中英文术语对译
中英文术语对译
安居工程Housing Project for low-income families
按成本要素计算的国民经济总值GNP at factor cost
按揭贷款mortgage loan
按劳分配distribution according to one's performance
暗亏hidden loss
奥姆真理教Japanese Aum Doomsday Cult
B.
巴黎证券交易所Paris Bourse
把握大局grasp the overall situation
白色行情表white sheet
白手起家starting from scratch
摆架子put on airs
拜年pay New Y ear call
搬迁户relocated families
半拉子工程uncompleted project
棒球运动记者scribe
包干到户work contracted to households
包工包料contract for labor and materials
保持国民经济发展的良好势头maintain a good momentum of growth in the national economy 保持国有股keep the State-held shares
保健食品health-care food
保税区the low-tax, tariff-free zone; bonded area
保证重点支出ensure funding for priority areas
保值储蓄inflation-proof bank savings
北欧投资银行Nordic Investment Bank
本本主义bookishness
《本草纲目》Compendium of Materia Medica
本垒打circuit clout, four-master, round trip
本命年one's year of birth considered in relation to the 12 Terrestrial Branches
奔小康strive for a relatively comfortable life
蹦击bungee, bungee jumping
逼上梁山be driven to drastic alternatives
闭门羹given cold-shoulder
边际报酬marginal return
边缘科学boundary science
标书bidding documents
表演赛demonstration match
剥夺冠军strip the gold medal of somebody
补缺选举by-election
布达拉宫Potala Palace
不败记录clean record, spotless record
不承诺放弃使用武器not undertake to renounce the use of force
不打不成交No discord, no concord.
《不见不散》Be there or be square.
不良贷款non-performing loan
不夜城sleepless city, ever-bright city
不正之风bad (harmful) practice; unhealthy tendency
步行天桥foot bridge
C.
擦边球edge ball, touch ball
擦网球net ball
采取高姿态show magnanimity
菜篮子工程shopping basket program
参政、议政participate in the management of State affairs
层层转包和违法分保multi-level contracting and illegal sub-contracting
差额投票differentail voting
差额选举competitive election
茶道sado
拆东墙补西墙rob Peter to pay Paul
禅dhyana
产粮大省granary province
产品结构product mix
产权明晰、权责明确、政企分开、科学管理clearly established ownership, well defined power and responsibility, separation of enterprise from administration, and scientific management
产权制度、产权关系property relations; property order
产销直接挂钩directly link production with marketing
长二捆LM-2E
长期共存、互相监督、肝胆相照、荣辱与共long-term coexistence, mutual supervision, sincere treatment with each other and the sharing of weal or woe
畅通工程"Smooth Traffic Project"
唱高调mouth high-sounding words
超高速巨型计算机giant ultra-high-speed computer
超前消费overconsuming, excessive consumption
城市规划city's landscaping plan
城乡信用社credit corroborative in both urban and rural areas
吃大锅饭egalitarian practice of "everybody eating from the same big pot"
抽杀成功hit through
筹备委员会preparatory committee
出风头show off; in the limelight
出口创汇能力capacity to earn foreign exchange through exports
出口退税制度the system of refunding taxes on exported goods
出口转内销domestic sales of commodities originally produced for exports
出家pravrajana; cloister
创建卫生城市：build a nationally advanced clean city
春蕾计划Spring Buds Program
《春秋》Spring and Autumn Annals
从粗放经济转变为集约经济shift from extensive economy to intensive economy
促进全球经济一体化foster integration with the global economy
存款保证金guaranty money for deposits
D.
"达标"活动"target hitting" activities
打白条issue IOU
打黑crack
打破僵局break the deadlock
打顺手find one's touch, get into gear, settle into a groove
大包干all-round responsibility system
大轰动blockbuster
大力扣杀hammer
大路货staple goods
大满贯grand slam
大款tycoon
大排挡sidewalk snack booth
大事化小，小事化了try first to make their mistake sound less serious and then to reduce it to nothing at all
大胜white wash
大腕top notch
大要案major and serious criminal cases
大专生junior college student
大专文凭associate degree
大藏经Tripitaka
带薪分流assign redundant civil servants to other jobs while allowing them to retain their original rank and benefits
待岗await job assignment, post-waiting
待业job-waiting
单循环制single round-robin system
盗用公款embezzlement
单刀赴会start a solo run
倒计时countdowm
倒爷profiteer
等外品off-grade goods, rejects
第二产业secondary industry
第一发球权first inning
第一发球员first server
第一双打first pair
地方保护主义regional protectionism
地方财政包干制system whereby local authorities take full responsibility for their finances 地区差异regional disparity
点子公司consultancy company
电话号码升位upgrade telephone number
电话会议teleconference
电视直销TV home shopping
吊球drop shot
吊销执照revoke license
定向培训training for specific posts
豆腐渣"工程jerry-built project
独立核算工业企业independent accounting unit(enterprise)
"渡假外交" holiday-making diplomacy
短期债务floating debt
对外招商attract foreign investment
队长袖标(足球）skipper's armband
多党合作制multi-party co-operation in exercising State power
多任务小卫星small multi-mission satellite (SMMS)
夺冠take the crown
E.
恶性通货膨胀hyperinflation
二板市场(创业板市场）second board on the country's stock market
二流选手scrub, second-rater
F.
发展不平衡disparate development
法治国家 a country under the rule of law
法制国家 a state with an adequate legal system
翻两番quadruple
反败为胜bring about a complete turnabout, pull out of the fire
防洪工程flood-prevention project
放高球lob
飞行药检spot check
费改税transform administrative fees into taxes
分流reposition of redundant personnel
分期付款installment payment
（产品）分销subunderwriting, distribution
锋利扣杀razor-sharp smash
封闭式基金close-ended fund
封杀出局force out
“封圣” canonization of "Saints"
福利彩票welfare lotteries
福利分房welfare-oriented public housing distribution system
扶贫poverty alleviation
覆盖率coverage rate
复式住宅compound apartment
G.
改制上市：An enterprise is re-organized according to modern corporate system so that it will get listed on the stock market.
干部队伍革命化、年轻化、知识化、专业化make the ranks of cadres more revolutionary, younger in average age, better educated and professionally more competent
高层次、全方位的对话high-level and all-directional dialogue
高产优质high yield and high quality
高级商务师Certified Business Executive
高难度动作stunner, stunt
高新技术产业开发区high and new technology industrial development zone
(公路）隔离带median
根本政治制度fundamental political system
个人收入应税申报制度the system of the declaration of individual incomes for tax payment "各就位" "On your marks!"
