国际经济学 金融部分
1. If the dollar interest rate is 10 percent and the euro interest rate is 6 percent,
and the expected return on dollar depreciation against the euro is 8 percent,
then
A.an investor should invest only in dollars.
B.an investor should invest only in euros.
C.an investor should be indifferent between dollars and euros.
D.It is impossible to tell given the information.
E.All of the above.
Answer: B
2. Which of the following statements is the most accurate?
A. A rise in the interest rate offered by dollar deposits causes the dollar to
appreciate.
B. A rise in the interest rate offered by dollar deposits causes the dollar to
depreciate.
C. A rise in the interest rate offered by dollar deposits does not affect the
U.S. dollar.
D.For a given euro interest rate and constant expected exchange rate, a
rise in the interest rate offered by dollar deposits causes the dollar to
appreciate.
E.None of the above.
Answer: D
3. Individuals base their demand for an asset on
A.the expected return the asset offers compared with the returns offered
by other assets.
B.the riskiness of the asset’s expected return.
C.the asset’s liquidity.
D.All of the above.
E.Only A and B.
Answer: D
4. An increase in a country’s money supply causes
A.its currency to appreciate in the foreign exchange market, while a
reduction in the money supply causes its currency to depreciate.
B.its currency to depreciate in the foreign exchange market, while a
reduction in the money supply causes its currency to appreciate.
C.no effect on the values of its currency in international markets.
D.its currency to depreciate in the foreign exchange market, while a
reduction in the money supply causes its currency to further depreciate.
E.None of the above.
Answer: B
5. Which one of the following statements is the most accurate?
A. A decrease in the money supply lowers the interest rate, while an
increase in the money supply raises the interest rate, given the price
level and output.
B.An increase in the money supply lowers the interest rate, while a fall in
the money supply raises the interest rate, given the price level.
C.An increase in the money supply lowers the interest rate, while a fall in
the money supply raises the interest rate, given the output level.
D.An increase in the money supply lowers the interest rate, while a fall in
the money supply raises the interest rate, given the price level and
output.
E. None of the above.
Answer: D
6. Which one of the following statements is the most accurate?
A.Only the long-run equilibrium price level is the value of P satisfying
P=M S/L(R,Y).
B.Only the short-run equilibrium price level is the value of P satisfying
P=M S/L(R,Y).
C.The short and long-run equilibrium price level is the value of P
satisfying P=M S/L(R,Y).
D.The long-run equilibrium price level is the value of P satisfying
P=M D/L(R,Y).
E.None of the above.
Answer: C
7. A change in the level of the supply of money
A.increases the long-run values of the interest rate and real output.
B.decreases the long-run values of the interest rate and real output.
C.has no effect on the long-run value of only the interest rate.
D.has no effect on the long-run value of only real output.
E.has no effect on the long-run values of the interest rate and real output.
Answer: E
8. Changes in the money supply growth rate
A.are neutral in the short run.
B.need not be neutral in the short run.
C.are neutral both in the short and long run.
D.are neutral in the long run.
E.need not be neutral in the long run.
Answer: D
9. A sustained change in the monetary growth rate will
A.immediately affect equilibrium real money balances by raising the
money interest rate.
B.eventually affect equilibrium nominal money balances by raising the
money interest rate.
C.eventually affect equilibrium real money balances by reducing the
money interest rate.
D.eventually affect equilibrium real money balances by raising the real
interest rate.
E.eventually affect equilibrium real money balances by raising the
money interest rate.
Answer: E
10. Wages
A. enter indices of the price level directly.
B. do not enter indices of the price level directly, but they make up a
small fraction of the cost of producing goods and services.
C. do not enter indices of the price level directly, but they make up a
negligible fraction of the cost of producing goods and services.
D. do not enter indices of the price level directly, but they make up a large
fraction of the cost of producing goods and services.
E. None of the above.
Answer: D
11. For all the main industrial countries in recent years,
A. the exchange rate is much more variable than relative price levels.
B. the exchange rate is much less variable than relative price levels.
C. the exchange rate is as variable as the relative price levels.
D. It is hard to tell from the data whether the exchange rate is much more
variable than relative price levels.
E. None of the above.
Answer: A
12. After a permanent increase in the money supply,
A.the exchange rate overshoots in the short run.
B.the exchange rate overshoots in the long run.
C.the exchange rate smoothly depreciates in the short run.
D.the exchange rate smoothly appreciates in the short run.
E.None of the above.
Answer: A
13. In order for the condition E$/HK$ = Pus/P HK to hold, what assumptions does
the principle of purchasing power parity make?
A. No transportation costs and restrictions on trade; commodity baskets
that are a reliable indication of price level.
B.Markets are perfectly competitive, i.e., P = M
C.
C. The factors of production are identical between countries.
D. No arbitrage exists.
E. All of the above.
Answer: E
14. Which of the following statements is the most accurate?
A.In the long run, national price levels play a minor role in determining
both interest rates and the relative prices at which countries’ products
are traded.
B.In the long run, national price levels play a key role only in
determining interest rates.
C.In the long run, national price levels play a key role only in
determining the relative prices at which countries’ products are traded.
D.In the long run, national price levels play a key role in determining
both interest rates and the relative prices at which countries’ products
are traded.
E.None of the above.
Answer: D
15 Under Purchasing Power Parity,
A.E$/E = P i US/ P i E.
B.E$/E = P i E / P i US.
C.E$/E = P US / P E.
D.E$/E = P E / P ES.
E.None of the above.
Answer: C
16 Which of the following statements is the most accurate?
A.Absolute PPP does not imply relative PPP.
B.Relative PPP implies absolute PPP.
C.There is no causality relation between the two.
D.Absolute PPP implies relative PPP.
E.None of the above statements is true.
Answer: D
17. Which of the following statements is the most accurate?
A.Relative PPP is valid even when absolute PPP is not, provided the
factors causing deviations from absolute PPP are more or less stable
over different commodities space.
B.Absolute PPP is valid even when relative PPP is not, provided the
factors causing deviations from relative PPP are more or less stable
over time.
C.Relative PPP is valid even when absolute PPP is not, provided the
factors causing deviations from absolute PPP are more or less stable
over time.
D.Relative PPP is not valid when absolute PPP is not.
E.None of the above statements is true.
Answer: C
18. Which of the following statements is the most accurate? In general,
A. The monetary approach to the exchange rate is a long-run theory.
B.The monetary approach to the exchange rate is a short-run theory.
C.The monetary approach to the exchange rate is both a short- and
long-run theory.
D.The monetary approach to the exchange rate neither long-run nor
short-run theory.
E.None of the above statements is true.
Answer: A
19. The monetary approach makes the general prediction that
A.The exchange rate, which is the relative price of American and
European money, is fully determined in the long run by the relative
supplies of those monies.
B.The exchange rate, which is the relative price of American and
European money, is fully determined in the short run by the relative
supplies of those monies and the relative demands for them
C.The exchange rate, which is the relative price of American and
European money, is fully determined in the short- and long run by the
relative supplies of those monies and the relative demands for them
D.The exchange rate, which is the relative price of American and
European money, is fully determined in the long run by the relative
supplies of those monies and the relative demands for them
E.None of the above statements is true.
Answer: A
20. Under sticky prices,
A. a fall in the money supply raises the interest rate to preserve money
market equilibrium.
B. a fall in the money supply reduces the interest rate to preserve money
market equilibrium.
C. a fall in the money supply keeps the interest rate intact to preserve
money market equilibrium.
D. a fall in the money supply does not affect the interest rate in the short
run, only in the long run.
E. None of the above statements is true.
Answer: A
21. Under the monetary approach to the exchange rate,
A. an interest rate decrease is associated with higher expected inflation
and a currency that will be weaker on all future dates.
B. an interest rate increase is associated with higher expected deflation
and a currency that will be weaker on all future dates.
C. an interest rate increase is associated with higher expected inflation
and a currency that will be strengthened on all future dates.
D. an interest rate increase is associated with higher expected deflation
and a currency that will be strengthened on all future dates.
