工程管理专业英语专业版
9.1第一段Construction planning is a fundamental and challenging activity in the management and execution of construction projects. It involves the choice of technology, the definition of work tasks, the estimation of the required resources and durations for individual tasks, and the identification of any interactions among the different work tasks. A good construction plan is the basis for developing the budget and the schedule for work. Developing the construction plan is a critical task in the management of construction, even if the plan is not written or otherwise formally recorded. In addition to these technical aspects of construction planning, it may also be necessary to make organizational decisions about the relationships between project participants and even which organizations to include in a project. For example, the extent which sub-construction will be used on a project is often determined during construction planning.
在施工项目的管理和执行中，施工计划是一项基本的并且具有挑战性的活动。它涉及到技术的选择，工作任务的定义、每一个任务所需资源和维持时间的估算，以及不同工作任务之间相互作用的识别等工作。一个好的施工计划是制定工作计划和工作进度的基础。确定施工计划是管理当中的一项重要工作，即使这个施工计划不是书面的或其他正式记录的形式。除了施工计划技术层面的问题之外，项目组织关于项目参与方之间的沟通和联系所作出的有管决策也是十分重要的。例如，分包商在一个项目中所承担的范围通常是在施工计划期间决定的。
四 In developing a construction plan, it is common to adopt a primary emphasis on either cost control or on schedule control as illustrated in Fig. 9-1. Some projects are primarily divided into expense categories with associated costs. In these cases, construction planning is cost or expense oriented. Within the categories of expenditure, a distinction is made between costs incurred directly in the performance of an activity and indirectly for the accomplishment of the project. For example, borrowing expenses for project financing and Project Management for Construction: Construction Planning overhead items are commonly treated as indirect costs. For other projects, scheduling of work activities over time is critical and is emphasized in the planning process. In this case, the planner insures that the proper precenes among activities are maintained and that efficient scheduling of the available resources prevails. Traditional scheduling procedures emphasize the maintenance of task precedences (resulting in critical path scheduling procedures) or efficient use of resources over time (resulting in job shop scheduling procedures). Finally, most complex projects require consideration of both cost and scheduling over time, so that planning, monitoring and record keeping mustconsider both dimensions. In these cases, the integration of schedule and budget information is a major concern. In this chapter, we shall consider the functional requirements for construction planning such as technology choice, work breakdown, and budgeting. Construction planning is not an activity which is restricted to the period after the award of a contract for construction. It should be an essential activity during the facility design. Also, if problems arise during construction, re-planning is required
在制定一项施工计划时，通常在成本控制或进度控制中采用如图9-1所示的主要的重点。一些项目被主要地分为费用类别以及相关成本。在这些情况下，施工计划是成本或费用导向的。
在划分支出类别时，我们将对执行一项活动所发生的直接成本和整个项目完成所需的间接成本予以特殊的对待。例如，为项目融资而产生的借款费用和日常开支项目通常被认为是间接成本。对其他项目来说，制定工作活动随时间的进度是重要的，而且在计划过程中被强调。在这种情况下，施工计划人员遇到的是确保维持各项工作适当的前导关系，保证对各项资源得到有效安排。传统的进度程序强调保持任务前导关系或资源随时间的有效利用。最后，大部分复杂的项目要求同时考虑成本和进度，所以计划、监控和记录必须考虑这两个尺度。在这些情况下，进度和预算信息的综合是一个重要的关注。
9.4第四段Forgetting a necessary precedence relationship can be more insidious. For example, suppose that installation of dry wall should be done prior to floor finishing. Ignoring this precedence relationship may result in both activities being scheduled at the same time. Corrections on the spot may result in increased costs or problems of quality in the
completed project. Unfortunately, there are few ways in which precedence omissions can be found other than with checks by knowledgeable managers or by comparison to comparable projects. One other possible but little used mechanism for checking precedences is to conduct a physical or computer based simulation of the construction process and observe any problems.
忘记一个必要的先导关系会有隐伏的危害。例如，设想预制墙的安装应当在地板完成之前进行。忽视这个先导关系会导致这两项活动同时被安排。对这一点的更改会导致成本增加或已完成项目的质量问题。遗憾的是，除了依靠有经验的项目经理进行核对和通过与类似项目进行比较之外，还几乎没有能够发现工作之间先后顺序关系遗漏的有效方法。一种理论上可行但很少使用的核对先导关系的是对施工过程进行计算化的模拟，并从中观察和发现问题。第五段Finally, it is important to realize that different types of precedence relationships can be defined and that each has different implications for the schedule of activities:
● Some activities have a necessary technical or physical relationship that cannot be superseded. For example, concrete pours cannot proceed before formwork and reinforcement are in place.
●Some activities have a necessary precedence relationship over a continuous space rather than as discrete work task relationships. For example, formwork may be placed in the first part of an excavation trench even as the excavation equipment continues to work further along in the trench. Formwork placement cannot proceed further than the excavation, but the two activities can be started and stopped independently within this constraint.
● Some "precedence relationships" are not technically necessary but are imposed due to implicit decisions within the construction plan. For example, two activities may require the same piece of equipment so a precedence relationship might be defined between the two to insure that they are not scheduled for the same time period. Which activity is scheduled first is arbitrary. As a second example, reversing the sequence of two activities may be technically possible but more expensive. In this case, the precedence relationship is not physically necessary but only applied to reduce costs as perceived at the time of scheduling.