跟踪审计follow-up auditing
工商局industrial and commercial bureau
工业园区industrial park
公积金public accumulation funds, public reserve funds
公款吃喝recreational activities using public funds
公正、公平、公开just, fair and open
共产党领导下的多党合作与政治协商multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of Communist Party
国产化率import substitution rate; localization rate of parts and components
国防动员体制the mobilization for national defense
国际惯例international common practice
《国际先驱论坛报》International Herald Tribune
国家经济体制改革委员会the State Commission for Restructuring the Economic Systems
国家一级保护first-grade State protection
国库券treasury bonds
过度开垦excess reclamation
H.
海湾战争综合症the complexities of the Gulf War
豪赌unrestrained gambling
好事不出门，恶事传千里Good news never goes beyond the gate, while bad news spread far and wide.
好出风头的运动员exhibitionist, grandstander
好莱坞大片Hollywood blockbuster
"好球" "Strike"
合理引导消费guide rational consumption
合议庭collegiate bench
黑店gangster inn
宏观调控macro-control efforts
红包（中）red paper containing money as a gift, (贬) bribe, kickback
环太平洋地区Pacific Rim
后防空虚leave the defense exposed
胡子工程long-drawn-out project (a project which takes so long that young workers become bearded)
虎父无犬子A wise goose never lays a tame egg.
户口管理制度domicile system, residence registration system
户主head of a household
护身法宝amulet
华表ornamental column/cloud pillar/stele
华盖canopy
"坏球" "Ball"
还俗resume secular life, unfrock
"黄、赌、毒" pornography, gambling and drug abuse and trafficking
黄金时段prime time
挥棒swing
挥棒不中fan
灰色收入income from moonlighting
汇丰银行Hong Kong and Shang Hai Banking Corporation
婚外恋extramarital love
活到老，学到老One is never too old to learn.
货币回笼withdrawal of currency from circulation
J.
机构臃肿overstaffing in organizations (government)
基本路线要管一百年The basic line must be followed unswervingly for a very long time to come.
基本国情fundamental realities of the country
基层民主democracy at the grassroots level
基层组织organizations at the grass-roots level
绩优股blue chip
激烈竞争cut-throat competition
吉祥物mascot
缉私力量the forces engaged in the fight against smuggling
集体婚礼collective wedding ceremony
集中精力把经济建设搞上去go all out for economic development
计划生育责任制responsibility system of family planning
计算机中央处理器central processing unit(CPU)
记者席press box
技术下乡spread technological knowledge to farmers
嘉宾distinguished guest, honored guest
加班work extra shifts
加密encrypt
加强舆论监督ensure that the correct orientation is maintained in public opinion
家庭联产承包责任制the household contract responsibility system
假唱lip-synch
假动作deception, feint
甲骨文inscriptions on oracle bones
假日经济holiday economy
坚持统一，反对分裂，增加了解，化解歧见persist in reunification, oppose separation, increase understanding and iron out differences
监督部门watchdog
尖端产品highly sophisticated products
剪彩cut the ribbon
剪刀差the scissors gap between the prices of ... and ...
减负alleviate burdens on sb.
减员增效downsizing for efficiency; cut payroll to improve efficiency
讲诚信，反欺诈：honor credibility and oppose cheating
脚踩两只船sit on the fence
脚踏实地be down-to-earth
侥幸球fluke
接口interface
解放生产力emancipate the productive forces
解放思想、实事求是的思想路线ideological line of emancipating the mind and seeking truth from facts
结售汇制度the system of exchange, settlement and sales
戒毒所drug rehabilitation center
戒急用忍overcome impetuosity and exercise patience
金本位gold standard
金边债券gilt-edged bonds
金刚经V ajra Sutra|
金降落伞golden parachute
紧箍咒inhibiting magic phrase
紧密型企业集团tightly-knit groups of enterprises
紧追cling to, shadow, thunder on one's trail
近海渔业offshore fishery
进出口商会chamber of import and export trade
进口渗透import penetration
禁渔期closed fishing seasons
禁止在任何地方、任何环境进行一切方式的释放核能的核武器试验保爆炸prohibit any
nuclear weapon test explosion which releases nuclear energy at any place and in any environment 经常项目顺差favorable balance of current account, surplus of current account
经常性贷款commercial lending
经常性支出running expenses
经济林cash tree
经营管理高度科学化的现代化大企业modern big enterprise with highly scientific management system
精简机构streamline government organs
京剧票友Peking Opera fan
景泰蓝cloisonné
劲射power shot
竣工式completion ceremony
K.
卡丁车kart
开放式基金open-ended fund
开工不足enterprises running under their production capacity
坎儿井karez
抗美援朝战争War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea
抗震棚quake-proof shelter
考研take part in the entrance exams for postgraduate schools
科技成果转化为生产力transfer of scientific and technological achievements
科技含量technology content
科技是第一生产力Science and technology constitute a primary productive force.
科教兴国rely on science and education to rejuvenate the nation
可持续发展sustainable development
空头支票accommodation note, lip service
控股公司holding company
扣帽子put a label on
跨实际工程 a trans-century project
亏损企业enterprises running in the red/under deficit
困难职工the needy
国民党Kuomintang
L.
垃圾债券junk bond
拉动经济增长fuel economic growth
拉拉队cheering squad
拉拉队长cheer-leader, rooter king
拉关系try to curry favor with
劳动合同制labor contract system
老字号an old and famous shop or enterprise
"篱笆墙" barriers/ blockage to inter-regional trading
礼仪小姐ritual girl
利改税substitution of tax payment for profit delivery
利基niche
立体农业three-dimensional agriculture
联合联络小组joint liaison group
廉政、勤政、务实、高效政府an honest, diligent, pragmatic and efficient government
廉洁奉公，以正治国(of an official) clean and devoted, and govern the state with his own example of uprightness
联合兼并conglomeration and merger of enterprises
联合投标syndicated tender
联想集团Legend Group
练摊to be a vendor
粮食收购部门(government's) grain procurement (purchasing) agencies
粮油关系：grain and oil rationing registration
两岸直航促进会Association for Promotion of Cross-Straits Direct Transportation
两弹一艇A-bomb, H-bomb and nuclear-powered submarine
"两个对等的政治实体" "two equal political entities
两个文明一起抓place equal emphasis on material and ethical progress
"两思"（致富思源，富而思进）to think of the source of getting rich and of making progress after becoming affluence
老少边穷地区former revolutionary base areas, areas inhabited by minority nationalities, remote
and border areas and poverty-stricken areas
猎头公司head-hunting company
临时主教练caretaker coach
领头羊bellwether
留职停薪retain the job but suspend the salary
留学咨询：consulting on the study abroad
流动人口transient population
乱集资、乱摊派、乱收费unwarranted pooling of funds, arbitrary requisition of donations and exaction of fees from enterprises
乱收费、乱摊派、乱罚款arbitrary charges, fund-raising quotas and fines
《论语》Analects of Confucius
裸机：bare mobile phone
绿地覆盖率forest coverage rate
绿化afforestation
M.
