2014年考研与2013年考研英语变化对照表一

2014年与2013年考研英语（二）大纲变化对照表

2013-09-14 10:10

2014年与2013年考研英语（二）大纲变化对照表

内

容

题型

2014年大纲要求2013年大纲要求大纲变化复习建议

词汇考生应能较熟练地掌

握5500个左右常用英

语词汇以及相关常用

词组（详见附录相关部

分）。考生应能根据具

体语境、句子结构或上

下文理解一些非常用

词的词义。

考生应能较熟练地掌握

5500个左右常用英语

词汇以及相关常用词组

（详见附录相关部分）。

考生应能根据具体语

境、句子结构或上下文

理解一些非常用词的词

义。

维持了

2013年大

纲的变

化，相比

较2012年

的大纲新

增59个词

汇，删除

42个词

汇。

词汇是整个考研英语复习

的根基，单词复习的成效直

接决定了考研英语的复习

效果，所以要求考生保质保

量地掌握考纲所要求的

5500个左右常用英语词汇

及相关常用词组。建议各位

考生按照既定的复习思路

备考。考生需要特别注意的

是，要结合具体语境和上下

文理解记忆单词，往往会收

到事半功倍的效果。

语法考生应能熟练地运用

基本的语法知识，其中

包括：

（1）名词、代词的数

和格的构成及其用法；

（2）动词时态、语态

的构成及其用法；

（3）形容词与副词的

比较级和最高级的构

成及其用法；

（4）常用连接词的词

义及其用法；

（5）非谓语动词（不

定式、动名词、分词）

的构成及其用法；

（6）虚拟语气的构成

考生应能熟练地运用基

本的语法知识，其中包

括：

（1）名词、代词的数和

格的构成及其用法；

（2）动词时态、语态的

构成及其用法；

（3）形容词与副词的比

较级和最高级的构成及

其用法；

（4）常用连接词的词义

及其用法；

（5）非谓语动词（不定

式、动名词、分词）的

构成及其用法；

（6）虚拟语气的构成及

没有变化

语法同词汇一样是英语学

习的基础。建议考生根据大

纲中所列出的要求考生掌

握的语法点，有针对性地复

习，及时查漏补缺，从而能

够又快又好地理解阅读和

翻译中的长难句，写作时也

能写出符合语法规范的句

子。此外，单词和语法这些

语言知识是为试卷中的各

个题型服务的，复习时千万

不要孤立的背单词、学语

法，而是有针对性地用它们

解决具体题型中的具体问

题，在复习中边学边用，学

以致用，这样的复习才能高

效。

及其用法；

（7）各类从句（定语从句、主语从句、表语从句等）及强调句型的结构及其用法；

（8）倒装句、插入语的结构及其用法。其用法；

（7）各类从句（定语从句、主语从句、表语从句等）及强调句型的结构及其用法；

（8）倒装句、插入语的结构及其用法。

英语知识

运用

主要考查考生对

英语知识点的综合运

用能力。共20小题，每

小题0.5分，共10分。

在一篇约

350词的文章中留出20

个空白，要求考生从每

题给出的4个选项中选

出最佳答案，使补全后

的文章意思通顺、前后

连贯、结构完整。考生

在答题卡1上作答。

主要考查考生对英

语知识点的综合运用能

力。共20小题，每小题

0.5分，共10分。

在一篇约

350词的文章中留出20

个空白，要求考生从每

题给出的4个选项中选

出最佳答案，使补全后

的文章意思通顺、前后

连贯、结构完整。考生

在答题卡1上作答。

没有变化

大纲提出，英语知识运用主

要考查考生对英语知识点

的综合运用能力，具体来

讲，英语知识运用部分考核

的重点：语法结构、固定搭

配、近义词辨析和逻辑关系

等，希望广大考生能够以考

试大纲为准绳，以历年真题

为研究范本，吃透知识点，

认真准备和复习有关考研

英语知识运用方面的知识

点，提高解题能力。

阅读理解

A 语言技能：阅读

考生应能读

懂不同题材和体裁的

