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文献、资料中文题目：深入浅出JavaScript

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翻译日期： 2017.02.14

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译

题目：Beginning JavaScript with DOM Scripting and Ajax

深入浅出JavaScript

学院：信息工程学院系计算机

专业：计算机科学与技术

班级：

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外文资料翻译译文

深入浅出JavaScript

1.1 JavaScript产生的原因

在Web发展的初期，主要有HTML和公共管理接口(GUI)。HTML定义了大部分的文本文档并且只是用户代理（通常为网页浏览器）如何显示。比如，标签

之间的文字就会成为一个段落，在这个段落中可以使用标签

来定义最主要的页面标题。注意大多数开始标签，都会有相应的以

HTML有一个缺点，即他的状态是固定不变的。如果想改变一些东西或者使用用户输入的数据，就需要向服务器提出一个往返的请求。使用动态技术（如ColdFusion、ASP、https://www.wendangku.net/doc/467949975.html,、PHP或JSP）就可以从表单或者参数中将信息发送到服务器然后通过服务器完成计算、测试、数据库查找等。与这些技术相关联的应用程序服务器则会产生一个HTML文档来显示结果，然后把处理的结果一HTML文档的形式返回到浏览器以供用户查看。

这样做的问题在于无论何时网页只要有变化，以上整个过程都需要再重复执行一遍（并且重新加载网页）。这样会显得比较笨重缓慢，没有网络这个新媒介对我们承诺的那么美好。现在，人们已经普遍拥有了快速的因特网连接。但是显示一个页面仍然意味着重新加载，这是一个时常失败的缓慢过程（遇到过Error 404没有？）。

我们需要更加灵活的东西——要允许Web开发人员快速地对用户给予反馈并且不用从服务器重新加载页面就能改变HTML。可以想象有这么一个表单，只要有一个字段中产生了错误，它都需要重新加载，如果能够不用重新从服务器加载页面，就能快速地获取错误提示，那岂不是更方便实用？这正是JavaScript的用武之地。

一些信息（比如表单上的一些计算和验证信息）并不需要依靠服务器。JavaScript可以由访问者电脑上的用户代理（通常是一个浏览器）来执行。我们把这叫做客户端代码(client-side code)。这样可以减少与服务器的交互成本并且使网站运行得更快。

1.2 JavaScript是什么

JavaScript的前身是LiveScript，但是网景公司后来把名字改成了JavaScript，很可能是由于Java的火爆。这个名字经常会令人感到迷惑，因为尽管Java与JavaScript 有些语法比较相近，但它们之间并没有必然的联系。

Java之于JavaScript就好比Car（汽车）之于Carpet（地毯）。

——来自Usenet上的JavaScript讨论组网景公司在1996年创造了JavaScript语言，它包含在Netscape Navigator（NN）2.0浏览器中，用解释器来读取和执行添加到.html页面的JavaScript代码。从此，这种语言稳步发展壮大并越来越普及，现在大多数浏览器都支持它。

这意味着JavaScript可以用于网页中，被所有现代的浏览器所解释。但是，不同的浏览器在实现JavaScript的方式上是不同的，尽管核心的JavaScript语言是一样的。不过，JavaScript可以被用户关闭掉，并且一些公司和机构从安全的角度考虑要求他们的用户这样做。这个我们稍后（贯穿本书）会进一步讨论。

关于JavaScript最大的特点就是，一旦学会了如何在浏览器编程中使用它，你就可以把它应用到其他的领域中。微软的服务器使用JavaScript去做服务器端网页编程（ASP），PDF文件现在也在使用JavaScript，甚至Windows的任务管理也可以使用JavaScript来自动运行。许多应用程序，如Dreamweaver和Photoshop，都可以使用JavaScript来编写脚本。操作系统上的许多插件，比如苹果公司的Dashboard

