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英语专业泛读第二册第二单元新造词翻译

新造词

英语中每天都有新词出现。你知道这些词是怎么产生的吗？阅读下文你就能找到造英语单词的各种方法。

学者们估计英语大约有600 000个单词，不过也许更多。新的词语不断进入英语，其速度之快，大概没有一本字典能跟得上。几个世纪以前，源于盎格鲁－撒克逊语、日尔曼语以及法语的原有词汇，占英语的五分之四。余下的五分之一，一部分由外来词组成，另外的部分由其它三种词组成，它们是：表示人名、地名的专有名词；象声词以及新造的词。

安培、伏特和瓦特都是电学的计量单位，它们都是用发现者的名字命名的，他们分别是是法国物理学家安德烈?M?安培、意大利物理学家阿勒森德罗?伏特、苏格兰工程师兼发明家詹姆士?瓦特。今天我们都喝用巴氏灭菌法消毒的牛奶，这种奶即清又纯。巴氏灭菌法便得名于法国医生路易斯?巴斯德，是他发明了消毒牛奶的制作方法。在英语中像这样的词有许多。

象声词代表它们模仿的事物或行为的声音。现举例如下：

嗡嗡滴答砰砰咕哝喳喳嚎啕

扑通啪啪嘀咕咯咯嘤嘤呼哧

对于上述单词无需再作任何解释，因为它们不言自明。或许你还可以想出更多类似的单词来。

接下来是新造的词。讲英语的人总是根据需要创造词汇，而且现在每天仍在这样做。一种新造的词是由另外两个词构成的。字典里将这种词称为复合词。如果把“玩耍”和“物品”放在一起，我们就可以得到复合词“玩具”。你还能为下表添加多少类似的词呢？

雨衣奶昔楼上停顿前灯

关闭帆船楼下收入标题

除了把两个词放在一起之外，我们还可以给单词添加一些成分，即前缀和后缀。大多数前缀和后缀来自拉丁语和希腊语，而且它们都有自己特别的意义。当我们在词的前面加前缀或在其后面加后缀时，我们就改变了它的意思。例如，前缀re-意思为“再”。如果把re-加到“作”或者“画”的前面，我们就得到了两个新词，意思为“再作一次”和“再画一次”。Un-意思为“相反的”或者“不”。把un-加到“快乐的”或者“和蔼的”前边，我们就得到了“不快乐”和“不和蔼”。后缀-ness意思为“……状态”。“happiness”和“kindness”指快乐和仁慈的状态。这样就很容易理解“unhappiness”和“unkindness”两个词的意思了。被加上前缀和后缀的词称为词根。像“unkindness”一词的词根是“kind”。

有些词，如宇航员，完全是由希腊语或者拉丁语的前缀和后缀构成的。Astro-是希腊语前缀，意思为“与星星有关”；naut-意思为“与航行有关”。所以，宇航员就是“星球航行者”。其它的词也可以成为词根、前缀或者后缀，这取决于它们在单词里所处的位置。切记，前缀在最前面，词根其次，最后是后缀。现以“图表”一词为例，通过添加前缀和后缀，或者将它本身作为一个前缀或者后缀，可以用它造出许多不同的新词来。图表本身是指通过图画或者文字呈现出来的事物。例如，你的老师可能想通过绘制一份阅读测试分数图表来了解你的读书过程，或者一个商人想通过绘制图表来显示他的公司销售纪录的变化。现在，给图表这个词增加下表中列出的前缀和后缀，我们可以造出许多新词。注意，图表一词除了本身是个后缀以外，还是另一个更长的后缀中的一部分。

前缀

auto- 自己－

bio- 生物，生平－

phono- 声－

photo- 光－

tele- 远－

后缀

-graphy －学，－术

-graph －书，写

-ic －似的

-ology －学

-phone －声

以下是由“graph”构成的词：

autograph—签名；人们用手写的自己的名字

biography—某人生平故事

autobiography—个人撰写的自己生平的故事

graphology—书法研究

telegraph—远距离写作（电报）

phonograph—用声音记录的文字和图片

photograph—用光记录的文字和图片

photography-拍摄照片的艺术

graphic—清晰的书写或画的

你可能已经注意到，没有graph一词，你也可以利用上面的某些前缀和后缀构成其它单词。“biology”意思为对生命的研究，那你认为“biologic”是什么意思呢？如果前缀anti-意思为“反”，那么“antibiotic”究竟是什么意思呢？在英语中有大量的拉丁语和希腊语前缀，造新词的可能性是无止境的。每天，我们都有科学和技术的新发现，所以人们创造新的词汇去描述它们。许多新词都是由已经在英语中存在了几个世纪的词根、前缀和后缀组合而成的。