文字材料。题材包括经

济、管理、社会、文化、

科普等，体裁包括说明

文、议论文和记叙文

等。

根据阅读材料，考

生应能：

（1）理解主旨要义；

（2）理解文中的具体

信息；

（3）理解语篇的结构

和上下文的逻辑关系；

（4）根据上下文推断

重要生词或词组的含

义；

语言技能：阅读

考生应能读

懂不同题材和体裁的文

字材料。题材包括经济、

管理、社会、文化、科

普等，体裁包括说明文、

议论文和记叙文等。

根据阅读材料，考

生应能：

（1）理解主旨要义；

（2）理解文中的具体信

息；

（3）理解语篇的结构和

上下文的逻辑关系；

（4）根据上下文推断重

要生词或词组的含义；

（5）进行一定的判断和

推理；

没有变化

大纲规定了阅读理解A部分

考查文章的题材、体裁、考

查能力要求及考查形式，从

题材上来讲，英语（二）的

阅读理解A部分偏重考查经

济类文章和管理类文章，平

时复习时要有所侧重。从考

查能力上来讲，英语（二）

的阅读理解A部分主要考查

考生获取信息、理解文章、

猜测重要生词词义并进行

推断等方面的能力，这就要

求考生做题时能定位到具

体信息，准确理解，排除干

扰选项，判断出正确选项，

从而能够拿到高分。

（5）进行一定的判断和推理； （6）理解作者的意图、观点或态度。 该部分主要考查考生获取信息、理解文章、

猜测重要生词词义并进行推断等方面的能力。 本部分为多项选择题。共四篇文章，总长度为1 500词左右。要求考生阅读文章并回答每篇文章后面的问题。考生需要在每小题所提

供的选项（A 、B 、C 、D ）中选出唯一正确或是最合适的答案。 每篇文章设5题，共20

题。每小题2分，共40

分。考生在答题卡1上

作答。

（6）理解作者的意图、观点或态度。

该部分主要考查考生获取信息、理解文章、猜

测重要生词词义并进行推断等方面的能力。 本部分为多项选择题。共四篇文章，总长度为1 500词左右。要求考生

阅读文章并回答每篇文章后面的问题。考生需要在每小题所提供的选项（A 、B 、C 、D ）中选出唯一正确或是最合适的答案。 每篇文章设5题，共20题。每小题2分，共40分。考生在答题卡1上作

答。 阅读理解B （新题型）

主要考查考生获取信息、理解文章、猜测重要生词词义并进行推断等方面的能力。 本部分有两种备选题型。每次考试从这两种题型中选择其中的一种形式，或者两种形式的组合进行考查。本节文章设5小题，每小题2分，共10分。 考生在答题卡1上作答。 备选题型包括： 1）多项对应 本部分为一篇长度为450~550词的文章，试主要考查考生获取信息、理解文章、猜测重要生词词义并进行推断等方面的能力。

本部分有两种备选题型。每次考试从这两种题型中选择其中的一种形式，或者两种形式的组合进行考查。本节文章设5小题，每小题2分，共10分。 考生在答题卡1上作答。 备选题型包括： 1）多项对应

本部分为一篇长度为450~550词的文章，试题内容分为左右两栏，

维持了2013年大纲的变化，相比较2012年的大纲，新题型部分删除了备选题型“判断正误”。

题内容分为左右两栏，左侧一栏为5道题目，右侧一栏为7个选项。要求考生在阅读后根据文章内容和左侧一栏中提供的信息从右侧一栏中的7个选项中选出对应的5项相关信息。

2）小标题对应

在一篇长度为450~550词的文章前有7个概括句或小标题。这些文字或标题分别是对文章中某一部分的概括或阐述。要求考生根据文章内容和篇章结构从这7个选项中选出最恰当的5个概括句或小标题填入文章空白处。左侧一栏为5道题目，右侧一栏为7个选项。要求考生在阅读后根据文章内容和左侧一栏中提供的信息从右侧一栏中的7个选项中选出对应的5项相关信息。

2）小标题对应

在一篇长度为450~550词的文章前有7个概括句或小标题。这些文字或标题分别是对文章中某一部分的概括或阐述。要求考生根据文章内容和篇章结构从这7个选项中选出最恰当的5个概括句或小标题填入文章空白处。

