美国文学复习资料

The Review Information of Final Examination

一、Match ( the writer and their works)

1、Anne Bradstreet：《Some verses on the Burning of Our House》；《The Spirit and the Flesh》；《The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America》

2、Michael Wigglesworth：《The Day of Doom》

3、Edward Taylor：《Preparatory Meditation》

4、Thomas Jefferson：《The Declaration of Independence》

5、Thomas Paine: 《Common Sense》

6、Benjamin Franklin: 《Poor Richard’s Almanac格言历书》；《Autobiography自传》

7、Philip Freneau：《The Rising Glory of America美洲光辉的兴起》；《The House of Night夜之屋》；《The British Prison Ship英国囚船》；《To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士》；《The Wild Honey Suckle 野金银花》；《The Indian Burying Ground印第安人墓地》；《The Dying Indian: Tomo Chequi奄奄一息的印第安人：托姆·察吉》

8、Washington Irving：《A History of New York纽约外史》（under the name of Diedrich Knickerbocker）；《The Sketch Book见闻札记/札记集》（《Rip Van Winkle瑞普·凡·温克尔》&《The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说》）；《Bracebridge Hall布雷斯布里奇庄园》；《Tales of a Traveler》；《Oliver Goldsmith哥尔德斯密斯》；《Life of George Washington华盛顿传》；

9、James Fenimore Cooper：《Precaution》；《The Spy》；《The Pioneers》；《The Pilot》；《Lionel Lincoln》;《The Last of the Mohicans》；《The Red

Rover》；《The Prairie》；《The Red Rover》1828；《The Wept of Wish-Ton-Wish》；《The Water Witch》1830；《The Pathfinder》；《The Deerslayer》；

10、William Cullen Bryant：《To a Waterfowl致水鸟》；《Thanatopsis死亡随想》；《The Yellow Violet黄色堇香花》；《Poems诗选》；《The Fountain 泉》；《The White-Footed Deer白蹄鹿》；《A Forest Hymn森林赋》；《The Flood of Years似水流年》；

11、Edgar Allan Poe：《Tales of the Grotesque and the Arabesque奇异怪诞故事集》；《MS. Found in a Bottle瓶子里发现的手稿》；《The Murders in the Rue Morgue毛格街杀人案》；《The Fall of the House of Usher厄舍古屋的倒塌》；《The Masque of the Red Death红色死亡的化妆舞会》；《The Cask of Amontillado一桶酒的故事》；《The Raven乌鸦》；《Israfel伊斯拉菲尔》；《Annabel Lee安娜贝尔?李》；《To Helen致海伦》；《The Poetic Principle诗歌原理》；《The Philosophy of Composition创作哲学》

12、Nathaniel Howthorne：《Twice-Told Tales故事重述》；《Mosses from an Old Manse古宅青苔》；《The Scarlet Letter红字》；《The House of the Seven Gables七个尖角阁的房子》；《The Blithedale Romance福谷传奇》；《The Marble Faun大理石雕像》；《Young Goodman Brown好小伙儿布朗》；《The Minister’s Black Veil教长的黑面纱》；《Dr. Rappacini’s Daughter拉普齐尼博士的女儿

13、William Whitman：《Leaves of Grass》

14、Ralph Waldo Emerson：《Nature》；《The American Scholar》, regarded as 《Declaration of Intellectual Independence》；《The Poet》；

《Self-Reliance》；《Each and All》

15、Henry David Thoreau：《A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers》；《Walden》；《Life in the Woods》；《The Maine Woods》；《Civil Disobedience》；《A Plea for Captain John Brown》；

16、William Dean Howells：《The Rise of Silas Lapham》；《A Chance Acquaintance》；《A Modern Instance》

17、Regional literature （similar, but larger in the world）

?Garland, Harte – the west

?Bret Harte: The Luck of Roaring Camp《咆哮营的幸运儿》

?Hamlin Garland: Main-travelled Roads《大路条条》

?Eggleston – Indiana：The Hoosier Schoolmaster《山区校长》

?Mrs. Stowe Old Town Folks《老城的人们》

?Jewett – Maine Deephaven《深深拥有》

?Kate Chopin – Louisiana：Bayou Folk《路易斯安娜移民》, A Night in

Acadie《爱克迪之夜》, The Awakening《觉醒》

?Woolson: Castle Nowhere: Lake-Country Sketches《处处城堡：乡村湖

景札记》

18、Bret Harte：《Tennessee’s Partener》；《The Luck of Roaring Camp》

19、Hannibal Hamlin Garland：《Main-travelled Roads》；《Mrs Ripley’s Trip》

20、Mark Twain：《The Gilded Age镀金时代》；《the two advantages》；《Life on the Mississippi》；《A Connecticut Yankee in King》，《Arthur’s Court》；《The Man That Corrupted Hardleybug》；《Adventures of

