翻译第四、五章
第四章词类转译与词义调整
一、词类的转译Conversion
（一）名词转译为动词
A) 一些习语中的主体名词可以转成动词，如：
1. We wouldn’t have any idea when the boy was born.
2. I will not only forgive your infidelity to me but will do you all the service I can.
3. As the man leaned over, the driver caught his first good look at the small cat-like face.
B)由动词派生出来的名词可转译成动词
1. The government called for the establishment of more schools.
2. There has been a tremendous expansion of kindergartens in both towns and villages.
3. The new situation requires the formation of a new strategy.
C) 含有动作意味的名词可转译成动词
1. Vietnamese War is a drain on American resources.
2. In fact, the abuse of drugs has become one of America’s most serious social problems.
3. The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.
D) 由动词+er构成的名词可转译成动词
1. His father is a non-smoker, but he is a chain-smoker.
2. I am an amateur actor. He is a better player than I.
3. Talking with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young man’s past wrong doings.（二）介词转译成动词
1. He went to the shop for a bottle of wine.
2. At noon, she came home for lunch.
3. He came to my home for help.
4. He came to me with a luggage.
6. Up the street they went, past stores, across a broad square, and then entered a huge building. （三）形容词可以转译成动词
1. It was a very informative meeting.
2. The manager is grateful to the customers for their valuable suggestions.
3. Animals become indifferent to their young as soon as their young can look after themselves. （四）连词转译成动词
1. Eight and seven is fifteen.
2. They will return in 60 days or two months.
3. Winter is the fourth and last season in a year.
4. The distance is four kilometers or 2.4856 miles.
（五）副词转译成动词
1. Our holiday is three weeks away.
2. When will your mother be back?
3. The boy told me that his father was out.
4. That day he was up before sunrise.
Translate the following sentences:
1. His very appearance at any affair proclaims it a triumph.
2. He was a regular visitor.
3. He showed with his eyes that he heard, but made no sign of assent or dissent.
4. We drove home a bit after midnight, over the river and through the lovely old sleeping town.
5. The successful fishermen of that day were already in.
英语中好多由名词派生出来的动词，以及由名词转用的动词，在汉语中往往不易找到相应的动词，这时可将其转译成汉语名词。
(一) 动词转译成名词
1. Formality has always characterized their relationship.
2. Such materials are characterized by good insulation and high resistance to wear.
3. In the US, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests.
有些英语被动句式中的动词，可以译成“受到（遭到）…+ 名词”
