Chapter 5 练习题

Chapter 5 Semantics

I. Choose the best answer.

1. The naming theory is advanced by ________.

A. Plato

B. Bloomfield

C. Geoffrey Leech

D. Firth

2. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents _______.

A. the conceptualist view

B. contexutalism

C. the naming theory

D. behaviorism

3. Which of the following is NOT true?

A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.

B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.

C. Sense is abstract and decontextualized.

D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.

4. “Can I borrow your bike?”_______ “You have a bike.”

A. is synonymous with

B. is inconsistent with

C. entails

D. presupposes

5. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning

components, called semantic features.

A. Predication analysis

B. Componential analysis

C. Phonemic analysis

D. Grammatical analysis

6. “Alive” and “dead” are ______________.

A. gradable antonyms

B. relational antonyms

C. complementary antonyms

D. None of the above

7. _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic

world of experience.

A. Reference

B. Concept

C. Semantics

D. Sense

8. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same

form.

A. Polysemy

B. Synonymy

C. Homonymy

D. Hyponymy

9. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.

A. homonyms

B. polysemies

C. hyponyms

D. synonyms

10. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______.

A. grammatical rules

B. selectional restrictions

C. semantic rules

D. semantic features

II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.

11. Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English

and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.

12. Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic

world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.

13. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.

14. In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the

physical world of experience.

15. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce

meaning to observable contexts.

16. Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in which the

speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.

17. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components.

18. Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according

to their degree of formality.

19. “It is hot.” is a no-place predication because it contains no argument.

20. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis of

a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a

sentence.

III. Fill in the blanks.

21. __________ can be defined as the study of meaning.

22. The conceptualist view holds that there is no __________ link between a linguistic form and

what it refers to.

23. __________ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with

the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.

24. Words that are close in meaning are called __________.

25. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called

__________.

26. __________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between

the two items.

27. __________ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into

meaning components.

28. Hyponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items. The

word that is more general in meaning is called __________

29. A(n) __________ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal

element(s) in a sentence.

30. According to the __________ theory of meaning, the words in a language are taken to be

labels of the objects they stand for.

IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)

31. Componential analysis

32. Reference

V.Answer the following questions.

33. Try to analyze the following sentences in terms of predication analysis.

The man sells ice-cream

Is the baby sleeping?

It is snowing.

The tree grows well.

工程热力学课后作业答案chapter4

工程热力学课后作业答案chapter4

1 p73 4-1 1kg 空气在可逆多变过程中吸热40kJ ，其容积增大为1102v v =，压力降低为8/12p p =，设比热为定值，求过程中内能的变化、膨胀功、轴功以及焓和熵的变化。 解：热力系是1kg 空气 过程特征：多变过程 ) 10/1ln()8/1ln()2/1ln()1/2ln(==v v p p n ＝0.9 因为 T c q n ?= 内能变化为 R c v 2 5= ＝717.5)/(K kg J ? v p c R c 5 727==＝1004.5)/(K kg J ? =n c ==--v v c n k n c 51＝3587.5)/(K kg J ? n v v c qc T c u /=?=?＝8×103 J 膨胀功：u q w ?-=＝32 ×103J 轴功：==nw w s 28.8 ×103J 焓变：u k T c h p ?=?=?＝1.4×8＝11.2 ×103J

2 熵变：1 2ln 12ln p p c v v c s v p +=?＝0.82×103)/(K kg J ? 4－2 有1kg 空气、初始状态为MPa p 5.01=，1501=t ℃，进行下列过程： （1）可逆绝热膨胀到MPa p 1.02=； （2）不可逆绝热膨胀到MPa p 1.02=，K T 3002=； （3）可逆等温膨胀到MPa p 1.02=； （4）可逆多变膨胀到MPa p 1.02=，多变指数2=n ； 试求上述各过程中的膨胀功及熵的变化，并将各过程的相对位置画在同一张v p -图和s T -图上 解：热力系1kg 空气 （1） 膨胀功： ])12(1[111k k p p k RT w ---=＝111.9×103 J 熵变为0 （2）)21(T T c u w v -=?-=＝88.3×103J 1 2ln 12ln p p R T T c s p -=?＝116.8)/(K kg J ?

