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欧洲文化入门复习资料

一．细节知识点

（一）Greek ＆Roman

1.drama

●Aeschylus埃斯基洛斯：Prometheus Bound被束缚的普罗米修

斯,Persians波斯人，Agamennon

●Sophcles索发克里斯：（tragic art）Oedipus the king, Electra，

Antigone

●Euripides欧里庇得斯：“problem plays”，Andromache，Medea，

Trojan Women

●Aristophanes阿里斯多芬尼斯：Frogs，Clouds，Wasps，Birds

2.Historian

●Herodotus：*“father of history”* from Greek to Persians *full of

anecdotes and dialogues ,interesting

●Thucydides: *younger than Herodotus *Athens to Sparta and

Athens to Syracuse希拉库萨 *style is imagination and power *the

greatest historian that ever lived

3.philosophy and science

●Pythagoras毕达哥拉斯： *bold thinker *believe everything is

numbers* scientific mathematics----point，line ，magnitude震级，

surface，body，first proportion

●Heracleitus赫拉克里克：*fire is the primary element of universe

*sayings: all is flux，nothing stationary/you cannot step twice into

the same river/fresh waters are ever flowing in upon you/ the sun

is new every day.

*believe mingling of opposites ,opposites produce harmony

(二) Bible

translation

●Latin version：383-405AD by St .Jerome

●English version：1382 John Wycliff

(三)Middle ages/ Medieval

1. AD 476 Roman power was gone

2. after 1054 Church was divided into Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox

Church

3.The Crusades: 1096－1291 last for about 200 years

4.learning：

● Charlemagne查理曼大帝：

*western and central Europe

*father of Europe .Emperor of Romans in 800

*Carolingian Renaissance加洛林

*encourage Christian religion and ancient learning by setting monastery

schools

● Alfred the Great阿尔弗雷德大帝：

*ruler of Anglo Saxon of Wessex

*Encourage teacher and scholars , Wessex center of learning

*Anglo Saxon chronicles英国编年史

● St .Thomas Aquinas

*Italian philosopher ,scholasticism经院哲学

*Summa Contra Centiles , Summa Theologiae 《神学大全》

*building a society of “God’s rule””God’s will”，Pope is“Christ’s

plenipotentiary基督的全权代表” above secular rulers

● Roger Bacon罗杰培根

*a British monk ,one of the earliest advocates of experimental scientific

research and observation

*works :Opus maius ,encyclopedia of the sciences of his time

5．Literature

●Beowulf :an Anglo Saxon epic

● Song of Roland ，La Chanson de Gestes: French

● Dante：the divine of comedy神曲 greatest poet of Italy

●Geoffrey Chaucer 乔叟：English poet ：canterbury tales坎特伯雷故事集，

（first short story teller, first modern poet in English literature ）

（四）Renaissance

1.started in Florence and Venice， Italy

2.heart of Renaissance philosophy is greatness of man ，humanism

3.masterpieces :

● Giovanni Boccaccio薄伽丘：Decameron十日谈（the greatest achievement

of prose fiction 散文小说in the middle ages）

● Francesco Petrarch彼德拉克：

*discover Cicero’s Oration Oro Arochia,a Roman defense of poetry

*Works： Canzoniers（lyrical）, Africa，Metrical Epistles，On Contempt for

the Worldly Life，On Solitude，Ecologues， The Letters

●Giotto乔托：

*forerunner of Renaissance，led the way to humanism，realistic depiction of space

*works: Flight into Egypt ,Betrayal of Juda s

●Giorgione乔尔乔捏：Tempesta , Sleeping Venus

（use of colour schemes to unify picture and most revolutionary

result in this sphere)

●Leonardo da Vinci:

*painter, sculptor, architect, musician, mathematician, engineer, inventor,

anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist, and writer.

*12 paintings 5000 books ,Renaissance man in the true sense of word.