1. Several buildings around the square were damaged.
2. Mr. Snow was treated very shabbily by the U.S. press and officialdom.
(二) 形容词转译成名词
1. They did their best to help the sick and the wounded.
2. Tom was eloquent and elegant —— but soft.
(三) 副词转译成名词
由名词派生出来的副词，如译成汉语时很难找到对应词，而酌情将其译成名词。
1. Originally Ingrid Bergman was from Sweden.
2. He is strong physically, but weak mentally.
(一) 副词转译为形容词
有些副词是形容词派生出来的，翻译时如副词所修饰的动词转译为名词，那么副词亦转译为形容词。如：
1. He was deeply impressed by what they did in the critical moment.
2. She stupidly answered such a question.
3. The English language had changed subtly and pervasively.
(二) 名词转译为形容词
有时名词在句子中充当表语，前面通常有冠词，译时可以转换为形容词。
1. A newly-elected Senator is a power, I know that.
(一) 名词转译为副词
1. They were sitting on a bank and talking of the universe.
2. We set out in great haste for Venice.
3. I have the honor to inform you that your request is granted.
(二) 形容词转译为副词
1. About all these sticky questions, he writes with calm frankness.
2. A helicopter is free to go almost anywhere.
二、词义的调整（具体化、概括化、褒贬色彩）
（一）词义的具体化
具体化是指在译文中，用所指意义较窄的词或词组替换原文中所指意义较广的词或词组。如：
1. The Great Wall is a must for most foreign visitors to Beijing.
2. Two years’ working is a must to the people who want to take up graduated examination.
（二）词义的概括化
概括化是指在译文中用含义较广的单位替换原文中含义较窄的单位。如：
1. Every life has its roses and thorns.
2. The girl will get killed, because she’s always speeding.
3. The matter was finally settled under the table.
4. He earns scarcely enough to keep body and soul together.
5. If you dare to play the fox with me, I’ll shoot you at once.
6. George likes to work with his hand; when it comes to books, he’s square peg in a round hole.
（三）词义的褒贬色彩
1. Mr. Brown felt greatly flattered when he received the invitation to deliver a lecture.
2. Hans was too obviously flattering the gentleman by saying he was the most courageous man he had ever seen.
3. You’re flattering me by saying that.
有些英语词既有褒义又有贬义，如：
1. Aggressive
2. Plot
3.Champion
4.Future
5.ambitious
6.envy
7.exploit
第五章词类的增减
（一）增词译法Amplification
1.增补潜在词
I began the book yesterday.
The new American Secretary of State has proposed a world conference on food supplies.
2. 增补省略的词
Such is war: to the victor, the spoils; to the defeated, the costs.
Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; writing an exact man.
3. 不及物动词增补宾语
He never drinks before driving.
Before liberation, his mother lived on washing.
Day after day he came to his work—— sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning.
4. 增补表示复数的词
They won victories in the past years.
The very earth trembled as with the tramps of horses and murmur of angry men.
I have left the marks of my nails in his impudent face.
5.增补修饰性和解释性词语
The farmer snapped a stick and put it into the fire.
Into the dim clouds was swimming a crescent moon.
6. 增补范畴词
This is the best solution to your problem.
He was a patriotic, adventurous and romantic writer.
8. 增补某些概括性的词语
The paper discussed language teaching and language research.
Note that the words “foxy”, “mean” and “generous” require explanation.
The United States, China, England, France and Japan are now cooperation.
8. 增补语气助词
Don’t take it seriously. I’m just making fun of you.
The little boy had brought with him knife, scissors and so on, tinkling in his pocket.
（二）减词译法Omission
1. 减去对偶同义词中的某一个词
The treaty was pronounced null and void.
The most amazing and inspiring part of the tale came after that.
Neither party shall cancel the contract without sufficient cause or reason.
2. 减去连接词
1）减去表示时间的连词
When I sing, I sing off-key.
They waited a long time before he suddenly stepped out on the balcony and raised a hand in salute.
2）减去表示条件的连词
If winter comes, can spring be far behind?
If I had known it, I would not have joined in it.
3）减去表示原因的连接词
1. He wanted to become a missionary because he thought that was the way he could do most for people.
2. He didn’t come to the meeting as he was ill yesterday.
4）减去并列连词
He looked gloomy and troubled.
Your son or your father or your wife or your teacher or your boss might be a good friend of yours.
3. 减去人称代词
1）减去物主代词
Put your hat on your head.
He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, closed his eyes, but said nothing.
In my childhood I learned a great deal about Russia.
2）减去泛指的人称代词
We live and learn.
Everywhere you can find new types of men and objects in New China.
Fight when you can win; Move away when you cannot win.
