土木工程专业毕业设计外文翻译

High-Rise Buildings

Introduction

It is difficult to define a high-rise building . One may say that a low-rise building ranges from 1 to 2 stories . A medium-rise building probably ranges between 3 or 4 stories up to 10 or 20 stories or more .

Although the basic principles of vertical and horizontal subsystem design remain the same for low- , medium- , or high-rise buildings , when a building gets high the vertical subsystems become a controlling problem for two reasons . Higher vertical loads will require larger columns , walls , and shafts . But , more significantly , the overturning moment and the shear deflections produced by lateral forces are much larger and must be carefully provided for .

The vertical subsystems in a high-rise building transmit accumulated gravity load from story to story , thus requiring larger column or wall sections to support such loading . In addition these same vertical subsystems must transmit lateral loads , such as wind or seismic loads , to the foundations. However , in contrast to vertical load , lateral load effects on buildings are not linear and increase rapidly with increase in height . For example under wind load , the overturning moment at the base of buildings varies approximately as the square of a buildings may

vary as the fourth power of buildings height , other things being equal. Earthquake produces an even more pronounced effect.

When the structure for a low-or medium-rise building is designed for dead and live load , it is almost an inherent property that the columns , walls , and stair or elevator shafts can carry most of the horizontal forces . The problem is primarily one of shear resistance . Moderate addition bracing for rigid frames in“short”buildings can easily be provided by filling certain panels ( or even all panels ) without increasing the sizes of the columns and girders otherwise required for vertical loads.

Unfortunately , this is not is for high-rise buildings because the problem is primarily resistance to moment and deflection rather than shear alone . Special structural arrangements will often have to be made and additional structural material is always required for the columns , girders , walls , and slabs in order to made a high-rise buildings sufficiently resistant to much higher lateral deformations .

As previously mentioned , the quantity of structural material required per square foot of floor of a high-rise buildings is in excess of that required for low-rise buildings . The vertical components carrying the gravity load , such as walls , columns , and shafts , will need to be strengthened over the full height of the buildings . But quantity of material required for resisting lateral forces is even more significant .

With reinforced concrete , the quantity of material also increases as the number of stories increases . But here it should be noted that the increase in the weight of material added for gravity load is much more sizable than steel , whereas for wind load the increase for lateral force resistance is not that much more since the weight of a concrete buildings helps to resist overturn . On the other hand , the problem of design for earthquake forces . Additional mass in the upper floors will give rise to a greater overall lateral force under the of seismic effects .

In the case of either concrete or steel design , there are certain basic principles for providing additional resistance to lateral to lateral forces and deflections in high-rise buildings without too much sacrifire in economy .

1.Increase the effective width of the moment-resisting subsystems .

This is very useful because increasing the width will cut down

the overturn force directly and will reduce deflection by the

third power of the width increase , other things remaining

cinstant . However , this does require that vertical components

of the widened subsystem be suitably connected to actually gain

this benefit.

2.Design subsystems such that the components are made to interact

in the most efficient manner . For example , use truss systems

with chords and diagonals efficiently stressed , place

reinforcing for walls at critical locations , and optimize stiffness ratios for rigid frames .

3.Increase the material in the most effective resisting

components . For example , materials added in the lower floors to the flanges of columns and connecting girders will directly decrease the overall deflection and increase the moment resistance without contributing mass in the upper floors where the earthquake problem is aggravated .

4.Arrange to have the greater part of vertical loads be carried

directly on the primary moment-resisting components . This will help stabilize the buildings against tensile overturning forces by precompressing the major overturn-resisting components .

5.The local shear in each story can be best resisted by strategic

placement if solid walls or the use of diagonal members in a vertical subsystem . Resisting these shears solely by vertical members in bending is usually less economical , since achieving sufficient bending resistance in the columns and connecting girders will require more material and construction energy than using walls or diagonal members .

6.Sufficient horizontal diaphragm action should be provided floor .

This will help to bring the various resisting elements to work together instead of separately .

7.Create mega-frames by joining large vertical and horizontal

components such as two or more elevator shafts at multistory

intervals with a heavy floor subsystems , or by use of very deep

girder trusses .