满意度degree of satisfaction
盲流和倒流人员transient from the countryside
帽子戏法hat trick
买一送一two-for-one offer, buy one get one free
门前三包be responsible for general sanitation, green covering and keeping good social order in a
designated area outside the unit building
朦胧诗misty poetry
民工潮farmers' frenzied hunt for work in cities
民进党Democratic Progressive Party
民主党派、工商联与无党派人士non-Communist parties, federations of industry and commerce, personages without party affiliation
民族凝聚力national cohesion
民族委员会ethnic affairs commission
明明白白消费（2000年保护消费者权益工作主题）transparent consumption
磨洋工dawdle along
N.
纳米nanometer
囊括complete a sweep
耐用消费品durable consumer items (goods)
南水北调South-to-North water diversion
能官能民be ready to both serve as an offical and be one of the common people
能上网的手机W AP phone
内耗in-fighting
年同比year-on-year; on an annual basis
年夜饭family reunion dinner
扭转局面reverse the tide, turn the table
农村剩余劳动力surplus rural labour (labourers)
O.
P.
跑龙套utility man
泡沫经济bubble economy
配股allotment of shares
配套政策supporting policies
碰钉子get snubbed
疲软股票soft stock
皮包公司bogus company
票贩子scalper, ticket tout
骗汇、逃汇、套汇obtain foreign currency and false pretenses, not turn over foreign currency owed to the government and illegal arbitrage
贫富悬殊polarization of rich and poor
瓶颈制约“bottleneck”restrictions
扑网rush-up, rushing
Q.
起跑器block
千代田寿险公司（日本）Chiyoda Mutual Life Insurance Co.
抢跑false start, beat the gun
亲民党People First Party
屈体jackknife, pike
全能冠军all-around winner
全球通global system for mobile communications
拳头产品competitive products; knock-out products; blockbuster
R.
绕圈子beat around the bush
人才流失brain drain
人浮于事overstaffing
人工智能artificial intelligence(AI)
人机交互human-computer interaction
人类免疫缺陷病毒Human Immunodeficiency V irus(HIV)
人情债debt of gratitude
任意球free kick
融资渠道financing channels
入水时水花很少clean entry
软新闻soft news
S.
三八线38th Parallel
三步走战略the three-step development strategy
三大作风the Party's three important styles of work (integrating theory with practice, forging close links with the masses and practicing self-criticism
"三个代表" "three represents" theory (The Party should always represent the development needs of China's advanced social productive forces, always represent the onward direction of China's advanced culture, and always represent the fundamental interests of the largest member of the Chinese people.)
三个有利于"three favorables" (whether it promotes the growth of the productive forces in a socialist society, increases the overall strenth of the socialist state and raises the people's living standards
三好学生merit student
"三讲"教育（讲学习、讲政治、讲正气）"three emphases" education (to stress theoretical study, political awareness and good conduct)
三角债chain debt
三通three direct links of trade, mail, and air and shipping services across the Taiwan Straits
三通一平"three supplies and one leveling"; supply of water, electricity and road and leveled ground (conditions ready for further economic development)
三下乡 a program under which officials, doctors, scientist and college students go to the countryside to spread scientific and literacy knowledge and offer medical service to farmers
三字经three-character scripture
"扫黄"、"打非" eliminate pornography and illegal publications
《山海经》the Classic of Mountains and Rivers
商检局Commodity Inspection Bureaubar code
上市to be listed
少数服从多数、下级服从上级、局部服从全体、全党服从中央the minority is subordinate to the majority, the lower level to the higher level, the part to the whole and the entire membership of the Party to the Central Committee
社会热点问题hot spots of society
社会治安情况public security situation
审时度势size up the situation
渗透、颠覆和分裂活动infiltrative, subversive and splittist activities
《生死抉择》"Live or Die"
生态农业environmental-friendly agriculture
失学儿童dropout实践是检验真理的唯一标准Practice is the sole criterion for testing truth.
实体经济the real economy
实现中华民伟大复兴bring about a great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation
实行国民待遇grant the national treatment to
实行计划生育、控制人口数量、提高人口素质promotion of family planning to control the population size and improve the health of the people
实现小康目标to achieve the goal of ensuring our people a relative comfortable life
市场疲软sluggish market
市场准入market access
适度从紧的财政政策moderately tight financial policy
适销对路的产品readily marketable products
手机入网费mobile access fee
受灾地区disaster-affected are
售后服务after-sale services
树立企业良好形象foster a good and healthy company image
涮羊肉instant-boiled mutton
双刃剑double-edged sword
水货smuggled goods
水墨画Chinese brush drawing; ink and wash painting
思乡曲Nostalgia
思想僵铁fossilized concept
四项基本原则the Four Cardinal Principles of adherence to the socialist road, the people's democratic dictatorship, the leadership of the Communist Party of China, and Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought
素质教育education for all-around development
T.
弹性外交elastic diplomacy
套利arbitrage
提高农产品收购价格the government's increase in its procurement prices (for farm products)
铁饭碗iron rice bowl
统一市场single market
统一税flat tax, consolidated tax
同乡会an association of fellow provincials or townsmen
筒子楼：tube-shaped apartment
偷税漏税tax evasion
偷税、骗税、逃税、抗税tax evasion, tax fraud, and refusal to pay taxes
投手pitcher
透过现象看本质see through the appearance to perceive the essence
团身bunch up the body
推广科研成果turning laboratory achievements into commercial/mass production;
commercialization of laboratory achievements
退耕还林还草grain for green
脱贫cast off poverty
脱手release grip
W.
