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【中考英语】初中英语知识点总结:宾语从句定语从句和状语从句.doc

【中考英语】初中英语知识点总结:宾语从句定语从句和状语从句.doc
【中考英语】初中英语知识点总结:宾语从句定语从句和状语从句.doc

【中考英语】初中英语知识点总结:宾语从句定语从句和

状语从句

一、宾语从句知识点总结

在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。学习宾语从

句要抓住三要素:引导词、语序和时态。

一、引导词

1.从句为陈述句,常选择引导词句无意义,不充当句子成分常省略。

that,that 引导宾语从例句: He told us ( that)

they would help us through the whole work.

2.从句为一般疑问句,常选择引导词 if 或 whether,表示“是否”。在 whether or not 结构中不能用 if 替换。例句: I

don't know if there will be a bus any more.

3. 从句为特殊疑问句,常选择 what,when,where,which ,who,how 等的疑问代词、副词作引导词。例句: He didn't tell me when we should meet again.

二、判断时态情况:

1.主句是一般现在时,从句可以为各种时态。

2.主句是一般过去时,从句要用相应过去时态。

注意:从句描绘客观事实、真理、自然现象等,从句时

态不受主句时态限制,仍用一般现在时。

例句: He answered that he was listening to me.

Father told me that practice makes perfect .

三、宾语从句的语序要用陈述句语序

陈述句语序,就是主语在前,谓语动词在后。

错误:He is wondering when can he finish this difficult job.

正确:He is wondering when he can finish this difficult job.

注意:宾语从句的否定转移

主句的谓语动词是think , believe,imagine , suppose,consider,expect,fancy,guess 等,并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时,从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上

来,其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致。例如 :I don't think he will come to my party. 而不能说成I think he won't come to my party.

常见考法

对于宾语从句的考查,多以单选的形式考查学生灵活运

用的能力。一般情况下,常从引导词的选择、时态的一致性

及从句的陈述语序方面考查。

典型例题: Please tell me ______ last year.

A.where does your sister work B where did your sister work

C .where your sister works

D where your sister worked

解析:本题考查对宾语从句的掌握。宾语从句要用陈述

语序,所以排除 A 和 B ;last year 表示过去时,所以排除 C .

答案: D

误区提醒

宾语从句的语序要用陈述句语序,但要注意当疑问词为主语时,句式为:疑问词+谓语 +其他,问句和陈述句语

序一样。

典型例题: I didn't know

A. What wrong was with her with her

C .what wrong is with her with her

B.what was wrong

D.what is wrong

解析:主句是一般过去时,从句要用相应过去时态,所

以排除 C 和 D ;在 what was wrong with her 中,what 作主语,所以问句本身又是陈述句语序,不用变化。

答案: B

二、定语从句知识点总结

要学定语从句,得知道什么是定语。定语是用来限定、

修饰名词或代词的。例如, a good book, good 就是定语。那么复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句就叫做定语从句。定语从

句由关系代词或关系副词引导,相当于形容词,在句中作定

语。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词,定语从句一般放在先

行词的后面。引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词,关系词有

关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose 等,绝对没有 what ;关系副词有where, when, why, how 等。关系词放在先行词和定语从句之间,起连接作用,同时

又作定语从句的某个成分。

一、关系代词引导的定语从句

1、由who, whom, that, Whose 引导的从句

这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,who 作主语指人, whom 作宾语指人, that 既可作主语又可作宾语(作宾

语可以省略),可以指人也可以指物。 Whose 用来指人或物,只用作定语。

(1)Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他是那个想见你的男人吗?( who/that 在从句中作主语)

(2) He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。( whom/that 在从句中作宾语)

(3) The man whom you spoke to just now is our English teacher 你刚刚说话的那个男人是我们的英语老师(4)he man whose son is a doctor is our professor. 那个

儿子是医生的男人是我们的教授。

2、由 which , that 引导的从句

它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可

作主语、宾语等,作宾语时可以省略,例如:

(1) Prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。

(w hich / that 在从句中作主语)

(2)The package ( which / that )you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿那个包裹快要散开了。(which / that 在从句中作宾语)

注意:代表物时多用which ,但在下列情况中用that 而不用 which :

a)先行词是anything, everything, nothing , none 等不定代词时;

b)先行词由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much 等修饰时,这时的that 常被省略;

c)先行词前有序数词或被形容词最高级修饰时;

d)先行词中既有人又有物时;

e)整个句中前面已有which , who,that 时;

f)当先行词为物并作表语时;

g)先行词为one 时;

h)先行词同时又被the only, the very ,the same 修饰时;

二、关系副词引导的定语从句

1、when 指时间在定语从句中做时间状语也可做连接词

用I still remember the day when I first came to the school.

2、where 指地点在定语从句中做地点状语

Shanghai is the city where I was born.

3、why 指原因在定语从句中做原因状语,用在reason 后面。Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.

常见考法

对于定语从句的考查,多以单选的形式考查学生灵活运

用的能力。一般情况下,常从关系词的意义和功能的角度考

查,重点是that, which , who 引导的定语从句。

典型例题: You're the only person ______I've ever met

______could do it.

A. who

B. whom

C. whom

D. who

解析:先行词person 后有两个定语从句,第一个从句省

略了关系代词whom.因为,whom 作从句中 met 的宾语,可以省略。第二个从句who could do it.who 在从句中作主语,

不可省略。

答案: D

误区提醒

当表示时间或地点的名词作先行词时,要判断出它们在

从句中作状语还是主语或宾语。作状语时用关系副词,反之

用关系代词。

典型例题: I can never forget the day _______ we worked

together and the day ______ we spent together.

A. when, which

B. which, when

C. what, that

D. on which, when

解析:两个先行词the day 都是表示时间的名词,但第一个空白处要填的关系词在从句中作状语,因此要用关系副词when. 第二个空白处要填的关系词在从句中作动词spent 的宾语,因此要用关系代词which 或 that 来引导定语从句。

答案: A 三、状语从句知识点总结

(一)时间状语从句

在复合句中,由时间连接词引导的状语从句叫做时间状

语从句。时间状语从句通常由when, while, as, after, before, since, until 等词引导。

一、时间状语从句种类

1、引导的从句表示主从句的动作同时发生,或从句的

动作在主句之前。 when 引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性

的动词,又可以是瞬时动词。例如:

When she came in, I stopped eating.她进来时,我停止吃饭。(瞬时动词)

When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him. 当我住在农村时,我常常为他担水。(延续性的动词)We were about to leave when he came in.我们就要离开,

就在那时他进来了。

2、While 引导的从句的谓语动作必须是延续性的,并强

调主句和从句的动作同时发生(或者相对应)。并且 while 有时还可以表示对比。例如: While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV . (was reading 是延续性的动词, was reading 和 was watching 同时发生) I like playing football while you like playing basketball. 我喜欢踢足球,而你

喜欢打篮球。(对比)

3、As 表示“一边一边”,as 引导的动作是延续性的动作,一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生; as 也可以强调“一

先一后。例如:We always sing as we walk. 我们总是边走边唱。(a s 表示”一边一边“) As we was going out, it began to snow.当我们出门时,开始下雪了。(as强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发生,而不强调开始下雪的特定时间)

4、由 before 和 after 引导的时间状语从句,表示两个动

作一前一后发生。

例如: It will be four days before they come back.他们要过四天才能回来。

After you think it over, please let me know what you decide. 你仔细考虑过以后,告诉我你是怎样决定的。

5、由till 或until 引导的时间状语从句。till 和until 一般情况下两者可以互换,但是在强调句型中多用until. 并且要注意的是:如果主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词时,必须用否

定形式;如果主句中的谓语动词是延续性动词时,用肯定或

否定形式都可以,但表达的意思不同。till 不可以用在句首,而 until 可以放在句首。例如:

I didn't go to bed until ( till ) my father came back.直到我父亲回来我才上床睡觉。

I worked until he came back. 我工作到他回来为止。

6、由 since 引导的时间状语从句表示“自从以来”。

I have been in Beijing since you left.自从你离开以来,我一直在北京了。

7、由 as soon as引导的时间状语从句表示“一就”。例如:

As soon as I reach Canada, I will ring you up.我一到加拿大,就给你来电话。

二、时态问题

在状语从句中,有“主将从现”的规定,即主句用一般

将来时,从句用一般现在时表示将来时。例句:I will call you as soon as I arrive in Beijing.我到北京就将给你打电话。(这是由 as soon as引导的时间状语从句,从句中的谓语动词

arrive 是一般现在时,表示一般将来时,决不可用will arrive )常见考法

对于时间状语从句的考查,多以单选和完形填空的形

式,从连词的意义角度让大家选择连词,或从时态的角度设

题,考查学生灵活运用的能力。

典型例题: I'm sure he will jump up when he the good news.

A . know

B will know C. knows D knowing

解析:本题考查学生时间状语从句的时态问题。时间状

语从句中,主句若是一般将来时,从句应用一般现在时表示

将来时。从句的主语是单三人称,所以排除 A .

答案: C

误区提醒

When 既可以引导时间状语从句,也可以引导宾语从句,辨别它在这两种从句中的时态是我们经常容易出错的地方。

he 典型例题: I don't know when he next week. when , please let me know.

A. comes, comes

B. will come, will come

C. will come, comes

D. comes, will come

解析:第一句话“我不知道他下周什么时候来”,when

引导宾语从句,表示将来时,就用一般将来时will come ;第二句话“当他来的时候,请让我知道”, when 引导时间状语从句,用一般现在时表示将来时,所以用comes.

答案:C(二)结果状语从句知识点总结

结果状语从句是补充说明主句中谓语动词发生的结果

的,结果状语从句常由so that 或 such that 引导。要掌

握这两个句型,我们首先来了解一下so 和 such 与其后的词

的搭配规律。

1、such 是形容词,修饰名词或名词词组,such( +a/an)(+形容词) +名词 +that;例如:

such a good book, such nice girls

2、so 是副词,只能修饰形容词或副词,“ so+形容词/

副词 +that”。例如:

so nice, so slowly

一般情况下, such+a+形容词 +名 =so+形容词 +a\an+名例如:

so nice a flower = such a nice flower

表达“如此多 /少”时,常用so ,so 与表示数量的形容

词 many, few, much, little 连用,形成固定搭配。例如:so many people

so that 和 such that 都可译成“如此的···以至于···”,二者可以互换,(当 so 修饰副词的时候,二者

往往不互换)例句:

The boy is so young that he can't go to school.

He is such a young boy that he can't go to school.

常见考法

对于结果状语从句的考查,多以单选和完形填空的形

式,从连词的意义角度让大家选择连词。

典型例题: His plan was such a good one ____ we all agreed to accept it.

A. so

B. and

C. that

D. as

解析:题干的意思是“他的计划如此好以至于我们都同

意接受它”, that 与前面的 such 呼应,引导结果状语从句。

答案: A

误区提醒

结果状语从句中。除了要注意so that 和 such that 的区别外,还要注意它们和too to do(太···而不能····)和 enough +形容词 /副词 +to do(足够的···可以···)的转换。典型例题: Ann is too young to go to school.(同义句转换) Ann is

go to school.

解析:原句的意思是“安太小了而不能去上学” 。那也就是说“安是如此的小,以至于她不能去上学” ,根据所给出的空数,可以用 so that 句型。

答案: so young that she can't(三)原因状语从句知

识点总结

是用来说明引起主句这个结果的原因的从句,在初中阶

段引导原因状语从句的从属连词主要的有because, as, since, for 等。例如:

1.I didn't go to school yesterday because I was ill.我昨天

没去上学,因为我生病了。

2.Since everybody is here, let's begin our meeting. 既然大家都来了,让我们开始开会吧。

3.As you are in poor health, you should not stay up late.

