Material4_6综合英语专四阅读训练

Material 4-6

Text A

We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to affect the immune defenses of lower animals too. In one experiment, for example, behavioral immunologist Mark Laudenslager, at the University of Denver, gave mild electric shocks to 24 rats. Half the animals could switch off the current by turning a wheel in their enclosure, while the other half could not. The rats in the two groups were paired so that each time one rat turned the wheel it protected both itself and its helpless partner from the shock. Laudenslager found that the immune response was depressed below normal in the helpless rats but not in those that could turn off the electricity. What he has demonstrated, he believes, is that lack of control over an event, not the experience itself, is what weakens the immune system.

Other researchers agree. Jay Weiss, a psychologist at Duke University School of Medicine, has shown that animals who are allowed to control unpleasant stimuli don't develop sleep disturbances or changes in brain chemistry typical of stressed rats. But if the animals are confronted with situations they have no control over, they later behave passively when faced with experiences they can control. Such findings reinforce psychologists' suspicions that the experience or perception of helplessness is one of the most harmful factors in depression.

One of the most startling examples of how the mind can alter the immune response was discovered by chance. In 1975 psychologist Robert Ader at the University of Rochester School of Medicine conditioned mice to avoid saccharin by simultaneously feeding them the sweetener and injecting them with a drug that while suppressing their immune systems caused stomach upsets. Associating the saccharin with the stomach pains, the mice quickly learned to avoid the sweetener. In order to extinguish this dislike for the sweetener, Ader re-exposed the animals to saccharin, this time without the drug, and was astonished to find that those mice that had received the highest amounts of sweetener during their earlier conditioning died. He could only speculate that he had so successfully conditioned the rats that saccharin alone now served to weaken their immune systems enough to kill them.

1. Laudenslager's experiment showed that the immune system of those rats who could turn off the electricity .

A. was strengthened

B. was not affected

C. was altered

D. was weakened

2. The reason why the mice in Ader's experiments avoided saccharin was that .

A. they disliked its taste

B. it affected their immune systems

C. it led to the passive reaction in controllable situations

D. they rendered the pain inside body.

3. The passage tells us that the most probable reason for the death of the mice in Ader's experiment was that .

A. they had been weakened psychologically by the saccharin

B. the sweetener was poisonous to them

C. their immune systems had been altered by the mind

D. they had taken too much sweetener during earlier conditioning

4. It can be concluded from the passage that the immune systems of animal ^ .

A. can be weakened by conditioning

B. can be suppressed by drug injections

C. can be affected by frequent doses of saccharin

D. can be altered by electric shocks

Text B

Computer programmers often remark that computing machines, with a perfect lack of discrimination, will do any foolish thing they are told to do. The reason for this lies, of course, in the narrow fixation of the computing machine's "intelligence" on the details of its own perceptions—its inability to be guided by any large context. In a psychological description of the computer intelligence, three related adjectives come to mind: single-minded, literal-minded, and simple-minded. Recognizing this, we should at the same time recognize that this single-mindedness, literal-mindedness, and simple-mindedness also characterizes theoretical mathematics, though to a lesser extent.

Since science tries to deal with reality, even the most precise sciences normally work with more or less imperfectly understood approximations toward which scientists must maintain an appropriate skepticism. Thus, for instance, it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom, but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin, magnetic dipole, and relativistic effects; and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field—theoretical equations.

Physicists, looking at the original Schrodinger equation, learn to sense in it the presence of many invisible terms in addition to the differential terms visible, and this sense inspires an entirely appropriate disregard for the purely technical features of the equation. This very healthy skepticism is foreign to the mathematical approach. Mathematics must deal with well-defined situations. Thus, mathematicians depend on an intellectual effort outside of mathematics for the crucial specification of the approximation that mathematics is to take literally. Give mathematicians a situation that is the least bit ill-defined, and they will make it well-defined, perhaps appropriately, but perhaps inappropriately.