另一种新造的词没有实际意义。有些无实际意义的词只是被一些人使用一段时间，然后就从英语中彻底消失，再也不用了。另外一些词被人们普遍接受，并且经过一段时间的使用之后，永远成为英语的一部分。如果有相当多的人选择并赞同新造出的词的意思，这个词就被保留下来。一些日常用的现代词，如：坏、大、少年、少女、聊天、工作和有趣，可能就是几个世纪前从无实际意义的词开始的。语言学家猜测上述单词为无实际意义的词，因为他们无法从任何古代语言中对它们追根溯源。谁发明的这些词？何时何地发明的？这些至今仍是个谜。“迷惑”这词本身就是这些神秘词语中的一个。没人知道这个词的出处是什么。

《爱丽丝漫游奇境》和《爱丽丝漫游镜中世界》的作者刘易斯?卡罗尔，是无实际意义词的伟大的发明家。实际上，他造了一整套无实际意义的语言。除了“咯咯地笑”这个词之外，卡罗尔发明的大多数无意义词并没有在英语中使用。卡罗尔告诉我们：Chortle是吃吃地笑声和喷鼻息两个行为交叉在一起时发出的声音。这个词把两个不同意义的词并在了一起。字典中把这样的词称为混合词。不幸的是，最近我们几乎天天听到的一个新的复合词是“烟雾”，这是烟和雾两种意思的组合。

某些声音似乎与所描述的事物或行为相吻合，人们将它们组合起来创造出无意义的词。我们常常造词来代表很愚蠢的事情。Spoof(傻话、哄骗)一词是五十多年前由一个英国喜剧演员造出来的。它的意思是“用恶作剧的方式来取笑”。Hornswoggle(隐瞒)一词十九世纪在美国被广泛使用，表示“欺骗”的意思。如果一个不诚实的政客想对纳税人进行隐瞒，他就制造boondoggle(无价值的琐事)，这是一个对任何人都没有好处的、无用的、昂贵的工程。不久前，

有人造出了gobbledygook(“官样文章”)一词。当人们用冗长而无意义的词进行交谈或书写时，我们称之为官样文章。不幸的是，许多人使用官样文章，是因为他们想让自己显得比实际更重要，或者是因为他们不想让人们了解他们的真正意图和他们的所作所为。所以，当不诚实的政客想用“无价值的琐事”去“哄骗”群众时，他通常会用“官样文章”来敷衍。

在刘易斯?卡罗尔写书的年代，“官样文章”一词还没有造出来，但是如果当时已经有这个词的话，卡罗尔会知道它的确切含义的。卡罗尔喜欢戏弄或嘲笑那些不喜欢用效果更好的简单词汇，而偏爱使用花哨的、大而不当的词的人。《爱丽丝漫游镜中世界》的一个章节中，爱丽丝有一段与矮座椅沙发的对话，其中矮座椅沙发坚持认为：它想让词汇是什么意思词汇就是什么意思。爱丽丝则坚持说这不可能。如果每个人都这样做的话，那么没有人可以理解其他人了。他们的对话如下：

“但是‘荣誉’一词不是指‘一个恰当、有力的论点’，”爱丽丝反对道。

“我要用一个词的时候，”矮座椅沙发用一种相当轻蔑的口吻说，“我想让它是什么意思它就是什么意思——恰如其分。”

“但问题在于，”爱丽丝说，“你能不能让词代表那么多不同的事物。”

“问题是，”矮座椅沙发说，“谁是主人——仅此而已。”

正如矮座椅沙发所说，问题在于谁是主人。矮座椅沙发以一种奇怪的方式来使用词汇，这使它成为一个“官样文章”大师，而不是语言大师。一名语言大师知道词汇的真正含意及其出处；知道何时使用大的重要的词，何时使用短小但同样重要的简单的词。温斯顿?邱吉尔是英国一位伟大的首相，他同时也是一位伟大的作家，一个真正的语言大师。他曾经说道：“短小的词为佳；而既古老又短小的词为最佳。”