4. 减去冠词
精编新CET6段落翻译(汉译英)练习及答案
精编新CET6段落翻译（汉译英）练习题 每日一练，快速提高英语水平！ 第1篇 练习时间：年月日耗时：分 污染已成为问题，因为在当今人口越来越多，社会越来越工业化的世界上，人类正在污染他们居住的环境。许多科学家认为人类最大的错误是把发展和进步等同起来。现在人们以怀疑的态度看待“发展性”的产业，因为它们的副作用会破坏环境，破坏各种生命之间的关系。人口的增长导致对世界上有限的空气、水和土地的需求不断增长。伴随着人口增长的是越来越多的人渴望更高的生活水平。于是对电、水和商品的更大需求必然造成有更多的废物要处理。这个问题已经引起人们对生物及其环境的日益关注。许多人认为，人类没有尽快地解决这一问题，却只顾谋求私利，以致于到了无可挽救的地步以后才充分认识到这种兵贵神速。 第2篇 练习时间：年月日耗时：分 人们对智力所指的有那些不同表现看法比较一致，而对这些表现如何进行解释和分类，意见就不那么一致了。但人们一般认为智力高的人在处理问题时能抓住要点，善于区分，能进行逻辑推理，和利用语言和数学符号。智力测试只能很粗地衡量孩子的学习能力，尤其是学习学校要求的东西的能力。智力测试并不能衡量一个人的个性，社会适应力，耐力性，劳动技能，或艺术才能。人们不认为能做到这些，当初也不是为这些目的设计的。批评智力测试不能做到这一些，就如同批评温度计不能测风速一样。既然对智力的评估是相对而言的，那么我们必须确保，在对我们的对像进行比较时，我们所使用的尺度能提供“有效的”或“公正的”比较。 第3篇 练习时间：年月日耗时：分 目前全国有39所大学开设地理学位课程，但我从未看到广告上有招聘地理专业的大学毕业生的好工作。或是不是只有我一个人怀疑他们将回到学校教另一批学生的地理，而这些学生将来又去教更多的学生的地理？现在只有10所大学开设航天工程学位课程，考虑到飞机制造业一直在裁员的速度，还是这样做好。另一方面，由于缺少医生，全国的医院急诊室不得不纷纷关门。为什么？因为大学的医学院只能为申请攻读学位的一半人提供名额。对我说，来，时机已经成熟，就业部和教育部应当和名大学携手起来，改革我们的教育制度，使之更珍惜地使用学校的人才资源，学生的刻苦勤奋精神。而现在这些人才和努力都浪费在无人感兴趣的文凭和学位上。 第4篇 练习时间：年月日耗时：分 在竞争的法则下，上万人的雇主不得不实行一些最严厉的节约措施，其中节约给工人报酬的那部分占很大一部分。社会为这个法则付出的代价如同为低廉的舒适条件和奢侈品付出的代价一样是巨大的。但带来的好处超过了代价，因为正是这个法则，我们才有了了不起的物质进步，其结果是生活水平的提高。但是，不管这个法则是好是坏，我们无法回避，对任何建议替代它的新东西，其作用我们是不敢肯定的，虽然这个法则有时对个人来说可能很残
四级段落翻译训练答案
假日经济的现象表明：中国消费者的消费观正在发生巨大变化。根据统计数据，中国消费者的消费需求正在从基本生活必需品转向对休闲、舒适和个人发展的需求。同时，中国人的消费观在蓬勃发展的假日经济中正变得成熟。因此产品结构应做相应调整，来适应社会的发展。另一方面，服务质 量要改善以满足人们提高生活质量的要求。 The phenomenon of holiday economy shows that Chinese people’s consumption concept is undertaking great changes. According to statistics, the demands of Chinese consumers are shifting from the basic necessities of life to leisure, comfort and personal development.Meanwhile, Chinese consumption concepts are getting mature along with the thriving holiday economy.Therefore, the structure of products should be adjusted accordingly to adapt to social development. On the other hand, services should be improved to satisfy people’s demand for an improved quality of life. 今晚，我们很高兴在北京大学在此接待我们的老朋友格林博士和夫人。我代表学校的全体师生员工，向格林博士和夫人以及其他新西兰贵宾，表示热烈的欢迎。我相信格林博士这次对我校的访问必将为进一步加强两校的友好合作关系作出重要的贡献。明天贵宾们将要赴南京和上海访问，我预祝大家一路顺风。 It gives us great pleasure to play host tonight to our old friends：Dr. and Mrs. Green in Beijing.On behalf of the faculty, students and staff of the university, I wish to extend our warm welcome to Dr. and Mrs. Green and other distinguished New Zealand guests. I am convinced that Dr. Green’s current visit to our university will surely make an important contribution to further strengthening the friendly relations and cooperation between our two universities.Our distinguished guests will leave for Nanjing and Shanghai tomorrow. I wish you all a pleasant journey. 中国的传统节庆膳食是节日必不可少的伴侣。例如，我国的端午节(the Dragon Boat Festival)是纪念古代诗人屈原的日子。那一天，人们通常要赛龙舟、吃粽子(zongzi)。中秋节是观赏满月的日子。圆圆的月亮象征着圆满，象征着家庭团聚。因此，中秋节的特制食品是一种圆形的月饼。春节是中国的农历新年(the Chinese lunar New Year)，除了常见的肉类、海鲜之外，人们还要按各自的地方习俗烹制传 统食物，如饺子。 