最后，还应当认识到，虽然我们定义了不同类型的先导关系，但每一种先导关系对于进度计划而言却有着不同的含义：
●某些活动之间有一个必要的技术上的或物理上的关系是不能被取代的。例如，混凝土的
浇筑不能在模板和钢筋安装完成之前进行。
●某些工作之间的顺序关系是根据工作空间而非工艺流程来确定的。例如，可以在开挖沟
槽的第一部分先安装模板，即使开挖装备继续沿着这条沟槽工作。支设模板虽然不能先于沟槽开挖进行，但两项工作可以在不同的施工段上独立进行。
虽然某些先导关系不是技术上必须的，但是是由于施工计划中的隐含的决策。例如，两项工作可能要使用同一台机械设备，这样就必须确定它们之间的先导关系，以便这两项工作不会安排在同一时间段内施工。先安排哪一项工作是任意的。再举个例子，颠倒两个工作的顺序可能在技术上是可行的，但会有较高的成本。在这种情况下，先导关系不是技术上必须的，而是在制定进度计划时被认为仅仅适用于降低成本。
六 In revising schedules as work proceeds, it is important to realize that different types of precedence relationships have quite different implications for the flexibility and cost of changing the construction plan. Unfortunately, many formal scheduling systems do not possess the capability of indicating this type of flexibility. As a result, the burden is placed upon the manager of making such decisions and insuring realistic and effective schedules. With all the other responsibilities of a project manager, it is no surprise that preparing
or revising the formal, computer based construction plan is a low priority to a manager in such cases. Nevertheless, formal construction plans may be essential for good management of complicated projects
在随着工作的进展对进度计划进行调整时，应当意识到不同类型的先导关系在改变施工计划时灵活性和成本不同。遗憾的是，许多正式的制定进度的系统没有能力指出这种灵活性的类型。结果，作出这些决策以及确保现实可行的和有效的进度计划的重担就落在了项目经理身上。考虑到项目经理其它所有的责任，在这种情况下，准备或修改正式的、基于计算机化的施工计划对于项目经理来说具有较低的优先权就不会令人感到奇怪。然而，正式的施工计划对于很好地管理复杂的项目是必要的。
十.2（1）The most widely used scheduling technique is the critical path method (CPM) for scheduling, often referred to as critical path scheduling. This method calculates the minimum completion time for a project along with the possible start and finish times for the project activities. Indeed, many texts and managers regard critical path scheduling as the only usable and practical scheduling procedure. Computer programs and algorithms for critical path scheduling are widely available and can efficiently handle projects with thousands of activities. 使用最广泛的制定进度计划的技术是用关键路线方法编制进度，通常指的是关键线路进度计划。这种方法能够计算出项目的最短完成时间和项目各项活动可能的开始与结束时间。确实，许多测试结果和项目经理都认为关键线路进度计划是唯一有用的和实用的制定进度计划的程序。制定关键线路进度的计算机程序和算法，可以广泛的被利用，而且可以有效地处理拥有成千上万个活动的项目。
（3）There may be more than one critical path among all the project activities, so completion of the entire project could be delayed by delaying activities along any one of the critical paths. For example, a project consisting of two activities performed in parallel that each require three days would have each activity critical for a completion in three days. 在全部的项目活动当中，可能会有多条关键线路，所以
整个工程的完成时间会因为任何一条关键线路上活动的延迟而推后。例如，一个项目由两个同时进行的活动组成，每一项活动都需要三天，则应需要三天来完成个活动的关键线路。
（4）Formally, critical path scheduling assumes that a project has been divided into activities of fixed duration and well defined predecessor relationships. A predecessor relationship implies that one activity must come before another in the schedule. No resource constraints other than those implied by precedence relationships are recognized in the simplest form of critical path scheduling. 正式地，关键线路进度计划假设一个项目被分成多个活动，这些活动有固定的工期而且被很好地确定了前后顺序关系。一个前后顺序关系意味着在进度上一项活动必须在另一项活动之前进行。最简单的关键线路进度计划编制，除了时间先后关系的限制外，没有资源限制
（5）To use critical path scheduling in practice, construction planners often represent a resource constraint by a precedence relation. A constraint is simply a restriction on the options available to a manager, and a resource constraint is a constraint deriving from the limited availability of some resource of equipment, material, space or labor. For example, one of two activities requiring the same piece of equipment might be arbitrarily assumed to precede the other activity. This artificial precedence constraint insures that the two activities requiring the same resource will not be scheduled at the same time. Also, most critical path scheduling algorithms impose restrictions on the generality of the activity relationships or network geometries which are used. In essence, these restrictions imply that the construction plan can be represented by a network plan in which activities appear as nodes in a network, as in Figure 9-6. Nodes are numbered, and no two nodes can have the same number or designation. Two nodes are introduced to represent the start and completion of the project itself. ：为了在实践中使用关键线路进度计划，施工计划制定者经常根据前后顺序关系提出一个资源限制。制约因素就是对可供管理人员选择的一种限制，而资源制约因素来源于某些可用资源，如设备、材料、空间或劳动力。例如，两个活动都需要同一种设备，则其中任意一个活动应在另一个之前进行。人为确定的先后顺序制约确保了两个需要同一资源的活动不被安排在同一时间。另外，大部分关键线路进度计划的算法把限制因素强加给大部分活动之间的关系或所使用的网络图。本质上，这些限制因素意味着施工计划可以由网络图计划表示，在网络图中，节点表示活动。节点都被编上了数字，而且任两个节点不会有相同的数字或指向。两个节点被用来代表项目的开始和完成
十.4（1）Communicating the project schedule is a vital ingredient in successful project management. A good presentation will greatly ease the manager's problem of understanding the multitude of activities and their inter-relationships. Moreover, numerous individuals and parties are involved in any project, and they have to understand their assignments. Graphical presentations of project schedules are particularly useful since it is much easier to comprehend a graphical display of numerous pieces of information than to sift through a large table of numbers. Early computer scheduling systems were particularly poor in this regard since they produced pages and pages of numbers without aids to the manager for understanding them.In practice,a project summary table would be much longer .It is extremely tedious to read a table of activity numbers ,durations,schedule .In
practice ,producing diagrams manually has been a common prescription to the lack of automated drafting facilities. 沟通项目进度计划是成功的项目管理中一个至关重要的组成部分。一个好的陈述将会大幅简化项目经理关于理解多数活动以及他们之间关系的问题。甚至，项目中涉及的许多个体和参与方，他们也要理解各自的任务。以图形将项目进度计划显示出来特别有用，因为用大量信息图形表现要比用罗列大量数据的表格容易理解得多。早期的计算机进度计划系统在这方面尤其欠缺，由于它们产生的一页又一页的数据对项目经理理解来说毫无帮助。在实践中，一个项目的汇总表格会非常的长。阅读这样一个表格是极度冗长乏味的，里面有活动的编号、工期、进度计划时间和数据，由此可获得对项目进度计划的理解和鉴定。在实际中，通过手工绘图来应对由于缺少自动绘图设备已经成为一个惯例。