汪辜会谈Wang Daohan-Koo Chen-fu Talks (Wang-Koo talks)
网络出版online publishing
网上冲浪surf the Internet
稳定压倒一切Maintaining stability is of top priority
维护人权和不断改善人权状况safeguard human rights and steadily improve the human rights situation
伪劣产品fake and shoddy products
卫冕世界冠军reigning world champion
屋顶花园roof garden
无氟冰箱freon-free refrigerator
无人售票self-service ticketing
无线应用协议W AP（wireless applicationse brawn rather than brain
与国际市场接轨integrate with the world market; become integrated into the global market
舆论导向direction of public opinion
舆论监督supervision by public opinion
冤假错案cases in which people were unjustly, falsely or wrongly charged or sentenced; unjust,
false or wrong cases
圆寂Parinirvana
缘分chemical, (as if by) predestination, be preordained to come together
远景计划long-term development targets
运球dribble
Z.
"宰人" rip off
在职博士生on-job doctorate
再贷款re-lending; subloan
再就业服务中心re-employment service center
藏学Tibetology
糟粕dross
早恋puppy love
造假帐falsified accounts
斋月Ramadan
债转股debt-to-equity swap
沾光benefit from one's association
站票standing-room-only ticket
涨落线advance balance line
朝阳产业sunrise industry
招标投标制the system of public bidding for project
正式照会formal note
政府搭台，部门推动，企业唱戏Governments set up the stage, various departments cooperate and enterprise put in the show.
政府上网工程Government Online Project
政企不分without a clear line between the functions of the government and enterprises; the functions of the government and enterprises mixed up
政企分开separate government functions from enterprise management
政务公开make government affairs public
知识产权intellectual property rights
知识经济knowledge economy , knowledge-base economy
致命要害Achilles' heel
掷钱猜先toss
《中华人民共和国消费者权益保护法》Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Consumers' Rights and Interests
中流砥柱mainstay, chief corner stone
中美战略核武器互不瞄准对方non-targeting strategic nuclear weapons against each other
中央大型企业工委：Central Work Committee for Large Enterprises
中央商务区central business district (CBD)
重点发展prioritize
主体经济the mainstay of the economy
主持人anchorperson
住房分配货币化进程capitalization process of housing distribution/allocation
助跑approach run, run-up
抓大放小to invigorate large enterprises while relaxing control over small ones; focus on the restructuring of major enterprises and leave minor ones to fend for themselves
抓住机遇seize the opportunity
转化机制(of State-owned enterprises) to shift to new management mechanisms
转基因食品GM food (genetically modified food)追平produce the equalizer
转体truck rotation, turn, twist
撞线breast the tape
追赶型和跨越式发展pursuant and leap-forward development
资产保值增值maintain and increase the value of assets; maintenance and appreciation of assets value
资产阶级自由化bourgeois liberalization
资源配置the distribution (allocation) of resources
《资治通鉴》History as a Mirror
自律机制the self-discipline system
自我保护意识self-protection awareness
自由港free-trade port，free port
综合国力comprehensive national strength
综合业务数字网integrated service digital network (ISDN)
综合治理comprehensive treatment
遵纪守法、廉洁奉公observe the relevant code of conduct and the law and honestly perform one's official duties
英汉词语比较与翻译
第三章英汉词语比较与翻译对等 第一节翻译对等 Equivalence is the relationship between a source text (ST) and a target text (TT) that allows the TT to be considered as a translation of the ST in the first Place. 对等是翻译理论中的中心概念。 卡特福德认为翻译的中心任务就是确定翻译对等的性质和条件。 奈达提出了“动态对等”与“形式对等”这两个概念。形式对等：原语文本的形式在目的语中被机械地再现，目的是允许原语文本以自己的表达方式说话，而非经过调整来适应目的语文化，实践中，既不分句也不合句并保留标点和分段等形式标示。由于两种语言之间的差异，这类翻译扭曲了目的语的语法和文体风格，从而导致信息歪曲。运用形式对等主要是追求翻译的精确性并尽可能保留原语的形式。形式对等有其局限性，但有时却是最为合适的翻译策略。动态对等就是将原语译成目的语后，目的语读者的反应与原语读者读原语时的反应一致。它通过分析、转移和重建三个过程来实现，进行动态对等翻译包括：运用适合目的语文化的表达法去替代原语中的相应表达法；使原语文本中语言上隐含的信息明显化；为了增进理解增加一定量的冗余表达。例如，奈达将《圣经》中的“Lamb of God”译为“Seal of God”。有时功能对等也被用来代替奈达提出的动态对等。 第二节英汉词语比较与翻译对等 词的意义是它在特定的语言系统中的具体价值或通过在特定语言系统中的运用而具有的个性。 词的意义可分为四种：命题意义(propositional meaning)、表情意义(expressive meaning) 、搭配意义(collocational meaning)和唤起意义(evoked meaning)。 命题意义描述一个词与现实世界或想象世界中所指称或描述的事物之间的关系，是判断话语是真还是假的基础。语言以符号的方式描绘经验世界。 人总是能够说出他们经验当中的任何事物，因为语言符号覆盖了这个经验世界。但是，语言对经验世界的分割表现出若干层次性。词对于世界的分割应表现为不同的层次。 English: skill craft craft guild 汉语：技巧技巧行会行会
太阳能光伏术语(中英文对照)
太阳光伏能源系统名词术语（中英问对照） 令狐采学 本标准规定了太阳光伏能源系统的名词术语。其中包括：一般术语，光伏特性和光伏转换术语，结构和系统术语，标定和测试术语以及工艺术语等五部分。 一般术语 1、太阳光伏能源系统 solar photovoltaic energy system 系指利用太阳电池的光生伏特效应，将太阳能直接转换成电能的发电系统。 1．2 大气质量（AM） Air Mass (AM) 直射阳光光束透过大气层所通过的路程，以直射太阳光束从天顶到达海平面所通过的路程的倍数来表示。 当大气压力P=1.013巴，天空无云时，海平面处的大气质量为1。在任何地点，大气质量的值可以从以下公式算出： P 1 大气质量= ———— X ———— Po sinθ 其中，P为当地的大气压力，以巴表示。 Po 等于1.013巴 θ为太阳高度角
