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翻译及写作技巧

翻译及写作技巧
翻译及写作技巧

翻译

一、句子翻译的类型

初中阶段的句子翻译题主要指"将汉语句子译成英语",其常见的类型有:①根据汉语提示补全句子(每空一词);②根据汉语意思和英语提示词语,写出语法正确的句子(所给的英文必须都用上);③根据所给提示词,将下列各句译成英语。

二、句子翻译的技巧

I. 认真审题,确定词义。

审题包括"审"英语、汉语两部分内容。审英语部分时(跳过空格)读一下已经给出的那一部分,然后再仔细分析一下要求翻译的英语;审汉语部分时,了解汉语句子(或所给的汉语部分)所要表达的意思,然后联想一下相关词汇和句型,再考虑时态、词形变化、人称与数的一致性等问题。例如:

这是一辆英国的轿车。

This is _______ _______ car.

II. 分析辨别,确定词性。

同学们在做"句子翻译"这种题型时,要切忌一知半解,不要轻易动笔答题。英语中有许多意义相同的词或短语对这些貌似相同实则大相径庭的词、短语的用法,我们就得从分析句子结构入手,认真辨别,仔细分析,判断该词或短语在句中作何成分来定。例如:

1. 他每天骑着自行车去上学。

a. He goes to school ______ ______ every day.

b. He goes to school ______ ______ ______ every day.

c. He _____ ______ ______ to school every day.

2.瞧!他们长得很像。

Look! They ___________.

III. 根据空格数,考虑词汇。

解句子翻译题时,有时要求每空一词。故做题时还需要注意词数、有伸缩的词汇和结构,否则多填或少填都是错误的,即使意思符合也不合要求。有些词的缩写可写在一个空格内,如:isn't, let's,what're等;也可将缩略式展开,分写进几个空格,如I'm→I am, there're→there are, no→not a(an)/any 等。例如:那不是她的字典。

a. That ______ ______ dictionary.

b. That ______ ______ ______ dictionary.

由于题a给出了两个空格,故填isn't her;而题b给出了三个空格,则填is not her。

IV. 灵活运用,切忌呆板。

句子翻译虽然是有条件的翻译,但多种表达方式还是存在的,尤其适合没有词数限制的句子。所以,一旦某种方式表达不出来时,应另寻它法。只要意思相符,另辟"蹊径"也不失为一妙法。例如:

1. 我父亲现在不在家。

My father ______ ______ ______ now.

2. 你能帮一下忙吗?

Could you ___________________?

V. 通盘考虑,切忌顾此失彼。

做句子翻译题时,常涉及到词汇变化。它主要包括名词的单复数、动词的时态(常考虑一般现在时、现在进行时,尤其是动词第三人称单数形式)、非谓语动词(主要是do/to do,V-ing)形式及形容词与副词的选择等。因此解题时,应通盘考虑,切忌不可顾此失彼。例如:

1. 她在市场卖蔬菜。

She_____ _____in a market and.

2. 他们每个人都能讲一门外语。

____________ a foreign language.

习题

1完成下列句子(词数不限)。

1.李磊通常中午在学校吃饭。Li Lei usually ______________________ at school.

2.你能看见那树上的鸟吗?Can you see the birds ______________________?

3.那盒子里没有什么玩具了。________________________________ in the box.

4.走到那儿要花我十分钟时间。It ________________________________ there.

5.这些土豆是怎么卖的?________________________________ the potatoes? 2翻译

你来自哪里?

他的笔友住在哪里?

你最喜欢的颜色是什么?

这你的房间吗?

他妹妹能说一点点汉语。

在这附近有一个邮局。

这是一个带水池的花园。

我的哥哥想做演员。

他在等什么?

谢谢你的美味的食物。

北京的天气怎样啊?