Chapter 5 Memory练习题

Chapter 5 Memory Reading 2 【模拟试题】（答题时间：30分钟） 一、单项选择 1.— Who cleaned the blackboard yesterday, Dick? — John_____. A. cleaned B. does C. did D. is 2. She was ill last week. But she is _____ to go to school today. A. well enough B. enough well C. enough good D. good enough 3. — Hi, Peter, why are you in a hurry? — ______a bus. A. Catch B. To catch C. Catching D. Caught 4. He went to bed after______ his homework last night. A. finish B. finishes C. has finished D. finishing 5. The_____ you are in the exam, the______ mistakes you will make. A. carefully, few B. more careful, fewer C. more carefully, fewer D. more careful, less 6. How noisy the room is! There are so many people______ in it. A. sing B. to sing C. singing D. song 7. Do you know_____? A. what he happened B. what the matter is with him C. what happened to him D. what did he happened 8. Tom is a hard-working boy, he always keeps_____ English. A. practise speaking B. practicing speak C. practicing speaking D. practise spoken 9. I____ go to bed if my father_____ back. A. will, come B. won’t, doesn’t come C. will, don’t come D. don’t ,comes 10.They arrived_____ Paris _____ a winter evening. A. at, in B. to, on C. in, on D. in, at 11. Could you tell me_____? A. where is the station B. who is he C. how I can get there D. when does the train leave 12. The music____ very_____. A. sounds, cold B. sound, sweet C. sounds, sweet D. sounding, cool 13. A computer can only do_____ you have told to. A. how B. after C. what D. when 14.The twin brothers_______ at the mall now. A. are all B. all are C. are both D. both are 15.I prefer_______ rather than________. A. to be a teacher, be a boss B. to be a teacher, to be a boss C. being a teacher, being a boss D. be a teacher, be a boss 二、用所给单词的适当形式填空 1. I bought this present _________ (especial) for you. 2. He is a _________(politely) little boy who says “Thank you” and “Excuse me” often. 3. Many__________ (foreign) travel to our country every year. 4. We should try our best to make our country more and more ___________(beauty). 5. A ___________(strange) on the street asked for directions to the highway. 三、阅读回答问题 I read in a book that we have a short-term memory and a long-term memory. When people get older, their short-term memory becomes worse, but we can still remember things that happened years ago.

管理学原理Chapter4课后题答案复习进程

第三次作业 宋子瑶经济1503 41507663 2. 3.Describe in detail the six-step strategic management process. The strategy management process is a six-step process that encompasses strategy planning, implementation and evaluation. The first step is identifying the organization’ s current mission, goals and strategies. Every organization needs a mission-a statement of its purpose. Defining the mission forces managers to identify what it’ s in business to do. It’s also important for managers to identify the current goals and strategies for managers have a basis for assessing whether they need to be changed. The second step is doing an external analysis. Analyzing that environment is a critical step in the strategic management process. Once the managers’ve analyzed the environment, managers need to pinpoint opportunities that the organization can exploit and threats that it must counteract or buffer against. And opportunities are positive trends in the external environment and threats are negative trends. The third step is doing an internal analysis. The internal analysis provides important information about an organization’s specific resources and