1．3 太阳电池 solar cell 通常是指将太阳光能直接转换成电能的一种器件。 1．4 硅太阳电池 silicon solar cell 硅太阳电池是以硅为基体材料的太阳电池。 1．5 单晶硅太阳电池 single crystalline silicon solar cell 单晶硅太阳电池是以单晶硅为基体材料的太阳电池。 1．6 非晶硅太阳电池（a—si太阳电池） amorphous silicon solar cell 用非晶硅材料及其合金制造的太阳电池称为非晶硅太阳电池，亦称无定形硅太阳电池，简称a—si太阳电池。 1．7 多晶硅太阳电池 polycrystalline silicon solar cell 多晶硅太阳电池是以多晶硅为基体材料的太阳电池。 1．8 聚光太阳电池组件 photovoltaic concentrator module 系指组成聚光太阳电池，方阵的中间组合体，由聚光器、太阳电池、散热器、互连引线和壳体等组成。 1．9 聚光太阳电池方阵场 photo-voltaic concentrator array field
中国特别词语英文翻译
1、中国意念词（Chinesenesses） 八卦 trigram 阴、阳 yin, yang 道 Dao（cf. logo） 江湖（世界） the jianghu World （the traits’ world） e.g. You can’t control everything in a traits’ world. (人在江湖，身 不由己) 道 Daoism（Taoism） 上火 excessive internal heat 儒学 Confucianism 红学（《红楼梦》研究） redology 世外桃源 Shangri-la or Arcadia 开放 kaifang （Chinese openness to the outside world） 大锅饭 getting an equal share regardless of the work done 不搞一刀切 no imposing uniformity on … 合乎国情，顺乎民意 to conform with the national conditions and the will of the people 乱摊派，乱收费 imposition of arbitrary quotas and service charge 铁交椅 iron (lifetime) post’s; guaranteed leading post
脱贫 to shake off poverty; anti-poverty 治则兴，乱则衰 Order leads to prosperity and chaos to decline 2、中华民族的喜庆节日（Chinese Festivial） 国庆节 National Day 中秋节 Mid-Autumn Festival 春节 Spring Festival 元宵节 Lantern Festival 儿童节 Children’s Day 端午节 Dragon Boat Festival 妇女节 Women’s Day 泼水节 Water-Splashing Day 教师节 Teachers’ Day 五四青年节 Youth Day 3、中国独特的传统饮食（Unique Traditional Chinese Foods） 馄饨 wonton 锅贴 guotie (fried jiaozi) 花卷 steamed twisted rolls 套餐 set meal 盒饭 box lunch; Chinese take-away
英汉词汇的文化差异及翻译
龙源期刊网 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/4a7994692.html, 英汉词汇的文化差异及翻译 作者：徐洁 来源：《新一代》2011年第03期 摘要：文化差异是造成翻译困难的重要原因，而词汇作为构成语言的最小单位，它所表 现出来的文化差异对翻译的成功有着重要影响。本文从词汇的指称意义和语用意义来探讨英汉文化的差异以及如何采取灵活的翻译手法，尽可能减少文化亏损，全面传达词汇的文化含义。 关键词：词汇；文化差异；指称意义；语用意义 中图分类号：G640 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1003-2851（2011）03-0185-02 翻译是译者对所认识的事物的再认识和再表达，这种再认识和再表达常常是从不同的角度，按照译语民族的习惯方式进行的，所以说翻译不仅仅是语言的转换过程，同时也是文化的移植过程，文化的差异必定造成翻译的困难。王佐良先生曾经说过：“翻译的最大困难就是两 种文化的不同。”(1989)因此，解决好翻译中的文化差异问题是保证译作成功的关键。本文拟从词汇的指称意义和语用意义来看英汉文化的差异及差异在翻译中的补偿。 一、英汉词汇层上的跨文化差异 （一）指称意义上的文化差异 词的指称意义即语言交际中所表达出来的词语的最基本的意义，也就是词的确切和字面的意思。由于客观事物本身的差异和人们在对客观事物做出反映和概括时，始终都受到本民族文化的影响，这种反映或概括就在不同的语言上表现出差异。 1.原语中的指称对象在译语文化中不存在或不常见。 英语中的一些词汇，如hot dog,hippy,fairplay,等都是汉语文化中没有的词汇，而汉语中的“天干”、“地支”、“楷书”、“赤脚医生”等也无法在英语中找到对应的词。(刘川，段跃萍，1998) 2.原语文化在概念上加以明确区分的实体，译语文化不加区分；或反之。 一种语言用单个词语明确标记的东西，另一种语言却可能兜圈子才能表述。文化重点（cultural load）直接影响着语言词汇的多寡，特化程度和分化程度。 亲属称谓是语言反映文化的一个突出例证。例如，在英语中的brother是“兄”或“弟”，sister是“姐”或“妹”，汉语中没有一个字与brother或sister完全相等。在我们的文化中严格区别
重要哲学术语英汉对照
certainty 确定性 chaos theory 混沌理论 class 总纲、类 clearness and distinctness 清楚与明晰 cogito ergo sum 我思故我在 concept 概念 consciousness 意识 consent 同意 consequentialism 效果论 conservative 保守的 consistency 一致性，相容性 constructivism 建构主义 contents of consciousness 意识的内容 contingentnecessary distinction 偶然-必然的区分 continuum 连续体 continuum hypothesis 连续性假说 contradiction 矛盾（律） conventionalism 约定论 counterfactual conditional 反事实的条件句 criterion 准则，标准 critique 批判，批评 Dasein 此在，定在
deconstruction 解构主义 defeasible 可以废除的 definite description 限定摹状词 deontology 义务论 dialectic 辩证法 didactic 说教的 dualism 二元论 egoism 自我主义、利己主义 eliminative materialism 消除性的唯物主义 empiricism 经验主义 Enlightenment 启蒙运动（思想） entailment 蕴含 essence 本质 ethical intuition 伦理直观 ethical naturalism 伦理的自然主义 eudaimonia 幸福主义 event 事件、事变 evolutionary epistemology 进化认识论 expert system 专门体系 explanation 解释 fallibilism 谬误论 family resemblance 家族相似
英汉翻译词汇搭配
英汉翻译中的词汇搭配问题 Collocation in the Translation Between English and Chinese 代绍荣许芳 摘要：在英汉翻译中，词汇搭配问题不容忽视。本文试图通过一些实例说明词汇搭配的规律，并探讨解决词汇搭配问题的办法以及考虑这个问题的角度。 关键词：英汉翻译词汇搭配现象分析解决办法考虑角度 Abstract: Collocation is highly worth special attention in the translation work between English and Chinese. This article attempts to illustrate some general principles for collocation in translation , and proposes solutions to this problem and the seven angles from which to consider this problem. Key words: translation between English and Chinese collocation phenomenon analysis solution consideration angles 在翻译活动中，对原文的正确理解是做好翻译工作的基础，而对原文中词汇的恰当翻译是做好翻译工作的重点。在词汇翻译过程中，我们会不可避免地遇到词汇搭配问题。这个问题不解决好，翻译活动就没法进行下去，或者就不会译出好的作品来。本文拟就英汉翻译活动中经常遇到的各种词汇搭配问题作一分析，并提出解决的办法，以供参考。 一 在英汉两种语言当中，都有一些可以直接对译成目的语的词汇，包括简单的词、短语和习语等。它们的意义比较容易理解和把握，在目的语中有比较明显的对应词汇。这种直译不影响原文的意义和风格，是词汇翻译中最简单的一种，例如： He is a diligent student。 他是个勤奋的学生。 也因为如此，这类翻译中的词汇搭配问题比较容易解决，又例如： I bought a bunch of red roses for my girlfriend. 我买了一束红攻瑰送给女朋友。 这种搭配大多是因为下面的原因： （1）词汇本身意义不复杂，如diligent, bunch等。 （2）两个词汇经常搭配使用，形成惯用法。如：a lucky dog（幸运儿）, watch TV（看电视）, crude oil (原油) 等。 （3）涉及专用词汇，如in China 等 虽然这种情况下的翻译比较简单，但我们还是要注意弄清原文中每个词汇的含义，选择恰当的目的语词汇来翻译。 二 大多数情况下，词汇的翻译并不是那么容易的，需要我们动一番脑筋。词汇的搭配对所涉及的每个词汇的具体含义起相当大的限制作用。特别是有些词，本身含义比较广泛，词性也比较多，当它们和不同的词搭配时，具有不同的含义，这就需要我们熟读原文，弄清原文的准确含义、文体风格、表现手法，然后在目的语中捕捉最贴切的词汇来翻译。下面举一个例子： free competition 自由竞争free room 空房间 free medical care 公费医疗free goods 免税货物 free bloomer 开花多的植物free state 游离状态 free gait 从容和步伐free wind 顺风