英语精读第二册课文翻译

UNIT 2-1 一场关于男人是否比女人勇敢的激烈的讨论以一个意外的方式。晚宴我最初听到这个故事是在印度，那儿的人们今天讲起它来仍好像实有其事似的——尽管任何一位博物学家都知道这不可能是真的。后来有人告诉我，在第一次世界大战之后不久就出现在一本杂志上。但登在杂志上的那篇故事, 以及写那篇故事的人，我却一直未能找到。故事发生在印度。某殖民官员和他的夫人举行盛行的晚宴。跟他们一起就座的客人有——军官和他人的夫人，另外还有一位来访的美国博物学家——筵席设在他们家宽敞的餐室里，室内大理石地板上没有铺地毯；屋顶明椽裸露；宽大的玻璃门外便是阳台。席间，一位年轻的女士同一位少校展开了热烈的讨论。年轻的女士认为，妇女已经有所进步，不再像过去那样一见到老鼠就吓得跳到椅子上；少校则不以为然。“女人一遇到危急情况，”少校说，反应便是尖叫。而男人虽然也可能想叫，但比起女人来，自制力却略胜一筹。这多出来的一点自制力正是真正起作用的东西。”那个美国人没有参加这场争论，他只是注视着在座的其他客人。在他这样观察时，他发现女主人的脸上显出一种奇异的表情。她两眼盯着正前方，脸部肌肉在微微抽搐。她向站在座椅后面的印度男仆做了个手势，对他耳语了几句。男仆两眼睁得大大的，迅速地离开了餐室。在座的客人中，除了那位美国人以外论证也没有注意到这一幕，也没有看到那个男仆把一碗牛奶放在紧靠门边的阳台上。那个美国人突然醒悟过来。在印度，碗中的牛奶只有一个意思——引蛇的诱饵。他意识到餐室里一定有条眼镜蛇。他意识到餐室里一定有条眼镜蛇。他抬头看了看屋顶上的椽子——那是最可能有蛇藏身的地方——但那上面空荡荡的。室内的三个角落里也是空的，而在第四个角落里，仆人们正在等着下一道菜。这样，剩下的就只有一个地方了餐桌下面。他首先想到的是往后一跳，并向其他人发警告。但他知道这样会引起骚乱，致使眼镜索受惊咬人。于是他很快讲了一通话，其语气非常威严，竟使所有的人安静了下来。我想了解一下在座的诸位到底有多大的克制能力，我数三百下——也就五分钟——你们谁都不许动一动。动者将罚款五十卢比。准备好！”在他数数的过程中，那2 0 个人像一尊尊石雕一样端坐在那儿。当他数到“……280……”时，突然从眼然处看到那条眼镜蛇钻了出来，向那碗牛奶爬去。在他跳起来把通往阳台的门全都砰砰地牢牢关上时，室内响起了一片尖叫声。“你刚才说得很对，少校！”男主人大声说。一个男子刚刚为我们显示了从容不迫、镇定自若的范例。”“且慢”，那位美国人一边说着一边转向女主人。温兹太太，你怎么知道那条眼镜蛇是在屋子里呢？”女主人的脸上闪现出一丝淡淡的微笑，回答说：“因为它当时正从我的脚背上爬过去。” UNIT2 杰斐逊很久以前就死了，但是我们仍然对他的一些思想很感兴趣,杰斐逊的箴言, 布鲁斯.布利文、托马斯.杰斐逊美国第三任总统，也许不像乔治.华盛顿和亚伯拉罕.林肯那样著名，但大多数人至少记得有关他的一件事实：《独立宣言》是他起草的。虽然杰斐逊生活在二百多年以前，但我们今天仍可以从他身上学到很多东西。他的许多思想对当代青年特别有意义。下面就是他讲过和写到过的一些观点：自己去看。杰斐逊认为，一个自由的人除了从书本中获取知识外，还可以从许多别的来源获得知识；亲自做调查是很重要的。当他还年轻的时候，他就被任命为一个委员会的成员，去调查詹姆斯河南部支流的水深是否可以通行大型船只。委员会的其他成员都坐在州议会大厦内，研究有关这一问题的文件，而杰斐逊却跳进一只独木舟去做现场观测。你可以向任何人学习。按出身及其所受的教育，杰斐逊均属于最高的社会阶层。然而很少跟出身卑贱的人说话的年代，在那个贵人们除了发号施令以外。杰斐逊却想尽办法跟园丁、仆人和侍者交谈。有一次杰斐逊曾这样对法国贵族拉斐特说：你必须像我那样到平民百性的家里去，看看他们的烧饭锅，吃吃他们的面包。只要你肯这样做，你就会发现老百姓为什么会不满意，你就会理解正在威胁着法国的革命。”自已作判断。未经过认真的思考，杰斐逊绝不接受别人的意见。“不要相信它或拒绝它。