Chapter1会计概论答案

第一章会计透视：会计信息及其使用者▓复习思考题 1．概述会计的性质。 会计是按照会计规范确认、计量、记录一个组织的经济活动，运用特定程序处理加工经济信息，并将处理结果传递给会计信息使用者的信息系统，是组织和总结经济活动信息的主要工具。 会计是一个信息系统，会计处理的各个环节的加工的对象是会计信息。会计信息实际上是一种广义的信息，包含三个层次： 其一，以货币化指标体现的财务信息，它是从动态、静态两个角度，对特定主体经济资源的数量（资产）、归属（负债、所有者权益）、运用效果（收益分配）、增减变化及其结果（财务状况变动及其结果）进行描述； 其二，非货币化的和非数量化的说明性信息，它们不仅仅是对主体的财务状况、经营成果等财务指标的基本说明，而且还包含了大量的主体所处的社会、文化、道德、法律等环境信息，这些信息对于使用者正确判断主体的经营能力、发展前景，往往起到至关重要的作用； 其三，其他用于主体内部管理的信息，这些信息常常由成本会计、管理会计以及内部审计人员提供，主要包括了短期（长期）决策信息、预算信息、责任中心要求及履行情况等情况，虽然与外部性较强的财务会计信息相比，它们更容易为人们所忽略，但在经济管理和财务信息质量控制方面，它们也起了不可低估的作用。不过，在当前的会计报告模式中，所反映的会计信息主要是前两个层次上的信息。 2．企业的获利能力是否为债权人的主要考虑因素？ 债权人关心那些影响自己的债权能否得到按期偿还的因素。他们会对公司的获利能力及清偿能力感兴趣。债权人会从获利能力去衡量未来的现金流量，由于企业的获利能力与现金流量并不一定同步产生，所以对短期债权人来说，企业的获利能力不能成为债权人的主要考虑因素，但对相对长期的债权人来说获利能力应该是值得更加关注的因素。 3．财务报表中体现出来的会计信息用以满足不同使用群体的需求，但并不是所有的使用者都能得到相同的满足的。在实践中，外部财务报表使用者诸如股东、供应商、银行等是如何获得有关公司的财务信息的？若要同时满足不同类别的财务报表使用者的信息需求有什么困难？ 首先，股东是公司法定的所有者，法律上财务报表是为其制作的。法律规定，公司必须定期编制并发布财务报表，为其股东公布财务信息，我国《公司法》对此也有明确的规定。 其次，供应商与公司是商业伙伴关系，不提供商业信用的供应商，由于是钱货两讫，可通过报媒和网络了解公司公开财务的财务信息，如果供应商对公司提供商业信用，供应商可要求企业提供一定的财务信息，但对这些财务信息的准确性、可靠性需要有一定的分析。

Chapter5-6翻译练习答案

Chapter5-6 翻译小练习姓名1、醒醒。 Wake up. 2、他为什么睡觉？ Why is he sleep? 3、Bobo为什么这么累？ Why is Bobo so tired? 4、他每天做什么？ What does he do everyday? 5、Pam正过来探望Bobo。 Pam is visiting Bobo. 6、因为他星期四要画画和涂色。 Because on Thursday he draws and paints. 7、Pam担心Bobo。 Pam is worried about Bobo. 8、星期天我只想睡觉。 I just want to sleep on Sunday. 9、你认为Bobo星期天忙吗？ Do you think Bobo is busy on Sunday? 10、让我们去骑车。 Let’s go cycling. 11、让我们一起去骑车。 Let’s go cycling together. 12、我们一起去骑车好吗？ Shall we go cycling together? 13、明天是星期天。 Tomorrow is Sunday. 14、你每天做什么？ What do you do everyday? 15、每个人都快乐吗？ Is everybody happy? 16、你喜欢滑冰吗？

Do you like ice-skating? 17、Beeno 星期二做什么？ What does Bobo do on Tuesday? 18、我星期六什么也不做。我闲着。 I don’t do anything on Saturday. I am free. 19、当然。 Of course. 20、我扔球或踢球。 I throw or kick the ball. 21、足球也叫soccer。 Football is also called soccer. 22、我用球拍和乒乓球打球。 ` I ply with a bat and a table tennis ball. 23、网球重但是乒乓球轻。 A tennis ball is heavy but a table tennis ball is light. 24、孩子们的运动杂志。 Children’s Sports Magazine. 25、美式足球是什么形状的？ What shape is an American football? 26、Bill和Ben在篮球场拍篮球。 Bill and Ben bounce a basketball on the basketball court. 27、Tim和Tina在乒乓球台上打乒乓球。 Tim and Tina play table tennis on the table tennis table. 28、Sandy和Susie在游泳池里溅水和游泳。 Sandy and Susie splash and swim in the swimming pool. 29、孩子们想和他们的朋友们参加俱乐部。 The children want to join a club with their friends. 30、你用什么打网球和打乒乓球？ What do you hit a tennis ball and a table tennis ball with?