2013考研英语全文翻译

2013 Text1 2006 年的一部电影《穿普拉达的女王》有段情节这样演绎：Meryl Streepb 扮演的Miranda Priestly，斥责她毫无吸引力的助手，因为她反映高端时尚并不能感染她，然后Priestly,说明了助手毛衫的深蓝色是如何从时尚展览中慢慢伸展到百货商店再到平价店中，毫无疑问是这个可怜女孩挑选了这件衣服的地方。 Elizabeth Cline 对“快餐时尚”的这三年时尚业管理严密的理念已经非常过时了，或与 Zara，的控诉书《过度装扮》中所描述的狂热不一致。在过去的十几年里，技术的发展使得像 H&M ，Uniqlo等的一些大众市场商标更快地对趋势做出反应，更精确的抢占市场需求。更快地周转意味着更少的库存浪费，更频繁的发布，更高的利润。这些商标煽动那些关心样式而且，他们不做广告，并每隔几周就全部的消费者把衣服当做只洗一到两次的一次性物品， 更新店面的衣服。Cline 认为，这些品牌以极低的价格提供潮流商品的这种行为是在抢劫时尚圈，动摇了这个产业长久以来惯有的季节性。 H&M这次变革的受害者不仅仅是设计者。对于来说，为其全球

2300 家分店提供一个 5.95 美元的编制迷你裙必须依赖海外的廉价劳动力，大量的耗尽自然资源的订单，大量的有害化学品。 Michael Pollan 的《过度装扮》是时尚界对像The Omnivore 's Dilemma 这样的消费者权 益维护者的畅销书的回答。“大量生产的衣物就像快餐，满足饥饿和需求，还是一次性的，浪费的，”Cline 认为。她还发现，美国人一年大概要买64 件一年-200 亿件衣物-平均每人 不论他们是花费了多少钱，这种不节制导致极大的浪费。 在《过度装扮》的最后部分，Cline 介绍的她理想的典范，一个布鲁克林的女人Sarah Kate Cline年开始自己制作自己所有的衣物，并且毫不逊色。但是像从2008 Beaumont,记录的那Beaumont样，花了十年时间完善她的手艺；这个例子不该被忽略。H&M包括虽然许多快餐式时尚公司已经努力控制对劳动力和环境的消极影响，公司的 绿色循环生产线，Cline 依然相信只有消费者的改变才能对此产生长久的改变。她提出对于多数可持续发展（不论是对于食物和能量）的支持者都同有的理想。浮华在继续着；只有在被逼无奈之下人们在消费时才会考虑到可持续性。 Version 描述，说法，叙述，解释，译文，版本 scold 责骂，斥责

2014年考研英语一真题完整版答案解析

Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points) As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can’t remember ___1___ we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance’s name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain ___2___, we refer to these occurrences as “senior moments.” ___3___ seemingly innocent, th is loss of mental focus can potentially have a (n) ___4___ impact on our professional, social, and personal ___5___. Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there’s actually a lot that can be done. It ___6___ out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental ___7___ can significantly improve our basic cognitive ___8___. Thinking is essentially a ___9___ of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to ___10___ in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. ___11___, because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate ___12___ mental effort. Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step ___13___ and developed the first “brain training program” designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental ___14___.

2013年考研英语一真题原文及答案完整版

2013年考研英语一真题原文及答案完整版 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that __1_ the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by _2_ factors. But Dr Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big _3_ was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. _4_, he theorised that a judge _5_ of appearing too soft _6_crime might be more likely to send someone to prison __7_he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day. To __8__this idea, they turned their attention to the university-admissions process. In theory, the ____9___ of an applicant should not depend on the few others___10____ randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was____11____. He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews _12_ by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had _13_ applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale _14_ numerous factors into consideration. T he scores were _15_ used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the GMAT, a standardised exam which is _16_out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.

