2016版高二英语 专题15 阅读理解技能训练-破解推测词汇含义题暑假作业(含解析)

专题15阅读理解技能训练---破解推测词汇含义题

【理论回顾】

解题思路与应试技巧：做这种类型的题，要根据词、词组、句子所在的语境上下文来判断其意义。因此熟练掌握一些猜词技巧是做好这类题的关键。命题者在出这类题时惯用常规词义来麻痹考生，我们要特别注意熟词生义，切不可脱离语境主观臆断。

下面结合近几年高考试题，对词义猜测的技巧加以解读。

1、根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测

有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义或解释，这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。例如(1)

It will be very hard but also very brittle — that is, it will break easily. 从后面that is(也就是说)的解释中我们可以了解到brittle 是“脆”的意思。

(2)The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.

定语从句中 looks after sheep 就表明了 herdsman 的词义为“牧人”。

2、根据同位关系进行猜测

阅读中出现的难词有时后面紧跟一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释，这时可利用同位关系对前面或后面的词义或句意进行猜测。例如1.

We are on the night shift—from midnight to 8 a.m.— this week.

两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明night shift 是“夜班”的意思。

2. The word “favouritism” in paragraph 3 is used to describe the phenomenon that________.

A. bright children also need certificates go get satisfying jobs.

B. children from well-respected schools tend to have good jobs

C. poor children with certificates are favoured in job markets

D. children attending ordinary schools achieve great success

【点拨】B。请看原文：Without examinations, employers will look for employees from the highly respected schools and from families known to them—a form of favourtism will replace equality.

破折号后的句子是对前面进行解释说明的，二者是同位关系，因此要猜测favourtism 的意思可从前面句子的意思入手。答案为B。

3、根据构词法(前缀、后缀、复合、派生等)进行猜测

在英语中，有很多词可以在前面加前缀，在后面加后缀，从而构成一个词，乍看起来，这个词可能是新词，但掌握了一定的构词知识，就不难猜出它的词义。例如1.“Our parties are aimed for children 2 to 10,” Anaclerio said, “and they’re very interactive and creative in that they built a sense of drama based on a subject.”

文中interactive是由前缀inter-(相互的)和active(活动的，活跃的)而构成的，同时根据上下文的意思可以判断，该词的含义应是“互动的”。

2.The underlined word “fixture” in Paragraph 3 probably refers to something ______.

A. that people enjoy eating

B. that is always present

C. that is difficult to get

D. that people use as a gift

【解析】B。请看文章原句：The new type of pineapple was selling fast, and the Del Monte Gold pineapple rapidly became a fixture in the shopping basket of the healthy eater.从文章意思可知，这种新型菠萝很畅销，当然成为了健康饮食人士购物筐中的常客。另外根据构词知识可知，该词的词根是fix，含有“固定”之意。

4、根据因果关系进行猜测

在一篇阅读文章中，根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。

1.The low test score, they think, will make it impossible for them to get into a good college. And without a degree from a prestigious university, they fear that many of life’s doors will remain forever closed.”

学生认为考试分数低就不可能进入一所好大学，而没有“名校”的毕业文凭，将来生活中的很多大门可能就会对他们永远关闭。由此推知A prestigious university应是a famous university(名校)。

2.What do the underlined words “pack out what you pack in” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?

A. keep everything out of campgrounds

B. take away everything you bring in

C. carry all the necessary food

D. look after your personal belongings

【解析】B。细读该段文字：Please stay on permitted paths. Otherwise you may destroy desert plants. Pack out what you pack in, so you leave no signs of your visit. It is important to keep in mind that you are in a national park where wildlife exists. 根据因果关系可知，不要留下任何参观访问的迹象，因此要把带进来的所有东西都带出大峡谷。

5、根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测

文章中的代词it, that, he, him 或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that 还可以指一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找;也有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的事。例如1.

Like Schmid, the editors of several self-published art magazines also champion (捍卫) found photographs. One of them, called simply Found, was born one snowy night in Chicago, when Davy Rothbard returned to his car to find under his wiper(雨刷) an angry note int ended for someone else: “Why’s your car HERE at HER place?”

them指的是前面出现的self-published art magazines。

However, the question that “moon people” asked is still an interesting one.

A growing number of scientists are seriously thinking about it.

it指的是月球人(moon people)所问的问题(the question)。

2 . What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 5 refer to?

A. A type of ice-salt mixture.

B. A newly found protein.

C. Fish blood.

D. Sugar molecule.

【解析】B。请看原文第5段：The scientists’ next research job was clear: F ind out what in the fish’s blood kept it from freezing. Their search led to some really strange thing made up of a protein(蛋白质) never before seen in the blood of a fish. When it was removed, the blood froze at seawater temperature. When it was put back, the blood again had its antifreeze quality and a lowered freezing point. 代词it 通常代替前文出现的名词或代词，根据上文出现的名词protein，再结合语境，it应该就是指这种特殊蛋白质。

6、根据同义关系进行猜测

当词或短语之间有并列连词and 或or时，其连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此确定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域，由此可推知其大致意思。

【考例】. The underlined word “compassion”in Paragraph 6 is the closest in meaning to ________.