E. an interest rate increase is associated with higher expected inflation
and a currency that will be weaker on all future dates.
Answer: E
22. Which of the following statements is the most accurate?
A. The prices of identical commodity baskets, when converted to a single
currency, are the same across countries.
B. The prices of identical commodity baskets, when converted to a single
currency, differ substantially across countries.
C. The prices of identical commodity baskets, when converted to a single
currency, do not differ substantially across countries.
D. The prices of identical commodity baskets, when converted to a single
currency, are often the same across countries.
E. None of the above statements is true.
Answer: B
23. Which of the following statements is the most accurate?
A. Relative PPP is not a reasonable approximation to the data.
B. Relative PPP is sometimes a reasonable approximation to the data but
usually performs poorly.
C. Relative PPP is sometimes a reasonable approximation to the data.
D. PPP is sometimes a reasonable approximation to the data.
E. PPP is sometimes a reasonable approximation to the data but usually
performs poorly.
Answer: B
24. The PPP theory fails in reality because
A. transport costs and restrictions on trade.
B. monopolistic or oligopolistic practices in goods markets.
C. the inflation data reported in different countries are based on different
commodity baskets.
D. A, B, and C.
E. A and B only.
Answer: D
25. Which one of the following statements is the most accurate?
A. The purchasing power of any given country will increase in countries
where the prices of non-tradable goods rise.
B. The purchasing power of any given country will fall in countries where
the prices of non-tradable goods increase.
C. The purchasing power of any given country will fall in countries where
the prices of non-tradable goods rise.
D. The purchasing power of any given country will remain constant in
countries where the prices of non-tradable goods rise.
E. The purchasing power of any given country will fall in countries where
the prices of non-tradable goods remain constant.
Answer: C
26. Which one of the following statements is the most accurate?
A. Relative price changes could not lead to PPP violations even if trade
were free and costless.
B. Relative price changes could lead to PPP violations only if trade were
free and costless.
C. Relative price changes could lead to PPP violations even if trade were
free and costless.
D. Price changes could lead to PPP violations even if trade were free and
costless.
E. None of the above statements is true.
Answer: C
27. Which one of the following statements is the most accurate?
A. Departures from PPP are similar in both the short run and long run.
B. Departures from PPP are even greater in the long run than in the short
run.
C. Departures from PPP are smaller in the long run than in the long run.
D. It is hard to tell whether departures from PPP are greater in the short
run than in the long run.
E. Departures from PPP are even greater in the short run than in the long
run.
Answer: E
28. Floating exchange rates
A. systematically lead to larger and more frequent short-run deviations
from the relative PPP.
B. systematically lead to much larger but less frequent short-run
deviations from the relative PPP.
C. systematically lead to much larger and more frequent short-run
deviations from the relative PPP.
D. systematically lead to much smaller and less frequent short-run
deviations from the relative PPP.
E. systematically lead to much smaller but more frequent short-run
deviations from the relative PPP.
Answer: C
29. How does an increase in the real exchange rate affect exports and imports?
A.Exports increase; imports decrease
B.Exports decrease; imports increase.
C.Exports increase; imports change ambiguously.
D.Exports change ambiguously; imports decrease.
E.Exports increase; imports are constant.
Answer: C
30. The J-curve illustrates which of the following?
A. The effects of depreciation on the home country's economy
B. The immediate increase in the current account caused by a currency
depreciation
C. The gradual adjustment of home prices to a currency depreciation
D. The short-term effects of depreciation on the current account
E. The Keynesian view of international trade dynamics
Answer: D
31. The Marshall-Lerner Condition states that
A. depreciation always has a favorable effect on the current account.
B. import dependency reinforces the effects of depreciation on the current
account.
C. high elasticity of exports is sufficient for the favorable effects of
depreciation on the current account to be observed.
D. depreciation has a favorable effect on the current account only if the
sum of export and import elasticities is greater than one.
E. the sum of import and export elasticities must be equal to one in order
for depreciation to occur.
Answer: D
32. If the economy starts in long-run equilibrium, a permanent fiscal expansion
will cause
A. an increase in exchange rate, E.
B. a decrease in exchange rate, E.
C. an increase in output, Y.
D. a decrease in output, Y.
E. shifting of the AA curve up and to the right.
Answer: B
33. In the long-run equilibrium, after a permanent money-supply increase there
follows:
A. an increase in exchange rate, E.
B. a decrease in exchange rate, E.
C. an increase in output, Y.
D. a decrease in output, Y.
E. Both B and D.
Answer: A
34. Which of the following are true in terms of the current account balance?
A. Monetary expansion increases the current account balance.
B. Monetary expansion decreases the current account balance.
C. Fiscal expansion increases the current account balance.
D. Fiscal expansion decreases the current account balance.
E. Both A and D
Answer: E
35. In the short run, with prices fixed, how would an increase in government
spending affect the DD-AA schedule?
A. It will increase output and appreciate the currency.
B. It will increase output and depreciate the currency.
C. It will decrease output and appreciate the currency.
D. It will decrease output and depreciate the currency.
E. None of the above.
Answer: A
36. The domestic currency price of a representative foreign expenditure basket is
A.P, the domestic price level.
B.E, the nominal exchange rate.
C.P times E, the domestic price level times the domestic price level.
D.P*, the foreign price level.
E.P* times E, the foreign price level times the nominal exchange rate.
Answer: E
37. When EP*/P rises,
A. IM will rise.
B. IM will fall.
C. IM may rise or fall.
D. IM is not affected.
E. None of the above.
Answer: C
38. In the short run, a rise in the exchange rate, i.e. currency depreciation,
A.raises aggregate demand and raises output.
B.raises aggregate demand and lowers output.
C.raises aggregate demand and does not affect output.
D.lowers aggregate demand and raises output.
E.lowers aggregate demand and lowers output.
Answer: A
39. Why is the reserve center in the reserve currency fixed rate system asymmetric?
A. The reserve center fixes its exchange rate against the reserve currency,
and all other countries are subject to that rate.
B. Other countries fix their exchange rate to the reserve currency, and
there is no exchange rate left for the reserve center to fix.
C. The center country has to intervene all the time and regulate the
balance of payments.
D. The center country never has to intervene and bears none of the burden
of financing its balance of payments.
E.Both B and D.
Answer: E
40. Imperfect asset substitutability assumes that
A. the returns on foreign and domestic currency bonds are the same.
B. the returns on foreign and domestic currency are different.
C. the returns on foreign and domestic currency are influenced by risk.
D. Both B and C
E.sterilized intervention proves to be unproductive.
Answer: D
41. Benefit(s) of the gold standard include
A. asymmetry.
B. making real values of national monies more stable and predictable.
C. limiting money creation.
D. Both A and C.
E.Both B and C.
Answer: E
42. Which of the following are true, based on the Monetary Approach to the
Balance of Payments?
A.If the demand for money increases, a budget surplus will result, and the
money supply will have to decrease to maintain equilibrium.
B.If the demand for money increases, a budget surplus will result, and the
money supply will have to increase to maintain equilibrium.
C.If the demand for money increases, a budget deficit will result, and the
money supply will have to decrease to maintain equilibrium.
D.If the demand for money increases, a budget deficit will result, and the
money supply will have to increase to maintain equilibrium.
E.According to the Monetary Approach, money market equilibrium does not
have to be maintained if the balance of payments is not in equilibrium.
Answer: B
43. By fixing the exchange rate, the central bank gives up its ability to
A.adjust taxes.
B.increase government spending.
C.influence the economy through fiscal policy.
D.depreciate the domestic currency.
E.influence the economy through monetary policy.
Answer: E.
44. Fiscal Expansion under a fixed exchange rate has what effect(s) on the
economy?
A.The money supply decreases.
B.Output decreases.
C.The exchange rate increases.
D.The exchange rate decreases initially but then returns to its original
point.
E.Output is unchanged.
Answer: D.
45. Which one of the following statements is the most true?
A.If central banks are not sterilizing and the home country has a balance
of payments surplus, any associated increase in the home central
bank’s foreign asset implies an increased home money supply.