Huckleberry Finn哈克贝利·费恩历险记》；《The Adventures of Tom Sawyer 汤姆·索亚历险记》；《The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County》；《The Innocents Abroad》(non-fiction travel)；《Roughing It艰苦岁月》(non-fiction)；《The Notorious Jumping Frog of Calaveras County卡城名蛙》；

?The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County (fiction)

?The Innocents Abroad傻子出国记(non-fiction travel)

?Mark Twain's (Burlesque) Autobiography and First Romance

?Sketches New and Old (fictional stories)

?Old Times on the Mississippi (non-fiction)

?The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (fiction)

?A Murder, a Mystery, and a Marriage (fiction);

?A Tramp Abroad (travel)

?1601: Conversation, as it was by the Social Fireside, in the Time of

the Tudors (fiction)

?The Prince and the Pauper 王子与贫儿(fiction)

?Life on the Mississippi密西西比河上(non-fiction (mainly))

?Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (fiction)

?A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (fiction)

?The American Claimant (fiction)

?The ￡1,000,000 Bank Note and Other New Stories (fictional)

?Tom Sawyer Abroad (fiction)

?The Tragedy of Pudd'nhead Wilson (fiction)

?Tom Sawyer, Detective (fiction)

?Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc (fiction)

?How to Tell a Story and other Essays (non-fictional essays)

?Following the Equator (non-fiction travel)

?Is He Dead? (play)

?The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg (fiction)

?The Battle Hymn of the Republic, Updated (satire)

?Edmund Burke on Croker and Tammany (political satire)

?To the Person Sitting in Darkness (essay)

?A Dog's Tale (fiction)

?King Leopold's Soliloquy (political satire)

?The War Prayer (fiction)

?What Is Man? (essay)

?Eve's Diary (fiction)

?Christian Science (non-fiction)

?Is Shakespeare Dead? (non-fiction)

?Captain Stormfield's Visit to Heaven (fiction)

?Letters from the Earth (fiction, published posthumously)

?The Mysterious Stranger (fiction, possibly not by Twain, published

posthumously)

?The United States of Lyncherdom (essay, published posthumously)

?Mark Twain's Autobiography (non-fiction, published

posthumously)

?Letters from the Earth (posthumous, edited by Bernard DeV oto)

?No. 44, The Mysterious Stranger (fiction, published posthumously)

21、Henry James：《Watch and Ward》；《Roderick Hudson》；《The American》；《The Europeans》；《Confidence》；《Washington Square》；《The Portrait of a Lady》；《The Bostonians》；《The Princess Casamassima》；《The Reverberator》；《The Tragic Muse》；《The Other House》；《The Spoils of Poynton》；《What Maisie Knew》；《The Awkward Age》；《The Sacred Fount》；《The Wings of the Dove》；《The Ambassadors》；《The Golden Bowl》；《The Whole Family》；《The Outcry》；《The Ivory Tower》；《The Sense of the Past》；《The Other House》；《The Spoils of Poynton》；《The Ivory Tower》；《The Sense of the Past》

22、Harriet Beecher Stowe：《Uncle Tom's Cabin》；《A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin》；《Dred, A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp》；《The Minister's Wooing》；《Old Town Folks》；

23、Edith Wharton：《The House of Mirth》；《The Age of Innocence》

24、Stephen Crane：《A Girl of the Streets街头女郎麦琪》；《The Black Riders黑骑手》；《The Red Badge of Courage红色英勇勋章》；《The Open Boat 海上扁舟》；《The Blue Hotel蓝色旅馆》；《An Experiment in Misery不幸的试验》；《A Man Said to the Universe一个人对上帝说》；《A Man Adrift on a

Slim Spar这个人漂泊在细细的梁上》

25、Theodore Dreiser：《Sister Carrie嘉莉妹妹》1900；《Old Rogaum and His Theresa》(1901)；《Jennie Gerhardt珍妮姑娘》1911；《The Financier 金融家》1912；《The Titan巨头》1914；《The "Genius"天才》1915；《An American Tragedy美国悲剧》1925；《Chains: Lesser Novels and Stories》1927；《The Bulwark》1946；《The Stoic》1947

26、Frank Norris：《McTeague麦克提格》；《The Octopus章鱼》；《The Pit 深渊、粮食交易反》；《The Responsibilities of the Novelist小说家的责任》；《The Wolf狼》1902. unfinished