既然你身体不好,你就不该熬夜。

4.I asked her to stay to tea, for I had something to tell her. 我请她留下来喝茶,因为我有事要告诉她。

原因状语从句应注意的问题

1、because, since, as, for,辨析

1)because语势最强,用来说明人所不知的原因,回答why 提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知,就

用 as 或 since.

I didn't go, because I was afraid.

Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.

2)由 because引导的从句如果放在句末,且前面有逗号,则可以用 for 来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因,而是多种

情况加以推断,就只能用for.例:

He is absent today, becaus e / for he is ill.He must be ill, for he is absent today.

3) as 和 for 的区别:通常情况下, as 引导的从句在主句前, for 引导的从句在主句后。例 :As the weather is cold, I

stay at home.(同义句)I stay at home, for the weather is cold.

2、because习惯上不与so 连用

汉语习惯上说“因为所以”,但英语习惯上却不能

将 so 与 because 连用:

正: Because it was raining, we stayed at home. / It

was raining, so we stayed at home.

误: Because it was raining, so we stayed at home. 因为下雨,所以我们呆在家里。

3、because 从句与because of 短语的转换

Because 引导的原因状语从句有时可与because of 短语转换, because of 后加的原因可以为好或坏

,但最正规的还

是 because.

He can't come because he is ill. / He can't come because of his illness. 他因病不能来。

I said nothing about it because his wife was there. / I said nothing about it because of his wife's being there.因为他妻子

在那儿,我对此事只字未提。

常见考法

对于原因状语从句的考查,多以单选和完形填空的形

式,从连词的意义角度让大家选择连词。

典型例题: He found it increasingly difficult to read, ____ his eyesight was beginning to fail.

A. and

B. for

C. but

D. or

解析: "his eyesight was beginning to fail" 是 "he found it increasingly difficult to read" 的原因,因此本题应选用可以表

示原因的连词for 引导原因状语从句。

答案: B

误区提醒

除了 because、since 、as、for 这四个词的辨析外,对于because 从句与because of 短语的区分也是难点之一。Because引导的原因状语从句有时可与because of 短语转换,because of 后跟的是短语,because后跟的是句子。

典型例题: He didn't go to work the heavy rain.

A .because B.because of C.so D.since

解析:题干的意思是“由于那场大雨,他没有去上班”,the heavy rain.表示原因,排除 C;since 和 because 表示原因,后面跟的是从句,也就是说必须是一个完整的句子,本题中

the heavy rain 没有主语和谓语。只是一个短语,所以排除 A 和 C;because of 表示“由于···”,后跟名词、代词或短语。答案: B

(四)条件状语从句知识点总结

引导条件状语从句的连接词主要有:if (如果)、 unless

(除非)或 as long as(只要)等。unless 在意思上等于if not.

一、条件状语从句用法

1、引导条件状语从句最常用的连词是if ,由 if 引导的

条件状语从句表示在某种条件下某事很可能发生。如:

If you ask him, he will help you.如果你请他帮忙,他会帮你的。

If you fail in the exam, you will let him down.如果你考试不及格,你会让他失望的。

另外, if 从句还表示不可实现的条件或根本不可能存在的条件,也就是一种虚拟的条件或假设,从句多用一般过去

时或过去完成时。如:If I were you, I would invite him to the

party.如果我是你,我会邀请他参加聚会。

2、unless = if not.除非,若不,除非在的时

例如: Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired.

=If you are not too tired, let's go out for a walk.