B.If central banks are not sterilizing and the home country has a balance
of payments surplus, any associated increase in the home central
bank’s foreign asset implies a decreased home money supply.
C.If central banks are not sterilizing and the home country has a balance
of payments surplus, any associated increase in the home central
bank’s foreign asset implies an increased home money demand.
D.If central banks are not sterilizing and the home country has a balance
of payments surplus, any associated decreased in the home central
bank’s foreign asset implies an increased home money supply.
E.None of the above statement is true.
Answer: A
46. Under fixed exchange rate, in general,
A.the domestic and foreign interest rates are equal, R = R*.
B.R = R* + (E e– E)/E.
C.None of the above.
D. E is equal to one.
E.One of the above.
Answer: A
47. Under fixed exchange rate, in general which one of the following statements is the
most accurate?
A.The following condition should hold for domestic money market
equilibrium: M s/P = L(R*, Y).
B.The following condition should hold for domestic money market
equilibrium: M s/P = L(R, Y).
C.The following condition should hold for domestic money market
equilibrium: M d/P = L(R*, Y).
D.The following condition should hold for domestic money market
equilibrium: M s = L(R*, Y).
E.The following condition should hold for domestic money market
equilibrium: P = L(R*, Y).
Answer: A
48. Which one of the following statements is the most accurate?
A.Under a fixed exchange rate, central bank monetary tools are
powerless to affect the economy’s money supply.
B.Under a flexible exchange rate, central bank monetary tools are
powerless to affect the economy’s money supp ly or its output.
C.Under a fixed exchange rate, fiscal policy tools are powerless to affect
the economy’s money supply or its output.
D.Under a fixed exchange rate, central bank monetary tools are
powerless to affect the economy’s money supply or its output.
E.Under a dirty float exchange rate, central bank monetary tools are
powerless to affect the economy’s money supply or its output.
Answer: D
49. Under fixed rates, which one of the following statements is the most accurate?
A.Fiscal policy can affect output, employment, and international reserves
at the same time.
B.Fiscal policy can affect only employment.
C.Fiscal policy can affect only international reserves.
D.Fiscal policy can affect only output and employment.
E.None of the above statements is true.
Answer: A
50. Which one of the following statements is the most accurate?
A.Depreciation is a rise in E when the exchange rate is fixed, and
devaluation is a rise in E when the exchange rate floats.
B.Depreciation is a decrease in E when the exchange rate floats, and
devaluation is a rise in E when the exchange rate is fixed.
C.Depreciation is a rise in E when the exchange rate floats, and
devaluation is a rise in E when the exchange rate is fixed.
D.Depreciation is a rise in E when the exchange rate floats, and
devaluation is a decrease in E when the exchange rate is fixed.
E.None of the above.
Answer: C
51. Under fixed exchange rate, which one of the following statements is the most
accurate?
A.Devaluation causes a decrease in output, a decrease in official reserves,
and a contraction of the money supply.
B.Devaluation causes a rise in output, a rise in official reserves, and an
expansion of the money supply.
C.Devaluation causes a rise in output and a rise in official reserves.
D.Devaluation causes a rise in output and an expansion of the money
supply.
E.Devaluation causes a rise in official reserves and an expansion of the
money supply.
Answer: B
52. The main reason(s) why governments sometimes chose to devalue their
currencies is (are):
A.devaluation allows the government to fight domestic unemployment
despite the lack of effective monetary policy.
B.devaluation improves in the current account.
C.devaluation increases foreign reserves held by the central bank.
D.All of the above.
E.None of the above.
Answer: D
53. Under the price-specie-flow mech anism, what happens when Germany’s
current account surplus is greater than its non-reserve capital account deficits?
A. German loans will finance all foreign net imports.
B. There will be an automatic drop in German domestic prices and a rise
in foreign prices.
C. Gold reserves will flow into Germany.
D.Gold reserves will flow out of Germany.
E.None of the above.
Answer: C
54. External balance means
A. balance in the country’s current account.
B. balance in the country’s service account.
C. balance in the count ry’s capital account.
D. balance in the country’s trade account.
E. None of the above.
Answer: E
55. A current account surplus
A. poses a problem if domestic savings are being invested more profitably
abroad than they would be at home.
B. may pose no problem if domestic savings are being invested more
profitably abroad than they would be at home.
C. may pose no problem if domestic savings are being invested less
profitably abroad than they would be at home.
D. there is no relation between current account surplus and between
savings and investment.
E. None of the above.
Answer: B
56. Countries where investment is relatively
A. productive should be net exporters of currently available output.
B. unproductive should be net importers of currently available output.
C. unproductive should be net exporters of currently available output.
D. unproductive should be net exporters of future available output.
E. None of the above.
Answer: C
57. Under the gold standard era of 1870 – 1914,
A. central banks tried to have sharp fluctuations in the balance of
payments.
B. central banks tried to avoid sharp fluctuations in the current account of
the balance of payments.
C. central banks tried to avoid sharp fluctuations in the trade account of
the balance of payments.
D. central banks tried to avoid sharp fluctuations in the capital account of
the balance of payments.
E. central banks tried to avoid sharp fluctuations in the balance of
payments.
Answer: E
58. Under the gold standard,
A. a perpetual surplus is possible.
B. a perpetual deficit is possible.
C. a perpetual surplus is impossible, but a perpetual deficit is possible.
D. a perpetual deficit is impossible, but a perpetual surplus is possible.
E. a perpetual surplus is impossible.
Answer: E
59. A policy of “beggar-thy-neig hbor” is a policy that
A.often benefits the home country in the long run.
B.often benefits the foreign country in the long run.
C.often benefits the foreign country in the short run.
D.does not often benefit any country in the long run.
E.None of the above.
Answer: D
60. The IMF articles of 1944
A.called for convertibility on current account transactions only.
B.called for convertibility on capital account transactions only.
C.called for convertibility on current and capital account transactions.
D.did not call for convertibility on current account transactions.
E.did not call for convertibility on current and capital account
transactions.
Answer: A
61. The dollar of the United States became the postwar world’s key currency
because
A. of the early convertibility of the U.S. dollar in 1945.
B. of the special position of the dollar under the Bretton Woods system.
C. of the strength of the American economy relative to the devastated
economies of Europe and Japan.
D. Central banks naturally found it advantageous to hold their
international reserves in the form of interest-bearing dollar assets..
E. All of the above.
Answer: E
62. Under fixed exchange rates,
A monetary policy is not an effective policy.
B fiscal policy is not an effective policy.
C monetary policy and fiscal policy are not effective.
D both monetary and fiscal policies are effective.
E None of the above.
Answer: A
63 Which of the following is NOT a result of a temporary fall in foreign demand
on one country’s exports under floating exchange rate?
A. The DD curve shifts to the left due to reduction of aggregate demand.
B. The AA curve shifts downwards due to reduction of money supply.
C. Aggregate output falls
D. The home country’s currency depreciates.
E. None of the above.
Answer: B
64. The MAIN reason behind the claims that the "Greater Autonomy" resulting
from floating rates is illusionary is that
A.there is no evidence backing the claim.
B.the exchange rate is an important macroeconomic variable and policy
makers will still consider its effect on the exchange rate.
C.this claim is dependent on whom the government or policymakers are.
D.None of the above.
E.All of the above.
Answer: B
65. Advocates of flexible exchange rates claim that under flexible exchange rates,
A.no country would be forced to import only inflation from abroad.
B.no country would be forced to import only deflation from abroad.
C.no country would be forced to import inflation and deflation from
abroad.
D.flexible exchange rates are not able to halt importing inflation from
abroad.
E.flexible exchange rates are not able to halt importing deflation from
abroad.
Answer: C
66. Advocates of flexible exchange rates claim that under flexible exchange rates,
a currency
A.depreciation caused by increasing the money supply would reduce
unemployment by increasing world demand for them.
B.appreciation caused by increasing the money supply would reduce
unemployment by increasing world demand for them.
