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2015考研英语《关键语法》讲义

2015考研英语《关键语法》讲义
2015考研英语《关键语法》讲义

2015考研英语关键语法

第一部分:核心语法

一、分词(V+ing,V+ed)

1.区别动名词

(1)作主语和宾语

Saying is easier than doing.(说比做容易。)

(2)作介词宾语

We get pleasure from loving and being loved.(我们从爱别人和被别人爱中得到快乐。)

2.分词作定语

(1)前置

①The beginning student should be given more encouragement.(初学者应多给予鼓励。)

②A balanced diet provides nutrition for your body.(均衡的食物使你的身体获得营养。)

(2)后置

①Those living on a mountain live off the mountain.(靠山吃山)

②Children disciplined when they are young will become good citizen.

(小时候受过良好教育的儿童长大会成为好公民。)

3.分词作状语

①Hearing the news,they immediately set off for Shanghai.

(听到这个消息,他们立即出发到上海去了)。

②Seen from the pagoda,the south foot of the Purple Mountain is a sea of trees.

(从这个塔上远眺,紫金山南麓是树的海洋。)

③Printed white,the house looks bigger.

(漆成白色后,这房子像是更大了。)

④Having written an important letter,I listened to the music for a while.

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https://www.wendangku.net/doc/4516542008.html,

(写完一封重要的信之后,我听了一会儿音乐。)

⑤Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect,extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.

(持极端观点的人认为,人与动物在各相关方面都不相同,所以对待动物无须考虑道德问题。)

⑥An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform.

(对于计算机课堂教学,人们在观点上存在着一条无形的界线:有人认为应从学生的就业前景来考虑这一问题,而另一些人认为应从推行彻底的教育改革方面来更加全面地考虑计算机进入教室这一问题。)

(区别动名词短语作主语)

Creating a“European identity”that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice.(2005-49)

(创造一种能够尊重不同文化与传统的欧洲特色并不是一件很容易的事情,而这些文化传统将会成为维系欧洲大陆的基础结构,这需要一种战略性的选择。)

4.独立主格结构

Mary coming back,they discussed it together.(=When mary came back…)

(玛丽回来后,他们一起讨论了那件事。)

Health and persistence given,one can do great things.(=If health and persistence are given…)

(有健康的身体和顽强的毅力的话,一个人能做出伟大的事情。)

The moon having risen,they took a walk in the fields.(=When the moon had risen…)

(月亮升起后,他们在田野里散步。)

So much time having been spent,the work is only half done.(=Though so much time has been spent…)(虽然花了这么多时间,这项工作才做了一半。)

But with homework counting for no more than10%of their grades,students can easily skip half their homework and see very little difference on their report cards.

(但是由于作业在成绩中所占的比例不超过10%,学生很可能少做一半的作业,而在他们的成绩单上也不会有什么差别。)

二、定语从句

A:He has one sister who is working in the city.

B:He has one sister,who is working in the city.

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考研讯息 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/4516542008.html,

C:All the people in the auditorium who had enough of classical music start to leave.

D:All the people in the auditorium,who had enough of classical music,start to leave.

E:The bookstore which sells this book is the largest one in Nanjing.

F:The bookstore where I work is the largest one in Nanjing.

1.Thus,the anthropological concept of“culture”,like the concept of“set”in mathematics,is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.(2003-50)(因此,人类学中的“文化”就象数学中的“集”一样,是一个抽象概念,这种抽象概念使大量的具体研究和认识成为可能。)

2.I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic way about moral problems.(2006-46)

(我将其定义为这样一个人:他以苏格拉底的方式来思考道德问题,并将此当作人生的主要责任和乐趣。)

3.Furthermore,humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live,…(2003-46)(而且,人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境,…)

4.It tends to ignore,and thus eventually to eliminate,many elements in the land community that lack commercial value,but that are essential to its healthy functioning.(2010)

(这一体系容易忽视并最终消灭很多缺乏商业价值的物种,然而这些物种对于整个生物群落的健康运行是至关重要的。)

5.This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.