Unless it rains, the game will be played. 除非下雨,比赛将照常进行。

3、so/as long as 只要

例句; You may borrow my book as long as you keep it clean. 只要你保持书的清洁,你就可以把我的书借去。

So long as you're happy, it doesn't matter what you do.只要你高兴,你做什么都没有关系。

二、时态问题

在条件状语从句中,要注意“主将从现”的规定,即主

句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时表示将来时。例句: I will come to see you if I have time.我有时间,我就来看你。

常见考法

对于条件状语从句的考查,多以单选和完形填空的形

式,从时态的角度设题,考查学生灵活运用的能力,或从连

词的意义角度让大家选择连词。

典型例题: If he ___in half an hour, we ___wait for him.

A. won't come, won't

B.won't come, don't

C.doesn't come, won't

D.will come, don't

解析:本题考查条件状语从句“主将从现”的运用。题

干的意思是“如果他一小时后不来,我们将不会等他了”,从“ in half an hour ”,“一小时后”可知本句说的是未来的事,那么 if 引导的条件状语从句要用一般现在时表示将来时,主句要用一般将来时。

答案: C

误区提醒

if既可以引导条件状语从句,表示“如果”,也可以引导宾语从句,表达“是否”。辨别它在这两种从句中的时态

是我们经常容易出错的地方。另外,if 和 unless 的用法也需注意。

典型例题:—— I wonder if your wife to the party.

----If your wife _________, so will mine

。 .

A. will go, go

B. will go, goes

C.goes, will go

D.

will go, will go

解析:第一句中if 表示“是否” ,引导宾语从句,用将

来时 will go ;第二句“如果你的妻子去,我的妻子也去”,if 引导条件状语从句,用一般现在时表示将来时。your wife ,单三人称主语,所以用goes.

答案: B

(五)目的状语从句知识点总结

顾名思义,用来说明主句中谓语动词发生的目的的从句

叫做目的状语从句。表示目的状语的从句可以由 that(以便), so that(以便) , in order that(为了;以便) , Lest(免得;唯恐) , for fear that (生怕;以免)等词引导;目的状语从句的谓语常含有 may, might, can, could, should, would 等情态动

词。

例如: You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all.

He wrote the name down for fear that( lest)he should forget it.

Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.

学习目的状语从句应注意以下两点:

(1)目的状语从句中常含有 can, could, may, might, should 等情态动词。例如:

I got up early so that I could catch the first bus.我起得很早,目的是为了赶上头班公共汽车。

(2)在口语中so 可以引导目的状语从句。例如:

We'll sit nearer the front so we can hear better. 我们坐的

靠前一点,因此,我们听得清楚一点。

1、in order that 与 in order to 的区别:

in order that+ 从句in order to+ 动词原形(in order to 后面加的那个不叫目的状语从句,叫目的状语)例如:He got up early in order to take the first bus.

= He got up early in order that he could take the first bus. (他起床很早是为了赶上第一班公共汽车)

目的状语从句的一个特点:由于目的都是未来的行为,

所以从句中一般用表示未来可能性时态,比如上面句中的could. 当然还可以用will , would , can,等 .

2、so that 既可引导目的状语从句,也可以引导结果状语

从句。

1)其引导结果状语从句时, so that 翻译为“以至于” ,经常可以和 so/such that转换,且从句只能放在主句

之后。如:He got up late so that he was late for school. = He got up so late that he was late for school.

2)其引导目的状语从句时,从句只能放在主句之后,

此时可以和 in order that 换用。如: He got up early so that he could take the first bus. = He got up early in order that he

could take the first bus.

常见考法

对于目的状语从句的考查,多以单选和完形填空的形

式,从连词的意义角度让大家选择连词。

典型例题: Ann listened carefully _____ she could discover what she needed.

A. such that

B. in order that

C. because

D. even though

解析:题干的意思是“为了能够发现自己需要的东西,

安认真听讲”。很明显从句表示的是目的。such that 本身是错误短语, because 表示原因, even though 是“尽管”的意思,不符合题意。

答案: B

误区提醒

如何区别目的状语从句中的so that 与结果状语从句中的

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