这儿有很多人在打篮球。

他昨晚九点上床睡的觉。

英语写作技巧

一、要善于模仿

首先,模仿的目标要明确。重点放在一定的句式结构上及一些词汇。

其次,模仿的材料要地道如新概念英语这样的教材就提供了很多原汁原味的英语表达法。

最后,模仿要体现在实际动笔上。比如说,新概念第三册有一个句式说:“…for the simple reason that…”表示某种现象的原因是什么,用在考试中,我们就可以拿来解释为什么自行车在中国如此的流行,表达为:“The bicycle is very popular in China for the simple reason that…”。

二、要细心观察

注意英语中一些表达上的习惯,比如说,在正式文体的写作中,很少用“it isn"t”这样的略缩形式,而往往是一板一眼地写作“it is not”。凡是一段文章的段首句出现转折时,转折词However都放在句子结构中的第二部分,以插入语的形式出现。

三、考虑全局

看到问题应在内心有个大概的提纲,.写作就简化成为一个填空的过程了。框架万变不离其宗,适当地填如观点、素材,文章就自然而然地立起来了。掌握英文写作中的练习技巧,会使提高英文写作水平的努力有更大的收益。

四、“五项基本原则”:

1、长短句原则

写一个短小精辟的句子,相反,却可以起到画龙点睛的作用。而且如果我们把短句放在段首或者段末,也可以揭示主题:As a creature, I eat; as a man, I read. Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar.

建议:在文章第一段(开头)用一长一短,且先长后短;在文章主体部分,要先用一个短句解释主要意思,然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式,文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。

2、主题句原则

主题句放在文章的开头或者结尾尽量不要隐藏主体句!

To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam(主题句). Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly.

3、一二三原则

考官们看文章也要通过这些关键性的“标签”来判定你的文章是否结构清楚,条理自然。

1)first, second, third, last(不推荐,原因:俗)

2)firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally(不推荐,原因:俗)

3)the first, the second, the third, the last(不推荐,原因:俗)

4)in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly(不推荐,原因:俗)

5)to begin with, then, furthermore, finally(强烈推荐)

6)to start with, next, in addition, finally(强烈推荐)

7)first and foremost, besides, last but not least(强烈推荐)

8)most important of all, moreover, finally t(强烈推荐)

9)on the one hand, on the other hand(适用于两点的情况)

10)for one thing, for another thing(适用于两点的情况)

4、短语优先原则

使用短语,有两个好处:其一、用短语会使文章增加亮点。其二、关键时刻思维短路,只有凑字数,用短语是一个办法,这样字数明显增加,表达也更准确。

I cannot bear it.可以用短语表达:I cannot put up with it.

I want it.可以用短语表达:I am looking forward to it.

5、多变句式原则

1)加法(串联)

如果怕长句写错,最保险的写长句的方法就是这些:可以在任何句子之间加and, 但最好是前后的句子又先后关系或者并列关系。比如说:I enjor music and he is fond of playing guitar.

如果是二者并列的,我们可以用一个超级句式:Not only the fur coat is soft, but it is also warm.

其它的短语可以用:besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover

2)转折(拐弯抹角)

批评某人缺点的时候,我们总习惯先拐弯抹角说说他的优点,然后转入正题,再说缺点。

The car was quite old, yet it was in excellent condition.

The coat was thin, but it was warm.

更多的短语:despite that, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, notwithstanding

3)因果(so, so, so)

讲故事的时候我们总要追求先后顺序,先什么,后什么,所以然后这个词就变得很常见了。其实这个词表示的是先后或因果关系!

The snow began to fall, so we went home.

更多短语:then, therefore, consequently, accordingly, hence, as a result, for this reason, so that

4)失衡句(头重脚轻,或者头轻脚重)

文章中如果出现这样的句子,就更会让考官看到你的句子与众不同。其实就是主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句的变形。

举例:This is what I can do.

Whether he can go with us or not is not sure.

5)附加(多此一举)

定语从句和同位语从句或者是插入语。

The man whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine.

I don’t enjoy that book you are reading.

Mr liu, our oral English teacher, is easy-going.