Remember that all high-rise buildings are essentially vertical cantilevers which are supported at the ground . When the above principles are judiciously applied , structurally desirable schemes can be obtained by walls , cores , rigid frames, tubular construction , and other vertical subsystems to achieve horizontal strength and rigidity . Some of these applications will now be described in subsequent sections in the following .

Shear-Wall Systems

When shear walls are compatible with other functional requirements , they can be economically utilized to resist lateral forces in high-rise buildings . For example , apartment buildings naturally require many separation walls . When some of these are designed to be solid , they can act as shear walls to resist lateral forces and to carry the vertical load as well . For buildings up to some 20storise , the use of shear walls is common . If given sufficient length ,such walls can economically resist lateral forces up to 30 to 40 stories or more .

However , shear walls can resist lateral load only the plane of the

walls ( i.e.not in a diretion perpendicular to them ) . There fore ,it is always necessary to provide shear walls in two perpendicular directions can be at least in sufficient orientation so that lateral force in any direction can be resisted . In addition , that wall layout should reflect consideration of any torsional effect .

In design progress , two or more shear walls can be connected to from L-shaped or channel-shaped subsystems . Indeed , internal shear walls can be connected to from a rectangular shaft that will resist lateral forces very efficiently . If all external shear walls are continuously connected , then the whole buildings acts as tube , and connected , then the whole buildings acts as a tube , and is excellent Shear-Wall Seystems resisting lateral loads and torsion .

Whereas concrete shear walls are generally of solid type with openings when necessary , steel shear walls are usually made of trusses . These trusses can have single diagonals , “X”diagonals , or“K”arrangem ents .

A trussed wall will have its members act essentially in direct tension or compression under the action of view , and they offer some opportunity and deflection-limitation point of view , and they offer some opportunity for penetration between members . Of course , the inclined members of trusses must be suitable placed so as not to interfere with requirements for wiondows and for circulation service penetrations though these walls . As stated above , the walls of elevator , staircase ,and utility shafts

form natural tubes and are commonly employed to resist both vertical and lateral forces . Since these shafts are normally rectangular or circular in cross-section , they can offer an efficient means for resisting moments and shear in all directions due to tube structural action . But a problem in the design of these shafts is provided sufficient strength around door openings and other penetrations through these elements . For reinforced concrete construction , special steel reinforcements are placed around such opening .In steel construction , heavier and more rigid connections are required to resist racking at the openings .

In many high-rise buildings , a combination of walls and shafts can offer excellent resistance to lateral forces when they are suitably located ant connected to one another . It is also desirable that the stiffness offered these subsystems be more-or-less symmertrical in all directions .

Rigid-Frame Systems

In the design of architectural buildings , rigid-frame systems for resisting vertical and lateral loads have long been accepted as an important and standard means for designing building . They are employed for low-and medium means for designing buildings . They are employed for low- and medium up to high-rise building perhaps 70 or 100 stories high . When compared to shear-wall systems , these rigid frames both within and

at the outside of a buildings . They also make use of the stiffness in beams and columns that are required for the buildings in any case , but the columns are made stronger when rigidly connected to resist the lateral as well as vertical forces though frame bending .

Frequently , rigid frames will not be as stiff as shear-wall construction , and therefore may produce excessive deflections for the more slender high-rise buildings designs . But because of this flexibility , they are often considered as being more ductile and thus less susceptible to catastrophic earthquake failure when compared with ( some ) shear-wall designs . For example , if over stressing occurs at certain portions of a steel rigid frame ( i.e.,near the joint ) , ductility will allow the structure as a whole to deflect a little more , but it will by no means collapse even under a much larger force than expected on the structure . For this reason , rigid-frame construction is considered by some to be a “best”seismic-resisting type for high-rise steel buildings . On the other hand ,it is also unlikely that a well-designed share-wall system would collapse.