C.appreciation caused by decreasing the money supply would reduce
unemployment by increasing world demand for them.
D.appreciation caused by increasing the money supply would increase
unemployment by increasing world demand for them.
E.appreciation caused by increasing the money supply would increase
unemployment by decreasing world demand for them.
Answer A
67. Under purchasing power parity (PPP), if U.S. monetary growth leads to a
long-run doubling of the U.S. price level, while Germany’s price level remains constant, PPP predicts that the
A.long-run DM price of the dollar will be doubled.
B.long-run DM price of the dollar will be halved.
C.long-run DM price of the dollar will remain the same.
D.short-run DM price of the dollar will be halved.
E.None of the above.
Answer: B
68. Under a flexible exchange rate regime, a money-induced
A.decrease in U.S. prices causes an immediate appreciation of the
foreign currencies against the dollar.
B.increase in U.S. prices causes an immediate appreciation of the foreign
currencies against the dollar.
C.increase in U.S. prices causes an eventual appreciation of the foreign
currencies against the dollar.
D.increase in U.S. prices causes an eventual depreciation of the foreign
currencies against the dollar.
E.None of the above.
Answer: B
69. Under a fixed exchange rate regime, an increase in real money demand
A.moves the AA curve to the right.
B.leaves the AA curve unchanged.
C.moves the AA curve to the left.
D.moves the DD curve to the right.
E.None of the above.
Answer: B
70. Under a flexible exchange rate regime, an increase in real money demand
A. moves the AA curve to the right.
B. moves the AA curve to the left.
C. leaves the AA curve unchanged.
D. moves the DD curve to the right.
E. moves the DD curve to the left.
Answer: B
71. The effects of an increase in real money demand on an economy
A.are a powerful argument in favor of fixed rates.
B.are a powerful argument in favor of flexible rates.
C.show the difficulties in determining which exchange rate is better.
D.are a powerful argument in favor of fixed rates only in the short run.
E.are a powerful argument in favor of fixed rates only in the long run.
Answer: A
72. The effects of a decrease in export demand
A.are a powerful argument in favor of fixed rates.
B.are a powerful argument in favor of flexible rates.
C.Show the difficulties in determining which exchange rate is better.
D.are a powerful argument in favor of fixed rates only in the short run.
E.are a powerful argument in favor of fixed rates only in the long run.
Answer: B
1. Using figures for both the short run and the long run, show the effects of a
permanent increase in the U.S. money supply. Try to line up your figures to
the short and long run equilibria side by side. Assume that the U.S. real
national income is constant.
2. Using 4 different figures, plot the time paths showing the effects of a permanent
increase in the United States money supply on:
A.U.S. money supply.
B.the dollar interest rate.
C.the U.S. price level.
D．the dollar/euro exchange rate.
3 Present and explain the Fundamental Equation of the Monetary Approach.
What are the predictions for the long run of the Monetary Approach?
4Explain why price levels are lower in poorer countries.
5Describe the chain of events leading to exchange rate determination for the following cases:
An increase in the U.S. money supply
An increase in the growth rate of the U.S. money supply
An increase in world relative demand for U.S. products
An increase in relative U.S. output supply
6Under fixed exchange rate, show the effects of an expansionary fiscal policy.
Show the equilibrium under a flexible exchange rate. Discuss the difference in the two regimes.
7. Use a figure to study the effects of a change in market belief with regard to the
fixed exchange rate, in particular assume market participants expect the
government to devaluate.
8. Use a figure to study the following question: Imagine that the economy is at a
point on the DD-AA schedule that is above both AA and DD, where both the
output and asset markets are out of equilibrium. Explain what will happen
next.
9. Using a figure, show that under full employment, a temporary fiscal expansion
would increase output (over-employment) but cannot increase output in the
long run.
10. Use the DD – AA model to examine and compare the response of an economy
under fixed and floating exchange-rate regimes to a temporary fall in foreign
demand for its exports.
11. Use the DD – AA model to examine and compare the response of an economy
under fixed and floating exchange-rates regimes to a permanent fall in foreign demand for its exports.
12. Using the AA – DD framework, compare the effects of a rise in real domestic
money demand under flexible and under fixed exchange-rate regimes.
克鲁格曼《国际经济学》(第8版)笔记和课后习题详解 第2章~第4章【圣才出品】