（2）Network diagrams for projects have already been introduced. These diagrams provide a powerful visualization of the precedences and relationships among the various project activities. They are a basic means of communicating a project plan among the participating planners and project monitors. Project planning is often conducted by producing network representations of greater and greater refinement until the plan is satisfactory. ：项目的网络计划图已经被引入。这些网络图对于不同项目活动之间的先后顺序关系及联系提供了一个强大的可视化。它们是参与编制人员和项目监理沟通项目计划的基本方法。项目计划经常通过绘制越来越精修的网络图表示进行管理直至计划是令人满意的
（3）A useful variation on project network diagrams is to draw a time-scaled network. The activity diagrams shown in the previous section were topological networks in that only the relationship between nodes and branches were of interest. The actual diagram could be distorted in any way desired as long as the connections between nodes were not changed. In time-scaled network diagrams, activities on the network are plotted on a horizontal axis measuring the time since project commencement. Figure 10-8 gives an example of a time-scaled activity-on-branch diagram for the nine activity project in Figure 10-4. In this time-scaled diagram, each node is shown at its earliest possible time. By looking over the horizontal axis, the time at which activity can begin can be observed. Obviously, this time scaled diagram is produced as a display after activities are initially scheduled by the critical path method. 项目网络图很有用的一种形式就是时标网络图。在先前部分中所展示的活动计划图是拓扑网络图，在这之中，只有节点和连接之间的关系是值得注意的。实际上的图表可以按任意一种想要的方式被画出，只要节点之间的联系没有改变。在时标网络图中，随着项目的展开，活动被放在衡量时间的水平坐标上
11.1
(1)Section 10.3 described the application of critical path scheduling for the situation in which activity durations are fixed and known. Unfortunately, activity durations are estimates of the actual time required, and there is liable to be a significant amount of uncertainty associated with the actual durations. During the preliminary planning stages for a project, the uncertainty in activity durations is particularly large since the scope and obstacles to the project are still
undefined. Activities that are outside of the control of the owner are likely to be more uncertain. For example, the time required to gain regulatory approval for projects may vary tremendously. Other external events such as adverse weather, trench collapses, or labor strikes make duration estimates particularly uncertain. ：10.3部分描述了在工作持续时间是确定的并且已知道的情况下，关键线路进度计划的应用。遗憾的是，活动工期是实际所需时间的估算，并且有许多与实际工期相联系的不确定性。在一个项目的初步计划阶段，由于项目的范围和潜在的障碍还不明确，活动工期的不确定性尤其较大。脱离业主控制的活动也很可能更加不确定。例如，为获得管理机构的批准所需的时间也会变化非常大。此外，恶劣的天气、沟槽塌方或人工罢工等都会使工作持续时间变得极不确定。
(2)Two simple approaches to dealing with the uncertainty in activity durations warrant some discussion before introducing more formal scheduling procedures to deal with uncertainty. First, the uncertainty in activity durations may simply be ignored and scheduling done using the expected or most likely time duration for each activity. Since only one duration estimate needs to be made for each activity, this approach reduces the required work in setting up the original schedule. Formal methods of introducing uncertainty into the scheduling process require more work and assumptions. While this simple approach might be defended, it has two drawbacks. First, the use of expected activity durations typically results in overly optimistic schedules for completion; a numerical example of this optimism appears below. Second, the use of single activity durations often produces a rigid, inflexible mindset on the part of schedulers. As field managers appreciate, activity durations vary considerable and can be influenced by good leadership and close attention. As a result, field managers may loose confidence in the realism of a schedule based upon fixed activity durations. Clearly, the use of fixed activity durations in setting up a schedule makes a continual process of monitoring and updating the schedule in light of actual experience imperative. Otherwise, the project schedule is rapidly outdated. 在我们深入讨论处理不确定的进度计划方法之前，先介绍两种处理工作持续时间中不确定性的简单方法。第一种方法是忽略工作持续时间中的不确定性，在编制进度计划过程中，采用每项工作的期望或最可能持续时间。由于每一项活动只能估算一个工作持续时间，所以这种方法减少了在确立最初的进度计划时所需的工作。正规的方法中，把不确定引入进度计划编制过程，需要更多的工作程序和假设。然而这种简单的方法可能会失败，因为它有两个缺点。第一，使用工作持续时间的期望值会导致过度乐观的进度计划；下面有一个用数字表示的这种乐观的例子。第二，使用单一的工作持续时间经常会使部分进度计划编制者产生一个固执的、不灵活的心态。现场管理人员已经认识到，工作持续时间变化很大、领导有方、随时注意与认真对待也有很大影响。结果，在实现一个基于固定工作持续时间的进度表时现场管理人员可能会丧失信心。显然，在制定进度计划时，使用固定的工作持续时间就必须时刻根据实际情况对进度计划进行监控和更新。否则，项目的进度计划很快就会过时
(4)The most common formal approach to incorporate uncertainty in the scheduling process is to apply the critical path scheduling process (as described in Section 10.3) and then analyze the results from a probabilistic perspective. This process is usually referred to as the PERT scheduling or evaluation method. [1] As noted earlier, the duration of the critical path represents the minimum time required to
complete the project. Using expected activity durations and critical path scheduling, a critical path of activities can be identified. This critical path is then used to analyze the duration of the project incorporating the uncertainty of the activity durations along the critical path. The expected project duration is equal to the sum of the expected durations of the activities along the critical path. Assuming that activity durations are independent random variables, the variance or variation in the duration of this critical path is calculated as the sum of the variances along the critical path. With the mean and variance of the identified critical path known, the distribution of activity durations can also be computed. 在进度计划中把不确定性考虑进去的最为常用的方法是在关键线路法的基础上再对计算结果进行概率分析。这个过程通常指的是计划评审技术或评审方法。正如之前讲到的，关键线路的工期代表着完成项目所需的最短时间。使用期望的工作持续时间和关键线路进度计划，活动的关键线路可以被确定。这个关键线路接下来被用于分析把各活动持续时间不确定考虑进去的项目的工期。期望的项目的工期等于沿着关键线路上的各活动持续时间的期望值之和。假定工作持续时间是独立随机变量，关键线路上持续时间的方差可由对关键线路上各关键工作的方差进行求和计算而得出。随着已确定的关键线路的平均值和方差的求出，工作持续时间的分布也可以计算出