In the case of concrete rigid frames ,there is a divergence of opinion . It true that if a concrete rigid frame is designed in the conventional manner , without special care to produce higher ductility , it will not be able to withstand a catastrophic earthquake that can produce forces several times lerger than the code design earthquake forces . therefore ,

some believe that it may not have additional capacity possessed by steel rigid frames . But modern research and experience has indicated that concrete frames can be designed to be ductile , when sufficient stirrups and joinery reinforcement are designed in to the frame . Modern buildings codes have specifications for the so-called ductile concrete frames . However , at present , these codes often require excessive reinforcement at certain points in the frame so as to cause congestion and result in construction difficulties 。Even so , concrete frame design can be both effective and economical 。

Of course , it is also possible to combine rigid-frame construction with shear-wall systems in one buildings ，For example , the buildings geometry may be such that rigid frames can be used in one direction while shear walls may be used in the other direction。

Summary

Above states is the high-rise construction ordinariest structural style. In the design process, should the economy practical choose the reasonable form as far as possible.

外文资料翻译（译文）

高层建筑

前沿

高层建筑的定义很难确定。可以说2-3层的建筑物为底层建筑，而从3-4层地10层或20层的建筑物为中层建筑，高层建筑至少为10层或者更多。

尽管在原理上，高层建筑的竖向和水平构件的设计同低层及多层建筑的设计没什么区别，但使竖向构件的设计成为高层设计有两个控制性的因素：首先，高层建筑需要较大的柱体、墙体和井筒；更重要的是侧向里所产生的倾覆力矩和剪

力变形要大的多，必要谨慎设计来保证。

高层建筑的竖向构件从上到下逐层对累积的重力和荷载进行传递，这就要有较大尺寸的墙体或者柱体来进行承载。同时，这些构件还要将风荷载及地震荷载等侧向荷载传给基础。但是，侧向荷载的分布不同于竖向荷载，它们是非线性的，并且沿着建筑物高度的增加而迅速地增加。例如，在其他条件都相同时，风荷载在建筑物底部引起的倾覆力矩随建筑物高度近似地成平方规律变化，而在顶部的侧向位移与其高度的四次方成正比。地震荷载的效应更为明显。

对于低层和多层建筑物设计只需考虑恒荷载和部分动荷载时，建筑物的柱、墙、楼梯或电梯等就自然能承受大部分水平力。所考虑的问题主要是抗剪问题。对于现代的钢架系统支撑设计，如无特殊承载需要，无需加大柱和梁的尺寸，而通过增加板就可以实现。

不幸的是，对于高层建筑首先要解决的不仅仅是抗剪问题，还有抵抗力矩和抵抗变形问题。高层建筑中的柱、梁、墙及板等经常需要采用特殊的结构布置和特殊的材料，以抵抗相当高的侧向荷载以及变形。

如前所述，在高层建筑中每平方英尺建筑面积结构材料的用量要高于低层建筑。支撑重力荷载的竖向构件，如墙、柱及井筒，在沿建筑物整个高度方向上都应予以加强。用于抵抗侧向荷载的材料要求更多。

对于钢筋混凝土建筑，虽着建筑物层数的增加，对材料的要求也随着增加。应当注意的是，因混凝土材料的质量增加而带来的建筑物自重增加，要比钢结构增加得多，而为抵抗风荷载的能力而增加的材料用量却不是呢么多，因为混凝土自身的重量可以抵抗倾覆力矩。不过不利的一面是混凝土建筑自重的增加，将会加大抗震设计的难度。在地震荷载作用下，顶部质量的增加将会使侧向荷载剧增。