高职高专实用英语第二册英语翻译

1.荷兰人在饭馆吃饭时真的会各自付账吗？ Do Dutch people really go Dutch at a restaurant? 2.另一方面来说，诚实的人会赢得别人的尊敬。 On the other hand, an honest man win other’s respect. 3.无论我说了什么，都请不要生我的气。 Whatever I say, please don’t be mad at me. 4.真是难以置信，这样简单的主意以前竟没有人想到。 It is incredible that no one had ever thought of such a simple idea before. 5.她的心情一会儿高兴，一会儿绝望。 Her mood alternate between happiness and despair. 6.我们必须相信我们所做的事情，即使别人不相信。 We must believe in what we do, even when others don’t. 7.在大城市里，在寒冷的冬季，许多老年人死于污染的空气。 During the cold winters in big cities, many old people die from the polluted air. 8.我过去习惯早起，并且在早餐前散步一小时。 I used to get up early, and take a walk for one hour before breakfast. 9.要在不到一周的时间内完成这项工作，时间困难的事情。 It is hard to finish this work in less than one week. 10.到这部戏剧的结尾部分，很多观众都被深深感动了。 A lot of audiences were deeply affected at the end of the drama. 11.他以前比现在上门出诊多得多。 He used to make many more house calls than he does now. 12.我们在阅兵场上肩并肩地排成一行。 We lined up on the parade ground shoulder to shoulder. 13.不管他在不在对我们的工作不会有影响。 Whether he is here or not will make no difference to our work. 14.关于这件事的说法实在令人难以置信。 That is a tall story about this event. 15.我们尽了最大的努力以确保仪式正常进行。 We have tried our best to keep the ceremony on the rails. 16.他在会议一开始就讲了几个笑话，让大家放松了一些。 He started the meeting with a couple of jokes to make us relax. 17.虽然生了一场大病，但他会赶上大家的。 He would catch up with the rest of us, although he had been ill seriously. 18.一旦人们看到有些东西确实有效，就更有可能接受它。 One people have seen that something really works, they are more likely to accept it. 19.除了法语外，他还得学日语。 In addition to French, he has to learn Japanese. 20.这影片如此感人以至我们禁不住流下泪来。 This movie is so impressive that we can’t help crying. 21.把这么多书分类整理要花很多的时间。 It takes plenty of time to sort so many books. 22.这次地震带来了相当大的灾难，同样也带来了经历和力量。 The earthquake brought considerable misfortunes and it also brought experience and strength. 23.大多数人对心理健康问题几乎一无所知。 Most people know little about the mental health problem. 24.他们容忍了儿子的行为。 They have put up with their son’s behavior. 25.他长期以来致力于高科技的研究和开发。 He has been devoted to the research and the development of high tech all the time. 26.今晚中央电视台将播出一部名为“同一个世界，同一个梦想”的纪录片。Tonight CCTV will air a documentary named “One word, one dream.” 27.这些课程吸引了各行各业的人。 These courses attract people from all walks of life. 28.他们正在研究如何在地震中更好的逃生。 They are studying better ways to survive in earthquake. 29.这种做法不符合我们的政策。 Such act would be in disaccord with our policy. 30.他称她为他最好的一半。 He refers to her as his better half. 31.我们所能做的就是培养自己去全力对付它，而不是去躲避它。 What we can do is to train ourselves to deal with it, not to avoid it. 32.他们设计将疾病控制在小范围内。 They manage to limit the disease within a small area. 33.我既没有钱也没有时间去旅行。 I have neither money nor time for travelling. 34.此外，购买新车也是主要消费之一。 In addition, purchasing a new car is also a major spending. 35.他的课业很好。 He is getting on well with his school work. 36.没有人确切地知道当初人们是如何学会保存食物的。 No one knows for sure how people first learned to preserve food. 37.她没有领会他话中的幽默。 She didn’t pick up on the humor in his words. 38.这是对我们共同度过的那些美好时光的留念。 This is a reminder of the good time we spent together. 39.每个国家、每个民族都有自己的历史文化传统。 Every country and every nation has its own historical and cultural traditions. 40.几年以后，那些山也将被树木覆盖。 In a few years’ time, those maintain will also be covered with forest. 41.光明的未来往往建立在对过去遗忘的基础之上。 The bright future will always be on the base of a forgotten past. 42.我们在父母家优美的环境中放松了一下午。 We spent the afternoon relaxing in the beautiful surroundings of my parent’s home. 43.我需要一把剪刀把这篇报纸文章剪下来。 I need a scissors to cue off the article of newspaper. 44.这是到目前为止我们所收到的最大一项捐赠。 This is the biggest donation we have received up to now. 45.我们对做这么多作业感到厌倦。 We are tired of doing so much homework. 46.拼写问题可能也和书写不整洁有关。 Spelling problems can be related to the untidy writings.

英语泛读教程2参考答案(1-10)

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