或者Linux和Windows平台上的Konfabulator，甚至允许使用JavaScript编写小的帮助程序。

最近许多大公司也提供了可用在网页中的JavaScript对象和方法组成的API（应用编程接口），Google Maps就是其中的一种。只需要使用几行代码就可以在你的网站中提供可缩放和可滚动的地图。

另一个更好地特点就是，JavaScript比高级编程语言和服务器端编程更容易开发。它不需要像Java和C++那样编译，也不需要像Perl、PHP或Ruby语言那样运行在服务器上或需要在命令行执行。编写、执行、调试和应用JavaScript脚本所需要的只是文本编辑器和浏览器，而这两者在所有的操作系统上都提供。当然，也有工具可以使你更加方便，如Mozilla Venkman、Microsoft Script Debugger和kjscmd 这样的JavaScript调试器。

1.3 JavaScript的问题和价值

正如我在本章的开始提到的，JavaScript在过去的几年里就已经成为Web开发的一个完整的部分，但是它也经常被错误地使用。结果，它就落了一个不好的名声。导致这个结果的原因是某些严重影响用户的JavaScript特效，如移动的页面元素和弹出窗口。这种情况你第一次看到印象会很深刻，但很快就变成了“有了也不错”，在有些情况下，甚至变成“没有更好”。许多类似的效果都来自DHTML时代（相见第3章）。

术语用户代理(user agent)和对其含义的缺乏理解同样也是一个问题。通常，用户代理是指一个浏览器，比如微软的IE，Netscape、Mozilla（Moz），Firefox（Fx）、Opera或Safari。但是浏览器不是web上唯一的用户代理，其他用户代理还包括：? 辅助技术，用来帮助用户克服它们的缺陷——比如语音合成软件或者盲文显示器。

? 纯文本代理，例如Lynx。

? 支持Web的应用程序。

? 游戏控制台。

? 手机。

? 个人数字助理（PDA）。

? 交互式的电视机顶盒。

? 搜索引擎和其他索引程序

? 其他

这么多类的用户代理（以及一些没有更新的旧用户代理），它们使用了不同的技术手段，对于JavaScript也是一个非常大的危险。

并不是所有的访问者都能体验到你所应用的JavaScript增强，许多人都会出于安全的考虑关闭JavaScript。JavaScript既可以用来做好事，也可以用来做坏事。如果操作系统（比如没有打补丁的windows）语序，可以通过JavaScript来在某台计算机上安装病毒或木马，或者读取用户信息并把它发送到另外一个服务器上。

■注解没有办法知道访问者在使用什么工具，他的计算机功能如何。再者，你永远不知道访问者的经验和能力如何。这也是网络很好的一个方面——每个人都可以参与。然而，这样会给JavaScript程序员带来意外的后果。

在大多数情况下，你可能想要一种服务器端的替代方案。它可以测试用户代理是否支持所需要的功能，如果不支持，服务器会使用其替代方案。

脚本语言的独立性对于网站是法律方面的要求，在英国的数字歧视法、美国法律的508条款和世界上其他地区的法律中都有定义。这意味着如果你开发的站点没有JavaScript就不能使用，或者你的JavaScript增强需要用户或用户代理在不低效运行得情况下具有一定的能力，那么你的客户就可以控告你歧视。

然而，JavaScript既不是邪恶的也不是没用的，它是一个优秀的工具，可以帮助在你平滑流畅的网站上冲浪的用户花费更少的时间。

外文资料原文

出自《Beginning JavaScript with DOM Scripting and Ajax,2006:3-6》

作者：Christian Heilmann

Beginning JavaScript with DOM Scripting and Ajax

The Why of JavaScript

In the beginning of the Web, there was HTML and the Common Gateway Interface (CGI). HTML defines the parts of a text document and instructs the user agent (usually the web browser) how to show it—for example, text surrounded by the tags

becomes a paragraph. Within that paragraph you may have

tags that define the main page heading. Notice that for most opening tags, there is a corresponding clos-ing tag that begins with