光伏系统中英文对照
太阳能光伏系统专业词汇中英对照顺德中山大学太阳能研究院罗宇飞孙韵琳 一、太阳电池相关词汇 太阳电池 solar cell 将太阳辐射能直接转换成电能的器件 单晶硅太阳电池 single crystalline silicon solar cell 以单晶硅为基体材料的太阳电池 多晶硅太阳电池 multi crystalline silicon solar cell 以多晶硅为基体材料的太阳电池 非晶硅太阳电池 amorphous silicon solar cell 用非晶硅材料及其合金制造的太阳电池。
薄膜太能能电池 Thin-film solar cell 用硅、硫化镉、砷化镓等薄膜为基体材料的太阳电池。这些薄膜通常用辉光放电、化学气相淀积、溅射、真空蒸镀等方法制得。 多结太阳电池multijunction solar cell 由多个p‐n 结形成的太阳电池。 化合物半导体太阳电池compound semiconductor solar cell 用化合物半导体材料制成的太阳电池 带硅太阳电池silicon ribbon solar cell 用带状硅制造的太阳电池 光电子photo-electron 由光电效应产生的电子。 太阳电池的伏安特性曲线 I-V characteristic curve of solar cell
受光照的太阳电池，在一定的辐照度和温度以及不同的外电路负载下，流入的电流I 和电池端电压V 的关系曲线。 短路电流short-circuit current （Isc） 在一定的温度和辐照度条件下，光伏发电器在端电压为零时的输出电流。 开路电压open-circuit voltage （Voc） 在一定的温度和辐照度条件下，光伏发电器在空载（开路）情况下的端电压。最大功率maximum power (Pm) 在太阳电池的伏安特性曲线上，电流电压乘积的最大值。 最大功率点maximum power point 在太阳电池的伏安特性曲线上对应最大功率的点，亦称最佳工作点。 最佳工作点电压optimum operating voltage (Vn) 太阳电池伏安特性曲线上最大功率点所对应的电压。 最佳工作点电流optimum operating current (In) 太阳电池伏安特性曲线上最大功率点所对应的电流。 填充因子fill factor(curve factor) 太阳电池略去串联电阻和并联电阻之后，最大功率与开路电压和短路电流乘积之比。评估太阳电池负载能力的重要参数。FF=(Im×Vm)/(Isc×Voc) 其中：Isc—短路电流，Voc—开路电压，Im—最佳工作电流，Vm—最佳工作电压；曲线修正系数curve correction coefficient 测试太阳电池电池时，由于温度的不同而引起伏安特性曲线的变化，修正此项变化的系数称曲线修正系数。 太阳电池温度solar cell temperature 太阳电池中势垒区的温度。 串联电阻series resistance 太阳电池内部的与p‐n 结或MIS 结等串联的电阻，它是由半导体材料体电阻、薄层电阻、电极接触电阻等组成。 并联电阻shunt resistance 太阳电池内部的、跨连在电池两端的等效电阻。 转换效率cell efficiency 受光照太阳电池的最大功率与入射到该太阳电池上的全部辐射功率的百分比。暗电流dark current 在光照情况下，产生于太阳电池内部与光生电流方向相反相成的正向结电流。
(完整版)艺术专业中文词汇及其英文翻译
设计的分类（英语） 1 设计Design 2 现代设计Modern Design 3 工艺美术设计Craft Design 4 工业设计Industrial Design 5 广义工业设计Genealized Industrial Design 6 狭义工业设计Narrow Industrial Design 7 产品设计Product Design 8 传播设计Communication Design 8 环境设计Environmental Design 9 商业设计Comercial Design 10 建筑设计Architectural 11 一维设计One-dimension Design 12 二维设计Tow-dimension Design 13 三维设计Three-dimension Design 14 四维设计Four-dimension Design 15 装饰、装潢Decoration 16 家具设计Furniture Design 17 玩具设计Toy Design 18 室内设计Interior Design 19 服装设计Costume Design 20 包装设计Packaging Design 21 展示设计Display Design 22 城市规划Urban Desgin 23 生活环境Living Environment 24 都市景观Townscape 25 田园都市Gardon City 26 办公室风致Office Landscape 27 设计方法论Design Methodology 28 设计语言Design Language 29 设计条件Design Condition 30 结构设计Structure Design 31 形式设计Form Design 32 设计过程Design Process 33 构思设计Concept Design 34 量产设计，工艺设计Technological Design
统计术语英汉翻译
Absolute deviation, 绝对离差 Absolute number, 绝对数 Absolute residuals, 绝对残差 Acceleration array, 加速度立体阵 Acceleration in an arbitrary direction, 任意方向上的加速度Acceleration normal, 法向加速度 Acceleration space dimension, 加速度空间的维数Acceleration tangential, 切向加速度 Acceleration vector, 加速度向量 Acceptable hypothesis, 可接受假设 Accumulation, 累积 Accuracy, 准确度 Actual frequency, 实际频数 Adaptive estimator, 自适应估计量 Addition, 相加 Addition theorem, 加法定理 Additivity, 可加性 Adjusted rate, 调整率 Adjusted value, 校正值 Admissible error, 容许误差 Aggregation, 聚集性 Alternative hypothesis, 备择假设 Among groups, 组间 Amounts, 总量 Analysis of correlation, 相关分析 Analysis of covariance, 协方差分析 Analysis of regression, 回归分析 Analysis of time series, 时间序列分析 Analysis of variance, 方差分析 Angular transformation, 角转换 ANOVA （analysis of variance）, 方差分析 ANOVA Models, 方差分析模型 Arcing, 弧/弧旋 Arcsine transformation, 反正弦变换 Area under the curve, 曲线面积 AREG , 评估从一个时间点到下一个时间点回归相关时的误差ARIMA, 季节和非季节性单变量模型的极大似然估计 Arithmetic grid paper, 算术格纸 Arithmetic mean, 算术平均数 Arrhenius relation, 艾恩尼斯关系 Assessing fit, 拟合的评估 Associative laws, 结合律 Asymmetric distribution, 非对称分布 Asymptotic bias, 渐近偏倚
太阳能光伏系统专业词汇中英对照