第1篇国际贸易理论 第2章世界贸易概览 2.1复习笔记 1．经济规模与进出口总额之间的关系 （1）规模问题：引力模型 现实证明一国的经济规模与其进出口总额息息相关。把整个世界贸易看成整体，可利用引力模型（gravity model）来预测任意两国之间的贸易规模。引力模型方程式如下： 其中， T是i国与j国的贸易额，A为常量，i Y是i国的国内生产总值，j Y是j国的国 ij 内生产总值， D是两国的距离。引力模型方程式表明：其他条件不变的情况下，两国间的 ij 贸易规模与两国的GDP成正比，与两国间的距离成反比。 （2）引力模型的内在逻辑 引力模型之所以能较好地拟合两国之间的实际贸易现状，其原因在于：大的经济体收入高，因而大量进口产品；大的经济体能生产更多品种的系列产品，因而更能满足其他国家的需求，进而大量出口产品。在两国贸易中，任一方的经济规模越大，则双方的贸易量就越大。 （3）引力模型的应用：寻找反例 当两国之间的贸易量与依照引力模型计算得出的结果相差较大时，就需要从其他因素进行分析，如文化的亲和性、地理位置、运输成本等因素。事实上，这也是引力模型的重要用
途之一，即有助于明确国际贸易中的异常现象。 （4）贸易障碍：距离、壁垒和疆界 距离、壁垒和疆界对国际贸易有负面作用，会使得两国之间的贸易额大大小于根据引力模型所计算出的结果。另外，在各国GDP和距离给定的情况下，有效贸易协定（trade agreement）比无效的贸易协定更能显著增加成员国的贸易量，这也是美国与其邻国的贸易量明显大于其和相同大小的欧盟的贸易量的原因之一。 2．正在演变的世界贸易模式 （1）世界变小了吗？ 人们认为，现代化的运输和通讯可以超越空间距离的束缚，世界因此成了小“村落”。事实的确如此。但是，有时候政治的力量可以超过技术进步的作用，两次世界大战、20世纪30年代的大萧条及战后全世界范围内的贸易保护主义等都严重制约着国际贸易的发展，使得国际贸易大幅萎缩，并且用了几十年才得以恢复。 （2）交易内容 从全世界范围来看，工业制成品是主要的交换产品，所占比重最大。矿产品特别是现代世界不可或缺的石油依旧是世界贸易的主要部分。引人注目的是发展中国家已经从初级产品出口国转变为主要的制成品出口国。另外，服务贸易在国际贸易中凸显重要，并且其重要性越来越突出。 （3）服务外包 随着现代信息技术的发展和应用，一种新的贸易形式——服务外包（service outsourcing）随之出现。服务外包也称之为离岸服务，是一种新兴的国际贸易现象，使得曾经必须在一国国内实现的服务现在可以在国外实现。 （4）旧规则依然可行吗？
国际经济学选择题(有答案)
Multiple-Choice Questions Ch.2 1.The Mercantilists did not advocate: a. free trade b. stimulating the nation's exports c. restricting the nations' imports d. the accumulation of gold by the nation 2.According to Adam Smith, international trade was based on: a. absolute advantage b. comparative advantage c. both absolute and comparative advantage d. neither absolute nor comparative advantage 3.What proportion of international trade is based on absolute advantage? a. All b. most c. some d. none 4.The commodity in which the nation has the smallest absolute disadvantage is the commodity of its: a. absolute disadvantage b. absolute advantage c. comparative disadvantage d. comparative advantage 5.If in a two-nation (A and B), two-commodity (X and Y) world, it is established that nation A has a comparative advantage in commodity X, then nation B must have: a. an absolute advantage in commodity Y b. an absolute disadvantage in commodity Y c. a comparative disadvantage in commodity Y d. a comparative advantage in commodity Y 6.If with one hour of labor time nation A can produce either 3X or 3Y while nation B can produce either 1X or 3Y (and labor is the only input): a. nation A has a comparative disadvantage in commodity X b. nation B has a comparative disadvantage in commodity Y c. nation A has a comparative advantage in commodity X d. nation A has a comparative advantage in neither commodity 7. With reference to the statement in Question 6: a. Px/Py=1 in nation A b. Px/Py=3 in nation B c. Py/Px=1/3 in nation B d. all of the above 8. With reference to the statement in Question 6, if 3X is exchanged for 3Y: a. nation A gains 2X b. nation B gains 6Y c. nation A gains 3Y d. nation B gains 3Y 9.With reference to the statement of Question 6, the range of mutually beneficial trade between nation A and B is: a. 3Y < 3X < 5Y b. 5Y < 3X < 9Y c. 3Y < 3X < 9Y d. 1Y < 3X < 3Y 10. If domestically 3X=3Y in nation A, while 1X=1Y domestically in nation B: a. there will be no trade between the two nations
国际经济学克鲁格曼考试重点
绝对优势：是指以各国生产成本的绝对差异为基础进行的国际专业化分工，并通过自由贸易获得利益的一种国际贸易理论。 李嘉图模型：是一个单一要素模型，劳动是唯一的生产要素，劳动生产率的差异是不同国家各个产业部门之间唯一的不同之处，也是决定国际贸易的唯一因素。李嘉图模型的中心含义是如果每个国家都能够专门生产并出口本国劳动生产率较高的产品，那么他们之间的贸易就会给每个国家带来利益，他的两个核心含义：劳动生产率的差异在国际贸易中占据重要地位和贸易模式取决于比较优势而非绝对优势，至今仍能得到事实支持。 机会成本：是指因一种选择而放弃的最有替换物或失去最好机会的价值，即是指经济决策中影由中选的最优方案负担的，按所放弃的次优方案潜在收益计算的那部分资源损失。 要素比例理论/赫克歇尔俄林理论：是指从资源禀赋角度对国际贸易中的生产成本和价格的差异做出解释的国际贸易理论。其内容是：各国的贸易源于不同国家之间商品的价格存在差异，而价格差异的原因在于不同国家之间的生产成本有高有低，生产成本的高低是因为各国生产要素价格有差别，生产要素价格的差异又与各国生产要素丰裕程度密切相关。生产要素丰裕，其商品价格自认就相对低一些，生产要素稀缺，其价格相对高一些。生产要素丰裕度的差异是国际贸易产生的根本原因。 出口偏向性增长：是指一国的经济增长主要源于出口产品生产能力提高的经济增长方式，表现在生产可能性边界上就是使生产可能性边界扩张偏向出口产品。 福利恶化性增长：是指一国整体福利水平恶化的经济增长方式，是发展中国家的出口偏向型增长在严格假定下可能出现的一种极端情况。一国的出口偏向性增长可能导致该国的贸易条件恶化。因此，如果一国的经济增长方式表现为极强的出口偏向性，那么贸易条件恶化带来的负面影响就会抵消生产力提高带来的正面效应，使得该国整体的福利水平恶化。 出口补贴：是指国家为了降低出口商品的价格，提高其在国际上的竞争力，对出口商品给予的现金或财政上的补贴。 动态收益递增：成本随着累计产量下降而并非随着当前劳动生产率的上升而下降的情形就是动态收益递增 倾销：出口商以低于国内市场价格的价格，甚至以低于成本的价格在国际市场上销售商品的行为。 外部规模经济是指整个行业规模和产量的扩大而使单个企业平均成本下降或收益增加的经济现象。 边际收益：在生产的技术水平和其他投入要素的数量均保持不变情况下，新增加一个单位的某种投入要素所引起的产量的增加量。 幼稚工业论：认为新兴工业在发展初期需要国家提供保护以免在外国强大的竞争下夭折，并随着新兴工业的发展和竞争力的增强而逐步取消贸易保护，为自由贸易的实行创造条件。垄断竞争：介于完全竞争和完全垄断之间的一种市场结构，这种结构下既存在垄断，又存在竞争。 价格歧视：一家企业在销售同样的商品时，对不同的顾客索取不同价格的做法 完全垄断：完全排斥竞争的一种市场结构。 内部规模经济：单个企业生产规模不断扩大时，由其自身内部引起的平均成本不断下降，收益不断增加的经济现象。 相互倾销：不同国家生产同种或类似产品的厂商都对出口产品制定一个低于国内市场价的价格并进行双向贸易的现象。 行业内贸易：在国际贸易活动中，不同国家之间就同一产业的产品所进行的贸易。
国际经济学试题及答案