无论对于混凝土结构设计，还是对于钢结构设计，下面这些基本的原则都有助于在不需要增加太多成本的前提下增强建筑物抵抗侧向荷载的能力。

1.增加抗弯构件的有效宽度。由于当其他条件不变时能够直接减小扭

矩，并以宽度增量的三次幂形式减小变形，因此这一措施非常有效。

但是必须保证加宽后的竖向承重构件非常有效地连接。

2.在设计构件时，尽可能有效地使其加强相互作用力。例如，可以采用

具有有效应力状态的弦杆和桁架体系；也可在墙的关键位置加置钢

筋；以及最优化钢架的刚度比等措施。

3.增加最有效的抗弯构件的截面。例如，增加较低层柱以及连接大梁的

翼缘截面，将可直接减少侧向位移和增加抗弯能力，而不会加大上层

楼面的质量，否则，地震问题将更加严重。

4.通过设计使大部分竖向荷载，直接作用于主要的抗弯构件。这样通过

预压主要的抗倾覆构件，可以使建筑物在倾覆拉力的作用下保持稳

定。

5.通过合理地放置实心墙体及在竖向构件中使用斜撑构件，可以有效地

抵抗每层的局部剪力。但仅仅通过竖向构件进行抗剪是不经济的，因

为使柱及梁有足够的抗弯能力，比用墙或斜撑需要更多材料和施工工

作量。

6.每层应加设充足的水平隔板。这样就会使各种抗力构件更好地在一起

工作，而不是单独工作。

7.在中间转换层通过大型竖向和水平构件及重楼板形成大框架，或者采

用深梁体系。

应当注意的是，所有高层建筑的本质都是地面支撑的悬臂结构。如何合理地运用上面所提到的原则，就可以利用合理地布置墙体、核心筒、框架、筒式结构和其他竖向结构分体系，使建筑物取得足够的水平承载力和刚度。本文后面将对这些原理的应用做介绍。

剪力墙结构

在能够满足其他功能需求时，高层建筑中采用剪力墙可以经济地进行高层建筑的抗侧向荷载设计。例如，住宅楼需要很多隔墙，如果这些隔墙都设计为实例的，那么他们可以起到剪力墙的作用，既能抵抗侧向荷载，又能承受竖向荷载。对于20层以上的建筑物，剪力墙极为常见。如果给与足够的宽度，剪力墙能够有效地抵抗30-40层甚至更多的侧向荷载。

但是，剪力墙只能抵抗平行于墙平面的荷载（也就是说不能抵抗垂直于墙的荷载）。因此有必要经常在两个相互垂直的方向设置剪力墙，或者在尽可能多的方向布置，以用来抵抗各个方向的侧向荷载。并且，墙体设计还应考虑扭转的问题。

在设计过程中，两片或者更多的剪力墙会布置成L型或者槽形。实际上，四片内剪力墙可以被联结成矩形，以更有效地抵抗侧向荷载。如果所有外部剪力墙都连接起来，整个建筑物就像是一个筒体，将会具有很强的抵抗水平荷载和抵抗扭矩的能力。

通常混凝土就剪力墙都是实体的，并在有要求时开洞，而钢筋剪力墙常常是做成桁架式。这些桁架上可能布置成蛋单斜撑、X斜撑及K斜撑。在侧向力作用下这些桁架的组合构件受到或拉或压力。从强度和变形控制角度来说，桁架有着

很好的功效，并且管道可以在构件之间穿过。当然，钢桁架墙的斜向构件在墙体上要正确放置，以免妨碍开窗、循环以及管道穿墙。

如上所述，电梯强、楼梯间及设备竖井都可以形成筒状体，常常用它们既抵抗竖向荷载又抵抗水平荷载。这些筒的横断面一般驶矩形或圆形，由于筒结构作用，筒状结构能够有效地进行各个方向上的抗弯和抗剪。不过在这样的结构设计中存在的问题是，如何保证在门洞口和其他孔洞的强度。对于钢筋混凝土结构，通过使用特殊的钢筋配置在这些孔洞的周围。对于钢剪力墙，则要求在开洞处加强节点连接，以抵抗洞口变形。

对于很多高层建筑，如果墙体和筒架进行合理地安排与连接，会起到很好的抵抗侧向荷载的作用。还要求由这些结构分体系提供的刚度在各个方向上应大体对称。

框架结构

在建筑物结构设计中，用于抵抗竖向和水平荷载的框架结构，常作为一个重要且标准的型式而被采用。它适用于低层、多层建筑物，亦可用于70-100层高的高层建筑物。同剪力墙结构相比，这种结构更适合在建筑物的内部或者外围的墙体上开设矩形孔洞。同时它还能充分利用建筑物内在任何情况下都要采用的梁和柱的刚度，但当柱子与梁刚性连接时，通过框架受弯来抵抗水平和竖向荷载会使这些柱子的承载能力变得更大。