第4章 作业

Chapter4 homework 一、Select the best answer based on this couese ( 选择题). 1.The computer memory system refers to _________ A.RAM B. ROM C. Main memory D.Register , main memory, cache, external memory 2.If the word of memory is 16 bits, which the following answer is right? A. The address width is 16 bits B. The address width is related with 16 bits C.The address width is not related with 16 bits D. The address width is not less than 16 bits 3.The characteristics of internal memory compared to external memory A. Big capacity, high speed, low cost B. Big capacity, low speed, high cost C. small capacity, high speed, high cost D. small capacity, high speed, low cost 4．On address mapping of cache, any block of main memory can be mapped to any line of cache, it is ___________ . A. Associative Mapping B. Direct Mapping C. Set Associative Mapping D. Random Mapping 5. Cache’s write-through polity means write operation to main memory _______. A. as well as to cache B. only when the cache is replaced C. when the difference between cache and main memory is found D. only when direct mapping is used 6. Cache’s write-back polity means write operation to main memory ______________. A. as well as to cache B. only when the relative cache is replaced C. when the difference between cache and main memory is found D. only when using direct mapping 7. On address mapping of cache, the data in any block of main memory can be mapped to fixed line of cache, it is _________________. A. associative mapping B. direct mapping C. set associative mapping D. random mapping 8. On address mapping of cache, the data in any block of main memory can be mapped to fixed set any line(way) of cache, it is _________________. A. associative mapping B. direct mapping C. set associative mapping D. random mapping 9. Computer memory is organized into a hierarchy. At the highest level are the ___________. A. registers B. cache C. main memory D. external memory 10. On address mapping of cache, the data in any block of main memory can be mapped to __________ of cache, it is direct mapping . A. any line B. fixed line C. fixed set any line D. A and B 11. The characteristics of external memory compared to internal memory are _______ . A.Big capacity, high speed, low cost B. Big capacity, low speed, low cost C. small capacity, high speed, high cost D. small capacity, high speed, low cost 12. Write _____ policy can result in memory write bottle-neck. A. back B. through C. from D. to 13.A 16KByte cache has a line size of four 32-bit words, the number of line is . A 210 B 10 C 28 D 8 14. If the address-length of memory is 16 bits, which the following answer is NOT right ? . A.The addressable unit is 16 bits B.The addressing range is 216 C.The maxmum possible memory capacity is determined D.The addressable unit is not related with 16 bits 15. Suppose that the word from location X in memory can be mapped any line in the cache, this mapping function is called _____________. A. associative Mapping B. direct Mapping C. set Associative Mapping D. random Mapping 16. The simplest technique is called _____________.Using this technique, all write operations are made to main memory as well as to the cache. A. write-back B. write-through C. write-invalidate D. write-update

朗文5A-Chapter-2复习题要

朗文5A Chapter Two复习提要 Part A and B New words and phrases （要求：知道中文意思，会读，会拼写。）competition 名词，竞争，比赛，竞赛 (注意发音)。 mark 名词，(考试的)分数，可数。 course 名词，1.科目，课程; 2.一道菜 the main course 主菜(4B)。weight 名词，重量。 hard 它是个多义词，在本课中是个副词，意为“努力地”；比较级harder，更加努力地。 turn over a new leaf 它是英文中的习惯表达，类似汉语中的成语，意 为“重新开始，改过自新，翻开新的一页”。 wishing tree 许愿树 make plans for...为...制定计划 the new school year 新学年 want to do sth. 想要做某事 win the swimming competition赢得游泳比赛 get high marks 取得高分 put on weight发胖，增重 practise swimming harder更加努力地练习游泳 take a Japanese course 攻读一个日语课程 join the Cubs加入幼童军 Sentences （要求：会读，知道其中文意思，会拼，会写，会运用。）本部分学习so作为连词的用法，在句中意为“所以，因此” What do you want to do? 你想要做什么？