太阳电池 solar cell 将太阳辐射能直接转换成电能的器件 单晶硅太阳电池 single crystalline silicon solar cell 以单晶硅为基体材料的太阳电池 多晶硅太阳电池 so multi crystalline silicon solar cell 以多晶硅为基体材料的太阳电池 非晶硅太阳电池 amorphous silicon solar cell 用非晶硅材料及其合金制造的太阳电池。 薄膜太能能电池 Thin-film solar cell 用硅、硫化镉、砷化镓等薄膜为基体材料的太阳电池。这些薄膜通常用辉光放电、化学气相淀积、溅射、真空蒸镀等方法制得。 多结太阳电池multijunction solar cell 由多个p‐n 结形成的太阳电池。 化合物半导体太阳电池compound semiconductor solar cell 用化合物半导体材料制成的太阳电池 带硅太阳电池silicon ribbon solar cell 用带状硅制造的太阳电池 光电子photo-electron 由光电效应产生的电子。 太阳电池的伏安特性曲线 I-V characteristic curve of solar cell 受光照的太阳电池，在一定的辐照度和温度以及不同的外电路负载下，流入的电流I 和电池端电压V 的关系曲线。 短路电流short-circuit current （Isc） 在一定的温度和辐照度条件下，光伏发电器在端电压为零时的输出电流。 开路电压open-circuit voltage （Voc） 在一定的温度和辐照度条件下，光伏发电器在空载（开路）情况下的端电压。 最大功率maximum power (Pm) 在太阳电池的伏安特性曲线上，电流电压乘积的最大值。 最大功率点maximum power point 在太阳电池的伏安特性曲线上对应最大功率的点，亦称最佳工作点。 最佳工作点电压optimum operating voltage (Vn) 太阳电池伏安特性曲线上最大功率点所对应的电压。 最佳工作点电流optimum operating current (In) 太阳电池伏安特性曲线上最大功率点所对应的电流。 填充因子fill factor(curve factor) 太阳电池略去串联电阻和并联电阻之后，最大功率与开路电压和短路电流乘积之 比。评估太阳电池负载能力的重要参数。FF=(Im×Vm)/(Isc×Voc)
标书中英文翻译样本及常用词汇
标书中英文翻译样本及常用词汇 1. 投标书Tender 1.1 投标人应完整地填写招标文件中提供的商务投标书、技术投标书、投标一览表和投标报价表(包括投标报价汇总表和分项报价表)。价格表（表中项目除价格数字外都要填写）及报价说明三份（一正二副）和投标人银行保函应分别单独密封，随投标文件一同递交。 Among the tender documents, tenderers shall fill out completely the Business Tender, Technical Tender, Tender List and Tender Quotation. The Quotation (all items in the Quotation shall be filled out except for the prices) and three copies (one Original and two Duplicates) of the Instructions to Quotations as well as the letter of guarantee from the bank of tenderers must be sealed separately, and be submitted together with the tender documents. 1.2 在投标文件澄清后提交的附件6价格表部分正、副本应用信封单独密封，封面上注明项目名称、招标编号、投标人名址、“正本”“副本”字样及“分项价格”和“保密”字样。同时提供单独密封的价格表电子版本一份（WORD格式）。The Attachment 6 to be submitted after the tender documents have been clarified the Original and Duplicate copies of the Quotation must be sealed separately in different envelops, on which the item names, tender codes, tenderer addresses, words of ‘Original’, ‘Duplicate’ and ‘Item Price’ and ‘Confidential’ must be written. An e-version of the Quotation (in WORD format) that is separately sealed must be furnished at the same time. 2. 投标报价Tender Offers 2.1 投标人应在投标报价汇总表和投标分项报价表上标明本合同拟提供货物的单价(如适用)和总价。 On the tender offer summary sheet and the item tender offer sheets, tenderers shall indicate clearly the unit price (if applicable) and the total price of the goods planned to be provided according to the Contract. 2.2 投标分项报价表上的价格应按下列方式分开填写： Prices on the item tender offer sheet shall be filled out in the following manner: 2.2.1从中华人民共和国提供的货物：Goods provided from the People’s Republic of China:
考研英语翻译必背词汇(英汉对照版)
这是08年整理的，最近增加了09到14年部分。所以可能大家会发现09年到14年单词很少，原因是大部分单词都在早期08年到94年的单词里出现过。这一点也足以说明真题单词的重复率很大。大家务必背诵，确保记得。一进考场，你就会看到很多熟悉的单词。 最新补充 as作为、随着、当、因为、象; with和、用、装有、具有; in在...中、以...方式; A of B一般翻译为B的A(注意数量词a piece of paper一张纸，不能翻译为“纸的张”); 注意and并列关系，弄清谁与谁并列。 14年 46) articulate 清晰的表达， 47) by all accounts根据、根据报道;by one’s own account根据某人自己所说，let alone更别提， 48) intensity紧张，abruptly突然地，sudden突然，soft柔和的，passage 段落，rarely很少、几乎不，composer作曲家，compose作曲、编写, 49) associate联系， 50) suffer遭受, inevitable不可避免, render转换、使变成; 13年 46) strike打、震撼，for all尽管，style风格，urge需求、督促、鼓励，decoration装饰，
47) sacred神圣的，crude原始、粗糙，as opposed to与相反，shelter 避难所， 48) in effect实际上，urban城市，discernible容易看出的，discern看出、识别， 49) blame批评， 50) implicit隐含的，explicit明确的，reference谈到、提及、参考，synthetic 人造的; 12年 46) impulse冲动，unification统一、一致，generative生产的、生成的，generate产生， 47) constrain力劝、强迫、限制，constraint限制， 48) filter过滤, cognitive认知的， 49) empirical实证的、根据经验得到的, bias偏见， 50) track跟踪; 11年 46) erroneous错误的，error错误， 47) sustain支持、维持，illusion幻觉，conscious有意识的， 48) justification合理，借口，justify证明是公正的，rationalization合理，exploitation剥削、开发, bottom底， 49) circumstance环境， 50) upside积极的、正面的，contain包含，be up to取决于，array展示、陈列、一系列;
胡壮麟语言学术语英汉对照翻译表-(1)(DOC)
胡壮麟语言学术语英汉对照翻译表 1. 语言的普遍特征： 任意性arbitrariness 双层结构duality 既由声音和意义结构 多产性productivity 移位性displacement:我们能用语言可以表达许多不在场的东西 文化传播性cultural transmission 2。语言的功能： 传达信息功能informative 人济功能：interpersonal 行事功能：Performative 表情功能：Emotive 寒暄功能：Phatic 娱乐功能recreatinal 元语言功能metalingual 3. 语言学linguistics：包括六个分支 语音学Phonetics 音位学phonology 形态学Morphology 句法学syntax 语义学semantics 语用学pragmatics 4. 现代结构主义语言学创始人：Ferdinand de saussure 提出语言学中最重要的概念对之一：语言与言语language and parole ，语言之语言系统的整体，言语则只待某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语 5. 语法创始人：Noam Chomsky 提出概念语言能力与语言运用competence and performance 1. Which of the following statements can be used to describe displacement. one of the unique properties of language: a. we can easily teach our children to learn a certain language b. we can use both 'shu' and 'tree' to describe the same thing. c. we can u se language to refer to something not present d. we can produce sentences that have never been heard befor e. 2.What is the most important function of language? a. interpersonal b. phatic c. informative d.metallingual 3.The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it ?"is __ a informative b. phatic c. directive d. performative
