Telephone poles and 20-inch-thick pines cracked like guns as the winds snapped them. （simile） 8. Richelieu Apartments were smashed apart as if by a gigantic fist. （simile）

高级英语第二册修辞汇总

Lesson1 1. Wind and rain now wiped the house. ----metaphor(暗喻) 2. The children went from adult to adult like buckets in a fire brigade. ----simile (明喻) 3. The wind sounded like the roar of a train passing a few yards away. -----simile 4. …it seized a 600,00 gallon Gulfport oil tank and dumped it 3.5 miles a way. ----personification(拟人) 5. We can batten down and ride it out. -----metaphor 6. Everybody out the back door to the cars!—ellipsis (省略) 7. Telephone poles and 20-inch-thick pines cracked like guns as the winds snapped them. -----simile 8. Several vacationers at the luxurious Richelieu Apartments there held a hurricane party to watch the storm from their spectacular vantage point-----transferred epithet移就 9. Strips of clothing festooned the standing trees, and blown down power lines coiled like black spaghetti over the roads----metaphor; simile Lesson2

高级英语(1)修辞格汇总

一．词语修辞格 (1) simile 明喻它根据人们的联想，利用不同事物之间的相似点，借助比喻词(如like，as等)起连接作用，清楚地说明甲事物在某方面像乙事物 I wandered lonely as a cloud. ( W. Wordsworth: The Daffodils ) 我像一朵浮云独自漫游。 They are as like as two peas. 他们两个长得一模一样。 His young daughter looks as red as a rose. 他的小女儿面庞红得象朵玫瑰花。 ①―Mama,‖ Wangero said sweet as a bird . ―C an I have these old quilts?‖ ②Hair is all over his head a foot long and hanging from his chin like a kinky mule tail. ③My skin is like an uncooked（未煮过的）barley pancake. ④The oratorial（雄辩的）storm that Clarence Darrow and Dudley Field Malone blew up in the little court in Dayton swept like a fresh wind though the schools… ⑤I see also the dull（迟钝的）, drilled（训练有素的）, docile（易驯服的）, brutish （粗野的）masses of the Hun soldiery plodding（沉重缓慢地走）on like a swarm（群）of crawling locusts（蝗虫）. （2）metaphor 暗喻暗含的比喻。A是B或B就是A。 All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women merely players演员. ( William Shakespeare )整个世界是座舞台，男男女女，演员而已。 Education is not the filling of a pail桶, but the lighting of a fire. ( William B. Yeats ) 教育不是注满一桶水，而是点燃一把火。 ①It is a vast（巨大的）, sombre（忧郁的）cavern（洞穴）of a room,… ②Mark Twain --- Mirror of America ③main artery（干线）of transportation in the young nation's heart ④The Duchess of Croydon kept firm, tight rein on her racing mind. ⑤Her voice was a whiplash（鞭绳）. ⑥We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air,

高级英语修辞手法总结(最常考)

高级英语修辞手法汇总

高英修辞 Lesson 1 1. Wind and rain now wiped the house. ----metaphor(暗喻) 2. The children went from adult to adult like buckets in a fire brigade. ----simile (明喻) 3. The wind sounded like the roar of a train passing a few yards away. -----simile 4. …it seized a 600,00 gallon Gulfport oil tank and dumped it 3.5 miles away. ----personification(拟人) 5. Rcihelieu Apartments were smashed apart as if by a gigantic fist, and 26 people perished. ---- …the 6. We can batten down and ride it out. -----metaphor 7. Everybody out the back door to the cars!—ellipsis (省略) 8. Telephone poles and 20-inch-thick pines cracked like guns as the winds snapped them. -----simile 9. Several vacationers at the luxurious Richelieu Apartments there held a hurricane party to watch the storm from their spectacular vantage point-----transferred epithet移就 10. Strips of clothing festooned the standing trees, and blown down power lines coiled like black spaghetti over the roads----metaphor; simile Lesson 4 1.United, there is little we cannot do in a host of co-operative