HTML has one disadvantage—it has a fixed state. If you want to change something, or use data the visitor entered, you need to make a round-trip to a server. Using a dy-namic technology (such as ColdFusion, ASP, https://www.wendangku.net/doc/467949975.html,, PHP, or JSP) you send the in-formation from forms, or from parameters, to a server, which then performs calculat-ing/testing/database lookups, etc. The application server associated with these technolo-gies then writes an HTML document to show the results, and the resulting HTML docu-ment is returned to the browser for viewing. The problem with that is it means every time there is a change, the entire process must be repeated (and the page reloaded). This is cumbersome, slow, and not as impressive as the new media “Internet” promised us to be. It is true that at least the Western world has the benefit of fast Internet connections these days, but displaying a page still means a reload, which could be a slow process that fre-quently fails (ever get an Error 404?).

We need something slicker—something that allows web developers to give imme-diate feedback to the user and change HTML without reloading the page from the server. Just imagine a form that needs to be reloaded every time there’s an error in one of its fields—isn’t it handier when something flags the errors immediately, without needing to reload the page from the web server? This is one example of what JavaScript can do for you.

Some information, such as calculations and verifying the information on a form, may not need to come from the server. JavaScript is executed by the user agent (normally a browser) on the visitor’s computer. We call this client-side code. This could result in

fewer trips to the server and faster-running web sites.

What Is JavaScript?

JavaScript started life as LiveScript, but Netscape changed the name—possibly be-cause of the excitement being generated by Java—to JavaScript. The name is confusing though, as there is no real connection between Java and JavaScript—although some of the syntax looks similar.

Java is to JavaScript what Car is to Carpet

——From a JavaScript discussion group on Usenet

Netscape created the JavaScript language in 1996 and included it in their Netscape Navigator (NN) 2.0 browser via an interpreter that read and executed the JavaScript added to .html pages. The language has steadily grown in popularity since then, and is now supported by the most popular browsers.

The good news is that this means JavaScript can be used in web pages for all major modern browsers. The not-quite-so-good news is that there are differences in the way the different browsers implement JavaScript, although the core JavaScript language is much the same. However, JavaScript can be turned off by the user—and many companies and other institutions require their users to do so for security reasons. We will discuss this further

shortly, as well as throughout this book.

The great thing about JavaScript is that once you’ve learned how to use it for browser programming, you can move on to use it in other ar eas. Microsoft’s ser v-er—IIS—uses JavaScript to program server-side web pages (ASP), PDF files now use JavaScript, and even Windows administration tasks can be automated with JavaScript code. A lot of applications such as Dreamweaver and Photoshop are scriptable with Ja-vaScript. Operating system add-ons like

the Apple Dashboard or Konfabulator on Linux and Windows even allow you to write small

helper applications in JavaScript.

Lately a lot of large companies also offer application programming interfaces (APIs) that feature JavaScript objects and methods you can use in your own pages—Google Maps being one of them. You can offer a zoomable and scrollable map in your web site with just a few lines of code.

Even better is the fact that JavaScript is a lot easier to develop than higher pro-gramming languages or server-side scripting languages. It does not need any compilation like Java or C++, or to be run on a server or command line like Perl, PHP, or Ruby: all you need to write, execute, debug, and apply JavaScript is a text editor and a brows-er—both of which are supplied with any operating system. There are, of course, tools that make it a lot easier for you, examples being JavaScript debuggers like Mozilla Venkman, Microsoft Script Debugger, or kjscmd.

Problems and Merits of JavaScript

As I mentioned at the outset of this chapter, JavaScript has been an integral part of web development over the last few years, but it has also been used wrongly. As a result, it has gotten a bad reputation. The reason for this is gratuitous JavaScript effects, like moving page elements and pop-up windows, which might have been impressive the first time you saw them but soon turned out to be just a “nice to have” and in some case s even a “nice to not have any longer.” A lot of this comes from the days of DHTML (more on this in Chapter 3).