2014年考研英语二真题及答案(大师兄英语版)

2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二试题 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark[A],[B],[C]or[D]on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points) Thinner isn’t always better.A number of studies have1that normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight.And there are health conditions for which being overweight is actually2.For example,heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women.3among the elderly,being somewhat overweight is often an4of good health. Of even greater5is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define.It is often defined 6body mass index,or BMI.BMI7body mass divided by the square of height.An adult with a BMI of 18to25is often considered to be normal weight.Between25and30is overweight.And over30is considered obese.Obesity,8,can be divided into moderately obese,severely obese,and very severely obese. While such numerical standards seem9,they are not.Obesity is probably less a matter of weight than body fat.Some people with a high BMI are in fact extremely fit,10others with a low BMI may be in poor 11.For example,many collegiate and professional football players12as obese,though their percentage body fat is low.Conversely,someone with a small frame may have high body fat but a13BMI. Today we have a(an)14to label obesity as a disgrace.The overweight are sometimes15in the media with their faces covered.Stereotypes16with obesity include laziness,lack of will power,and lower prospects for success.Teachers,employers,and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases against the obese.17very young children tend to look down on the overweight,and teasing about body build has long been a problem in schools. Negative attitudes toward obesity,18in health concerns,have stimulated a number of anti-obesity 19.My own hospital system has banned sugary drinks from its facilities.Many employers have instituted weight loss and fitness initiatives.Michelle Obama launched a high-visibility campaign20childhood obesi-ty,even claiming that it represents our greatest national security threat. 1.[A]denied[B]conduced[C]doubled[D]ensured 2.[A]protective[B]dangerous[C]sufficient[D]troublesome 3.[A]Instead[B]However[C]Likewise[D]Therefore 4.[A]indicator[B]objective[C]origin[D]example 5.[A]impact[B]relevance[C]assistance[D]concern 6.[A]in terms of[B]in case of[C]in favor of[D]in of 7.[A]measures[B]determines[C]equals[D]modifies 8.[A]in essence[B]in contrast[C]in turn[D]in part 9.[A]complicated[B]conservative[C]variable[D]straightforward 10.[A]so[B]while[C]since[D]unless 11.[A]shape[B]spirit[C]balance[D]taste 12.[A]start[B]qualify[C]retire[D]stay 13.[A]strange[B]changeable[C]normal[D]constant 14.[A]option[B]reason[C]opportunity[D]tendency 15.[A]employed[B]pictured[C]imitated[D]monitored 16.[A]compared[B]combined[C]settled[D]associated

2013年考研英语1真题答案及解析

2013年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语一真题及答案Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samles of information they were working with. 4 , he theorised that a judge 5 of apperaring too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day。 To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr. Simonsoho suspected the truth was 11 。 He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews 12 by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 14 numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 15 used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Granduate Managent Adimssion Test, or GMAT, a standardized exam which is 16 out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her。 Dr. Simonsoho found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score for the next applicant would 18 by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate could need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 20 。 1. [A] grants [B]submits [C]transmits [D]delivers 2. [A] minor [B]objective [C]crucial [D] external 3. [A] issue [B]vision [C]picture [D]external 4. [A] For example [B] On average [C]In principle [D]Above all 5. [A] fond [B] fearful [C]capable [D] thoughtless 6. [A] in [B] on [C] to [D] for 7. [A] if [B] until [C] though [D] unless 8. [A] promote [B] emphasize [C] share [D]success

2014年考研英语一真题答案

2014年考研英语一真题答案 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points) As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can’t remember ___1___ we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance’s name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain ___2___, we refer to these occurrences as "senior moments." ___3___ seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have a (n) ___4___ impact on our professional, social, and personal ___5___. Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that ther e’s actually a lot that can be done. It ___6___ out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental ___7___ can significantly improve our basic cognitive ___8___. Thinking is essentially a ___9___ of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to ___10___ in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. ___11___, because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate ___12___ mental effort. Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step ___13___ and developed the first "brain training program" designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental ___14___. The Web-based program ___15___ you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps ___16___ of your progress and provides detailed feedback ___17___ your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it ___18___modifies and enhances the games you play to ___19___ on the strengths you are developing—much like a(n) ___20___exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use. 1. [A]where [B]when [C]that [D]why 2. [A]improves [B]fades [C]recovers [D]collapses