*Last Supper(most famous religious pictures), Mona Lisa(most portrait)

●Michelangelo Buonarroti:

* an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, poet, and engineer

* David ，Sistine Chapel ，Dying Slave ,Moses

●Raphael：Madonna（Virgin Mary）各种圣母画，school of Athens

● Rabelais拉伯雷： French ，Gargantua and Pantagruel《巨人传》

● Pleiade 七星诗社：French ,leader is Pirre de Ronsard(Sonnet Pour Helene) ，

发扬保卫法兰西语言

●Cervantes塞万提斯：Spanish，Don Quixote 1062

● Erasmus：Dutch， Renaissance humanist, Catholic priest, teacher, and

theologian，Greek edition of New Testament ,Praise of Folly《愚人

颂》

●Durer : German ,follower of Martin Luther

the four horsemen of apocalypse 天启四骑士

knight ，death and the devil

●Thomas more：英国人，Utopia乌托邦，conclusion

●Shakespeare：英国人Twelfth night ，As you like it ，Hamlet，Othello，

King Lear ，Macbeth，Antony and Cleopatra，

Sonnets, King Henry 5，6

二 .名词解释

1.Renaissance

Renaissance is a period of western civilization between 14-17th century.

The word Renaissance means revival .it also means the revival of interest

in ancient Greek and Roman culture，which started in Florence and

Venice ，Italy . the heart of~is humanism.

2 . Reformation

~ was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political movement ,which began with Martin Luther’s 95 theses in 1517. The

Reformation began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church.

3．Middle ages ：

~is also called Medieval ,”the year of faith”* or the thousand-year period following the fall of the western roman empire in the 5th century .it came

between ancient times and modern times .During this period Germanic

kingdom grew into nations such as England ,French ,Spain, Italy, Germany.

4 . Feudalism

~is a system of holding land in exchange for military service .the word

~was derived from the Latin “feudum” , a grant of land.

5 Catholic

~Means” universal”. ~church was a highly centralized and disciplined

international religious organization .in the middle ages ,almost every

Europeans belonged to it.

6. old testament

~is one of the two parts of the Bible ,which is about the God and the laws of God. Testament means agreement—the agreement between God and man.

7. Pentateuch 摩西五书

The oldest first five parts of the Bible including Genesis ,Exodus，Leviticus, Numbers， Deuteronomy

8. doric ：

one of Greek architecture styles，~is also called masculine style .it’s sturdy 坚定的，powerful，severelooking ，showing sense of proportions and

numbers.

Ionic：

feminine style graceful and elegant，showing wealth of ornament装饰

三.问答

1. What happened in Western Europe after the decline of the Roman Empire?

After the Roman Empire lost its predominance优势, a great many Germanic Kingdoms began to grow into the nations know as England, France, Italy, and

Germany in its place. These nations of Western Europe were in the scene of frequent wars and invasions. The political unity had given way to widespread destruction and confusion. Hunger and disease killed many lives and village fell into ruin and great

areas of land lay waste. There was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church. Christianity was almost the all and the one of Medieval lives in western Europe and took lead in politics, law, art, and learning for hundreds years.

2. What were the cultural characteristics of the period from 500 to 1000? Above all, the cultural characters of this period were the heritage and achievement of Roman culture and the emergence of Hebrew and Gothic culture.

3.What made Italy the birthplace of the Renaissance?

Because of its geographical position, foreign trade developed early in Italy. This brought Italy into contact with other cultures and gave rise to urban economy and helped Italy accumulate wealth which was an essential factor for the flowering of art and literature.

For two centuries beginning from the late 15th century, Florence was the golden city which gave birth to a whole generation of poets, scholars, artists and sculptors. There was in Florence a revival of interest in classical learning and rising of humanist ideas.

And to spread the new ideas, libraries and academies were founded.

In the 15th century printing was invented and helped to spread humanist ideas.

4. How did Italian Renaissance art and architecture break away from medi eval traditions?

The Italian Renaissance art and architecture radically broke away from the medieval methods of representing the visible world. Compared with the latter, the former has t he following distinct features:

⑴Art broke away from the domination of church and artist who used to be craftsm

en commissioned by the church became a separate strata doing noble and creati ve work

⑵Themes of painting and architecture changed from purely celestial realm focusing

on the stories of the Bible, of God and Mary to an appreciation of all aspects of n ature and man;

⑶The artists studied the ruins of Roman and Greek temples and put many of the pr

inciples of ancient civilization into their works;

⑷Artists introduced in their works scientific theories of anatomy and perspective.