The term user agent and the lack of understanding what a user agent is can also be a problem. Normally, the user agent is a browser like Microsoft Internet Explorer (MSIE), Netscape, Mozilla (Moz), Firefox (Fx), Opera, or Safari. However, browsers are not the only user agents on the Web. Others include

? Assistive technology that helps users to overcome the limitations of a disabil i-ty—like text-to-speech software or Braille displays

? Text-only agents like Lynx

? Web-enabled applications

? Game consoles

? Mobile/cell phones

? PDAs

? Interactive TV set-top boxes

? Search engines and other indexing programs

? And many more

This large variety of user agents, of different technical finesse (and old user agents that don’t get updated), is also a great danger for JavaScript.

Not all visitors to your web site will experience the JavaScript enhancements you

applied to it. A lot of them will also have JavaScript turned off—for security reasons. JavaScript can be used for good and for evil. If the operating system—like unpatched Windows—allows you to, you can install viruses or Trojan Horses on a computer via Ja-vaScript or read out user information and send it to another server.

■Note There is no way of knowing what the visitor uses or what his computer is capa-ble of. Furthermore, you never know what the visitor’s experience and ability is like. This is one of the beautiful aspects of the Web—everyone can participate. However, this can introduce a lot of unexpected consequences for the JavaScript programmer.

In many cases, you might want to have a server-side backup plan. It would test to see whether the user agent supports the functionality desired and, if it doesn’t, the server takes over.

Independence of scripting languages is a legal requirement for web sites, defined in the Digital Discrimination Act for the UK, section 508 in the US law, and many more localized legal requirements throughout the world. This means that if the site you devel-oped cannot be used without JavaScript, or your JavaScript enhancements are expecting a certain ability of the users or their user agent without a fallback, your client could be sued for discrimination.

However, JavaScript is not evil or useless, and it is a great tool to help your visitor to surf web sites that are a lot slicker and less time-consuming.

毕业论文英文参考文献与译文

Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of

概率论毕业论文外文翻译

Statistical hypothesis testing Adriana Albu，Loredana Ungureanu Politehnica University Timisoara,adrianaa@aut.utt.ro Politehnica University Timisoara,loredanau@aut.utt.ro Abstract In this article,we present a Bayesian statistical hypothesis testing inspection, testing theory and the process Mentioned hypothesis testing in the real world and the importance of, and successful test of the Notes. Key words Bayesian hypothesis testing; Bayesian inference;Test of significance Introduction A statistical hypothesis test is a method of making decisions using data, whether from a controlled experiment or an observational study (not controlled). In statistics, a result is called statistically significant if it is unlikely to have occurred by chance alone, according to a pre-determined threshold probability, the significance level. The phrase "test of significance" was coined by Ronald Fisher: "Critical tests of this kind may be called tests of significance, and when such tests are available we may discover whether a second sample is or is not significantly different from the first."[1] Hypothesis testing is sometimes called confirmatory data analysis, in contrast to exploratory data analysis. In frequency probability,these decisions are almost always made using null-hypothesis tests. These are tests that answer the question Assuming that the null hypothesis is true, what is the probability of observing a value for the test statistic that is at [] least as extreme as the value that was actually observed?) 2 More formally, they represent answers to the question, posed before undertaking an experiment,of what outcomes of the experiment would lead to rejection of the null hypothesis for a pre-specified probability of an incorrect rejection. One use of hypothesis testing is deciding whether experimental results contain enough information to cast doubt on conventional wisdom. Statistical hypothesis testing is a key technique of frequentist statistical inference. The Bayesian approach to hypothesis testing is to base rejection of the hypothesis on the posterior probability.[3][4]Other approaches to reaching a decision based on data are available via decision theory and optimal decisions. The critical region of a hypothesis test is the set of all outcomes which cause the null hypothesis to be rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis. The critical region is usually denoted by the letter C. One-sample tests are appropriate when a sample is being compared to the population from a hypothesis. The population characteristics are known from theory or are calculated from the population.