大多情况下，框架的刚度不如剪力墙，因此对于细长的建筑物将会出现过度变形。但正是因为其柔性，使得其与剪力墙结构相比具有更大的延性，因而地震荷载下不易发生事故。例如，如果框架局部出现超应力时，那么其延性就会允许

整个结构出现倒塌事故。因此，框架结构常被视为最好的高层抗震结构。另一方面，设计得好的剪力墙结构也不可能倒塌。

对于混凝土框架结构，还存在较大的分歧。的确。如果在混凝土框架设计时不进行特殊的延性设计，那么他将很难承受比设计标准值大很多倍的地震荷载的冲击。因此，很多人认为它不具备钢框架所具备的超载能力。不过最新的研究i 和实验表明，当混凝土中放入充分的钢箍和节点钢筋时，混凝土框架框架也能表现出很好的延性。新建筑规范对所谓延性混凝土框架有专门的规定。然而，这些规范往往要求在框架的某处增设过多的钢筋，这就增加了施工的难度。尽管这样，混凝土框架设计还是具备既经济又实用的特性。

当然，还可以在建筑结构设计中，将框架结构和剪力墙结构结合起来使用。例如，在房屋建筑上使用框架，而在另一方向上可以使用剪力墙。

结论

以上所述就是高层建筑最普通的结构形式。在设计过程中，应尽可能经济实用地选择合理的形式。

毕业设计外文翻译资料

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土木工程类专业英文文献及翻译

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土木工程专业外文文献及翻译

（ 二 〇 一 二 年 六 月 外文文献及翻译 题 目： About Buiding on the Structure Design 学生姓名： 学 院：土木工程学院 系 别：建筑工程系 专 业：土木工程(建筑工程方向) 班 级：土木08-4班 指导教师：

英文原文： Building construction concrete crack of prevention and processing Abstract The crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve of engineering actual problem, this text carried on a study analysis to a little bit familiar crack problem in the concrete engineering, and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention, processing measure. Keyword:Concrete crack prevention processing Foreword Concrete's ising 1 kind is anticipate by the freestone bone, cement, water and other mixture but formation of the in addition material of quality brittleness not and all material.Because the concrete construction transform with oneself, control etc. a series problem, harden model of in the concrete existence numerous tiny hole, spirit cave and tiny crack, is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of quality.The tiny crack is a kind of harmless crack and accept concrete heavy, defend Shen and a little bit other use function not a creation to endanger.But after the concrete be subjected to lotus carry, difference in temperature etc. function, tiny crack would continuously of expand with connect, end formation we can see without the

毕业设计外文翻译原文.

Optimum blank design of an automobile sub-frame Jong-Yop Kim a ,Naksoo Kim a,*,Man-Sung Huh b a Department of Mechanical Engineering,Sogang University,Shinsu-dong 1,Mapo-ku,Seoul 121-742,South Korea b Hwa-shin Corporation,Young-chun,Kyung-buk,770-140,South Korea Received 17July 1998 Abstract A roll-back method is proposed to predict the optimum initial blank shape in the sheet metal forming process.The method takes the difference between the ?nal deformed shape and the target contour shape into account.Based on the method,a computer program composed of a blank design module,an FE-analysis program and a mesh generation module is developed.The roll-back method is applied to the drawing of a square cup with the ˉange of uniform size around its periphery,to con?rm its validity.Good agreement is recognized between the numerical results and the published results for initial blank shape and thickness strain distribution.The optimum blank shapes for two parts of an automobile sub-frame are designed.Both the thickness distribution and the level of punch load are improved with the designed blank.Also,the method is applied to design the weld line in a tailor-welded blank.It is concluded that the roll-back method is an effective and convenient method for an optimum blank shape design.#2000Elsevier Science S.A.All rights reserved. Keywords:Blank design;Sheet metal forming;Finite element method;Roll-back method