In some eases, the mathematicians' literal-mindedness may have unfortunate consequences. The mathematicians turn the scientists' theoretical assumptions, that is, their convenient points of analytical emphasis, into axioms, and then take these axioms literally. This brings the danger that they may also persuade the scientists to take these axioms literally. The question, central to the scientific investigation but intensely disturbing in the mathematical context—what happens if the axioms are relaxed? —is thereby ignored. The physicist rightly dreads precise argument, since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed, whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions.

5. The author discusses computing machines in the first paragraph primarily in order to________.

A. indicate the dangers inherent in relying to a great extent on machines

B. illustrate his views about the approach of mathematicians to problem solving

C. compare the work of mathematicians with that of computer programmers

D. provide one definition of intelligence

6. According to the passage, scientists are skeptical toward their equations because scientists

A. work to explain real, rather than theoretical or simplified situations

B. know that well-defined problems are often the most difficult to solve

C. are unable to express their data in terms of multiple variables

D. are unwilling to relax the axioms they have developed

7. According to the passage, mathematicians present a danger to scientists because _____.

A. mathematicians may provide theories that are incompatible with those already developed by scientists

B. mathematicians may define situation in a way that is incomprehensible to scientists

C. mathematicians may convince scientists that theoretical assumptions are facts

D. scientists may come to believe that axiomatic statements are untrue

8. According to the author, how is the approach of physicists to solving scientific problems?

A. Practical for scientific purposes.

B. Detrimental to scientific progress.

C. Unimportant in most situations.

D. Expedient, but of little long-term value.

9. The author suggests that a mathematician asked to solve a problem in an ill-defined situation would first at tempt to_____.

A. identify an analogous situation

B. simplify and define the situation

C. vary the underlying assumptions of a description of the situation

D. determine what use would be made of the solution provided

10. The author implies that scientists develop a healthy skepticism because they are aware that_____.

A. mathematicians are better able to solve problems than scientists

B. changes in axiomatic propositions will inevitably undermine scientific arguments

C. well-defined situations are necessary for the design of reliable experiments

D. some factors in most situations must remain unknown

(完整)四年级语文阅读练习题30篇

四年级语文阅读训练 （一）短文《“先生，您认错人了”》 有一家外资企业很大的在中国招聘雇员，条件很非常苛刻。前往应聘的都是巨有高学历的人。 当第一位应聘者走进房间时，主考的美国人立即露出兴奋之色，像他乡遇故知一样。这个美国人热情地说：“你不是哈佛大学某某专业的研究生吗？我比你高一届，你不记得了吗？” 应聘的年轻人心里一震：“他认错了。”在此时，承认自己有哈佛大学的学历对应聘绝对有好处。但这个青年冷静地说：“先生，您认错了人。我没有到美国学习过，我只有中国大学的学历。”说话的时候，他已做好了不被录用的心理准备。 没想到，主考的美国人透出惊喜之色。他说：“很好，刚才就是我们考试的第一关。下面我们进行业务考试……” 1、短文第一自然段有三处语病，你来当医生吧！（可用修改符号在原句上修改） 2、说“先生，您认错人了”这句话的人是。 3、当第一位应聘者走进房间时，主考的美国人立即露出兴奋之色是因为： 4、当第一位应聘者回答之后，主考的美国人透出惊喜之色是因为： 5、这次招聘考试的第一关考的是：；第二关考的是：。 6、读了这篇短文，你还读懂了什么？ _______________________________________________________________________ （二）短文《眼睛》 我小时（侯候）有一双好眼睛，记得在课余时，我常和同学比赛，看谁（忘望）得远，看清楚，我得过好几次第一名。大家都kuā（）我是“神眼”。 升中学后，我成了小说（迷谜），经常（捧棒）着厚厚的小说看，连吃饭、睡觉有时都w ànɡ（）了。屋子里光线暗了，我就把书凑近眼。（座坐）累了，就躺在床上看。这样时间长了，“神眼”变了近视眼。 眼睛近视后真是受罪啊！看电影的时候，别人嫌jìn（）我怕远。看球赛，场上比分我看不见。上课，坐第一排还看不清黑板的字。后来实在没有办法，我只好（）了一（副幅）眼镜。 1、给文中的拼音写上汉字。 2、去掉文中括号里不正确的字。 3、这篇短文先写，再写。 4、短文用了哪几个例子来说明眼睛近视以后受的罪？ 5、读了这篇短文，我懂得了的道理。