(6) As a second problem with the PERT procedure, it is incorrect to assume that most construction activity durations are independent random variables. In practice, durations are correlated with one another. For example, if problems are encountered in the delivery of concrete for a project, this problem is likely to influence the expected duration of numerous activities involving concrete pours on a project. Positive correlations of this type between activity durations imply that the PERT method underestimates the variance of the critical path and thereby produces over-optimistic expectations of the probability of meeting a particular project completion deadline. ：使用计划评审技术程序的另一问题是，假设大部分施工活动的持续时间是独立随机变量是不正确的，在实际中，各活动和其它活动是相关的。例如，当一个项目遇到混凝土运输方面的问题时，那么该项目所有与混凝土浇筑有关工作的持续时间可能都会因此而受影响。由于没有考虑工作持续时间之间的正相关性，PERT计划技术就有可能
忽略了关键线路的变异性。因而对于一个项目能否满足工期要求就有可能产生过于乐观的概率期望值
11.4
（1） Despite considerable attention by researchers and practitioners, the process of construction planning and scheduling still presents problems and opportunities for improvement. The importance of scheduling in insuring the effective coordination of work and the attainment of project deadlines is indisputable. For large projects with many parties involved, the use of formal schedules is indispensable. 尽管施工计划和进度计划编制过程已经得到研究与实践人员的极大关注，但仍然有提出问题并进行改进的余地。关于编制进度计划在确保工作间的有效协调和按期完成项目方面的重要性是无需讨论的。对于涉及到许多参与方的大的项目来说，使用正式的进度计划表是不可缺少的
（2）The network model for representing project activities has been provided as an
important conceptual and computational framework for planning and scheduling. Networks not only communicate the basic precedence relationships between activities, they also form the basis for most scheduling computations. 代表项目活动的网络模型已经为计划和编制进度提供了一个概念的计算的框架。网络图不仅传达两个活动之间的前后顺序关系，而且形成了大部分进度计划计算的基础。
（3）As a practical matter, most project scheduling is performed with the critical path scheduling method, supplemented by heuristic procedures used in project crash analysis or resource constrained scheduling. Many commercial software programs are available to perform these tasks. Probabilistic scheduling or the use of optimization software to perform time/cost trade-offs is rather more infrequently applied, but there are software programs available to perform these tasks if desired. 实际应用当中，大多数项目先用关键线路法编制基准进度计划，在此基础上再进行时间压缩或凭直觉和经验的资源限定分析。许多商业软件程序可以完成这些任务。概率的制定进度计划或使用最优化的软件来表现时间成本权衡是很少应用到的，但是需要的话也有软件程序可以展现这些任务
(6) Finally, information representation is an area which can result in substantial improvements. While the network model of project activities is an extremely useful device to represent a project, many aspects of project plans and activity inter-relationships cannot or have not been represented in network models. For example, the similarity of processes among different activities is usually unrecorded in the formal project representation. As a result, updating a project network in response to new information about a process such as concrete pours can be tedious. What is needed is a much more flexible and complete representation of project information. 最后，信息表示是一个可以引起大量的改善的区域。尽管项目工作的网络模型是表达项目的极为有用的工具，但项目计划和工作之间的相互关系的很多方面不能或还没有网络模型表示。例如，不同活动的相似的过程在正式的项目陈述中通常没有记录下来。结果，更新一个项目的网络图来回应一个工作（比如混凝土浇筑）的新的信息是非常乏味的。真正所需要的是一个对项目信息更加灵活的完整的表示。
12.4（1）The previous sections focused upon the identification of the budgetary and schedule status of projects. Actual projects involve a complex inter-relationship between time and cost. As projects proceed, delays influence costs and budgetary problems may in turn require adjustments to activity schedules. Trade-offs between time and costs were discussed in Section 10.9 in the context of project planning in which additional resources applied to a project activity might result in a shorter duration but higher costs. Unanticipated events might result in increases in both time and cost to complete an activity. For example, excavation problems may easily lead to much lower than anticipated productivity on activities requiring digging. 之前的部分主要关注项目中的预算和进度情况的识别。在实际的项目中，时间和成本间有一个复杂的相互关系。随着项目的进展，进度的拖延会影响到成本；反过来预算上得问题也要对进度作出某些调整。时间和成本间的权衡在上一篇文章中已经讨论过，在项目计划中，若为项目某个工作增加资源就会缩短时间，但同时会增加成本。为完成一项活动，意料之外的事件可能会导致时间和成本都增加。例如，在需要挖掘的活动上，挖掘问题会很容易导致比预期更低的生产效率。
（3）The difficulty of integrating schedule and cost information stems primarily from the level of detail required for effective integration. Usually, a single project activity will involve numerous cost account categories. For example, an activity for the preparation of a foundation would involve laborers, cement workers, concrete forms, concrete, reinforcement, transportation of materials and other resources. Even a more disaggregated activity definition such as erection of foundation forms would involve numerous resources such as forms, nails, carpenters, laborers, and material transportation. Again, different cost accounts would normally be used to record these various resources. Similarly, numerous activities might involve expenses associated with particular cost accounts. For example, a particular material such as standard piping might be used in numerous different schedule activities. To integrate cost and schedule information, the disaggregated charges for specific activities and specific cost accounts must be the basis of analysis. 综合进度和成本信息的困难之处主要在于为了有效地综合所需要的详细程度。通常，一个单一的项目活动会涉及到许多成本账目分类。例如，一项为基础设施做准备的活动会包括劳动力、水泥工人、混凝土模板、混凝土浇筑、强化加固、材料的运输和其它资源。即使是像安装基础模板这样的分解的活动也会涉及到许多资源，比如，模板、钉子、木匠、劳动力和材料运输。再者，不同的成本账目被正式地用来记录这些不同的资源。相似的，许多活动可能涉及到一些与特殊成本账目相关的花费。例如，一种特殊材料（比如标准管材）会被用于许多不同的进度的活动。为了综合成本和进度信息，必须把针对具体工作和具体成本报告而分散计算的数额当做分析的基础。