Traditional Chinese holiday meals are indispensable to some festivals.For example, the Dragon Boat Festival is a day established in memory of the ancient poet Qu Yuan and people usually hold dragon boat races and eat zongzi, or rice dumpling on that day.The Mid-autumn Festival is an occasion for viewing the full moon. The round moon is a symbol of completeness and family reunion. The special food of the day is yuebing, a round cake known as the mooncake.The Spring Festival is the Chinese lunar New Year’s holiday. Besides the popular meat and seafood, people cook traditional food, for example, Jiaozi, according to regional customs. 端午节，又叫龙舟节，是为了纪念爱国诗人屈原。屈原是一位忠诚和受人敬仰的大臣（minister）,他给国家带来了和平和繁荣。但最后因为受到诽谤（vilify）而最终投河自尽。人们撑船到他自尽的地方，抛下粽子，希望鱼儿吃粽子，不要吃屈原的身躯。几千年来，端午节的特色在于吃粽子（glutinous dumplings）和赛龙舟，尤其是在一些河湖密布的南方省份。 The Duanwu Festival, also called the Dragon Boat Festival, is to commemorate the patriotic poet Qu Yuan. Qu Yuan was a loyal and highly esteemed minister, who brought peace and prosperity to the state but ended up drowning himself in a river as a result of being vilified. People got to the spot by boat and cast glutinous dumplings into the water, hoping that the fishes ate the dumplings instead of Qu Yuan’s body. For thousands of years, the festival has been marked by glutinous dumplings and dragon boat races, especially in the southern provinces where there are many rivers and lakes.
英语段落翻译
The patient-physician interaction proceeds through many pases of clinical reasoning and decision making . The interaction begins with an elucidation of complaints or concerns , followed by inquiries or physical examination , ordering of diagnostic tests , integration of clinical findings with the test results , understanding of the risks and benefits of the possible courses of action , and careful consultation with the patient and family to develop future plans . Physicians increasingly can call on a growing literature of evidence-based medicine to guide the process so that benefit is maximized , while respecting individual variations among different patients. 医患沟通贯穿于临床推论和临床决策的各个阶段.医患沟通始于主诉的阐述或关心的表达,并以越来越精确的方式,通过学问或评估得以继续,这一过程通常需要仔细的病史(采集)和体格检查,安排诊断性实验,并使实验结果与临床发现一体化,以及对可能所采取行动的风险和好处的理解，与病人及其家庭之间细致的商讨以产生将来的计划。医生越来越（趋于）访问日益增多的循证医学文献去指导这个过程，以使取得最大的收益，同时对于不同的病人充分考虑个体的不同变化。 Chapter 8 第四段 Fourth , cognitive impairment increases in prominence as people age. Cognitive impairment is a risk factor for a wide range of adverse outcomes ,including falls , immobilization , dependency , institutionalization , and mortality . Cognitive impairment complicates diagosis and requires additional care giving to ensure safety . Chapter 21 第六段 A new device for visualizing the entire gastrointestinal mucosa consists of a small camera in an ingestable capsule that transmits images to receivers attached to the patient~s abdomen diagnostic yield of capsule enteroscopy is not yet clear,but this approach may potentially visualize segments of the small bowel that were previously inaccessible . No therapeutic maneuvers are possible with the device.