三、名词解释 1.生产者剩余 答：生产者剩余是指生产者愿意接受的价格和实际接受的价格之间的差额。 2.罗伯津斯基定理 答：罗伯津斯基定理是指在生产两种产品的情况下，如果商品的国际比价保持不变，一种生产要素增加所导致的密集使用该生产要素的产品产量增 加，会同时减少另外一种产品的产量。 3.产品生命周期 答：产品生命周期是指新产品经历发明、应用、推广到市场饱和、产品衰落，进而被其他产品所替代四个阶段。 4.购买力平价 答：购买力平价是指两种货币之间的汇率决定于它们单位货币购买力之间的比例。 5.市场内部化 答：市场内部化是指企业为减少交易成本，减少生产和投资风险，而将该跨国界的各交易过程变成企业内部的行为。 6.黄金输送点 答：黄金输送点包括黄金输入点和黄金输出点，是黄金输入、输出的价格上限和下限，它限制着一个国家货币对外汇率的波动幅度。 7.要素禀赋 答：要素禀赋，即要素的丰裕程度，是指在不同国家之间，由于要素的稀缺程度不同导致的可利用生产要素价格相对低廉的状况。赫克歇尔-俄林 定理认为，要素禀赋构成一个国家比较优势的基础 8.比较优势 答：比较优势也称为比较成本或比较利益，是由英国古典经济学家大卫李·嘉图提出的。李嘉图通过两个国家两种产品的模型阐明，比较优势是一国 在绝对优势基础上的相对较大的优势，在绝对劣势基础上的相对较小的 劣势，遵循“两利相权取其重，两弊相衡取其轻”的原则。根据各自的 比较优势来来确定国际分工并进行贸易往来，双方便都可以获得比较利 益。 9.人力资本 答：所谓人力资本是资本与劳动力结合而形成的一种新的生产要素，然们通过劳动力进行投资（如进行教育、职业培训、保健等），可以提高原有 劳动力的素质和技能，劳动生产率得到提升，从而对一个国家参加国际 分工的比较优势产生作用与影响。 10.布雷顿森林体系 答：布雷顿森林体系是指从第二次世界大战结束到1971年所实行的金汇兑本位制。这一以美元为中心的固定汇率制度的特征简而言之便是“美元
国际经济学复习题
国际贸易部分 一、单项选择题 1.重商主义的基本观点是一种( ) A.国际金融的“乘数理论” B.国际贸易的“零和理论” C.国际金融的“杠杆原理” D.国际贸易的“绝对优势理论” 2.比较利益理论认为国际贸易的驱动力是( ) A.劳动生产率的差异 B.技术水平的差异 C.产品品质的差异 D.价格的差异 3.不能解释产业内贸易现象的理论有( ) A.重叠需求理论 B.要素比例理论 C.规模经济理论 D.垄断竞争理论 4.能反映规模经济理论本意的是( ) A.规模报酬递减 B.规模报酬递增 C.规模报酬不变 D.规模成本递增 5．一种产品的竞争优势并非长期固定在某一个特定的国家，而是从技术发明国转向生产成本较低的国家，描述这一现象的理论是（） A.雁形模式理论 B.产品周期理论 C.示范效应理论 D.大宗产品理论 6.下列不属于保护贸易学说的理论有( ) A.幼稚工业理论 B.贸易条件恶化论 C.国内市场失灵论 D.资源禀赋论 7.最佳关税水平应等于( ) A.零进口关税 B.零进口关税与禁止性关税之间的水平 C.禁止性关税 D.禁止性关税以上 8.最佳关税的长期目标是（） A.从外国垄断厂商那里抽取部分垄断租 B.保护和发展本国工业 C.阻止国外商品进口 D.增加本国财政收入 9.从历史发展看，最为成功的国际卡特尔是( ) A.烟草贸易公司 B.铁路运输公司 C.橡胶生产国组织 D.石油输出国组织 10.从国际经济资源流动的难度看，最容易流动的要素是( ) A.商品 B.资本 C.人员 D.技术 11.国际经济学理论体系发展阶段不包括（） A.重商主义 B.古典的自由贸易论及其自由贸易的政策 C.现代国际经济理论 D.重农主义 12.从国际贸易对生产要素分配的影响来看，国际贸易有利于（） A.生产进口竞争品中密集使用的生产要素收入的增加 B.生产进口竞争品中密集使用的共同生产要素收入的增加 C.生产出口品中密集使用的共同生产要素收入的增加 D.生产出口品中密集使用的生产要素收入的增加 13.一国利用原材料或资源密集型产品的出口增加本国收入，进而提高本国的储蓄和投资水平，带动经济发展。该理论被称为（） A.剩余物质出口理论 B.大宗产品贸易理论 C.比较优势理论 D.产品生命周期理论
国际经济学复习范围
《国际经济学》复习范围 题型： 一、名词解释（共5小题，每小题3分，共15分） 二、判断题（共15小题，每小题1分，共15分） 三、简答题（共5小题，每小题8分，共40分） 四、论述题（共2题，每题15分，共30分） 范围： I. Explain the following terms. 1. Interindustry trade 2. Intraindustry trade 3. Intraproduct trade 4. The Balance of Payment A country’s balance o f payments accounts keep track of both its payments to and its receipts from foreigners. Every international transaction automatically enters the balance of payments twice: once as a credit (+) and once as a debit (-). 5. Comparative Advantage A country has a comparative advantage in producing a goods if the opportunity cost of producing that goods in terms of other goods is lower in that country than it is in other countries. 6. Stolper-Samuelson Theorem (effect) If the relative price of a good increases, holding factor supplies constant, then the nominal and real return (in terms of both goods) to the factor used intensively in the production of that good increases, while the nominal and real return (in terms of both goods) to the other factor decreases. The reverse is also true. 7. Heckscher-Ohlin Theorem A country will export that commodity which uses intensively its abundant factor and import that commodity which uses intensively its scarce factor. 8. Factor-Price Equalization Theorem International trade leads to complete equalization in the relative and absolute returns to homogeneous factors across countries. It implies that international trade is a substitute for the international mobility of factors.
克鲁格曼 国际经济学第9版教材答案
Chapter 1 Introduction ?Chapter Organization What Is International Economics About? The Gains from Trade The Pattern of Trade How Much Trade? Balance of Payments Exchange Rate Determination International Policy Coordination The International Capital Market International Economics: Trade and Money ?Chapter Overview The intent of this chapter is to provide both an overview of the subject matter of international economics and to provide a guide to the organization of the text. It is relatively easy for an instructor to motivate the study of international trade and finance. The front pages of newspapers, the covers of magazines, and the lead reports on television news broadcasts herald the interdependence of the U.S. economy with the rest of the world. This interdependence may also be recognized by students through their purchases of imports of all sorts of goods, their personal observations of the effects of dislocations due to international competition, and their experience through travel abroad. The study of the theory of international economics generates an understanding of many key events that shape our domestic and international environment. In recent history, these events include the causes and consequences of the large current account deficits of the United States; the dramatic appreciation of the dollar during the first half of the 1980s followed by its rapid depreciation in the second half of the 1980s; the Latin American debt crisis of the 1980s and the Mexican crisis in late 1994; and the increased pressures for industry protection against foreign competition broadly voiced in the late 1980s and more vocally espoused in the first half of the 1990s. The financial crisis that began in East Asia in 1997 and spread to many countries around the globe and the Economic and Monetary Union in Europe highlighted the way in which various national economies are linked and how important it is for us to understand these connections. These global linkages have been highlighted yet again with the rapid spread of the financial crisis in the United States to the rest of the world. At the same time, protests at global economic meetings and a rising wave of protectionist rhetoric have highlighted opposition to globalization. The text material will enable students to understand the economic context in which such events occur. ? 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley
《国际经济学(英文版)》选择题汇总版(附答案)
《国际经济学》选择题汇总版（附答案） Ch1-Ch3 1.The United States is less dependent on trade than most other countries because A) the United States is a relatively large country with diverse resources. B) the United States is a “Superpower.” C)the military power of the United States makes it less dependent on anything. D) the United States invests in many other countries. E) many countries invest in the United States. 2. Because the Constitution forbids restraints on interstate trade, A) the U.S. may not impose tariffs on imports from NAFTA countries. B) the U.S. may not affect the international value of the $ U.S. C) the U.S. may not put restraints on foreign investments in California if it involves a financial intermediary in New York State. D) the U.S. may not impose export duties. E) the U.S. may not disrupt commerce between Florida and Hawaii. 3. International economics can be divided into two broad sub-fields A) macro and micro. B) developed and less developed. C) monetary and barter. D) international trade and international money. E) static and dynamic. 4. International monetary analysis focuses on A) the real side of the international economy. B) the international trade side of the international economy. C) the international investment side of the international economy. D) the issues of international cooperation between Central Banks. E) the monetary side of the international economy, such as currency exchange. 5. The gravity model offers a logical explanation for the fact that A)trade between Asia and the U.S. has grown faster than NAFTA trade. B) trade in services has grown faster than trade in goods. C) trade in manufactures has grown faster than in agricultural products. D) Intra-European Union trade exceeds international trade by the European Union. E) the U.S. trades more with Western Europe than it does with Canada. 6. The gravity model explains why A)trade between Sweden and Germany exceeds that between Sweden and Spain. B)countries with oil reserves tend to export oil. C)capital rich countries export capital intensive products. D) intra-industry trade is relatively more important than other forms of trade between neighboring
国际经济学复习要点
国际经济学复习要点 第一、二章 一、国际经济学研究对象与研究内容 国际经济学以经济学的一般理论为基础，以各国间的经济活动及国际关系为其研究对象，研究稀缺资源在世界范围内的最优分配以及国际经济关系对资源分配的影响。微观部分：世界范围内如何合理配置资源。宏观部分：2.国际格局下如何充分利用稀缺资源 国际经济学的主要内容：国际贸易：分为理论和政策两部分，国际贸易理论主要说明国际贸易产生的原因、贸易结构和贸易利益分配以及贸易与经济增长之间的关系；国际贸易政策主要说明各种贸易政策的理论基础、贸易政策的经济效应以及世界多边贸易体制和经济一体化问题。 国际金融：说明国际经济活动在各国国民收入决定中的作用，以及各种国内经济活动对国际经济关系的影响。 二、国际贸易的基本经济分析工具社会无差异曲线、生产可能性曲线、均衡条件 国际贸易理论的研究对象：狭义：商品（或货物）的跨国流动广义:既包括商品贸易也包括要素贸易 国际贸易理论的研究对象与目的: 国际间资源配置问题的研究贸易障碍对经济和福利的影响 基本经济分析工具： （一）生产可能性边界与供给 1.生产可能性边界线：斜率等于边际机会成本：表明在一定的技术条件下，一国的全部资源所能生产的各种商品最优产量的组合。 ２.机会成本（简称OC）：指为生产一单位产品所必须放弃的其他产品的生产数量。 3.商品市场均衡：均衡条件：相对价格等于机会成本。 (二）消费者偏好与社会无差异曲线：能为消费者带来相同效用满足的不同商品组合的连线 用途：（1）确定一国的均衡消费点； （2）衡量整个社会福利。 （三）均衡条件：封闭条件下的一般均衡 一般均衡条件与均衡解
1.生产均衡：即生产可能性曲线上的均衡 2.消费均衡：无差异曲线与预算线的均衡 3.市场出清：即总供给=总需求 开放条件下的一般均衡 生产均衡： 消费均衡： 贸易平衡：即一国进口总支出＝出口总收入 三、国际贸易产生的原因：生产技术差异要素禀赋差异需求方面的差异规模收益递增不完全竞争 四、国际交换价格确定 将两国的过剩需求曲线放在同一坐标中，决定国际均衡价格：
国际经济学复习题
比较利益：由英国经济学家托伦斯提出、嘉图发展的国际贸易理论。认为:即使一个国家生产每种产品都具有最高生产率，处于绝对优势,而另一个国家生产每种产品都处于绝对劣势,只要它们的劳动生产率在不同产品上存在区别,遵循“两利相权取其重,两弊相衡取其轻”的原则,便能从国际分工和贸易中获得利益。 出口的贫困增长：是指一国生产要素增加使产品出口增加时，该国的出口收入不但没有增加，反而减少了。造成这种局面的直接原因就是国际比价贸易条件的恶化。出口的贫困化增长主要发生在发展中国家，根源在于出口量随着生产能力提高而增加，引起国际市场价格下跌，进而造成贸易条件恶化。 要素禀赋：是指一国所拥有的可利用的经济资源的总量。它既包括自然存在的资源（如土地和矿产），也包括“获得性”资源（如技术和资本）。这是一个绝对量的概念。 要素禀赋理论：即赫克歇尔—俄林定理，简称Ｈ-Ｏ模型。在国际贸易中，一国的比较优势是由其要素丰裕度决定的。一国应生产和出口较密集地使用其较丰裕的生产要素的产品，进口较密集地使用其较稀缺的生产要素的产品。 要素价格均等化定理：即使生产要素不具备国际流动的条件，只要商品自由贸易得到充分的发展，那么各国同种生产要素的相对价格会趋于相等。同时，绝对价格也会趋于相等。要素密集度逆转：是指生产的某种商品，在劳动力相对丰富的国家中属于劳动密集型产品，但在资本相对丰富的国家中则属于资本密集型产品。 产业贸易理论：一国即出口又进口某种产业产品的贸易现象。具体主要指的是同一产业部门部的差异化产品的交换和中间产品的交流。按国际贸易标准分类至少前三位数相同的产品既出现在一国的进口项目中、又出现在该国的出口项目中。规模收益：当所有投入要素的使用量都按同样的比例增加时，这种增加会对总产量的影响。 规模收益是指涉及到厂商生产规模变化与产量变化之间的关系，如果生产规模的变化是由所有生产要素以相同比例扩大或减少而引起的，那么对应的产量变动就有三种情况：（1）如果产量增加的比率大于生产要素增加的比率，则生产处于规模收益递增阶段；（2）如果产量增加的比率等于生产要素增加的比率，则生产处于规模收益不变阶段；（3）如果产量增加的比率小于生产要素增加的比率，则生产处于规模收益递减阶段。 出口补贴：出口补贴又称出口津贴，是一国政府为了降低出口商品的价格，增加其在国际市场的竞争力，在出口某商品时给予出口商的现金补贴或财政上的优惠待遇。 进口配额：一国政府对一定时期进口的某些商品的数量或金额加以直接控制。在规定的期限，配额以的货物可以进口，超过配额不准进口，或征收较高关税后才能进口。简单而言，配额是对进口商品设置一定的限额，其目的与征收关税一样，为了限制进口，保护国工业。但与关税不同的是，进口配额是直接的数量控制而不是通过提高进口商品价格间接地减少进 口。 生产者剩余：生产者剩余是指生产者愿意接受的价格和实际接受的价格之间的差额。 消费者剩余：消费者在购买一定数量的某种商品时愿意支付的总数量和实际支付的总数量之间的差额 幼稚产业：某种产业由于技术经验不足、劳动生产率低下、产品成本高于世界市场价格，因而无法与国外产业竞争，但在关税、补贴等保护措施下继续生产一段时间，经过一段时间的生产能够在自由贸易条件下获利，达到其他国家水平而自