（最后）In the absence of a work element accounting system, costs associated with particular activities are usually estimated by summing expenses in all cost accounts directly related to an activity plus a proportion of expenses in cost accounts used jointly by two or more activities. The basis of cost allocation would typically be the level of effort or resource required by the different activities. For example, costs associated with supervision might be allocated to different concreting activities on the basis of the amount of work (measured in cubic yards of concrete) in the different activities. With these allocations, cost estimates for particular work activities can be obtained. 在没有作业要素会计系统的情况下，首先汇总所有成本报告中与一项工作直接有关的费用，再按比例将成本表报告两个或两个以上工作的共同费用估算同具体工作有关的成本。成本分配的基础代表性的是不同活动所需要的努力或资源的水平。例如，在不同的活动中，与监督相关的成本会根据工作量分配至不同的具体的活动。通过这些分配，可以获得详细的工作活动的成本估算。
十三、1第一段Quality control and safety represent increasingly important concerns for project managers. Defects or failures in constructed facilities can result in very large costs. Even with minor defects, re-construction may be required and facility operations impaired. Increased costs and delays are the result. In the worst case, failures may cause personal injuries or fatalities. Accidents during the construction process can similarly result in personal injuries and large costs. Indirect costs of insurance, inspection and regulation are increasing rapidly due to these increased direct costs. Good project managers try to ensure that the job is done right the first time and that no major accidents occur on the project. 质
量控制和安全代表着项目经理越来越关注的重点。施工设施中的缺陷或失败可以导致非常大的成本。即使是较小的缺陷，也需要再建并且设施经营也会受损。成本的增加和工期的拖延就是结果。在最坏的情况下，失误会造成人身伤害或死亡。施工过程中的意外事故可以导致人身伤害和较高的成本。由于这些直接成本的增加，保险、检查和规令等非直接成本也快速增加。称职的项目经理努力保证工作一次便符合要求，项目不出现大的事故。
第二段As with cost control, the most important decisions regarding the quality of a completed facility are made during the design and planning stages rather than during construction. It is during these preliminary stages that component configurations, material specifications and functional performance are decided. Quality control during construction consists largely of insuring conformance to these original design and planning decisions. 由于成本控制，与完成设施的质量相关的重要决策是在设计和规划阶段制定的而不是在施工阶段。正是在这几个前期阶段，决定了构件的布置、对材料规格与性能以及建筑物使用功能要求。施工过程中的质量控制包括确保这些初始的设计和规划决策一致性中的一大部分
第六段A variety of different organizations are possible for quality and safety control during construction. One common model is to have a group responsible for quality assurance and another group primarily responsible for safety within an organization. In large organizations, departments dedicated to quality assurance and to safety might assign specific individuals to assume responsibility for these functions on particular projects. For smaller projects, the project manager or an assistant might assume these and other responsibilities. In either case, insuring safe and quality construction is a concern of the project manager in overall charge of the project in addition to the concerns of personnel, cost, time and other management issues. 在施工过程中，许多不同的组织都可能进行质量和安全控制。一个普遍型组织承担质量保证和安全生产责任的部门会指派专人负责具体项目当中的质量和安全职能。对于较小的项目，项目经理或助理会承担这些以及其它的责任。而无论在哪种情形下，确保施工的质量和安全，是除了人力、成本和进度等管理问题之外，项目经理在项目整个过程中必须予以关注的事情。
（7）Inspectors and quality assurance personnel will be involved in a project to represent a variety of different organizations. Each of the parties directly concerned with the project may have their own quality and safety inspectors, including the owner, the engineer/architect, and the various constructor firms. These inspectors may be contractors from specialized quality assurance organizations. In addition to on-site inspections, samples of materials will commonly be tested by specialized laboratories to insure compliance. Inspectors to insure compliance with regulatory requirements will also be involved. Common examples are inspectors for the local government's building department, for environmental agencies, and for occupational health and safety agencies. 在一个项目中，会涉及到检查员和质量保证员，来代表一系列不同的组织。与项目直接相关的各个参与方会有他们自己的质量和安全检查员，包括业主、工程师、建筑师和各种施工公司。这些检查员可能是来自专业质量保证组织的承包人。除了现场的监督之外，材料的取样检测通常也会由专业实验室来完成，以保证施工符合要求。确保服从各项法规要求的检查员也会涉及到。常见的例子是来自当地政府建设部门、环境机构以及职业的健康和安全机构的监督者。
（10）In addition to the various organizational bodies involved in quality control, issues of quality control arise in virtually all the functional areas of construction activities. For example, insuring accurate and useful information is an important part of maintaining quality performance. Other aspects of quality control include document control (including changes during the construction process), procurement, field inspection and testing, and final checkout of the facility. 除了在质量控制中涉及到的各种不同的组织外，事实上在施工活动整个功能范围内关于质量控制的问题都会发生。例如，确保精确的和有用的信息是维持质量的一个重要部分。质量控制的其它方面还包括文档控制（包括施工过程中的变更控制）、采购管理、现场的监督与检测和设施的最终检查验收等内容。
工程管理中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献 中英文对照外文翻译 The Internet is Applicated in Real Estate The Real Estate Industry and the World Wide Web: Changing Technology, Changing Location.The Internet, in its Web based graphics version, has captured the imagination of both consumers and businesses. Its convenience, speed, low cost and versatility are being exploited on a daily basis in ever-changing ways. Together with its capacity to transform existing businesses, promote new businesses and facilitate exchange of information and data, its other striking attribute has been the speed with which this new technology has spread throughout the global economy. Keywords:The internet;Real Estate;Applicated The number of computer hosts grew by more than ten-fold between 1995 and early 1999. The number of Web sites increased almost 100-fold, to over two million, between 1995 and 1998.Ｂy the year 2000, there will be approximately 400-500 million Internet users in the world, and the total number of Web sites will exceed five million. This new technology has the potential for affecting the real estate industry directly and indirectly. Directly, it may become a tool that allows a real estate business to expand its information and sales network. Indirectly, it may change the location equation where and how firms do business which in turn will affect the role of firms involved in real estate development, investment and transactions. Measuring the Spread of the Web