(这种困境将是确定无疑的,因为能源的匮乏,高能量消耗这种美国耕作方式很难在农业中继续下去,而这种耕作方式使投入少数农民就可获得高产成为可能。)

6.Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter,we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a“valid”or“fair”comparison.

(现在,既然对智力的评估是比较性的,那么,在对我们的对象进行比较时,所采用的尺度就应当是“有效的”或“公平的”。)

7.It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset:it invited you to think that animals should be treated either with consideration humans extend to other humans,or with no consideration at all.

(这在一开始就将问题引向极端,它让人们认为应该这样对待动物:要么象对待人类自身那样去关怀,要么完全冷漠无情。)

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8.On another level,many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.

(在另一层面上,许多医学界人士承认,关于辅助自杀的争论的升温的部分原因在于病人的绝望情绪,对这些病人来说,现代医学事实上延长了临终前身体的痛苦。)

9."It was a really bad move because that’s not my passion,"says Ning,whose dilemma about the job translated,predictable,into a lack of sales.

(宁说:“因为这个工作不是我的兴趣所在,所以这的确是糟糕的一步。”结果可想而知,他的这一矛盾心理导致他的销售业绩不佳。)

三、同位语从句

▲(同位语从句与定语从句的区别):

A:The proposal that he put forward is to be discussed at the meeting.

(他提出的建议将在会上讨论。)

B:The proposal that we should import more equipment from abroad is to be discussed at the meeting.(我们应当从国外进口更多设备这个建议将在会上讨论。)

1)Part of the fame of Allen’s book is its contention that“Circumstances do not make a person,they reveal him.”(2011)

(爱伦的书之所以出名,部分原因是因为它辩论的观点,即:“环境并未造就人,而是揭示了人的本性。)

2)Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request.

(网上文化推崇这样一个概念,即在你提出具体的要求之后,信息才会出现在你屏幕上。)

3)The idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.

(新闻工作者对于法律的理解应当比普通公民更加深刻,这个观点建立在对新闻媒体既定规范和特殊社会责任的理解的基础之上。)

4)Being interested in the relationship of language and thought,Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought.

(沃尔夫对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣,因此他逐渐形成了这样的观点:一个社会中,语言的结构决定习惯思维的结构。)

5)The common belief of some linguistics that each language is a perfect vehicle for the thoughts of the nation speaking it is in some ways the exact counterpart of the conviction of the Manchester school of economics that supply and demand will regulate everything for the rest.

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考研讯息 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/4516542008.html,

(一些语言学家的共同见解是,每一种语言都是使用该语言的民族用以表达思想的完美载体。这一观点在某些方面与曼彻斯特经济学派的观点,即供给与需求会将一切调节至尽善尽美,有异曲同工之处。)

▲判别:

This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework.

(这项规定本意是解决来自贫困和混乱家庭的学生在完成作业时可能遇到的困难。)

四、名词性从句

1.He ate what he paid for.(=He ate the food that he paid for.)

(他吃他买的东西。)

2.The question is how we can get the loan.(=The question is something.)

(问题是如何获得贷款。)

3.He told them who he was and what he had done in the past.

(他告诉他们他是谁和过去他干了什么。)

4.In general,the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can be not well defined.

(一般来说,当所需测定的性质能够精确定义时,测试最为有效;而当所需测定或预测的对象不能明确定义时,测试效果最差。)

5.The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.(2004-46)

(希腊人认为本语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系,这种观点早在人们意识到语言的千差万别之前就已经在欧洲扎下了根。)

6.When the first draft should be finished and how it should be ameliorated are just two of a great number of difficulties that the fledging newspaper reporter encounters.

(什么时候该完成初稿,以及该怎样对其进行修改,是这个初出茅庐的新闻记者面临的众多问题中的两个。)

7.The most crucial point that you should fully comprehend is what prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect.

(关键在于,你应当充分理解是什么使得美国人不能如人们所期望的那样幸福地生活。)

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8.A Google search can leak between0.2and7.0grams of CO2,depending on how many attempts are needed to get the“right”answers.