克鲁格曼《国际经济学》计算题及答案
1. 在古典贸易模型中，假设A 国有120名劳动力，B 国有50名劳动力，如果生产棉花的话，A 国的人均产量是2吨，B 国也是2吨；要是生产大米的话，A 国的人均产量是10吨，B 国则是16吨。画出两国的生产可能性曲线并分析两国中哪一国拥有生产大米的绝对优势？哪一国拥有生产大米的比较优势？ 思路：B 国由于每人能生产16吨大米，而A 国每人仅生产10吨大米，所以B 国具有生产大米的绝对优 势。 从两国生产可能性曲线看出A 国生产大米的机会成本为，而B 国为，所以B 国生产大米的机会成本或相对成 本低于A 国，B 国生产大米具有比较优势。 2.下表列出了加拿大和中国生产1单位计算机和1单位小麦所需的劳动时间。假定生产计算机和小麦都只用劳动，加拿大的总劳动为600小时，中国总劳动为800小时。 （1） 计算不发生贸易时各国生产计算机和小麦的产量。 （2） 哪个国家具有生产计算机的比较优势？哪个国家具有生产小麦的比较优势？ （3） 如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换22单位的小麦，加拿大参与贸易可以从每单位的进 口中节省多少劳动时间？中国可以从每单位进口中节省多少劳动时间？如果给定世界价格是1 单位计算机交换24单位的小麦，加拿大和中国分别可以从进口每单位的货物中节省多少劳动 时间？ （4） 在自由贸易的情况下，各国应生产什么产品，数量是多少？整个世界的福利水平是提高还是 降低了？试用图分析。（以效用水平来衡量福利水平） 思路： （1） 中国生产计算机的机会成本为100/4=25，加拿大为60/3=20 （2） 因为加拿大生产计算机的机会成本比中国低，所以加拿大具有生产者计算机的比较优势，中国就具有生 产小麦的比较优势。 （3） 如果各国按照比较优势生产和出口，加拿大进口小麦出口计算机，中国进口计算机出口小麦。 加拿大进口一单位小麦需要出口1/22单位计算机，折合成劳动时间来算，生产一单位小麦本国要用3小 时，但生产1/22单位计算机本国要用60/22小时劳动，所以加拿大进口一单位小麦相当于用60/22小时 的劳动换回本国3小时生产的产品，节省了3-60/22=3/11小时的劳动时间。中国进口一单位计算机需要 出口22单位小麦，相当于用22*4=88小时的劳动换回本国需用100小时生产的产品，节省了100-88=12 小时的劳动时间。 如果世界价格是1单位计算机交换24单位的小麦，则相当于用60/24小时的劳动换回本国3小时生产的 产品，节省了3-60/24=1/2小时的劳动时间。中国进口一单位计算机需要出口24单位小麦，相当于用 24*4=96小时的劳动换回本国需用100小时生产的产品，节省了100-96=4小时的劳动时间。 （4） 在自由贸易的情况下，加拿大应专业生产计算机，数量为600/60=10单位；中国应专业生产小麦，数量 为800/4=200单位。 中国的福利水平从U 01上升到U 11，加拿大的福利水平从U 02上升到U 12，整个世界的福利水平上升了。 3. 假定中国总劳动为600小时，生产每单位钢铁Y 需要4小时，而生产每单位大米X 需要2小时，用图画出：
国际经济学练习题
绪论 一、单项选择题 1．国际经济学产生与发展的客观基础是（） A．国际经济活动范围不断扩大B．国际经济关系日益复杂 C．跨越国界的经济活动不断增长D．国与国之间经济联系密切 2．国际经济学的研究对象（） A．国际经济活动B．国际经济关系 C．世界范围内的资源配置D．国际经济活动与国际经济关系 3．国际经济学产生的时间（） A．20世纪60年代 B．20世纪50年代 C．20世纪40年代 D．20世纪70年代 二、判断改错题 1．国际经济学产生与发展的理论基础是国际贸易理论。（） 2．国际经济学是西方经济学的重要组成部分。（） 3．国际经济学的微观部分主要讨论世界范围内的资源配置问题。（） 4．国际金融理论与政策是站在单个国家角度来研究金融问题的。（） 绪论 一、单项选择题 1．C 2．D 3．A 二、判断改错题 1．×。将“国际贸易理论”改为“国际贸易理论与国际金融理论”。 2．×。国际经济学是从西方经济学中独立出来的一门系统科学。 3．√。 4．×。国际金融理论与政策是独立于个别国家之外来研究所有国家参与国际金融市场的问题。 第二章古典国际贸易理论 一、单项选择题 1．主张对外贸易顺差，并将金银视为财富的唯一形式的理论是（）A．比较优势理论B．贸易差额理论C．要素禀赋理论D．相互需求理论2．贸易差额论的政策主张中对发展中国家制定贸易政策有借鉴意义的是（）A．发展本国工业B．发展本国航运业C．追求贸易顺差 D．对外贸易垄断3．最早对重商主义提出质疑的英国学者是（） A．约翰·穆勒 B．亚当·斯密C．大卫·李嘉图D．大卫·休谟
4．甲国使用同样数量资源比乙国能生产更多的X，则乙国在X生产上具有（）A．绝对优势B．比较劣势C．绝对劣势D．比较优势 5．甲国生产单位布和小麦分别需要6天和9天，乙国为10天和12天，根据比较优势理论（） A．乙国进口小麦B．甲国出口布C．乙国出口布D．甲国出口小麦6．比较优势理论的提出者是（） A．约翰·穆勒B．大卫·李嘉图C．亚当·斯密 D．李斯特 7．被称为西方国际贸易理论基石的是（） A．贸易差额理论B．绝对优势理论C．比较优势理论 D．相互需求理论8．比较优势理论认为国际贸易产生的主要原因是（） A．劳动生产率的相对差异B．技术水平差异 C．需求强度差异D．商品价格差异9．律师打字速度是打字员的两倍却雇佣打字员打字，以下表述错误的是（）A．律师在打字上具有绝对优势B．律师在律师咨询上具有比较优势 C．打字员在打字上具有比较优势D．打字员在打字上具有绝对优势 10．按照比较优势理论，大量贸易应发生在（） A．发达国家之间 B．发展中国家之间 C．发达国家与发展中国家之间D．需求相似国家之间 二、判断改错题 1．贸易差额论虽然产生时间很早，但并不是严格意义上的国际贸易理论。（）2．贸易差额理论的奖出限入政策是针对所有产品而言的。（） 3．贸易差额理论是第一个自由贸易理论。（） 4．绝对优势理论分析的是国际贸易实践中的一个特例。（） 5．具有绝对优势的产品不一定具有比较优势。（） 6．根据绝对优势理论，一国两种产品都处于绝对劣势时仍可以参与互利贸易。（）7．比较优势理论认为从理论上说所有国家都可以参与互利贸易。（） 8．根据比较优势理论，只有当一国生产率达到足够高时，它才能从自由贸易中获益。 （） 9．如果贸易发生在一个大国和一个小国之间，贸易后国际市场价格更接近于小国封闭条件下的国内市场价格。（） 三、名词解释 1．绝对优势2．比较优势 四、简答题 1．简述绝对优势理论主要内容。 2．简述比较优势理论主要内容。
国际经济学重点归纳及解析(四)
2014年新阳光教育同等学力备考 国际经济学重要点归纳及解析（四） 一、名词解释 1.费雪效应 2.要素密集度逆转 3.最优货币区 4.马歇尔·勒纳条件 二、简答 1．试分析国际收支状况反映的经济含义 2．试述国际收支失衡的调整。 3．试述国际生产折衷理论的基本内容及政策意义。 4．试用分析一国宏观经济内外均衡的过程及其政策搭配。 参考答案 一、名词解释 1.费雪效应：是著名的经济学家费雪揭示通货膨胀率预期与利率之间关系的一个发现，它指出当通货膨胀率预期上升时，利率也将上升。名义利率、实际利率与通货膨胀率三者之间的关系是：名义利率=实际利率+通货膨胀率 2.要素密集度逆转：指某种商品在资本丰富的国家属于资本密集型产品，而在劳动力相对丰富的国家则属于劳动密集型产品，如小麦在非洲是劳动密集型产品，而在美国则是资本密集型产品，是大机器和高效化肥生产的产品。所以，同一种产品是劳动密集型产品还是资本密集型产品并没有绝对的界限。在国外属于劳动密集型的产品，有可能在国内属于资本密集型的产品。 3.最优货币区：是指采用单一货币，或几种货币之间汇率永久固定、对外统一浮动的经济区域。最优货币区的条件为：价格与工资弹性、要素市场融合、金融市场融合、商品市场高度融合和宏观经济协调和政治融合。
2014年新阳光教育同等学力备考 4.马歇尔·勒纳条件：本国出口的价格需求弹性与本国进口的价格需求弹性之和的绝对值大于1，即进出口对价格变化的反应程度较大。 二、简答 1. 试分析国际收支状况反映的经济含义。 要点提示：国际收支状况与一个经济体的总体经济状况密不可分，国际收支表的状况也反映着一个经济体的基本经济状况。 （1）一个经济体的国际收支状况反映了一国经济实力和在世界经济中的地位。国际可以从经济总体规模和顺差、逆差的角度来反映一个国家的实力地位。一个经济体如果经济规模巨大，与外界经济交易、交流的数量巨大，它在国际经济中的地位就较高。因为较大的国际收支规模说明，该经济体具有较大的经济资源的吸纳能力和输出能力，经济运行和发展会比较顺利；同时也说明该经济体具有较大的经济产出和吸纳能力，可以消费世界上有益的产品并在国际市场上实现自己的产品；从两个方面使得该经济体融入世界经济，使得该经济体可以获得更多的经济利益与竞争的推动力。一般认为，如果一个经济体国际收支处于较大顺差的情况，一般认为该经济体的经济状况较好，在世界经济中的竞争力较强。 （2）一个经济体的国际收支状况决定着一国货币与汇率的变化方向。一般来说，当一个经济体的国际收支状况表现为逆差时，经济交易进大于出，对于外汇的需求大于供给，表现为供不应求，于是便会在国际金融市场上出现本币对外币汇率的下浮趋势。反之，如果一个经济体的国际收支状况表现为顺差时，经济交易出大于进，在国家金融市场上，会出现对于本币的追求，造成本币的供不应求，本币的外汇价会因此而出现上升的趋势。 （3）一个经济体的国际收支状况决定着一国的融资能力和资信地位。在国际资金与资本市场上，一个经济体的偿还能力越强，则它的借款能力也就越强，能够借款的渠道也就越多，该经济体在国际资金与资本市场上的资信也就越强。从国际收支的角度来看，一个经济体的偿还能力往往取决于该经济体的经常项目收支和资本与金融帐户收支，以及官方储备的状况。如果一个经济体在这两个项目上有较大的盈余，该经济体在国际资本与资金市场上就能够比较容易地借入更多的资金。 (4)一个经济体的国际收支状况反映着一国经济结构的情况和变化。一般来说，随着经济发展的趋势，经济无形产出在整个国际经济交易中的比重在不断上升，这反映着国际经济结构的变化。随着一个经济体的经济发展和对外经济往来关系的深化，经济结构中初级产品的地位在不断下降，制成品和无形产出所占比重会有较大的提高，该经济体的对外经济交易的内容也就会出现从以初级产品为主，过渡到以制成品为主，最终过渡到以有形、无形两种产出双向交流并重的局面，这表明经济的发展与成熟。 （5）一个经济体的国际收支状况影响着一国国内的经济增长和发展。在世界经济中，一个经济体产出的输出，往往会造成本国资源的流出，国内市场的供给也会因此而相应下降，经济产出输出收回来的外汇，往往又会增加国内的货币供给，有可能加大一个经济体内部的物价上涨的压力，经济体内部货币供给增加、物价上升，一般会