毕业设计外文翻译

毕业设计（论文） 外文翻译 题目西安市水源工程中的 水电站设计 专业水利水电工程 班级 学生 指导教师 2016年

研究钢弧形闸门的动态稳定性 牛志国 河海大学水利水电工程学院，中国南京，邮编210098 nzg_197901@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/419670357.html,，niuzhiguo@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/419670357.html, 李同春 河海大学水利水电工程学院，中国南京，邮编210098 ltchhu@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/419670357.html, 摘要 由于钢弧形闸门的结构特征和弹力，调查对参数共振的弧形闸门的臂一直是研究领域的热点话题弧形弧形闸门的动力稳定性。在这个论文中，简化空间框架作为分析模型，根据弹性体薄壁结构的扰动方程和梁单元模型和薄壁结构的梁单元模型，动态不稳定区域的弧形闸门可以通过有限元的方法，应用有限元的方法计算动态不稳定性的主要区域的弧形弧形闸门工作。此外，结合物理和数值模型，对识别新方法的参数共振钢弧形闸门提出了调查，本文不仅是重要的改进弧形闸门的参数振动的计算方法，但也为进一步研究弧形弧形闸门结构的动态稳定性打下了坚实的基础。 简介 低举升力，没有门槽，好流型，和操作方便等优点，使钢弧形闸门已经广泛应用于水工建筑物。弧形闸门的结构特点是液压完全作用于弧形闸门，通过门叶和主大梁，所以弧形闸门臂是主要的组件确保弧形闸门安全操作。如果周期性轴向载荷作用于手臂，手臂的不稳定是在一定条件下可能发生。调查指出:在弧形闸门的20次事故中，除了极特殊的破坏情况下，弧形闸门的破坏的原因是弧形闸门臂的不稳定;此外，明显的动态作用下发生破坏。例如:张山闸，位于中国的江苏省，包括36个弧形闸门。当一个弧形闸门打开放水时，门被破坏了，而其他弧形闸门则关闭，受到静态静水压力仍然是一样的，很明显，一个动态的加载是造成的弧形闸门破坏一个主要因素。因此弧形闸门臂的动态不稳定是造成弧形闸门(特别是低水头的弧形闸门)破坏的主要原是毫无疑问。

土木工程毕业设计范文,图纸计算书、建筑说明书外文翻译、开题报告书

- - -. 毕业设计（论文） 开题报告 题目XX雅筑地产中天锦庭6号住宅楼设计 专业土木工程 班级 学生 指导教师教授 讲师

一、毕业设计(论文)课题来源、类型 本论文课题来源于XX雅筑地产中天锦庭6号住宅楼设计，本设计来自工程实际，结构类型为钢筋混凝土剪力墙结构。该建筑分十三层，耐火等级为一级，主体结构为二级耐久年限，抗震设防为八级。二、选题的目的及意义 随着我国经济发展和城市化进程，人们对住宅的需求量逐渐增多，住宅物业管理日益为人们所关注。住宅小区已经成为人们安家置业的首选，几十万到几百万的小区住宅比比皆是。尤其近几年，高层小高层已然成为现代开发商与消费者选择的主流。这是由高层和小高层的特点所决定的，高层建筑可节约城市用地，缩短公用设施和市政管网的开发周期。人们花的钱越多，不但对住宅的本身的美观质量要求越来越高，同时对物业小区的服务和管理也要求越来越高，比如对小区的绿化，保安，停车场，维修甚至对各项投诉的要求小区管理者做的好。信息时代的今天，住宅小区的硬件设施也必须跟得上时代的步伐，对现代化住宅小区建设的要求越来越高。小区楼的艺术美更要符合现代人的需求，此外还必须有较高的实用性、经济性。住宅小区的居住环境安全与否，是小区居民极其关心的问题，要创建一个安全的居住环境不仅要有科学的小区管理制度，而且在很大程度上也依赖于小区规划的安全性，这其中涉及到居民的生理、心理安全和社会安全等因素。在住宅小区的规划设计中应充分考虑居民的有效防X行为，通过控制小区和组团入口、明确划分空间领域等措施来提高小区的安全防卫能力。一是在小区和组团的入口处设置明显标志，使住宅小区具有较强的领域性和归属性。二是注重院落空间的强化，使居民之间既有充分了解和相互熟悉的机会，又可以使住户视线能够触及到住宅入口，便于对陌生人进行观察、监视。三是注重小区交通网络的合理组织。在小区主干道的规划设计上要做到“顺而不穿，通而不畅”，减少交通环境的混乱交杂，提高安全系数，在小区级道路的规划上尽量作曲形设计，限制车辆穿行的速度，达到安全与降低噪音的目的。同时，规划时应尽量减少组团的出入口，一般设置两个即可，以便有效控制外来行人任意穿行，从而起到安全防卫的作用。我这次选择的是高层住宅楼的设计，目的就是为了设计一栋满足居住需求和美观要求的住宅楼。并且也可以通过这次的毕业设计，把以前学习的专业课的知识运用到实践中，以及对它们更加深入的学习和系统化的总结。在这个过程中需要查阅、搜集许多的资料，将提高我运用图书馆的资料文献和互联网上大量信息的能力。office办公软件的综合运用使我的电脑基本功有了很大的提高。从建筑设计到结构的计算设计都是由自己单独完成，这就培养了我们独立解决设计中的问题以及娴熟使用auto CAD和PKPM系列软件的能力。综合性地运用几年内所学知识去分析、解决一个问题，在作毕业设计的过程中，所学知识得到疏理和运用，它既是一次检阅，又是一次锻炼。