(在谷歌上进行一次搜索便会产生0.2到7.0克的二氧化碳,具体数值取决于人们得到“正确”答案所需的查询次数。)

9.Firms are now studying how genes interact,looking for correlation that might be used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drug’s efficacy.

(目前企业正在研究基因如何相互作用,以寻找它们之间的关联性,从而用于推断疾病的起因或者预测药效。)

第二部分:其它语法现象

一、重要时态

1.现在完成进行时

I’ve been waiting for an hour but she still hasn’t come.

我已等了一个小时,但她还没有来。

2.过去将来时

He said that he would wait for us at the bus stop.

他说他要在车站等我们的。

3.将来完成时

The concert will begin at half past eight.They will have played half an hour when you arrive.

音乐会将在8点半开始。你达到时,他们就将已演奏半小时了。

二、“it”作形式主语

1.It is painful to read these round about accounts today.(2010)

现在来看这些拐弯抹角的理由是令人心痛的。

2.It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience,but this effect is not a part of its original motive.(2009)

尽管人们可以这样说,对任何一个社会制度价值的衡量就是其在增长和丰富经验方面所产生的影响,但是这种影响并不是其最初动机的一部分。

3.It is interesting to note that in countries where the national diet contains large quantities of unrefined flour and vegetables,certain diseases are comparatively rare.

一个值得注意的有趣现象是,在那些以粗面粉和蔬菜为主食的国家里,某些疾病相对少些。

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考研讯息 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/4516542008.html,

4.I believe equally that it is in the interests of the world as a whole that Europe should increasingly unite and speak with a common voice.

我同样认为欧洲应该日益团结起来,发出共同的声音,这是符合全世界的利益的。

三、虚拟语气

1.If he were here this evening,we would play cards.

(如果他今晚在这里的话,我们就玩牌。)

2.If I had known her address,I would have visited her last week.

(上周如果我知道她的地址的话,我就去拜访她了。)

3.Were they to get married,they would be happy.

(要是他们结婚的话,他们会幸福的。)

4.Had you informed me earlier,I wouldn’t have signed the contract.

(要是你早些告诉我的话,我是不会签那份合同的。)

5.Coke town was a town of red brick,or of brick that would have been red if the smoke and the ashes had allowed it.

(科克镇以前是由红色的砖建成的,确切点说,要不是由于烟雾和灰尘的话,它本应是红色的。)

6.They do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been,had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.

(他们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人,如果在较好的环境下成长的话,会有多大才干。)

7.If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people,then humanity would never have progressed.(2011)

(如果环境总是能够决定人的生活和前景,那么人性就不曾进步过。)

8.Those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times.

(那些名牌大学的毕业生能够很快地达到良好经济时期他们本该拥有的地位。)

9.This“brain drain”has long bothered policymakers in poor countries.They fear that it hurts their economies,depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who could have taught at their universities, worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new products for their factories to make.

(人才流失问题一直困扰着贫困国家的决策者们。他们担心这会对本国的经济造成损害,造成国家急需的技术人员的流失,这些人本可以任教于国内的大学,也可以在国内的医院工作,或者是构思出更加优越的产品供国内工厂去生产。)

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四、比较

1.Railroads typically charge such“captive”shippers20to30percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business.

(通常,铁路公司对这些“受制”客户的收费要比存在另一家铁路公司竞争时高出20%至30%。)2.When they found,in attempting to model thought,is that the human brain’s roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented—and human perception far more complicated—than previously imagined.

(在试图模仿人类思维时,研究人员发现,人类大脑中大约有1000亿个神经细胞,比以前所认为的要更具天赋,人类的感知过程也更复杂。)

五、翻译基础

1.被动译法

He worked to improve the grinding of flints,which were used in the rising pottery industry.

(他努力改进燧石的碾磨过程,燧石是新兴的陶瓷工业有用的材料。)

2.换词

Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature.

(爱伦的贡献在于,他拿出我们所公认的一个假说,即“我们不是机器人,因此能控制自己的思想”,同时还指出该假说的错误所在。)

Circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been“wronged”then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation.

(环境似乎旨在激发我们的最大潜能,如果我们总感觉遭受了“不公”,那么不太可能会自觉地努力脱离现状。)

A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds.