(完整word版)工程管理专业英语徐勇戈课-第二版-后答案
专业英语 Unit1 第一题1.设计/施工过程Design and construction process 2.房地产开发商Real estate developer 3.投机性住宅市场Speculative housing market 4.项目管理Project management 5.项目全寿命期Project life cycle 6.项目范围Scope of a project/project scope 7.专业化服务Professional services 8.重大基础项目建设Construction of major infrastructure projects 9.住宅类房屋建设Residential housing construction 10.办公和商业用房建设office and commercial building construction 11.专业化工业项目建设Specialized industrial projects construction 12.专业咨询师Professional consultants 13.总承包商Original contractor 14.价值工程value engineering 15.竞争性招标Competitive bidding 16.建筑和工程设计公司Architectural and engineering design company 17.运营与维护管理operation and maintenance 18.设计/施工公司design and construction company 19.分包商subcontractor 20.设施管理facility management 第一章 1、从项目管理的角度看，“业主”和“发起方”是同义的，因为两者的基本权力是制定所有重大决策。 2、项目范围界定后，详细的工程设计将提供建设蓝图，最终费用估计将作为控制成本的基准。 3、此外，业主可用内部能力处理整个过程中每一个阶段的工作，或者它可能会在各个阶段寻求专业意见及服务。 4、业主可以根据项目的规模和性质选择把整个过程或多或少的分解到各个阶段上，从而获得在实施中最有效的结果。 5、所有的组织方法各有利弊，这取决于在施工管理中的业主的知识以及项目的类型，规模和位置。 6、各类建筑的规划、采购的专业服务、建筑合同的制定、以及建筑设施融资的方法都可以完全不同。 7、. 专门的工业建筑，通常涉及技术复杂程度高，如炼油厂，钢铁厂，化学处理厂和燃煤或核电厂等的大型项目，如图1-4所示。 8、传统上，在初步设计开发阶段，业主作为技术顾问从事于建筑和工程（A / E）的公司或集团。 9、通过集成到一个单一的组织设计和施工管理，设计者和建筑者之间的许多冲突是可以避免的。 10、近年来，建设项目从成立到完成，新的施工管理人员（CM）的提供专业服务。 11、因此，业主必须明白自己的责任，也希望把过程中的风险分配给自己和其他参与者。 12、除非业主或专业的施工经理执行此功能，一个良好的总承包商会与他的团队合作，专业的承包商或分包商作过的项目数量在过去可以最有效的鼓励人的忠诚与合作。 13、例如，在纽约，专业承包商，如机械和电气承包商，不受建设项目总承包商的监督，公共项目初期必须签订独立合约。 14、主要原料供应商，包括钢结构制造和架设，金属板材，预拌混凝土输送，钢筋详图，屋面，玻璃等专业承包商。 第二章
国际工程管理海外项目常用英文英语词汇单词
工程管理常用英文词汇 英语国别海外工程项目现场积累词汇，本人经历过中亚俄语国别项目，英语国别项目，手机下载百度翻译或者谷歌翻译，遇上需要表达的词汇就会去查，经过不断搜集，不断练习，发现其实，想说一口流利的俄语英语，其实用不了那么多词汇，常用的就那几百个，都是反复的用。而且国外项目只要言能达意就善莫大焉，无需拐弯抹角，为难了自己老外也听不懂。我们平时学的英语是哑巴英语，即使掌握几千词汇也很难脱口，但是，当你身处外语国别，身处语言环境，而且身边没有翻译，你需要给工人交代工艺，给工程师解释流程。词汇就会记的非常快，基本用一两次就掌握了。加上最先学会的肢体语言，基本学会个二三百词汇，你就能脱口而出，言能达意！在此贡献出自己日常积累的词汇，希望对你有用，少走弯路。 孤独的海外工程人，愿你砥砺前行，风雨共勉！ 1.检验报告Inspection report 2.（项目）完工报告close-out report 3. 报价；投标bid;quotation;proposal;tender;offer 4.询价文件评审委员会inquiry review committee [IRC] 5.报价策略会议bid strategy meeting 6.报价经理proposal manager
7. 报价书；标书；建议书proposal；quotation; bid; tender; offer 8. 图细标书评审；报价评审bid evaluation 9.标书评选表;报价评选表bid tabulation form;tabulation of bids 10.谈判negotiation 11. 厂商协调会议；协调会议vendor coordination meeting[ VCM];coordination meeting 12. 订货合约；定约成交commitment 13. 订货电传；订货通知（书）telex order；notification of commitment 14.订单（即定单）采买订单;订货合同purchase order[PO] 15. 签订合同；合同签约contract award 16. 询价；招标Inquiry;invitation to bid 17.资格预审pre-qualification 18. 合格投标商表；合格供货商表qualified bidders list;qualified 19. 询价书；招标文件Inquiry（package）;request for quotation （package）[RFQ] request for proposal [RFP]；invitation to bid[TB] 20. 请购文件；请购单requisition（package）；requisition documents 21. 采购规格书；采购说明书purchasing specification [PS] 22. 投标者须知；报价须知Instructions to bidders[TB] 23.变更change 24. 用户变更；合同变更client change；contract change 25.待定的用户变更pending client change 26.认可的用户变更approved client change
工程管理专业英语(翻译)
工程管理专业英语(翻译) 第一章业主视角 1.1项目生命周期 该设施的建造，通常是一个重大的收购资本投资，无论它的主人恰好是个人，私人公司或公共机构。由于资源的这种投资的承诺是出于市场需求或感知的需求，预计该设施内，以满足业主及有关法规规定的限制某些目标。随着住房市场的投机，其中可出售的住宅单位所建的房地产开发商外，大部分的建设都是在定制与业主协商。一个房地产开发商可能会被视为对建设项目的赞助商，多达一政府机构可能是一个公共项目发起人和打开它转移到另一个完成后，政府单位。从项目管理的角度中，“老板”和“赞助”是一回事，因为两者的最终权力，使所有重要decisionsr。由于业主在本质上是收购协议中的承诺某些形式的设施，这将是明智的任何业主有一个清醒的认识收购程序，以保持公司的质量控制，及时性和已完成的设施的费用。。 从业主的角度来看，一个构造设施项目生命周期可能示意如图1-1所示。从本质上讲，一个项目的构想，以满足市场需求或及时需求。可以考虑各种可能性，在概念性规划阶段，每个替代技术和经济可行性进行评估和比较，以便选择最佳的项目。拟议替代品的融资计划还必须审查，该项目将得到尊重，供其完成时间和可用现金流编程。
后该项目的范围明确，详细的工程设计将提供建设蓝图，并最终费用估计将作为控制成本的基准。在采购和施工阶段，材料的运送和安装在现场的项目必须是经过精心策划和控制。工程完成后，通常有一个短暂的启动或摇下来的建造设施时，先占领。最后，该设施的管理是全面入住移交给业主的生活设施，直到其使用寿命，是拆除或conversaon指定。当然，在图1-1的发展阶段可能不严格顺序。该阶段的一些需要迭代，其他人可能进行的平行或重叠的时间框架，在性质，规模和项目的紧迫性而定了。此外，业主可在内部能力来处理整个过程的每一个阶段的工作，也可能寻求在各阶段工作的专业咨询和服务。可以理解，大部分业主选择来处理内部的工作，一些合同其他部分的工作需要外部专业服务。通过检查从所有者的角度来看项目的生命周期，我们可以集中精力和参加各种活动，在适当的角色，不论各个阶段的合同安排不同的工作类型。 在美国，例如，美国陆军工程兵部队在内部处理能力，规划，预算，设计，建造和操作flcxxl水路控制结构。其他公共机构，如国家交通部门，也深入参与建设项目的所有阶段。在THC的私营部门，如杜邦，埃克森，和IBM的许多大公司有足够的人手，以进行厂房扩建大多数活动。所有这些业主，无论是公共和私营，或大或小的程度时，它变得更加有利，这样做以外使用代理。 该项目的生命周期可以被看作是通过一个项目是从摇篮到坟墓执行过程中。这个过程往往非常复杂，但是，它可以分解成几个阶段按图1-1所示的大纲。在各阶段的解决方案，然后综合，得到最终结
国际工程管理专业英语
兰州交通大学 学期论文 中文题目建筑市场及其发展 英文题目Construction Market and its Development 专业通信工程 姓名徐宏 学号201210048 指导教师刘虹 提交日期December.24 兰州交通大学
学期论文评语
摘要 随着市场经济快速的发展，作为领军行业的工程建筑行业发展势头迅猛，并成为我国市场经济发展中的领军行业，带动我国市场经济的发展。 自从改革开放以来，我国建筑业得到了很大的发展，其产值在国民生产总值中的比重逐年增加，它的发展带动了一大批相关产业，如钢铁、建材、化工、家电等上下游产业的迅猛发展。从发达工业化国家建筑业发展的规律来看，我国正处在农业国逐步转变为工业化国家的历史阶段。在这个较长的历史发展阶段，建筑市场潜力巨大，建筑业具有广阔的发展前景。建筑业作为国有经济的重要的物质生产部门，将随着我国工业化进程的加快，而进入长期稳定发展的时期。本论文通过对建筑市场及其发展的介绍，让我们进一步了解我国建筑行业的发展。 本论文由五部分组成。第一章，简介建筑市场及其分类方式。第二章，从广义和狭义两个方面来简述建筑市场的概念。第三章，说明建筑市场的主体，包括业主，承包商，中介机构三方面。第四章，介绍建筑市场的客体，也就是建筑产品。第五章，结论部分，介绍我国建筑市场现状及其发展趋势。 关键词：建筑行业建筑市场现状发展
Abstract With the rapid development of market economy, construction industry as the leading industry is developing rapidly, and become China's market economy development in the leading industry, promote the development of market economy in china. ○1“Since the reform and opening up, China's construction industry has been greatly developed, the proportion of its output value in GDP has increased year by year, which led to the development of a large number of related industries, such as the rapid development of iron and steel, building materials, chemical, home appliances and other downstream industries.”From the view of development of construction industry of developed industrial countries, China is in an agricultural country gradually into the historical stage of industrialized countries. In the long historical development stage, the construction market has great potential, the construction industry has a broad development prospect. The construction industry as a state-owned economy the important material production