I want to win the swimming competition so I’m going to practise swimming harder. 我想要赢得游泳比赛，因此我计划更加努力地练习 游泳。句中用一般现在时描述目标，运用短语want to do sth. so后 面连接计划、打算，用be going to一般现在将来时表达。 2. What do you want to do? I want to improve my English so I’m goi to read more English books. 我想要提高英语，所以我计划读更多英文 书。 3. What do you want to do? I want to keep fit so I’m going to play mo sport. 我想要保持苗条（健康），所以我打算做更多运动。 4. What do you want to do? I want to learn Japanese so I’m going to a Japanese course. 我想要学习日语，所以我打算攻读一个日语课程。 5. What do you want to do? I want to get high marks so I’m going to work hard. 我想要得高分，所以我计划努力学习。 6. What do you want to do? I want to put on weight so I’m going to e more. 我想要增重，所以我打算吃更多(东西)。 7. What do you want to do? I want to make more friends so I’m goin join the Cubs. 我想要交更多朋友，所以我计划加入幼童军。 8. What do you want to do? I want to draw well so I’m going to join th Art Club. 我想要画得好，所以我打算加入艺术俱乐部。 Part C and D New words and phrases （四会） advertisement 名词，广告（注意发音）

Chapter 4 练习题

第四章练习题 I. Define the following terms (名词解释) ： 1. Culture 6. Factual knowledge 2. Cultural sensitivity 7. Interpretive knowledge 3. Linguistic distance 8. Cultural values 4. Strategy of unplanned change 9. Cultural borrowing 5. Social institutions 10. Material culture II. Multiple Choice Questions (单项选择)： 1.__________ is pervasive in all marketing activities; the marketer's efforts actually become a part of the __________. A. Resistance; opposition to change B. Culture; fabric of culture C. Acceptance; new global context D. Public relations; culture E. Change; marketing strategy 2._____________ is the human-made part of human environment. A. Sociology B. Psychology C. Culture D. Reference groups E. Cohort groups 3.The sum total of knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, law, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by humans as members of society is called: A. Sociology B. Psychology C. Culture D. Reference groups E. Cohort groups 4.When marketers first introduced the PDA to the American consumer they performed the role of being a(n) _____________ because the cultural impact of the product became

Kotler_Chapter5

Chapter 5 Consumer Markets and Consumer Buyer Behavior 1) ________ is never simple, yet understanding it is the essential task of marketing management. A) Brand personality B) Consumption pioneering C) Early adoption D) Consumer buying behavior E) Understanding the difference between primary and secondary data Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 135 Skill: Concept Objective: 5-1 2) The consumer market is made up of which of the following? A) individuals who acquire goods or services for personal consumption B) households that purchase goods or services for personal consumption C) businesses that purchase goods and services D) A and B E) all of the above Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 135 Skill: Concept Objective: 5-1 3) Economic, technological, and cultural forces are all ________ in the stimulus-response model of buyer behavior. A) buyer responses B) stimuli C) components of the buyer's decision process D) buyer characteristics E) buying attitudes Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 137 Skill: Concept Objective: 5-1

语言学Chapter 5 Meaning 练习

Chapter 5 Meaning I. Choose the best answer (20%). 1. We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents _______. A. the conceptualist view B. contextualism C. the naming theory D. behaviorism 2. Which of the following is NOT true? A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form. C. Sense is abstract and decontextualized. D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in. 3. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components called semantic features. A. Predication analysis B. Componential analysis C. Phonemic analysis D. Grammatical analysis 4.Alive” and“dead” are ______________. A. gradable antonyms B. relational antonyms C. complementary antonyms D. None of the above 5. _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. A. Reference B. Concept C. Semantics D. Sense 6. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form. A. Polysemy B. Synonymy C. Homonymy D. Hyponymy 7. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________. A. homonyms B. polysemies C. hyponyms D. synonyms 8. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______. A. grammatical rules B. selectional restrictions C. semantic rules D. semantic features 9. The pair of wo rds “lend” and “borrow” are ___（） A. gradable opposites B. relational opposites C. co-hyponyms D. synonyms 10.The semantic components of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as __.（） A. +animate，+male，+human，-adult B. +animate，+male，+human，+adult C. +animate，-male，+human，-adult D. +animate，-male，+human，+adult II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.(10%) 11.Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself. For example, within British English or American English. 12. Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. While reference deals with the inherent meaning