lecture 16 语篇衔接与连贯及翻译
●英语与汉语在指代衔接手段的运用方面确实存在差异。英语中，为了实现衔接，在某 一意义名词出现后，除非是要达到某种修辞效果，一般尽量采用代词指代。这样，一方面避免语篇的累赘，繁复；同时也可以使语篇主题鲜明，读起来逻辑清晰。 ●相比之下，汉语倾向于重复前文出现的名词，或者采用“零式指称”（胡壮麟1994： 64-66），省略主语。请看下例： 幻灯片9 ● A green caterpillar was slowly crawling out from under the lettuce. It was huge, fat, and apparently well-fed. It paused in its travels to survey the scene. Purple with fury, Henry could barely find his voice. (A Hard Day in the Kitchen, Shannon Hodge) 幻灯片10 ●[参考译文1] 一条绿色蠕虫正慢慢地从生菜下面爬出来，很大，很肥，显然吃得 很好。它在旅途中停下来以观察周围的环境，亨利气得脸色发紫，话都差点说不出来。 ●或者重复前面的名词，将其译为： ●[参考译文2] 一条绿虫子正慢吞吞地从生菜底下爬出来。那虫子又大又肥，显然吃 得很好，在途中还停下来审视周围的环境。亨利此时气得脸色发青，话都差点说不出来了。 幻灯片11 ●为了更加清楚地看出英汉两种语言在行文上的差异，我们再看两个汉译英的例子： ● 1. 朋友有点不好意思地解释说，买这座房子时，孩子们还上着学，如今都成家立业了。 ●My friend looked somewhat ill at ease when he told me this: At the time when he bought this big house, his children had all been at school. Now they had their own homes and jobs. ● 2. 杨志取路，不数日，来到东京。入得城来，选个客店，安歇下。 ●Yang Zhi thus journeyed on for many days and he went toward the eastern capital and he came into the city and found an inn and there settled himself to rest. 幻灯片12 ●由此可见，代词是现代英语语篇中的重要衔接手段，在某一意义名词出现后，英语中 一般使用代词指代前面出现的名词。 ●汉语倾向于重复前文出现的名词，或者省略主语。 ●因而，在英汉互译中我们要注意两种语言在衔接手段使用上的差异，使译文更加符合 译入语语篇的行文习惯。 幻灯片13 7.1.2省略 ●省略指某结构中未出现的词语可从语篇的其他小句或句子中找回（胡壮麟，1994）。 ●一般来说，省略的内容可以从篇章语境中推知，这就要求在翻译时要考虑全文框架， 把握具体语境。 ●根据韩礼德和哈桑（1976）的解释，这种省略也可以认为是“零式指称”（zero
生物工程专业英语第五章翻译
第五章、酶和固定化细胞技术 微生物，特别是酵母菌，已使用了几千年生产啤酒，葡萄酒和其他发酵产品。然而，这是不到1878的实际组成部分的酵母细胞负责发酵为酶（来源于希腊语意味着它在年）。不到二十年后非生命的性质的酶是清楚地表明与无细胞提取物对酵母，能促进葡萄糖转化为乙醇。最后验证了酶是蛋白质仅在1926的纯化和结晶尿酶。 在接下来的几年里，与演化的新的学科生物化学，酶被证明是在所有活的生物体，并利用活细胞催化特定的化学反应。随后，酶已被证明是非常具体的作用，运作的高转换率，和温和的生理条件下运作低压力和温度，在水溶液中。虽然正常的酶的作用位点是细胞能排泄到环境中的酶来打破大的有机分子（蛋白质，脂肪，淀粉）（分泌）（胞外酶）有无数的例子，在活细胞的内部否则不能进入细胞，一些微生物的胞外酶生产的正常生长非常重要的是，它是从这个源酶首次投入商业利用。 5.1、商业作用的酶 所有产品的商业发酵过程的最终结果是酶活性在生产者有机体。可以孤立的酶替代生产生物在特定发酵？这是个常见的问题，但令人满意的成果很少被意识到实践。 使用整个生物体造成一定的缺点在发酵过程： 1、最佳条件可能不同的增长和产品的形成。 2.一个高比例的基板可以转化为生物量。 3.副反应可以发生； 4.转化率所需的产品可能是缓慢的； 5.所需的产品从发酵可能是困难的。 因此，使用分离和纯化酶最，如果不是全部，这些限制可以减少或克服的。最明显的优点是简单的处理，更大的可预测性的活动和改善特异性催化作用。然而，大多数发酵使用传统的整个生物体有可能持续到未来。 虽然超过2000酶已被分离出的微生物，植物和动物，少于20的使用规模上可以被视为重要的，无论是商品生产者或用户在行业或服务。目前主要的输出商业生产者关注的是相对简单的酶用于天然的形式主要是在食品及相关行业和洗涤剂制造（图.5.1）。大多数的水解酶，如淀粉酶，蛋白酶，纤维素酶，果胶酶，等等，和功能主要是作为添加剂或过程助剂中烘烤，乳制品，啤酒和果汁行业。与此相反的粗散装酶是一个迅速扩大的市场一定的高度纯化的酶，如葡萄糖异构酶和葡萄糖氧化酶。这些酶和许多其他的发现越来越多的应用在制药行业，在治疗应用在临床化学分析。
段落翻译答案(1)
参考答案 1. Originated from Beijing some 200 years ago during the Qing Dynasty, Beijing Opera is a performing art that embraces opera performance, singing, music, dancing and martial arts. Since Mei Lanfang, the grand master of Peking Opera, visited Japan in 1919, it has become more and more popular with people all over the world. Peking Opera House of Beijing has been invited to perform in many countries and highly appreciated by foreign audiences. The performance has made an outstanding contribution to Sino-foreign cultural exchange and to the promotion of friendly association of peoples in the world. 解析：第一句中的起源于200年前清朝时期的北京可提前翻译，用过去分词作状语的结构，既符合英语的表达习惯，有突出后面主句的含义。此外，汉语的“的”字句可以转换为英语的定语从句，因此主句可以简化成“集---于一体的表演艺术”时，翻译时把“表演艺术”提前，把“的”字句转化为that 引导的定语从句。“集---于一体”可以理解为“包含”，不必逐字翻译。 