毕业论文外文翻译模版

吉林化工学院理学院 毕业论文外文翻译English Title（Times New Roman ，三号） 学生学号：08810219 学生姓名：袁庚文 专业班级：信息与计算科学0802 指导教师：赵瑛 职称副教授 起止日期：2012.2.27～2012.3.14 吉林化工学院 Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology

1 外文翻译的基本内容 应选择与本课题密切相关的外文文献（学术期刊网上的），译成中文，与原文装订在一起并独立成册。在毕业答辩前，同论文一起上交。译文字数不应少于3000个汉字。 2 书写规范 2.1 外文翻译的正文格式 正文版心设置为：上边距：3.5厘米，下边距：2.5厘米，左边距：3.5厘米，右边距：2厘米，页眉：2.5厘米，页脚：2厘米。 中文部分正文选用模板中的样式所定义的“正文”，每段落首行缩进2字；或者手动设置成每段落首行缩进2字，字体：宋体，字号：小四，行距：多倍行距1.3，间距：前段、后段均为0行。 这部分工作模板中已经自动设置为缺省值。 2.2标题格式 特别注意：各级标题的具体形式可参照外文原文确定。 1．第一级标题（如：第1章绪论）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题1”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：三号，1.5倍行距，段后11磅，段前为11磅。 2．第二级标题（如：1.2 摘要与关键词）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题2”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：四号，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 3．第三级标题（如：1.2.1 摘要）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题3”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：小四，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 标题和后面文字之间空一格（半角）。 3 图表及公式等的格式说明 图表、公式、参考文献等的格式详见《吉林化工学院本科学生毕业设计说明书（论文）撰写规范及标准模版》中相关的说明。

毕业论文中参考文献的格式规范

毕业论文中参考文献的格式规范 一 .参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识： 参考文献类型文献类型标示 专著Ｍ 论文集Ｃ 报纸文章Ｎ 期刊文章Ｊ 学位论文Ｄ 汇报Ｒ 规范Ｓ 专利Ｐ 电子参考文献类型标识 数据库ＤＢ 计算机程序ＣＰ 电子公告ＥＢ 二.① 主要责任者(专著作者、论文集主编、学位申报人、专利申请人、汇报撰写人、期刊文章作者、析出文章作者)。多个责任者之间以“，”分隔，注意在本项数据中不得出现缩写点“.”（英文作者请将作者名写全）。主要责任者只列姓名，其后不加“著”、“ 编”、“主编”、“合编”等责任说明。②. 文献习题名及版本1 / 3

(初版省略)。③ 文献类型 及载体类型标识。④ 出版项(出版地、出版者、出版年)。⑤ 文 献出处或电子文献的可 获得地址。⑥ 文献起止页码。⑦ 文献规范编号(规范号、专利号……)。 三.电子文献的载体类型及其标识 对于非纸张型载体的电子文献，当被引用为参考文献时需在参考 文献类型标识中同时标 明其载体类型。本标准建议采用双字母表示电子文献载体类型：磁带(magnetic tape)— —ＭＴ，磁盘(disk)——ＤＫ，光盘(ＣＤ-ＲＯＭ)——ＣＤ， 联机网络(online)——ＯＬ，并以下列 格式表示包括了文献载体类型的参考文献类型标识： ［文献类型标识/载体类型标识］ 如：［ＤＢ/ＯＬ］——联机网上数据库(database online) ［ＤＢ/ＭＴ］——磁带数据库(database on magnetic tape) ［Ｍ/ＣＤ］——光盘图书(monograph on ＣＤ-ＲＯＭ) ［ＣＰ/ＤＫ］——磁盘软件(computer program on disk) ［Ｊ/ＯＬ］——网上期刊(serial online) ［ＥＢ/ＯＬ］——网上电子公告(electronic bulletin board online) 2 / 3

外文文献毕业论文

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