A. pity

B. praise

C. support

D. popularity

【点拨】A。快速阅读第六段的相关信息：“Rome has tried to protect fish more than anywhere else in the world. It stands out for recognizing that fish are interesting animals who deserve(值得)over respect and compassion every bit as much as dogs and cats and other animals,” said Karin Robertson, a director of the People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals.由并列连词and可知compassion与respect是同义(近义)词，从文章传达的信息可知，罗马比世界上其它地方更注重保护鱼类，认为鱼类像猫、狗以及其它动物一样应该得到尊重和“怜惜”。与respect意义相近的词是pity。

7、根据转折或对比关系进行猜测

根据上下句的连接词，如but, however, otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。例如1.

A child’s birthday party doesn’t have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun.

从前后两句的意思可以看出，hassle和a basket of fun肯定是近乎相反的意义。所以不难判断hassle的意思是“困难，麻烦”。

2.She is usually prompt for all her class, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.

but一词表转折，因此but 前后的意思正好相反。后半句的意思是她今天“第一节上了一半才来”，因此反向推理，可得出她平时一向“准时”的结论。

【想一想】

掌握词义猜测的技巧对阅读有什么好处？

【练一练】

巩固练习

You may think that sailing is a difficult sport, but it is really not hard to learn it. You do not need to be strong. But you need to be quick. And you need to understand a few basic rules about the wind.

First, you must ask yourself，“Where is the wind coming from? Is it coming from ahead or behind or from the side？” You must think about this all the time on the boat. The wind direction tells you what to do with the sail.

Let's start with the wind blowing from behind. This means the wind and the boat are going in the same direction. Then you must always keep the sail outside the boat. It should be at a 90°angle(角度)to the boat. Then it will catch the wind best. If the wind is blowing from the side, it is blowing across the boat. In this case, you mus t keep the sail half way outside the boat. It should be at a 45°angle to the boat. It needs to be out far enough to catch the wind, but it shouldn't flap(摆动)．It shouldn't look like a flag on a flagpole. If it is flapping, it is probably out too far, and the boat will slow down.

Sailing into the wind is not possible. If you try, the sail will flap and the boat will stop. You may want to go in that direction. It is possible, but you can't go in a straight line. You must go first in one direction and then in another. This is called tacking. When you are tacking, you must always keep the sail inside the boat.

45. What should you consider first while sailing?

A．Sailors' strength. B．Wave levels.

C．Wind directions. D．Size of sails.

46．What does the word “It” unde rlined in Paragraph 4 refer to?

A．The boat. B．The wind.

C．The sail. D．The angle.

47．What do you have to do when sailing against the wind?

A．Move in a straight line.

B．Allow the sail to flap.

C．Lower the sail.

D．Tack the boat.

48．Where can you probably find the text?

A．In a popular magazine.

B．In a tourist guidebook.

C．In a physics textbook.

D．In an official report.

提升练习

EP Portable Heater

We all know that the cost of heating our homes will continue to be a significant burden on the family budget. Now millions of people are saving on their heating bills with the EP portable heater. With over one million satisfied customers around the world, the new EP heats better and faster, saves more on heating bills, and runs almost silent.

The EP has no exposed heating parts that can cause a fire. The outside of the EP only gets warm to the touch so that it will not burn children or pets.

The EP will not reduce oxygen in the room. With other heaters, you'll notice that you get sleepy when the heat comes on because they are burning up oxygen.

The advanced EP also heats the room evenly,_wall to wall and floor to ceiling. It comfortably covers an area up to 350 square feet. Other heaters heat rooms unevenly with most of the heat concentrated to the center of the room. And they only heat an area a few feet around the heater. With the EP, the temperature will not vary in any part of the room.

The EP comes with a 3－year warranty(保修) and a 60－day, no questions asked, satisfaction guarantee. If you are not totally satisfied, return it at our expense and your money will be given back to you.

Now we have a special offer for 10 days, during which you can enjoy a half price discount and a free delivery. If you order after that, we reserve the right to either accept or reject order requests at the discounted price.

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56．What is mainly discussed in Paragraph 2?

A. The heat of the EP.

B. The safety of the EP.

C. The appearance of the EP.

D. The material of the EP.

57．From the passage, we can learn that the EP ________．

A. doesn't burn up oxygen

B. runs without any noise

C. makes people get sleepy

D. is unsuitable for children and pets

58．The underlined word “evenly” in Paragraph 4 probably means ________.

A. continuously

B. separately

C. quickly

D. equally

59．The main purpose of the passage is to ________.

A. persuade people to buy the product

B. advise people to save on heating bills

C. report the new development of portable heaters

D. compare the functions of different heater brands

【乐一乐】

Wisdom in the mind is better than money in the hand.

（脑中有知识，胜过手中有金钱。）[从小灌输给孩子的坚定信念。]

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