高级英语修辞总结

Rhetorical Devices 一、明喻（simile ）是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系，两者都在对比中出现。常用比喻词like, as, as if, as though等，例如： 1、This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see. 这头象和任何人见到的一样像一条蛇。 2、He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairytales and had passed me like a spirit. 他看上去好像刚从我的童话故事书中走出来，像幽灵一样从我身旁走过去。 3、It has long leaves that sway in the wi nd like slim fin gers reach ing to touch someth ing. 它那长长的叶子在风中摆动，好像伸出纤细的手指去触摸什么东西似的。二、隐喻（metaphor ）这种比喻不通过比喻词进行，而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写，甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。 1、German guns and German planes rained down bombs, shells and bullets... 德国人的枪炮和飞机将炸弹、炮弹和子弹像暴雨一样倾泻下来。 2、The diamond department was the heart and center of the store. 钻石部是商店的心脏和核心。三、Allusi on （暗引）其特点是不注明来源和出处，一般多引用人们熟知的关键词或词组，将其融合编织在作者的话语中。引用的东西包括典故、谚语、成语、格言和俗语等。英语引用最多的是源出《圣经》故事以及希腊、罗马神话、《伊索寓言》和那些源远流长的谚语、格言等。例如： 1、Grammar may be his heel of Achilles.语法是他的大弱点。（Achill es 是希腊神话中的一位勇士。除了脚踵处，他身上其他地方刀枪不入。） 2、The project is an economic albatross from the start. 这个项目从一开始就是一个摆脱不了的经济难题。（Albatross是英国诗人柯勒律治的《古舟子咏》中的信天翁，它被忘恩负义的水手杀死后，全船陷入灾难中。）四、提喻（synecdoche ）又称举隅法，主要特点是局部代表全体，或以全体喻指部分，或以抽象代具体，或以具体代抽象。例如： 1、The Great Wall was made not only of stones and earth, but of the flesh and blood

高级英语第一册修辞手法总汇

Twain began digging his way to regional fame... Mark Twain honed and experimented with his new writing muscles... Simile: Most American remember M. T. as the father of... ...a memory that seemed phonographic Hyperbole: ...cruise through eternal boyhood and ...endless summer of freedom... The cast of characters... - a cosmos. America laughed with him. Personification: ...to literature's enduring gratitude... the grave world smiles as usual... Bitterness fed on the man... America laughed with him. Personal tragedy haunted his entire life. Antithesis: ...between what people claim to be and what they really are.. ...took unholy verbal shots at the Holy Land... ...a world which will lament them a day and forget them forever Euphemism: … a motley band of Confederate guerrillas who diligently avoided contact with the enemy. ...men's final release from earthly struggle Alliteration ...the slow, sleepy, sluggish-brained sloths stayed at home ...with a dash and daring... ...a recklessness of cost or consequences... Metonymy ...his pen would prove mightier than his pickaxe Lesson 10 1) The trial that rocked the world (hyperbole) 2) Darrow had whispered throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder (transferred epithet) 3) The case had erupted round my head (synecdoche) 4) Bryan, ageing and paunchy, was assisted (ridicule) 5) and it is a mighty strong combination (sarcasm) 6) until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth century (irony) 7) There is some doubt about that.(sarcasm) 8) "The Christian believes that man came from above. The evolutionist believes that he must have come from below"(antithesis) 9) "His reputation as an authority on Scripture is recognized throughout the world." (hyperbole) 10) Resolutely he strode to the stand, carrying a palm fanlike a sword to repel his enemies. (ridicule，simile) 11) Bryan mopped his bald dome in silence.(ridicule) 12) Dudley Field Malene called my conviction a, "victorious defeat. " (oxymoron ) Lesson 11 1) a concept of how things get written that throws very little light on Lincoln but a great deal on Life (alliteration and sarcasm) 2) between the much-touted Second International (1934) and the much-clouted Third International (1961) (assonance and antithesis) 3) The Washington Post, in an editorial captioned "Keep Your Old Webster's" (metonymy) 4) In short, all of these publications are written in the language that the Third International describes (metonymy) 5) But neither his vanity nor his purse is any concern of the dictionary's (synecdoche) 6) the Post’ s editorial fails to explain what is wrong with the definition, we can only infer from "so simple" a thing that the writer takes the plain, downright, man-in-the-street attitude that a door is a door and any damn fool knows that(sarcasm ) 7) Or what of those sheets and jets of air that are now being used, in place of old-fashioned oak and hinges ...(synecdoche)