sector, along with the acceleration of China's industrialization, and enter a long-term stable development period. In this paper, through the construction market and its development is introduced, let us further understand the development of the construction industry in our country. This thesis consists of five parts. The first chapter, introduction of the construction market and its classification. The second chapter, from the broad sense and narrow sense concept of two aspects of the construction market. The third chapter, the main body, the construction market include the owner, contractor, agencies from three aspects. The fourth chapter introduces the architecture, object market, also is the building products. The fifth chapter, the conclusion part, introduces the status quo of China's construction market and its development trend. Keywords: Construction industry Construction market The present situation Development
国际工程招标书中英文对照范本
中英文对照：国际工程招标说明书中英文对照：国际工程招标说明书 国际工程招标说明书 日期： 合同招标 一、中华人民共和国从世界银行申请获得贷款，用于支付＿＿＿＿＿项目的费用。部分贷款将用于支付工程建筑、＿＿＿＿等各种合同。所有依世界银行指导原则具有资格的国家，都可参加招标。 二、中国＿＿公司邀请具有资格的投标者提供密封的标书，提供完成合同工程所需的劳力、材料、设备和服务。 三、具有资格的投标者可从以下地址获得更多的信息，或参看招标文件： 中国A公司 四、每一位具有资格的投标者在交纳＿＿＿＿＿美元，并提交书面申请后，均可从上述地址获得招标文件。 五、每一份标书都要附一份投标保证书，且应不迟于＿＿＿＿＿提交给A公司。 六、所有标书将在＿＿＿＿＿当着投标者代表的面开标。 七、如果具有资格的国外投标者希望与一位中国国内的承包人组建合资公司，需在投标截止日期前30天提出要求。业主有权决定是否同意选定的国内承包人。 八、标前会议将在＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿召开。 投标者须知 一、工程概述 二、资金来源 中华人民共和国向世界银行申请一笔贷款，用以支付＿＿＿＿＿工程。其中部分贷款将用于支付此合同工程。只有应中国政府的要求，根据贷款协议的条件，IFI才会同意付款。除中国外，任何组织不能从贷款协议中获得权利或取得贷款。 世行贷款只用于支付瑞士和与中国有商贸关系世行成员国生产的产品和提供的服务。 世行贷款不足的部分将由业主用中国政府提供的资金支付。 三、资格要求 所有根据世行的“采购指导原则”具有资格的国家均可投标。 本合同项下的一切货物、服务均应来自上述具有资格的国家。本合同项下的一切开支仅限于支付这样的货物和服务。 货物、服务来源地与投标者国籍含义不同。 为说明自己有资格中标，投标者应向业主提供所规定的证明，保证有效地执行合同。为此，业主和中国A公司在公布中标者前，可要求投标者更新其先前提供的资格证明材料。投标者提供的材料应包括：法律地位证明文件复本，注册地及主要经营场所。如果是合资公司，应提供合资者的材料。 提供主要合同执行人的资格、经历证明材料。 填写执行合同计划所需设备。 填写可能的分包人。 目前进行中涉及投标者的诉讼的情况。 建设构想细节。 投标者可更新资格证明申请，在投标日亲手交出。 由两家或两家以上公司组成的合资企业应满足以下条件： 标书和投标成功后的协议书对所有合资人都有法律约束力。 由所有合资人的授权签字人签署并提交一份委托书，提名合资人中的一个为主办人。 合资主办人被授权承担义务，代表任何一位或全体合资人接受指导。整个合同的执行，包括款项支付
工程管理工程造价中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文资料对照外文翻译 Design phase of the project cost management Abstract Project cost management is the basic contents to determine reasonable and effective control of the project cost. Described the current stage of the project cost management situation on the strengthening of the various stages of construction cost management of the importance of and raised a number of key initiatives. Keywords：cost of the construction project cost management status investment decision phase of the design phase of the implementation phase of the cost management in a market economy, Even under the WTO and China's accession to the world community, China's construction industry how to effectively control construction cost of the construction and management of an important component part. However, the current budget for the construction projects - estimate, budget, Super budget accounts for the "super three" is still widespread and that eventually led to a serious loss of control of project investment. Project cost management is the basic contents to determine reasonable and effective control of the project cost. As the project cost to the project runs through the entire process, stage by stage can be divided into Investment Decision stage, the design and implementation phases. The so-called Project Cost effective control is the optimization of the construction plans and design programs on the basis of in the building process at all stages, use of certain methods and measures to reduce the cost of the projects have a reasonable control on the scope and cost of the approved limits.
工程管理专业英语翻译(第二版)徐勇戈
U2-S1什么是项目管理？ 建筑项目管理不仅需要对设计和实施过程有所理解，而且需要现代管理知识。建设项目有一组明确的目标和约束，比如竣工日期。尽管相关的技术、组织机构或流程会有所不同，但建设项目同其他一些如航天、医药和能源等准等领域的项目在管理上仍然有共同之处。 一般来说，项目管理和以项目任务为导向的企业宏观管理不同，待项目任务的完成后，项目组织通常也会随之终止。（美国）项目管理学会对项目管理学科有如下定义：项目管理是一门指导和协调人力物力资源的艺术，在项目整个生命周期，应用现代管理技术完成预定的规模、成本、时间、质量和参与满意度目标。 与此形成对照，一般的工商企业管理更广泛地着眼于业务的更加连贯性和连续性。然而，由于这两者之间有足够的相似和差异，使得现代管理技术开发宏观管理可以用于项目管理。 项目管理框架的基本要素可以用图2-1表示。其中，应用宏观管理知识和熟悉项目相关知识领域是不可或缺的。辅助性学科如计算机科学和决策科学也会发挥重要作用。实际上，现代管理实践与各专业知识领域已经吸收应用了各种不同的技术和工具，而这些技术和工具曾一度仅仅被视作属于辅助学科领域。例如，计算机信息系统和决策支持系统是目前常见的宏观管理工具。同样，许多像线性规划和网络分析这样的运算研究工具，现在广泛应用在许多知识和应用领域。因此，图2- 1反映了项目管理框架演变的唯一来源。 具体来说，建设项目管理包含一组目标，该目标可能通过实施一系列服从资源约束的运作来实现。在规模、成本、时间和质量的既定目标与人力、物力和财力资源限制之间存在着潜在冲突。这些冲突应该在项目开始时通过必要的权衡和建立新备选方案来解决。另外，施工项目管理的功能通常包括以下: 1. 项目目标和计划说明书中包括规模、预算安排、进度安排、设置性能需求和项目参与者的界定。 2. 根据规定的进度和规划，通过对劳动力、材料和设备的采购使资源的有效利用最大化。 3. 在项目全过程中，通过对计划、设计、估算、合同和施工的适当协调控制来实施项目各项运作。 4. 设立有效的沟通机制来解决不同参与方之间的冲突。 项目管理学会聚焦九个不同独特领域，这些领域需要项目经理所具有的知识和关注度： 1. 项目宏观管理，确保项目要素有效协调。 2. 项目范围管理，确保所需的所有工作（并且只有所需的工作）。 3. 项目时间管理，提供有效的项目进度。 4. 项目成本管理，确定所需资源和维持预算控制。 5. 项目质量管理，确保满足功能需求。 6 . 项目人力资源管理，有效地开发和聘用项目人员。 7 . 项目沟通管理，确保有效的内部和外部通信。 8. 项目风险管理，分析和规避潜在风险。 9. 项目采购管理，从外部获得必要资源。
土木工程专业英语翻译(武汉理工大学出版社段兵廷主编)完整版
第一课土木工程学 土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 领域。因为包含范围太广，土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。一个项目开始的时候，土木工程师要对场地进行测绘，定位有用的布置，如地下水水位，下水道，和电力线。岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响，包括对空气和地下水的可能污染，对当地动植物生活的影响，以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。同时，结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划，设计和说明。从项目开始到结束，对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。根据其他专家所提供的信息，施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费，所有工作的进度表，订购工作所需要的材料和设备，雇佣承包商和分包商，还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。 贯穿任何给定项目，土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件（即计算机辅助设计，或者CAD）并对其进行管理。计算机成为了现代土木工程师的必备品，因为它使得工程师能有效地掌控所需的大量数据从而确定建造一项工程的最佳方法。 结构工程学。在这一专业领域，土木工程师规划设计各种类型的结构，包括桥梁，大坝，发电厂，设备支撑，海面上的特殊结构，美国太空计划，发射塔，庞大的天文和无线电望远镜，以及许多其他种类的项目。结构工程师应用计算机确定一个结构必须承受的力：自重，风荷载和飓风荷载，建筑材料温度变化引起的胀缩，以及地震荷载。他
国际物流专业英语词汇