2013年考研英语一真题完整版

2013年考研英语一真题完整版 Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that __1__ the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by __2___ factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big __3___ was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samles of information they were working with. __4___ , he theorised that a judge __5___ of apperaring too soft __6__ crime might be more likely to send someone to prison __7___ he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day. To __8__ this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the __9___ of an applicant should not depend on the few others __10___ randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr. Simonsoho suspected the truth was __11___ . He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews __12___by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had__13___applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale __14___ numerous factors into consideration. The scores were __15___ used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Granduate Managent Adimssion Test, or GMAT, a standardized exam which is__16___ out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her. Dr. Simonsoho found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one __17___that, then the score for the next applicant would __18___by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to __19___ the effects of such a decrease a candidate could need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been __20___. 1. [A] grants [B]submits [C]transmits [D]delivers 2. [A] minor [B]objective [C]crucial [D] external 3. [A] issue [B]vision [C]picture [D]external

2014年考研英语一真题及答案

2014年真题一 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points) As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can’t remember ___1___ we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance’s name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain ___2___, we refer to these occurrences as "senior moments." ___3___ seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have a (n) ___4___ impact on our professional, social, and personal ___5___. Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there’s act ually a lot that can be done. It ___6___ out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental ___7___ can significantly improve our basic cognitive ___8___. Thinking is essentially a ___9___ of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to ___10___ in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. ___11___, because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate ___12___ mental effort. Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step ___13___ and developed the first "brain training program" designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental ___14___. The Web-based program ___15___ you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps ___16___ of your progress and provides detailed feedback ___17___ your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it ___18___modifies and enhances the games you play to ___19___ on the strengths you are developing—much like a(n) ___20___exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use. 1. [A]where [B]when [C]that [D]why 2. [A]improves [B]fades [C]recovers [D]collapses 3. [A]If [B]Unless [C]Once [D]While 4. [A]uneven [B]limited [C]damaging [D]obscure 5. [A]wellbeing [B]environment [C]relationship [D]outlook

2000-2013年考研英语历年真题和答案(英语一) 免费

2013年考研英语（一）真题 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that ___1___ the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by ___2___ factors. But Dr Simonton speculated that an inability to consider the big ___3___ was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. ___4___, he theorized that a judge ___5___ of appearing too soft ___6___crime might be more likely to send someone to prison ___7___he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day. To ___8___this idea, they turned their attention to the university-admissions process. In theory, the ___9___ of an applicant should not depend on the few others___10___ randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonton suspected the truth was___11___. He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews ___12___ by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had ___13___ applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale ___14___ numerous factors into consideration. The scores were ___15___ used in conjunction w ith an applicant’s score on the GMAT, a standardized exam which is ___16___out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her. Dr Simonton found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one ___17___ that, then the score for the next applicant

2013年考研英语二真题及答案解析

2013年考研英语二真题及答案详解 说明：由于试题一题多卷，因此选择题部分，不同考生有不同顺序，请在核对答案时注意题目和选项内容。 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. 1 a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been 2 for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon "revolutionize the very 3 of money itself," only to 4 itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so 5 in coming? Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work 6 the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very 7 to set up the computer, card reader, and telecornmunications networks necessary to make electronic money the 8 form of payment Second, paper checks have the advantage that they 9 receipts, something thai many consumers are unwilling to 10 . Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of "float" - it takes several days 11 a check is cashed and funds are 12 from the issuer's account, which means that the writer of the check can cam i nterest on the funds in the meantime. 13 electronic payments arc immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer. Fourth, electronic means of payment may 14 security and privacy concerns. We o ften hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information 15 there. The fact that this is not an 16 occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and 17 from someone else's accounts. The 18 of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a new field of computer science is developing to 19 security issues. A further concern is that the use of e lectronic means of payment leaves an electronic 20 that contains a large amount of personal data. There are concerns that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy. 1. [A] However [B] Moreover [C] Therefore [D] Otherwise 2. [A] off [B] back [C] over [D] around 3. [A] power [B] concept [C] history [D] role 4. [A] reward [B] resist [C] resume [D] reverse 5. [A] silent [B] sudden [C] slow [D] steady 6. [A] for [B] against [C] with [D] on