工程热力学课后作业标准答案chapter4

p73 4-1 1kg 空气在可逆多变过程中吸热４0kJ ，其容积增大为1102v v =，压力降低为8/12p p =,设比热为定值，求过程中内能的变化、膨胀功、轴功以及焓和熵的变化。 解:热力系是1kg 空气 过程特征：多变过程 ) 10/1ln()8/1ln()2/1ln()1/2ln(==v v p p n =0.９ 因为 T c q n ?= 内能变化为 R c v 2 5= ＝717.5)/(K kg J ? v p c R c 5 727==＝100４.5)/(K kg J ? =n c ==--v v c n k n c 51＝358７.5)/(K kg J ? n v v c qc T c u /=?=?＝8×103J 膨胀功:u q w ?-==3２ ×１0３J 轴功：==nw w s ２８．8 ×103J 焓变:u k T c h p ?=?=?=1.4×８=11.2 ×103J

熵变:1 2ln 12ln p p c v v c s v p +=?=０.82×1０３)/(K kg J ? 4－2 ?有1ｋg 空气、初始状态为MPa p 5.01=,1501=t ℃，进行下列过程： （1）可逆绝热膨胀到MPa p 1.02=； （2)不可逆绝热膨胀到MPa p 1.02=,K T 3002=; (3）可逆等温膨胀到MPa p 1.02=； （4)可逆多变膨胀到MPa p 1.02=，多变指数2=n ； 试求上述各过程中的膨胀功及熵的变化，并将各过程的相对位置画在同一张v p -图和s T -图上 解:热力系1kg 空气 （1） 膨胀功： ])12(1[111k k p p k RT w ---==１11．9×１03J 熵变为0 （2）)21(T T c u w v -=?-=＝88.３×103J 1 2ln 12ln p p R T T c s p -=?＝116.8)/(K kg J ?

Chapter 5 Semantics教材练习题答案

Chapter 5 Semantics 1. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning 答：(1) The naming theory proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. According to this theory, the linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are simply labels of the objects they stand for. So words are just names or labels for things. (2) The conceptualist view has been held by some philosophers and linguists from ancient times. This view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to (i. e., between language and the real world); rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind. (3) The contextualist view held that meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, context –– elements closely linked with language behaviour. The representative of this approach was . Firth, famous British linguist. (4) Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the “situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.” This theory, somewhat close to contextualism, is linked with psychological interest. 2. What are the major types of synonyms in English 答：The major types of synonyms are dialectal synonyms, stylistic synonyms, emotive or evaluative synonyms, collocational synonyms, and semantically different synonyms. Examples（略） 3. Explain with examples “homonymy”, “polysemy”, and “hyponymy”. 答：(1) Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, ., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. When two words are identical in sound, they are homophones. When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs. When two words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are complete homonyms (2) While different words may have the same or similar meaning, the same one word may have more than one meaning. This is what we call polysemy, and such a word is called a polysemic word. There are many polysemic words in English, The fact is the more commonly used a word is, the more likely it has acquired more than one meaning. (3) Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordinate, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms. Hyponyms of the same superordinate are co-hyponyms to each other. Hyponymy is a relation of inclusion; in terms of meaning, the superordinate includes all its hyponyms. Examples（略） 4. How can words opposite in meaning be classified To which category does each of the following pairs of antonyms belong north/south vacant/occupied literate/illiterate above/below doctor/patient wide/narrow poor/rich father/daughter 答：They can be gradable antonyms, complementary antonyms and relational opposite Gradable antonyms: literate/illiterate wide /narrow poor/rich