外语英语英文专业词汇术语翻译(电器)
外语英语英文专业词汇术语翻译：电器篇（electric equipment/electric appliance）字体大小：大| 中| 小2008-11-01 17:05 - 阅读：157 - 评论：0 1 GB/T 998-198 2 低压电器基本试验方法Basic testing method of low voltage apparatus 2 GB/T 1003-1980 三相插头插座型式、基本参数与尺寸Types, basic parameters and dimensions of three phase plugs and sockets 3 GB 1444-1987 防爆灯具专用螺口式灯座Edison screw lampholders specially used for explosion-proof luminaires 4 GB/T 1497-198 5 低压电器基本标准The basic standard for low-voltage apparatus 5 GB 2099-1980 单相、三相插头插座技术条件Technical requirements for single-phase and three- phase plugs and sockets 6 GB/T 2900.18-1992 电工术语低压电器Electrotechnical terminology—Low voltage apparatus 7 GB/T 3783-1994 船用低压电器基本要求General specification for low-voltage apparatus in ships 8 GB/T 3797-1989 电控设备第二部分: 装有电子器件的电控设备Electric-driving controlgear—Part 2: Electric-driving controlgear incorporating electronic devices 9 GB 3836.1-1983 爆炸性环境用防爆电气设备通用要求Electrical apparatus for explosive atmospheres--General requirements 10 GB 3836.2-1983 爆炸性环境用防爆电气设备隔爆型电气设备"d" Electrical apparatus for explosive atmospheres--Flameproof electrical apparatus "d" 11 GB 3836.3-1983 爆炸性环境用防爆电气设备增安型电气设备"e" Electrical apparatus for explosive atmospheres--Increased safety electrical apparatus "e" 12 GB 3836.4-1983 爆炸性环境用防爆电气设备本质安全型电路和电气设备"i" Electrical apparatus for explosive atmospheres--Intrinsically safe circuits and electrical apparatus"i"
光电传感器(中英文对照版)
如对您有帮助，请购买打赏，谢谢您！ Photoelectric sensor Key word: photoelectric effect photoelectric element photoelectric sensor classification sensor application characteristics . Abstract: in the rapid development of science and technology in the modern society, mankind has into the rapidly changing information era, people in daily life, the production process, rely mainly on the detection of information technology by acquiring, screening and transmission, to achieve the brake control, automatic adjustment, at present our country has put detection techniques listed in one of the priority to the development of science and technology. Because of microelectronics technology, photoelectric semiconductor technology, optical fiber technology and grating technical development makes the application of the photoelectric sensor is growing. The sensor has simple structure, non-contact, high reliability, high precision, measurable parameters and quick response and more simple structure, form etc, and flexible in automatic detection technology, it has been widely applied in photoelectric effect as the theoretical basis, the device by photoelectric material composition. Text: First, theoretical foundation - photoelectric effect Photoelectric effect generally have the photoelectric effect, optical effect, light born volts effect. The light shines in photoelectric material, according to the electronic absorption material surface energy, if absorbed energy large enough electronic electronic will overcome bound from material surface and enter the outside space, which changes photoelectron materials, this kind of phenomenon become the conductivity of the photoelectric effect According to Einstein's photoelectron effect, photon is moving particles, each photon energy for hv (v for light frequency, h for Planck's constant, h = 6.63 * 10-34 J/HZ), thus different frequency of photons have different energy, light, the higher the frequency, the photon energy is bigger. Assuming all the energy photons to photons, electronic energy will increase, increased energy part of the fetter, positive ions used to overcome another part of converted into electronic energy. According to the law of conservation of energy: Type, m for electronic quality, v for electronic escaping the velocity, A microelectronics the work done. From the type that will make the optoelectronic cathode surface escape the necessary conditions are h > A. Due to the different materials have different escaping, so reactive to each kind of cathode materials, incident light has a certain frequency is restricted, when the frequency of incident light under this frequency limit, no matter how the light intensity, won't produce photoelectron launch, this frequency limit called "red limit". The corresponding wavelength for type, c for the speed of light, A reactive for escaping. A -h m 212νν=