阅读训练四

阅读训练（四）硬翅膀的纸飞机 新上任的班主任葛老师是一位年轻的女教师，这一天，她正在给五年级的学生上语文课，背对着学生在黑板上认真地板书。一向爱恶作剧的张小梦叠了一个纸飞机，准备给这位初来乍到的班主任老师一个特殊的“见面礼”，于是他将纸飞机朝黑板方向抛去。 可是，纸飞机还没飞到讲台就“熄火”了，“坠落”在讲台边。顿时，教室里一阵哄笑。当葛老师回身讲课时，又是一片安静。葛老师没有多说什么，接着讲课。过了一会儿，当葛老师再次转身板书时，张小梦又抛出了一个纸飞机，这回纸飞机很争气，直飞黑板，不偏不倚地“撞”在葛老师的手臂上，又是一阵哄笑! 年轻的葛老师转过身，表情淡定地望着在座的学生。教室里安静了许多，所有的学生都在等待着一场“暴风雨”的来临。葛老师弯下身，拾起地上的两个纸飞机，慢慢地走到了张小梦的面前，笑着问：“这都是你的‘杰作'吧?”望着葛老师慈祥的表情，张小梦反而感到不知所措，不好意思地低下了头。教室里突然“凝固”了，没有一点响声…… 年轻的葛老师依然笑着问：“张小梦同学，你能回答老师一个简单的问题吗?”张小梦抬起头，用有些 惭愧而又好奇的眼睛盯着葛老师。所有的目光也都齐刷刷地转向葛老师。“你能告诉我，为什么第一个纸飞机没能‘撞'到我吗?第二个却准确地‘撞'到了呢?”葛老师接着问。张小梦支支吾吾地回答：“第一个纸飞机太软了，飞不起来，第二个我是用硬纸叠的。” 葛老师走向讲台，严肃地对同学们说：“说得好! 我们在座的每一位同学其实都是一个纸飞机，软纸叠 的纸飞机永远飞不起来，因为它没有硬翅膀，只有练就了一对硬翅膀，才能飞得又高又远!”望着已经被深深吸引住的学生，葛老师不失时机地说：“如果我们每一天都在无所谓地浪费时间，而不把心思和精力放在学习上，那么我们的翅膀永远不会变硬，也永远飞不高飞不远! ”说完，葛老师把第二个纸飞机抛向空中，所有的目光随着那双“硬翅膀”在移动…… 这件事对我触动很大，从某个角度看，我们每个人也都是一个纸飞机，软纸叠的纸飞机永远飞不起来，因为它没有硬翅膀。只有练就了一对硬翅膀，才能飞得又高又远!但愿我们每一个人都能练就一身过硬的生存本领。成为一个带有“硬翅膀”的“纸飞机”。 1 ?纸飞机为什么飞不起来？（） A 飞机上没有装发动机。 B 叠飞机的纸太软了。 C 飞机的翅膀上粘有胶水了。 D 因为地球的引力太大。 2．短文中有两处省略号，表示第（）种意思。 A表示引文的省略E表示列举的省略 C表示语气断断续续D表示时间或声音的延长 3．张小梦给班主任的见面礼是什么？（） A 一张贺卡 B 一束花 C 两架纸飞机 D 一句祝福语 4．读了“教室里安静了许多，所有的学生都在等待着一场“暴风雨”的来临。”这句 话中“暴风雨”指什么？（） A狂风暴雨E老师的呵斥和严厉批评 C 同学们的指责和嘲笑D父母的打骂和责 备

TEM英语专业四级完整真题及答案详解

英语专业四级真题及答案解析 ( . ? . . . . . ’ . . . . , ? . .. .. .. . . ? . . . . . . . . . ? . . . . . .. . . , . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . ? . .. . . .. . . ? . . . . . . . . . , . . . .