本科毕业设计外文翻译

Section 3 Design philosophy, design method and earth pressures 3.1 Design philosophy 3.1.1 General The design of earth retaining structures requires consideration of the interaction between the ground and the structure. It requires the performance of two sets of calculations: 1）a set of equilibrium calculations to determine the overall proportions and the geometry of the structure necessary to achieve equilibrium under the relevant earth pressures and forces; 2）structural design calculations to determine the size and properties of thestructural sections necessary to resist the bending moments and shear forces determined from the equilibrium calculations. Both sets of calculations are carried out for specific design situations (see 3.2.2) in accordance with the principles of limit state design. The selected design situations should be sufficiently Severe and varied so as to encompass all reasonable conditions which can be foreseen during the period of construction and the life of the retaining wall. 3.1.2 Limit state design This code of practice adopts the philosophy of limit state design. This philosophy does not impose upon the designer any special requirements as to the manner in which the safety and stability of the retaining wall may be achieved, whether by overall factors of safety, or partial factors of safety, or by other measures. Limit states (see 1.3.13) are classified into: a) ultimate limit states (see 3.1.3); b) serviceability limit states (see 3.1.4). Typical ultimate limit states are depicted in figure 3. Rupture states which are reached before collapse occurs are, for simplicity, also classified and

土木工程毕业设计外文翻译最终中英文

7 Rigid-Frame Structures A rigid-frame high-rise structure typically comprises parallel or orthogonally arranged bents consisting of columns and girders with moment resistant joints. Resistance to horizontal loading is provided by the bending resistance of the columns, girders, and joints. The continuity of the frame also contributes to resisting gravity loading, by reducing the moments in the girders. The advantages of a rigid frame are the simplicity and convenience of its rectangular form.Its unobstructed arrangement, clear of bracing members and structural walls, allows freedom internally for the layout and externally for the fenestration. Rig id frames are considered economical for buildings of up to' about 25 stories, above which their drift resistance is costly to control. If, however, a rigid frame is combined with shear walls or cores, the resulting structure is very much stiffer so that its height potential may extend up to 50 stories or more. A flat plate structure is very similar to a rigid frame, but with slabs replacing the girders As with a rigid frame, horizontal and vertical loadings are resisted in a flat plate structure by the flexural continuity between the vertical and horizontal components. As highly redundant structures, rigid frames are designed initially on the basis of approximate analyses, after which more rigorous analyses and checks can be made. The procedure may typically inc lude the following stages: 1. Estimation of gravity load forces in girders and columns by approximate method. 2. Preliminary estimate of member sizes based on gravity load forces with arbitrary increase in sizes to allow for horizontal loading. 3. Approximate allocation of horizontal loading to bents and preliminary analysis of member forces in bents. 4. Check on drift and adjustment of member sizes if necessary. 5. Check on strength of members for worst combination of gravity and horizontal loading, and adjustment of member sizes if necessary. 6. Computer analysis of total structure for more accurate check on member strengths and drift, with further adjustment of sizes where required. This stage may include the second-order P-Delta effects of gravity loading on the member forces and drift.. 7. Detailed design of members and connections.