(就食肉动物和捕鱼鸟类而言,也存在这种情况)。

3.改序

We have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.

(我们至少已经几乎承认了这样一种观点:不管鸟类对我们是否有经济利益,生存都是它们的固有权利。)

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考研讯息 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/4516542008.html,

第三部分:篇章逻辑

(1)

Come on–Everybody’s doing it.That whispered message,half invitation and half forcing,is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure.It usually leads to no good-drinking,drugs and casual sex.But in her new book Join the Club,Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure,in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the world.

Rosenberg,the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize,offers a host of example of the social cure in action:In South Carolina,a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool.In South Africa,an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.

The idea seems promising,and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer.Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on:they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits,and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.“Dare to be different,please don’t smoke!”pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers,who desire nothing more than fitting in.Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers,so skilled at applying peer pressure.

But on the general effectiveness of the social cure,Rosenberg is less persuasive.Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful.The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long.Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut.Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.

There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior.An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication.This is a subtle form of peer pressure:we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.

Far less certain,however,is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions.It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates.The tactic never really works.And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside:in the real world,as in school,we insist on choosing our own friends.

21.According to the first paragraph,peer pressure often emerges as

[A]a supplement to the social cure

[B]a stimulus to group dynamics

[C]an obstacle to school progress

[D]a cause of undesirable behaviors

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22.Rosenberg holds that public-health advocates should

[A]recruit professional advertisers

[B]learn from advertisers ’experience

[C]stay away from commercial advertisers

[D]recognize the limitations of advertisements

23.In the author ’s view,Rosenberg ’s book fails to

[A]adequately probe social and biological factors

[B]effectively evade the flaws of the social cure

[C]illustrate the functions of state funding

[D]produce a long-lasting social effect

24.Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors

[A]is harmful to our networks of friends

[B]will mislead behavioral studies

[C]occurs without our realizing it

[D]can produce negative health habits

25.The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is

[A]harmful [B]desirable [C]profound [D]questionable

(2)

A deal is a deal-except,apparently ,when Entergy is involved.The company,a major energy supplier in New England,provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.

Instead,the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont ’s rules in the federal court,as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running.It ’s a stunning move.

The conflict has been surfacing since 2002,when the corporation bought Vermont ’s only nuclear power plant,an aging reactor in Vernon.As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale,the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012.In 2006,the state went a step further,requiring that any extension of the plant ’s license be subject to Vermont legislature ’s approval.Then,too,the company went along.

Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments,or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next.A string of accidents,including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 2007and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage,raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee ’s safety and Entergy ’s management–especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe.Enraged by Entergy ’s behavior,the Vermont Senate voted 26to 4last year against allowing an extension.

Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002agreement is i nvalid because of the 2006

legislation,and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues.The legal issues

考研讯息 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/4516542008.html,

in the case are obscure:whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power,legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend.Certainly,there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules.But had Entergy kept its word,that debate would be beside the point.

The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state.But there should be consequences.Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust.Entergy runs11other reactors in the United States,including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth.Pledging to run Pilgrim safely,the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another20years.But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission(NRC)reviews the company’s application,it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.

26.The phrase“reneging on”(Line3.para.1)is closest in meaning to

[A]condemning.[B]reaffirming.[C]dishonoring.[D]securing.

27.By entering into the2002agreement,Entergy intended to

[A]obtain protection from Vermont regulators.

[B]seek favor from the federal legislature.

[C]acquire an extension of its business license.

[D]get permission to purchase a power plant.

28.According to Paragraph4,Entergy seems to have problems with its

[A]managerial practices.[B]technical innovativeness.

[C]financial goals.[D]business vision

29.In the author’s view,the Vermont case will test

[A]Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.

[B]the nature of states’patchwork regulations.

[C]the federal authority over nuclear issues.

[D]the limits of states’power over nuclear issues.

30.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that

[A]Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected.

[B]the authority of the NRC will be defied.

[C]Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.

[D]Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.

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2017年考研英语(一)考试大纲全方位解读

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