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专四阅读详解 2

星期2 Tuesday Happiness is nearly always a rebound from hard work.辛勤工作的报酬几乎总是幸福。 Beauty is a curious phenomenon, one of permeable, shifting boundaries. We may think we understand it, since we sense it effortlessly. In fact, it is a bundle of mysteries researchers are still uncovering. Consider the ancient proverb: beauty is in the eye of the beholder. Until about 30 years ago it seemed too obvious for scientists to bother with. When they finally tested it, their results startled them. On the one hand, the maxim is false. Facial beauty is the same throughout the world. In every tribe and culture, individuals will consider Marilyn Monroe, say, an attractive woman. It goes further. Males can identify good-looking men, and females charming women. Old and young, rich and poor, learned and ignorant, all agree on who is beautiful. So do people of every class and personality type. We don’t learn this response. We’re born with it. In one recent study, babies just 20 hours old recognized attractive faces and preferred them. So beauty is in our DNA. The eye of the beholder doesn’t matter. On the other hand, and this is where it gets interesting, the facial shell is just the foundation of beauty. We see the self in the face, every day, all the time, and we can’t distinguish the two. This blurring means that we gift the attractive with a large number of virtues. They seem more competent, likeable, happier, blessed with better lives and personalities. In one experiment, people predicted happier marriages and better jobs for them, and rated them lower on only one aspect: their caliber as parents. Another study found people consider them more amiable, happy, flexible, pleasure-seeking, serious, candid, outspoken, perceptive, confident, assertive, curious and active. They exert more control over their destiny, subjects felt, while the homely endure the world’s sudden change. It is calle d the “beautiful is good” stereotype, and it grants the attractive a parade of boons. Teachers consider them smarter and give them higher grades. Bosses promote them faster. In one tale in The Thousand and One Nights, a thief steals a coin-bag, and when the victim accuses him, people protest: “No, he’s such a handsome youth. He wouldn’t steal anything!” In fact, attractive people can shoplift with greater ease, since witnesses are less likely to report them. And when they do stand before the court, juries acquit them more readily and judges give them lighter penalties. 1. The proverb “beauty is in the eye of beholder” means [A] that beauty can only be admitted when most people recognize it. [B] whether somebody is beautiful depends on the person who is looking.

阅读训练四

In what now seems like the prehistoric times of computer history, the early postwar era, there was a quite widespread concern that computers would take over the world from man one day. Already today, less than forty years later, as computers are relieving us of more and more of the routine tasks in business and in our personal lives, we are faced with a less dramatic but also less foreseen problem. People tend to be over-trusting of computers and are reluctant to challenge their authority. Indeed, they behave as if they were hardly aware that wrong buttons may be pushed, or that a computer may simply malfunction. Obviously, there would be no point in investing in a computer if you had to check all its answers, but people should also rely on their own internal computers and check the machine when they have the feeling that something has gone awry. Questioning and routine double checks must continue to be as much a part of good business as they were in pre-computer days. Maybe each computer should come with the following warning: for all the help this computer may provide, it should not be seen as a substitute for fundamental thinking and reasoning skills. 1.What is the main purpose of this passage? A. To look back to the early days of computers. B. To explain what technical problems may occur with computers. C. To discourage unnecessary investment in computers. D. To warn against a mentally lazy attitude towards computers. 2.According to the passage, initial concerns about computers were that they might_____ A. lead us into the post-war era B. be quite widespread C. take control D. take over routine tasks 3.The passage recommends those dealing with computers to_____ A. be reasonably skeptical abort them B. check all their answers C. substitute them for basic thinking D. use them for business purposes only 4.An “internal computer” is_____ A. a computer uses exclusively by one company for its own problems B. a person’s store of knowledge and the ability to process it C. the most up-to-date in-house computer a company can buy D. a computer from the post-war era which is very reliable 5.The passage suggests that the present-day problem with regard to computers is_____ A. challenging B. psychological C. dramatic D. malfunctioning