27、Jack London：《A Daughter of the Snows》1902；《The Call of the Wild野性的呼唤》1903；《The Kempton-Wace Letters》1903；《The Sea-Wolf 海狼》1904；《The Game》1905；《White Fang白牙》1906；《The Iron Heel》1908；《Martin Eden马丁·伊登》1909；《The Scarlet Plague》1912；《The Valley of the Moon》1913；《The Star Rover》1915；《The Little Lady of the Big House》1916；《The Assassination Bureau, Ltd》1963；《Son of the Wolf狼的儿子》1900；

28、T.S. Eliot：《The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock》1917；《The Waste Land》1922；《The Hollow Men》1925；《Ash Wednesday》1930；《Four Quartets》1943；《Murder in The Cathedral》1935；《Cocktail Party》1950；

29、Ernest Hemingway (Lost Generation)：《The Sun Also Rises太阳依照升起》1926；《A Farewell To Arms永别了，武器》1929；《Death In The Afternoon午后之死》1932；《The Green Hills Of Africa非洲的青山》1935；

《The Spanish War西班牙战争》1938；《For Whom The Bell Tolls丧钟为谁鸣》1940；《The Old Man And The Sea老人与海》1952

30、Ezra Pound：《Cathay华夏》1915；《Hugh Selwyn Mauberley休·塞尔温·莫伯利》1920；《Cantos诗章》1915-1962；《The Pisan Cantos比萨诗章》；《A Pact》；《In a Station at the Metro》

31、Sherwood Anderson：《Winesburg, Ohio小城畸人》；《The Triumph of the Eggs鸡蛋的胜利》；《Poor White穷白人》；《Death in the Woods林中之死》；

32、John Dos Passos：《U.S.A, Trilogy美国三部曲》；《The 42nd Parallel 北纬四十二度》；《1919一九一九》；《The Big Money赚大钱》

33、Robert Frost：《North of Boston波士顿以北》；《Stopping by Woods on

a Snowy Evening雪夜停在林边》；《Mending Wall修墙》；《Design意图》；《The Road Not Taken未走过的路》；《After Apple-picking (lyric)摘苹果之后》34、Carl Sandburg:《Cornhuskers剥玉米机》；《Smoke and Steel烟与钢》；《Good Morning, America》；《The People, yes人民，是的》；《Fog雾》(a Imagism poem)；《Lost失落》；《Chicago芝加哥》；《The Harbor港口》；35、Langston Hughes：《The Negro Speaks of Rivers黑人谈河》；《As I Grow Older我长大的时候》

二、Poetry analysis：

1、Walt Whitman：A Bridge between Romanticism And Realism

1819-1892

Born and raised in New York (Manhattan)

His poetry broke every rule of traditional poetry

V olume of poetry: Leaves of Grass (1855)

Mixed reaction to his poetry

Emerson/Lincoln loved it

Medic during the Civil War

Themes: Nature, Democracy, Common Man

Introduced Free Verse to America

2、Emily Dickinson：She is one of the greatest American female poets in

the late 19th century

Regular meter—hymn meter and ballad meter, also known as Common meter

Quatrains

Alternating tetrameter and trimeter

Often 1st and 3rd lines rhyme, 2nd and 4th lines rhyme in

iambic pentameter

The use of dashes

Influenced by nature and spiritual themes

3、Robert Frost：

4、Ezra Pound：

三、Novel Review :

1、Ernest Hemingway：《In Another Country》

2、Nathaniel Hawthorne：《The Scarlet Letter》

The most important symbol which is carried throughout the novel is undoubtedly the scarlet letter A. The "A" appears in many other places than on the chest of Hester Prynne.

It is seen on the armor breastplate at Governor Bellingham's mansion. At night while Dimmesdale is standing on the scaffold he sees a bright red letter A in the sky. While Pearl is playing near the bay shore she arranges some grass in the form of an A on her own breast. But one of the most important A's is one the spectators see burnt on Dimmesdale's chest.

In the novel, the scarlet letter "A" changes its meaning many different times. This change is significant. It shows growth in the characters, and the community in which they live.

The meaning of the symbol：A symbol of sin; A symbol of alone and alienation; A symbol of able, angel and admirable.

Adultery：The letter "A", worn on Hester's bosom, is a symbol of her adultery against Roger Chilling worth. This is the puritan way of treating her as a criminal, for the crime of adultery. The puritan treatment continues, because as Hester walks through the streets, she will be looked down upon as if she is some sort of demon from hell that commits a terrible crime.

This letter is meant to be worn in shame, and to make Hester feel unwanted. Hester is ashamed of her sin, but she chooses not to show it.