2. The Mid-Autumn Festival, which falls on the 15th day of the eighth lunar month, is one of the traditional festivals in China. According to Chinese lunar calendar, the 15th day of the eighth month is the exact midst of autumn, so it is called the Mid-Autumn Festival. The Festival is an evening celebration (名词短语代替动词被动句，避免与前句的被动句重复)when families gather together to light lanterns, eat moon cakes and appreciate the round moon. On that night, the moon appears to be at its roundest and brightest. The full moon is a symbol for family reunion, which is why that day is also known as the Festival of Reunion. Like other traditional festivals, the Mid-Autumn Festival also has a long history, evolved gradually with the passage of time.用with的伴随结构增译“随着时间流逝”这层含义。
英语段落翻译
段落翻译1 苏州是一个具有悠久丝绸文化历史的城市。它有栽桑、养蚕和织造的传统。苏州的丝绸是皇家贡品。早在唐宋时期就在世界范围内享有盛名。苏州市有自然优势，日照充足，雨量充沛，土壤肥沃。这些给蚕茧的高产和丝的高质量提供了合适的环境。它一直是中国丝绸原料的主要产地和集散中心。 Suzhou is a city with a long history of silk culture. It has a tradition of mulberry planting, silk worm raising, silk reeling and weaving. Suzhou’s silk was an imperial tribute and gained a worldwide reputation from as early as the Tang and Song dynasties. Suzhou city also abounds in natural gifts, abundant sunshine, plentiful rainfall and rich soils, which offer a pleasant environment for rich cocoons and high qualities of silk. It has been the main producing area and the center of collecting & distributing silk, raw materials in China. 段落翻译2 舞龙（dragon dance）是中华文化中一种传统的舞蹈表演表形式。传统上来讲，其表演动作象征着龙的历史地位，展示了力量与尊贵。舞龙起源于汉代。人们认为它最初是作为耕作收成文化的一部分；同时也是一种治病的方法起源。舞龙在宋代已十分盛行，成为了一项民间活动，且最常见于各种节日庆典中。舞龙是世界各地唐人街举办春节庆典的一个重头戏。 Dragon dance is a form of traditional dance performance in Chinese culture. The movements in the performance traditionally symbolize historical roles of dragons, demonstrating power and dignity. The dragon dance originated in the Han Dynasty. It is believed to have begun as part of the farming and harvest culture, also with origins as a method of healing and preventing sickness. It was already a popular event during the Song Dynasty when it had become a folk activity and was most often seen in various festival celebrations. The dragon dance is a highlight of Chinese New Year celebrations held worldwide in Chinatowns around the world. 段落翻译3
电气工程及其自动化专业英语第五章课文翻译教学提纲
Most people can formulate a mental picture of a computer, but computers do so many things and come in such a variety of shapes and sizes that it might seem difficult to distill their common characteristics into an all-purpose definition. At its core, a computer is a device that accepts input, processes data, stores data, and produces output, all according to a series of stored instructions. Computer input is whatever is put into a computer system. Input can be supplied by a person, by the environment, or by another computer. Examples of the kinds of input that a computer can accept include the words and symbols in a document, numbers for a calculation, pictures, temperatures from a thermostat, audio signals from a microphone, and instructions from a computer program. An input device, such as a keyboard or mouse, gathers