1、电子数据交换的英文缩写为 EDI； 2、条形码的英文为 Bar Code; 3、第三方物流的英文缩写是 TPL 4、Autodiscrimination中文意思为自动辨别 5、Automated Warehouse 中文意思是自动化仓库 6、自动识别的英文是 Automatic Identification 7、Average Inventory 中文意思平均存货 8、Bar Code Reader 中文意思为条形码阅读器 9、Zero inventory 中文意思为零库存 10、ISO的全称为国际标准华组织 11、On-hand inventory 中文意思为现货 12、JITC 中文意思为准时供（送）货系统 13、B/L中文意思是提单 14、Turnover Ratio of inventory 中文意思为存货周转率 1、条形码系统包括 Bar Code、Bar Code Label、Bar Code Reader 2、仓库系统的设施包括Warehouse、Forks 、Goods Shelf 3、海运集装箱物流系统由 Container、Ship、Port 、Yard 4、运输工具为Air Cargo Carrier、Shipping Lines 、Motor Carrier 5、Carrier 中文意思是运送人、承运人 三、 1、Terminal 在港口物流中的含义是港口 T 2、Terminal 在电子商务中是终端机口 T 3、Cargo意为物运输 F 4、大量货物运输是Bulk carrier T 5、企业经营进出口均要付 Duty F 6、在仓库中的货物称为 Invention F 7、Quality Control 意思是品质管制 T 8、零售商店常常经客人Discount,以便助销。 T 9、Shipper和Carrier 是同一个货运的参与方。 T 10、Logistics的中文既是物流，又是后勤。 T 四、 1、Electronic Data Interchange Means 的意思是电子数据交换系统 2、Bar Code ,Bar Code Label and Bar Code Reader Compose A 条形码识别与 阅读System; 3、销售住处系统的英文是Point Of Sales 4、TEU指 20英尺集箱 5、Zero Inventory 意思是零库存 6、Material Requirement Planning (MRP) Is 物料需求计划
国际工程项目有关英文缩写释读
国际工程项目有关英文 缩写释读 集团公司文件内部编码：（TTT-UUTT-MMYB-URTTY-ITTLTY-
国际工程项目有关英文缩写释读 一、国际工程建设管理模式的主要类型 DBB（Design-Bid-Build）：设计-招标-建造 EPC（Engineering-Procurement-construction）：设计-采购-施工 演化体EPCF：设计-采购-施工-财务（Finance） BOT（Build-Operate-Transfer）：建设-营运-移交 演化体BT：建设-移交 演化体BOOT：建设-拥有（Own）-营运-移交 二、国际工程有关协议术语 MOU：MemorandumofUnderstanding，谅解备忘录 PDA：ProjectDevelopmentAgreement，项目开发协议 CA：ConcessionAgreement，特许权协议 PPA：PowerPurchaseAgreement，购电协议 （购买方式1：TakeorPay，照付不议；购买方式2：TakeandPay，提货-付款） SA：ShareholdersAgreement，股东协议 O&M：Operation&Maintenance，委托运营 LOI：LetterofIntent，采购意向书 IA：InvestmentAgreement，投资协议 三、国际工程有关国际组织 ISO：国际标准化组织，InternationalOrganizationforStandardization，简称ISO FIDIC：国际咨询工程师联合会，FédérationlnternationaleDeslngénieursConseils，法文缩写FIDIC
工程管理专业英语全文翻译
Unit 1 the owner’s perspective 第1单元业主的观点 1.2 Major Types of Construction 1.2大建筑类型 Since most owners are generally interested in acquiring only a specific type of constructed facility, they should be aware of the common industrial practices for the type of construction pertinent to them [1]. Likewise, the construction industry is a conglomeration of quite diverse segments and products. Some owners may procure a constructed facility only once in a long while and tend to look for short term advantages. However ,many owners require periodic acquisition of new facilities and/or rehabilitation of existing facilities. It is to their advantage to keep the construction industry healthy and productive. Collectively, the owners have more power to influence the construction industry than they realize because, by their individual actions, they can provide incentives for innovation, efficiency and quality in construction [2]. It is to the interest of all parties that the owners take an active interest in the construction and exercise beneficial influence on the performance of the industry.由于大多数业主通常只对获得特定类型的建筑设施感兴趣，所以他们应该了解与他们有关的建筑类型的常见工业实践[1]。同样，建筑行业是一个相当多样化的部门和产品的集团。一些业主可能会长时间采购建筑设施一次，并倾向于寻找短期优势。然而，许多业主需要定期收购新设施和/或修复现有设施。保持建筑业的健康和生产力是有利的。总的来说，业主对施工行业的影响力比他们意识到的要大，因为他们可以通过个人行动来提供创新，效率和施工质量的激励[2]。所有各方的利益，业主积极兴趣，对行业表现有利影响。 In planning for various types of construction, the methods of procuring professional services, awarding construction contracts, and financing the constructed facility can be quite different. For the purpose of discussion, the broad spectrum of constructed facilities may be classified into four major categories, each with its own characteristics.在规划各类施工时，采购专业服务，授予施工合同，建设设施融资方式可能有很大的不同。为了讨论的目的，广泛的建筑设施可以分为四个主要类别，每个类别都有自己的特点。 Residential Housing Construction住宅建设 Residential housing construction includes single-family houses, multi-family dwellings, and high-rise apartments [3]. During the development and construction of such projects, the developers or sponsors who are familiar with the construction industry usually serve as surrogate owners and take charge, making necessary contractual agreements for design and construction, and arranging the financing and sale of the completed structures [4]. Residential housing designs are usually performed by architects and engineers, and the construction executed by builders who hire subcontractors for the structural, mechanical, electrical and other specialty work. An exception to this pattern is for single-family houses as is shown in Figure 1-2, which may be designed by the builders as well. The residential housing market is heavily affected by general economic conditions, tax laws, and the monetary and fiscal policies of the government. Often, a slight increase in total demand will cause a substantial investment in construction, since many housing projects can be started at different locations by different individuals and developers at the same time [5]. Because of the relative ease of entry, at least at the lower end os the market, many new builders are attracted to the residential housing construction. Hence, this market is highly competitive, with potentially high risks as well as high rewards.住宅建设包括单户住房，多户住宅和高层公寓[3]。在开发和建设这些项目时，熟悉建筑行业的开发商或赞助商通常作为代理业主，负责设计和建造的必要合同协议，并安排完成的建筑物的融资和销售[4 ]。住宅设计通常由建筑师和工程师进行，建筑师由结构，机械，电气和其他专业工作的分包商执行施工。这种模式的一个例外是单户住宅，如图1-2所示，也可以由建设者设计。 住房市场受到一般经济状况，税法以及政府货币和财政政策的严重影响。通常，总需求略有增加将对建设进行大量投资，因为许多住房项目可以在不同的地点由不同的个人和开发商同时启动[5]。由于入口相对容易，至少在市场上较低端，许多新建筑商被吸引到住宅房屋建设中。因此，这个市场竞争激烈，风险高，回报率高。 Institutional and commercial building construction encomprasses a great variety of project types and sizes, such as schools and universities, medical clinics and hospitals, recreational facilities and sports stadiums, retail chain stores and large shopping centers, warehouse and light manufacturing plants, and skyscrapers for offices and hotels, as is shown in Figure1-3 [6]. The owners of such buildings may or may not be familiar with construction industry practices, but they usually are able to select competent professional