She commits this sin in the heat of passion, and fully admits it because, though she is ashamed, she also receives her greatest treasure, Pearl, out of it.

She is a very strong woman to be able to hold up so well against what she must face. Many will have fled Boston, and seek a place where no one knows of her great sin. Hester chooses to stay though, which shows a lot of strength and integrity. Any woman with enough nerve to hold up against a town, which despises her very existence, and to stay in a place where her daughter is referred to as a "devil child," either has some sort of psychological problem, or is a very tough woman.

Alone and Alienation：The scarlet letter "A" also stands for Hester's lonely life in New England. After she is released, Hester lives in a cottage near the outskirts of the city.

It had been built by an earlier settler, and abandoned, because the soil about it was too sterile for cultivation, while its comparative remoteness put it out of the sphere of that social activity which already marked the habits of the emigrants."

Hester's social life is virtually eliminated as a result of her shameful history. Hester comes to have a part to perform in the world with her native energy of character and rare capacity." However, there was nothing that made her feel as if she belonged to it. Every gesture, every word, and even the silence of those with whom she came to contact, implied, and

often expressed, that she was banished, and as much alone as if she inhabited another sphere, or communicated with the common nature by other organs and senses than the rest of human kind. She stood apart from moral interests… seemed to be the sole portion that she retained in the universal heart."

Hester has no friends in the world, and little Pearl is the only companion of her lonely life, so the scarlet letter "A" also is a symbol of the words "alone" and "alienate".

Able, Admirable and Angel：Later, the scarlet letter "A" changes its meaning into being able, angel and admirable. The townspeople who condemned her now believe the scarlet letter to stand for her ability to her beautiful needlework and for her unselfish assistance to the poor and sick. "The letter was the symbol of her calling. Such helpfulness is found in her so much power to do and power to sympathize - that many people refuses to interpret the scarlet letter‘A' by its original signification."

At this point, a lot of the townspeople realize what a noble character Hester possesses. "Do you see that woman with the embroidered badge? It is our Hester – the town's own Hester – who is so kind to the poor, so helpful to the sick, so comforting to the afflicted!" The townspeople soon begin to believe that the badge served to ward off evil, and Hester grows to be quite admirable amongst the people of the town. Hester overcomes the shame of her sin through the purity and goodness of her soul.

Unselfishly offering her time and love to those who need her most proves that she is not worthy of the fate which has been dealt to her.

The three changes in the scarlet letter are significant; they show the progressive possession of her sin, her lonely life, and her ability. Hester is a strong admirable woman who goes through more emotional torture that most people go through in a lifetime.

More：Biblical Archetype：The scarlet letter "A" also can be seen the symbol of Adam. It tells us that Hester's sin is the original sin of human being, it is forgivable. The writer shows his sympathy by describing the scarlet letter "A" on Hester's clothing as an ornament and a decoration.

The scarlet letter has a different individual meaning to the various characters.

?To Hester, the A is a symbol of unjust humiliation.

?To the Puritan community, it is a mark of just punishment.

?To Pearl, the A is a bright and mysterious curiosity which symbolizes her existence and the meaning behind it.

?For Chillingworth, the A represents the need for revenge and is the spur to this quest.

?To Dimmesdale, the A is a piercing reminder of his the guilt engulfing his concealed sin.

四、Writer Review：

1、Mark Twain：

2、Ralph Waldo Emerson：

3、Henry James：

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吴定柏《美国文学大纲》(第2版)章节题库(第7章 自然主义——第9章 1945年之前的现代小说)【圣

第7章自然主义 Ⅰ. Fill in the blanks. 1. Jack London’s masterwork _____ is somewhat autobiographical. 【答案】Martin Eden 【解析】杰克·伦敦名作《马丁·伊登》（Martin Eden）是一部带有自传色彩的长篇小说中，在该书中杰克·伦敦倾注了他的全部心血，写下了自己如何在平庸的资产阶级鄙夷下含辛茹苦地读书和写作的经历。 2. Theodore Dreiser visited the Soviet Union in 1927 and published _____ the following year. 【答案】Dreiser Looks at Russia 【解析】1927年访苏后，德莱塞发表了一些作品，其中重要的有1928年发表的《德莱塞访苏印象记》（Dreiser Looks at Russia）。 Ⅱ. Explain the following term s 1. American Naturalism（北二外2007研；南开大学2008研） Key: American Naturalism appeared in the late 19th to early 20th century. The movement was inspired by the principles and methods of natural science, especially Darwinism, which were adapted to literature and art. In literature, naturalism extended the tradition of realism, aiming at an even more faithful, pseudoscientific representation of reality, presented without moral judgment.