input and transforms it into a series of electronic signals for the computer. In the context of computing, data refers to the symbols that represent facts, objects, and ideas. Computers manipulate data in many ways, and we call this manipulation processing. The series of instructions that tell a computer how to carry out processing tasks is referred to as a computer program, or simply a "program." These programs form the software that sets up a computer to do a specific task. In a computer, most processing takes place in a component called the central processing unit (CPU), which is sometimes described as the"brain" of the computer. A computer stores data so that it will be available for processing. Most computers have more than one location for storing data, depending on how the data is being used. Memory is an area of a computer that temporarily holds data that is waiting to be processed, stored, or output. Storage is the area where data can be left on a permanent basis when it is not immediately needed for processing. Output is the results produced by a computer. Some examples of computer output include reports, documents, music, graphs, and pictures. An output device displays, prints, or transmits the results of processing. Computers are versatile machines, which are able to perform a truly amazing assortment of tasks, but some types of computer are better suited to certain tasks than other types of computers. Computers can be categorized as personal computer, handheld computers, workstations, mainframes, supercomputers , and servers. 大多数人可以制订一个电脑精神的图片，但电脑做很多事情，出现这样的形状和大小不同，它似乎难以提炼成一个全能的定义，它们的共同特点。在其核心，一台计算机是一种装置，它接受输入，处理数据，存储数据，并产生输出，根据对所有存储一系列指示。 什么是计算机输入到计算机系统的压力。输入可提供的一人，由环境，或由另一台计算机。对输入的各种例子，一个计算机可以接受包括文字和符号的文件，规定计算，图片，从恒温器的温度数字，音频信号从一个麦克风，从电脑程序指令。一个输入设备，如键盘或鼠标，集输和转换成一个电子信号的计算机的一系列。 在计算中，数据是指以符号代表的事实，对象和想法。计算机操作在很多方面的数据，我们称之为操作处理。一系列的指令，告诉计算机如何进行处理任务，被称为一个计算机程序，或只是一个“程序”。这些方案形成了软件，建立了计算机做特定的任务。在计算机中，大部分处理发生在一个组件的地方称为中央处理单元（CPU），有时为“大脑的计算机”来形容。 计算机存储数据，以便它会被用作处理可用。大多数计算机有多个用于存储数据的位置，这取决于数据如何被使用。内存是计算机的一个领域，数据是暂时持有等待处理，存储或输出。在数据存储，是可以在一个地区长期离开时，没有立即处理所需。 输出是由电脑产生的结果。电脑输出的一些例子包括报告，文件，音乐，图形，图片。输出设备显示，打印，或传送的处理结果。 电脑是多功能机，它能够执行各种各样的任务十分惊人，但某些类型的计算机更适合比其他类型的计算机的某些任务。计算机可以被归类为个人电脑，掌上电脑，工作站，大型机，超级计算机和服务器。
段落翻译练习-汉译英答案
汉译英： 1徐霞客一生周游考察了十六个省，足迹几乎遍及全 国。他在考察的过程中，从来不盲目迷信书 本上的结论。他发现前人研究地理的记载有许多很不可靠的地方。为了进行真实细致的考察，他很少乘车坐船，几乎全 靠双脚翻山越岭，长途跋涉；为了弄清大自然的真相，他总是挑选道路艰险的山区，人迹稀少的森林进行考察，发现了许多 奇山秀景；他常常选择不同的时间和季节，多次重游各地名 山，反复观察变换的奇景。 Xu Xiake toured and investigated 16 provinces in his lifetime, covering almost the whole of China/ the whole country. When he was carrying out his investigations, he never took blind belief in the conclusions in the books. Instead he found a lot of unreliable points in the geographic records taken by his predecessors. In order to make his investigations reliable and thorough, he seldom traveled by carriage or boat. Instead, he took long, arduous trips on foot almost all the time, climbing mountains and hills. In order to learn about the truth of nature, he always chose to conduct investigations in mountainous areas with dangerous roads and in lonely / untraveled woods, where he discovered a lot of magnificent peaks and beautiful sights. ( During his life time, Xu Xiake visited and explored 16 provinces, leaving his footprints in nearly every corner of the country. He never blindly accepted the conclusions given in books in his exploration. He found that many of the geographical records by other people before him were inaccurate ( He found many inaccuracies in the travel notes on geography written by his predecessors ) . He seldom traveled by horse cart or boat but climbed mountains and ridges and took long, difficult journeys most of the time
经典英文段落翻译__英译汉15篇
1.意大利著名旅行家马可。波罗曾这样叙述他印象中的杭州：“这是世界上最美妙迷人的城市，它使人觉得自己社在天堂。”在中国，也流传着这样的话：“上有天堂，下有苏杭。”杭州的名气主要在于风景如画的西湖。西湖一年四季都美不胜收，宋代著名诗人苏东坡用“淡妆浓抹总相宜”的诗句来赞誉西湖。在杭州，您可以饱览西湖的秀色，也不妨漫步街头闹市，品尝一下杭州的名菜名点，还可购上几样名特土产。 The famous Italian traveler Marco Pole was so impressed by the beauty of Hangzhou that he described it as “the mist fascinating city in the world where one feels that one is in paradise.” In China, there has been a century-old popular saying praising the city: In Heaven there is Paradise; on Earth there are Suzhou and Hangz hou.” Hangzhou’s fame lies mainly in its picturesque West Lake. As it is beautiful all the year round, the West Lake was compared by Su Dongpo, a celebrated poet of the Song Dynasty, to a beauty “who is always charming in either light or heavy makeup.” In Hangzhou, you will not only find the lake a perfect delight to the eye but also find it a joy to stroll along the busy streets, taste famous Hangzhou dishes and buy some special local products. 2.在设备制造期间，雇主的代表有权对根据合同提供的全部工程设备的材料和工艺进行检查、研究和检验，同时检查其制造进度。这一切应在工作时间内于承包商的工厂里进行。如果工程设备正在其它第三方工厂制造，承包商应为卖方代表获得他能在该工厂进行此类检查、研究和检验的许可。此类检查、研究或检验不应解除承包商在合同中的任何义务。 The Employer’s representative shall be entitled during manufacture to inspect, examine and test the materials and workmanship and check the progress of manufacture of all Plants to be supplied under the Contract. This shall take place on the Contractor’s promises during working hours. If the plant is being manufactured on other premises, the Contractor shall obtain permission for the Employer’s representative to carry out such inspection, examination and testing on those premises. 3. 雇主或项目经理提交给承包商的雇主的图纸，技术规格以及其它资料仍应为雇主的财产。除非是为了合同的需要，未经雇主同意，承包商不得使用、复制这些材料或将之传递给第三方。 承包商应对承包商的图纸中的任何错误或遗漏负责，除非他们可归因与雇主或项目经理提供的不正确的雇主图纸或其它书面资料。项目经理对承包商的图纸的批准不应解除本款规定的承包商的任何责任。 The Employe r’s drawings, specification and other information submitted by the Employer or the Project Manager to the Contractor shall remain the property of the Employer. They shall not, without the consent of the Employer, be used, copied or communicated to a third party by the Contractor unless necessary for the purposes of the Contract. The Contractor shall be responsible for any errors or omissions in the Contractor’s Drawings unless they are due to incorrect Employer’s Drawings or other written information supplied by the Employer or the Project Manager. Approval by the Project Manager of the Contractor’s drawings shall not relieve the Contractor from any responsibility under this Sub-Clause.