2008年专四阅读详解

PART V READING COMPREHENSION [25 MIN] In this section there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer. Mark your answers on your answer sheet. TEXT A 1 When the sun is up in Amsterdam, the largest city in the Netherlands sits quietly on the Amstel River. You can rent a bicycle, visit the Van Gogh or Anne Frank museum, or take a water taxi. 2 But when the sun goes down, the partying begins. In the big clubs and in coffee shops, tourists gather to hang out, talk politics and smoke. 3 Several areas of the city clearly show the two worlds that rule Amsterdam. And they're all within a short cab ride of each other. 81. At the beginning of the passage, the author indicates that A. Amsterdam is generally known as a quiet city. B. parties go on all day long in Amsterdam, C. Amsterdam presents two different pictures. D. Amsterdam attracts many daytime visitors. Notice the linking word “but” to indicate the contrast “When the sun is up” and “when the sun goes down”. 梵高美术馆或安妮弗兰克博物馆，酒吧和咖啡馆 81. C. (Paras.1~2)可见阿姆斯特丹给人的感觉是，白天夜晚完全不同，故选C。 4 For example, Dam Square attracts daytime sightseers to its festivals, open markets, concerts and other events. Several beautiful and very popular hotels can be found there. And there is the Royal Palace and the Magna Plaza shopping mall. 5 But as evening descends on Dam Square so do the party-seekers. Hip pop or funk music begins blaring嘟嘟声，巨响from Club Paradiso and Club Melkweg. These are two of the most popular clubs in Europe. So if you come, be ready to dance. The clubs don't shut down until 4 am. 82. Which tourist attraction is cited for elaboration in Paragraphs Four and Five? A. Royal Palace. B. Dam Square. 大坝广场 C. Club Paradiso. 天堂篇，神曲中的一篇 D. Magna Plaza. 82. Ｂ. (Paras.4~5) For example, Dam Square attracts daytime sightseers to its festivals, open markets, concerts and other events. But as evening descends on Dam Square so do the party-seekers. 在这两段中，作者着力阐述Dam Square具有两重娱乐性。 6 And while you are there, check out the various inexpensive ways to tour the city. Don't worry about getting lost. Although Dutch is the official language, most people in Amsterdam speak English and are happy to help you with directions. 7 And you'll notice that half the people in the streets are on bicycles. They rent for US$17 to $20 for a whole day. 83. According to the passage, the local people have all the following characteristics EXCEPT A. they are party goers. B. they show hospitality. C. they can speak English. D. they are fond of cycling.

四年级课外阅读训练

阅读训练（一） 小水珠和大浪 （1）从山崖上滴下来的水珠，正好滴在一块坚硬的石头上，它决心把石头滴穿，这件事让河中的大浪知道了，大浪便哈哈大笑，对小水珠说：“嘿！凭你那些力气，能把石头滴穿，真是笑话！”小水珠说：“不信，我俩比比看！你把河边的石头打个洞，我滴穿这块石头。九百九十九天以后，看看是怎样的结果。”“容易，容易！”大浪哈哈大笑，心里觉得小水珠很可怜，九百九十九天肯定不会滴穿石头，而自己的力气大着哩，别说能给石头打个洞，就是把石头摧毁也容易！大浪立即答应和小水珠赛一赛。 （2）从此以后，小水珠对准石头的一个点，滴呀滴呀，不管刮风下雨，也不管白天黑夜，坚持不懈。而大浪却不同，高兴时“哗——”地冲一下，不高兴时就懒洋洋…… （3）九百九十九天过去了，小水珠便来找大浪（）你来看吧（）我已经把这块石头滴穿了（）银色的小圆洞还透光呢（） （4）大浪一听，着急了，赶快使出全身的力气，“哗——哗——哗”连续几声，可是河边的石头仍然一动不动。 阅读练习： 1.本文的主人公是谁？如何评价？ 2.你想对文中的小水珠和大浪分别说点什么呢？ 3.这个故事告诉我们什么道理？

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