6、写作注意点

(1)注意篇章结构,合理布局

开始部分(opening paragraph)——说出文中的要点、核心问题。

正文部分(Body paragraphs)——围绕主题开展叙述、讨论。

结尾部分(concluding paragraphs)——对全文的总结和概括。

要做到全文中心突出、段落之间必须是有机地联系,内容完整、连贯。前后呼应,祛除与主题无关的内容。

(2)确定主题句

主题句是对全文的概括,是文章的主旨。它能在文章中起到“画龙点睛”的作用。通常主题句出现在一篇文章的开头,而后,全文对主题句所提出的内容进行解释,扩展。写主题句应注意以下几点:

①归纳出你要写的文章的几个要点

②提炼出一句具有概括性的话

③主题句应具有可读性,抓住、吸引读者。

(3)巧用连接词

要想使文章有整体性、连贯性,就要学会正确使用连接词

表示罗列增加:First, second, third;First, then / next, after that / next, finally;For one thing…for another…;On (the) one hand…on the other hand;Besides / what’s more / in addition / furthermore / moreover / another / also;Especially / In particular。

表示时间顺序:now, at present, recently,after, afterwards, after that, after a while, in a few days,at first, in the beginning, to begin with,later, next, finally, immediately, soon, suddenly, all of a sudden, at that moment, as soon as, the moment,form now on, from then on,at the same time, meanwhile,till, not…until, before, after, when, while, as during。

表示解释说明:now, in addition, for example, for instance, in this case, moreover,furthermore, in fact, actually 表示转折关系:but, however, while, though, or, otherwise, on the contrary, on the other,hand, in contrast, despite, in spite of, even though, except (for), instead, of,course, after all。

表示并列关系:or, and, also, too, not only…but also, as well as, both…and, either…or, neither…nor

表示因果关系:because, because of, since, now that, as, thanks to…, due to…, therefore, a s a result (of), otherwise, so…that, such…that。

表示条件关系:as (so) long as, on condition that, if, unless

表示让步关系:though, although, as, even if, even though, whether…or…, however, whoever,whatever, whichever, wherever, whenever, no matter how (who, what, which, where, when,whom

表示举例:for example, for instance, such as…, take…for example

表示比较:be similar to, similarly, the same as, in contrast, compared with (to)…just like,just as

表示目的:for this reason,, for this purpose, so that, in order to, so as to

表示强调:in deed, in fact, surely, certainly, no doubt, without any doubt, truly,obviously, above all

表示概括归纳:in a word, in short, in brief, on the whole, generally speaking, in my opinion, as far as I know, As we all know, as has been stated, as I have shown, finally, at last, in

7、写作模板(参考)

1.问题现状怎样解决(解决方案的优缺点)

In recent days, we have to face A(某种现状), which is becoming more and more serious. First, ------------(说明A的现状).Second, ---------------(举例进一步说明现状) Confronted with A, we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation. For one thing, ---------------(解决方法一). For another -------------(解决方法二). Finally, --------------(解决方法三). Personally, I believe that -------------(我的解决方法). Consequently, I'm confident that a bright future is awaiting us because --------------(带来的好处).

2.观点型作文:要求论述两个对立的观点并给出自己的看法。

1) 有一些人认为。。。另一些人认为。。。我的看法。。。

The top①--------- (主题)is becoming more and more popular recently. There are two sides of opinions of it. Some eople say A is their favorite. They hold their view for the reason of②-----------------(支持A的理由一)What is more, ③-------------理由二). Moreover,④---------------(理由三). While others think that B is a better choice

in the following three reasons. Firstly,-----------------(支持B的理由一). Secondly (besides),⑥------------------(理由二). Thirdly (finally),⑦------------------(理由三).

From my point of view, I think ⑧----------------(我的观点). The reason is that⑨----------------原因). As a matter

of fact, there are some other reasons to explain my choice. For me, the former is surely a wise choice .

2) 给出一个观点,要求考生反对这一观点

Some people believe that ①----------------(观点一). For example, they think②-----------------(举例说

明).And it will bring them③-----------------(为他们带来的好处). In my opinion, I never think this reason can be

the point. For one thing,④-------------(我不同意该看法的理由一). For another thing,⑤-----------------(反对的理由之二). Form all what I have said, I agree to the thought that⑥------------------(我对文章所讨论主题的看法).

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