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1、Two major elements in European culture：the Greco-Roman element and the Judeo-Christian element. 2、The Homer epics consists of the Iliad and the Odyssey. The Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece，led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy. The heroes are Hector on the Trojan side and Achilles and Odysseus on the Greek. In the final battle，Hector was killed by Achilles and Troy was sacked and burned by the Greeks. The Odyssey deals with the return of Odysseus after the Trojan war to his home island of Ithaca. It describes many adventures he ran into on his long sea voyage and how finally he was reunited with his faithful wife Penelope. 3、古希腊三大悲剧家：Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides Works of Aeschylus：Prometheus Bound，Persians，and Agamemnon .There are only two actors and one chorus in these plays. 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Dante called him “the master of those who know” His works：Ethics（an introduction to moral philosophy），Politics，Poetics（a treatise on literary theory），and Rhetoric （dealing with the art of persuading an audience） Aristotle differed from his teacher in following ways：for one thing，Aristotle emphasized direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact. This is different from Plato`s reliance on subjective thinking；also，he thought that “form”（idea）and matter together made up concrete individual realities. Here ，he differed from Plato who held that ideas had a higher reality than the physical world Aristotle thought happiness that could only be achieved by leading a life of reason，goodness and contemplation should be a man`s aim in life. 10.contending schools of thought:百家争鸣 The Cynics：got their name because Diogenes，one of their leaders，decided to live like a dog and the word “cynic”means“dog”in Greek. He rejected all conventions—whether of religion，of manner，dress，housing，food，or of decency. In fact，he lived by begging. He proclaimed his brotherhood，not only with the whole human race，but also with animals. On the other hand，he had no patience with the rich and the powerful The Sceptics （诡辩学家）followed Pyrrhon，who held that not all knowledge was attainable. Hence he and his followers doubted t the truth of what others accepted as true. The Epicureans were disciples of Epicurus，who believed pleasure to be the highest good in life，but by pleasure he meant，not sensual enjoyment，but freedom from pain and emotional upheaval. This he thought could be attained by the practice of virtue. His teaching wa s misunderstood by later people and the word“Epicurean”has come to mean indulgence in luxurious living. Epicurus was a materialist. Opposed to the Epicureans were the Stoics. To them，the most important thing in life was not pleasure，but duty. This developed into the theory that one should endure hardship and misfortune with courage. The chief Stoic was Zeno. He was also a materialist，asserting the existence of the real world. He believed that there is no such thing as chance，and that the course of nature is rigidly determined by natural laws. In the life of an individual man，virtue is the solo good；such things as health，happiness，possessions，are of no account. Since virtue resides in the will，everything good or bad in a man`s life depends only upon himself. If he has to die, he should die nobly，like Socrates. Greek architecture three styles：a.the Doric style （masculine style. powerful, sturdy, showing a good sense of propotion）, the Ionic style(feminine style), the Corinthian style(oranmental luxury) There famous temples: the Acropplis at Athens, the Parthenon. The impact of Greek culture: a,The Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other Eruropean countries.b. The Greeks invented mathematics and science and phylosophy. Their spirt of innovation had immence influence in later generations c. The Greek is the birthland of the democracy. d.They set a great example of thinking rationally and logically. e. In literature, they have exerted an influence which can be still felt today. Epic poetry, tragedy, comedy, lyric poetry, historical writing f.architecture, sculpture. Romans and Greeks异同：Common:a. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of cittizen-assembly, hostile to monarchy and to servility. b. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified-Greek Zeus with Roman Jupiter, Greek Aphrodite with Roman Venus, and so on-and their myth to be fused. c.Their languages worked in similar ways, and were ultimately related, both being members of the Indo-European language family which stretches from Banglandesh to Iceland. Difference: a.The Romans built up a vast empire: The Greeks didn’t. b.The Romans were confident in their military and administrative capabilities. c.The Greeks enjoyed an artistic and intellectural inheritance much richer than the Romans. Roman peace: The emperors relied on a strong army-the famous Roman regions-and an efficient bureaucracy to exert their rule, which was facilitated by a well-developed system of roads. Thus the Romans enjoyed a long period of oece lasting 200 years, a remarkable phenomenon in history known as the Pax Romana. Virgil:The greatest of Latin poet, wrote the greatest epic, the Aeneid. Tragic hero: Aeneas was a truely tragic hero because to fufil his hitoric mission he had to betray the great passion of his life. While he gained an empire, his love for Dido, qyeen of Carhage. While he gained an empire, he lost something no empire could compensate, happiness in life. 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